clickhouse-arrow 0.1.4

pub(crate) mod array;
pub(crate) mod geo;
pub(crate) mod low_cardinality;
pub(crate) mod map;
pub(crate) mod nullable;
pub(crate) mod object;
pub(crate) mod sized;
pub(crate) mod string;
pub(crate) mod tuple;

use super::low_cardinality::LOW_CARDINALITY_VERSION;
use super::*;
use crate::io::ClickHouseBytesRead;

// Core protocol parsing
pub(crate) trait ClickHouseNativeDeserializer {
    fn deserialize_prefix_async<'a, R: ClickHouseRead>(
        &'a self,
        reader: &'a mut R,
        state: &'a mut DeserializerState,
    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<()>> + Send + 'a;

    fn deserialize_prefix<R: ClickHouseBytesRead>(&self, reader: &mut R) -> Result<()>;
}

impl ClickHouseNativeDeserializer for Type {
    fn deserialize_prefix_async<'a, R: ClickHouseRead>(
        &'a self,
        reader: &'a mut R,
        state: &'a mut DeserializerState,
    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<()>> + Send + 'a {
        use deserialize::*;
        async move {
            match self {
                Type::Int8
                | Type::Int16
                | Type::Int32
                | Type::Int64
                | Type::Int128
                | Type::Int256
                | Type::UInt8
                | Type::UInt16
                | Type::UInt32
                | Type::UInt64
                | Type::UInt128
                | Type::UInt256
                | Type::Float32
                | Type::Float64
                | Type::Decimal32(_)
                | Type::Decimal64(_)
                | Type::Decimal128(_)
                | Type::Decimal256(_)
                | Type::Uuid
                | Type::Date
                | Type::Date32
                | Type::DateTime(_)
                | Type::DateTime64(_, _)
                | Type::Ipv4
                | Type::Ipv6
                | Type::Enum8(_)
                | Type::Enum16(_) => {
                    sized::SizedDeserializer::read_prefix(self, reader, state).await?;
                }

                Type::String
                | Type::FixedSizedString(_)
                | Type::Binary
                | Type::FixedSizedBinary(_) => {
                    string::StringDeserializer::read_prefix(self, reader, state).await?;
                }

                Type::Array(_) => {
                    array::ArrayDeserializer::read_prefix(self, reader, state).await?;
                }
                Type::Tuple(_) => {
                    tuple::TupleDeserializer::read_prefix(self, reader, state).await?;
                }
                Type::Point => geo::PointDeserializer::read_prefix(self, reader, state).await?,
                Type::Ring => geo::RingDeserializer::read_prefix(self, reader, state).await?,
                Type::Polygon => geo::PolygonDeserializer::read_prefix(self, reader, state).await?,
                Type::MultiPolygon => {
                    geo::MultiPolygonDeserializer::read_prefix(self, reader, state).await?;
                }
                Type::Nullable(_) => {
                    nullable::NullableDeserializer::read_prefix(self, reader, state).await?;
                }
                Type::Map(_, _) => map::MapDeserializer::read_prefix(self, reader, state).await?,
                Type::LowCardinality(_) => {
                    low_cardinality::LowCardinalityDeserializer::read_prefix(self, reader, state)
                        .await?;
                }
                Type::Object => {
                    object::ObjectDeserializer::read_prefix(self, reader, state).await?;
                }
            }
            Ok(())
        }
        .boxed()
    }

    fn deserialize_prefix<R: ClickHouseBytesRead>(&self, reader: &mut R) -> Result<()> {
        match self {
            Type::Array(inner) | Type::Nullable(inner) => inner.deserialize_prefix(reader)?,
            Type::Point => {
                for _ in 0..2 {
                    Type::Float64.deserialize_prefix(reader)?;
                }
            }
            Type::LowCardinality(_) => {
                let version = reader.try_get_u64_le()?;
                if version != LOW_CARDINALITY_VERSION {
                    return Err(Error::DeserializeError(format!(
                        "LowCardinality: invalid low cardinality version: {version}"
                    )));
                }
            }
            Type::Map(key, value) => {
                let nested = super::map::normalize_map_type(key, value);
                nested.deserialize_prefix(reader)?;
            }
            Type::Tuple(inner) => {
                for inner_type in inner {
                    inner_type.deserialize_prefix(reader)?;
                }
            }
            Type::Object => {
                let _ = reader.try_get_i8()?;
            }
            _ => {}
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

// ---
// String => Type Deserialization
// ---

// For Date32: Days from 1900-01-01 to 1970-01-01
pub(crate) const DAYS_1900_TO_1970: i32 = 25_567;

trait EnumValueType: FromStr + std::fmt::Debug {}
impl EnumValueType for i8 {}
impl EnumValueType for i16 {}

macro_rules! parse_enum_options {
    ($opt_str:expr, $num_type:ty) => {{
        fn inner_parse(input: &str) -> Result<Vec<(String, $num_type)>> {
            if !input.starts_with('(') || !input.ends_with(')') {
                return Err(Error::TypeParseError(
                    "Enum arguments must be enclosed in parentheses".to_string(),
                ));
            }

            let input = input[1..input.len() - 1].trim();
            if input.is_empty() {
                return Ok(Vec::new());
            }

            let mut options = Vec::new();
            let mut name = String::new();
            let mut value = String::new();
            let mut state = EnumParseState::ExpectQuote;
            let mut escaped = false;

            for ch in input.chars() {
                match state {
                    EnumParseState::ExpectQuote => {
                        if ch == '\'' {
                            state = EnumParseState::InName;
                        } else if !ch.is_whitespace() {
                            return Err(Error::TypeParseError(format!(
                                "Expected single quote at start of variant name, found '{}'",
                                ch
                            )));
                        }
                    }
                    EnumParseState::InName => {
                        if escaped {
                            name.push(ch);
                            escaped = false;
                        } else if ch == '\\' {
                            escaped = true;
                        } else if ch == '\'' {
                            state = EnumParseState::ExpectEqual;
                        } else {
                            name.push(ch);
                        }
                    }
                    EnumParseState::ExpectEqual => {
                        if ch == '=' {
                            state = EnumParseState::InValue;
                        } else if !ch.is_whitespace() {
                            return Err(Error::TypeParseError(format!(
                                "Expected '=' after variant name, found '{}'",
                                ch
                            )));
                        }
                    }
                    EnumParseState::InValue => {
                        if ch == ',' {
                            let parsed_value = value.parse::<$num_type>().map_err(|e| {
                                Error::TypeParseError(format!("Invalid enum value '{value}': {e}"))
                            })?;
                            options.push((name, parsed_value));
                            name = String::new();
                            value = String::new();
                            state = EnumParseState::ExpectQuote;
                        } else if !ch.is_whitespace() {
                            value.push(ch);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            match state {
                EnumParseState::InValue if !value.is_empty() => {
                    let parsed_value = value.parse::<$num_type>().map_err(|e| {
                        Error::TypeParseError(format!("Invalid enum value '{value}': {e}"))
                    })?;
                    options.push((name, parsed_value));
                }
                EnumParseState::ExpectQuote if !input.is_empty() => {
                    return Err(Error::TypeParseError(
                        "Expected enum variant, found end of input".to_string(),
                    ));
                }
                EnumParseState::InName | EnumParseState::ExpectEqual => {
                    return Err(Error::TypeParseError(
                        "Incomplete enum variant at end of input".to_string(),
                    ));
                }
                _ => {}
            }

            if input.ends_with(',') {
                return Err(Error::TypeParseError("Trailing comma in enum variants".to_string()));
            }

            Ok(options)
        }

        fn assert_numeric_type<T: EnumValueType>() {}
        assert_numeric_type::<$num_type>();
        inner_parse($opt_str)
    }};
}

#[derive(PartialEq)]
enum EnumParseState {
    ExpectQuote,
    InName,
    ExpectEqual,
    InValue,
}

impl FromStr for Type {
    type Err = Error;

    #[expect(clippy::too_many_lines)]
    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self> {
        let (ident, following) = eat_identifier(s);

        if ident.is_empty() {
            return Err(Error::TypeParseError(format!("invalid empty identifier for type: '{s}'")));
        }

        let following = following.trim();
        if !following.is_empty() {
            return Ok(match ident {
                "Decimal" => {
                    let (args, count) = parse_fixed_args::<2>(following)?;
                    if count != 2 {
                        return Err(Error::TypeParseError(format!(
                            "Decimal expects 2 args, got {count}: {args:?}"
                        )));
                    }
                    let p: usize = parse_precision(args[0])?;
                    let s: usize = parse_scale(args[1])?;
                    if s == 0
                        || (p <= 9 && s > 9)
                        || (p <= 18 && s > 18)
                        || (p <= 38 && s > 38)
                        || (p <= 76 && s > 76)
                    {
                        return Err(Error::TypeParseError(format!(
                            "Invalid scale {s} for precision {p}"
                        )));
                    }
                    if p <= 9 {
                        Type::Decimal32(s)
                    } else if p <= 18 {
                        Type::Decimal64(s)
                    } else if p <= 38 {
                        Type::Decimal128(s)
                    } else if p <= 76 {
                        Type::Decimal256(s)
                    } else {
                        return Err(Error::TypeParseError(
                            "bad decimal spec, cannot exceed 76 precision".to_string(),
                        ));
                    }
                }
                "Decimal32" => {
                    let (args, count) = parse_fixed_args::<1>(following)?;
                    if count != 1 {
                        return Err(Error::TypeParseError(format!(
                            "bad arg count for Decimal32, expected 1 and got {count}: {args:?}"
                        )));
                    }
                    let s: usize = parse_scale(args[0])?;
                    if s == 0 || s > 9 {
                        return Err(Error::TypeParseError(format!(
                            "Invalid scale {s} for Decimal32, must be 1..=9"
                        )));
                    }
                    Type::Decimal32(s)
                }
                "Decimal64" => {
                    let (args, count) = parse_fixed_args::<1>(following)?;
                    if count != 1 {
                        return Err(Error::TypeParseError(format!(
                            "bad arg count for Decimal64, expected 1 and got {count}: {args:?}"
                        )));
                    }
                    let s: usize = parse_scale(args[0])?;
                    if s == 0 || s > 18 {
                        return Err(Error::TypeParseError(format!(
                            "Invalid scale {s} for Decimal64, must be 1..=18"
                        )));
                    }
                    Type::Decimal64(s)
                }
                "Decimal128" => {
                    let (args, count) = parse_fixed_args::<1>(following)?;
                    if count != 1 {
                        return Err(Error::TypeParseError(format!(
                            "bad arg count for Decimal128, expected 1 and got {count}: {args:?}"
                        )));
                    }
                    let s: usize = parse_scale(args[0])?;
                    if s == 0 || s > 38 {
                        return Err(Error::TypeParseError(format!(
                            "Invalid scale {s} for Decimal128, must be 1..=38"
                        )));
                    }
                    Type::Decimal128(s)
                }
                "Decimal256" => {
                    let (args, count) = parse_fixed_args::<1>(following)?;
                    if count != 1 {
                        return Err(Error::TypeParseError(format!(
                            "bad arg count for Decimal256, expected 1 and got {count}: {args:?}"
                        )));
                    }
                    let s: usize = parse_scale(args[0])?;
                    if s == 0 || s > 76 {
                        return Err(Error::TypeParseError(format!(
                            "Invalid scale {s} for Decimal256, must be 1..=76"
                        )));
                    }
                    Type::Decimal256(s)
                }
                "FixedString" => {
                    let (args, count) = parse_fixed_args::<1>(following)?;
                    if count != 1 {
                        return Err(Error::TypeParseError(format!(
                            "bad arg count for FixedString, expected 1 and got {count}: {args:?}"
                        )));
                    }
                    let s: usize = parse_scale(args[0])?;
                    if s == 0 {
                        return Err(Error::TypeParseError(
                            "FixedString size must be greater than 0".to_string(),
                        ));
                    }
                    Type::FixedSizedString(s)
                }
                "DateTime" => {
                    let (args, count) = parse_fixed_args::<1>(following)?;
                    if count > 1 {
                        return Err(Error::TypeParseError(format!(
                            "DateTime expects 0 or 1 arg: {args:?}"
                        )));
                    }
                    if count == 0 {
                        Type::DateTime(chrono_tz::UTC)
                    } else {
                        let tz_str = args[0];
                        if !tz_str.starts_with('\'') || !tz_str.ends_with('\'') {
                            return Err(Error::TypeParseError(format!(
                                "DateTime timezone must be quoted: '{tz_str}'"
                            )));
                        }
                        let tz = tz_str[1..tz_str.len() - 1].parse().map_err(|e| {
                            Error::TypeParseError(format!(
                                "failed to parse timezone '{tz_str}': {e}"
                            ))
                        })?;
                        Type::DateTime(tz)
                    }
                }
                "DateTime64" => {
                    let (args, count) = parse_fixed_args::<2>(following)?;
                    if !(1..=2).contains(&count) {
                        return Err(Error::TypeParseError(format!(
                            "DateTime64 expects 1 or 2 args, got {count}: {args:?}"
                        )));
                    }
                    let precision = parse_precision(args[0])?;
                    let tz = if count == 2 {
                        let tz_str = args[1];
                        if !tz_str.starts_with('\'') || !tz_str.ends_with('\'') {
                            return Err(Error::TypeParseError(format!(
                                "DateTime64 timezone must be quoted: '{tz_str}'"
                            )));
                        }
                        tz_str[1..tz_str.len() - 1].parse().map_err(|e| {
                            Error::TypeParseError(format!(
                                "failed to parse timezone '{tz_str}': {e}"
                            ))
                        })?
                    } else {
                        chrono_tz::UTC
                    };
                    Type::DateTime64(precision, tz)
                }
                "Enum8" => Type::Enum8(parse_enum_options!(following, i8)?),
                "Enum16" => Type::Enum16(parse_enum_options!(following, i16)?),
                "LowCardinality" => {
                    let (args, count) = parse_fixed_args::<1>(following)?;
                    if count != 1 {
                        return Err(Error::TypeParseError(format!(
                            "LowCardinality expected 1 arg and got {count}: {args:?}"
                        )));
                    }
                    Type::LowCardinality(Box::new(Type::from_str(args[0])?))
                }
                "Array" => {
                    let (args, count) = parse_fixed_args::<1>(following)?;
                    if count != 1 {
                        return Err(Error::TypeParseError(format!(
                            "Array expected 1 arg and got {count}: {args:?}"
                        )));
                    }
                    Type::Array(Box::new(Type::from_str(args[0])?))
                }
                "Tuple" => {
                    let args = parse_variable_args(following)?;
                    let inner: Vec<Type> =
                        args.into_iter().map(Type::from_str).collect::<Result<_, _>>()?;
                    Type::Tuple(inner)
                }
                "Nullable" => {
                    let (args, count) = parse_fixed_args::<1>(following)?;
                    if count != 1 {
                        return Err(Error::TypeParseError(format!(
                            "Nullable expects 1 arg: {args:?}"
                        )));
                    }
                    Type::Nullable(Box::new(Type::from_str(args[0])?))
                }
                "Map" => {
                    let (args, count) = parse_fixed_args::<2>(following)?;
                    if count != 2 {
                        return Err(Error::TypeParseError(format!(
                            "Map expects 2 args, got {count}: {args:?}"
                        )));
                    }
                    Type::Map(
                        Box::new(Type::from_str(args[0])?),
                        Box::new(Type::from_str(args[1])?),
                    )
                }
                // Unsupported
                "Nested" => {
                    return Err(Error::TypeParseError("unsupported Nested type".to_string()));
                }
                id => {
                    return Err(Error::TypeParseError(format!(
                        "invalid type with arguments: '{ident}' (ident = {id})"
                    )));
                }
            });
        }
        Ok(match ident {
            "Int8" => Type::Int8,
            "Int16" => Type::Int16,
            "Int32" => Type::Int32,
            "Int64" => Type::Int64,
            "Int128" => Type::Int128,
            "Int256" => Type::Int256,
            "Bool" | "UInt8" => Type::UInt8,
            "UInt16" => Type::UInt16,
            "UInt32" => Type::UInt32,
            "UInt64" => Type::UInt64,
            "UInt128" => Type::UInt128,
            "UInt256" => Type::UInt256,
            "Float32" => Type::Float32,
            "Float64" => Type::Float64,
            "String" => Type::String,
            "UUID" | "Uuid" | "uuid" => Type::Uuid,
            "Date" => Type::Date,
            "Date32" => Type::Date32,
            // TODO: This is duplicated above. Verify if this is needed, for example if ClickHouse
            // ever sends `DateTime` without tz.
            "DateTime" => Type::DateTime(chrono_tz::UTC),
            "IPv4" => Type::Ipv4,
            "IPv6" => Type::Ipv6,
            "Point" => Type::Point,
            "Ring" => Type::Ring,
            "Polygon" => Type::Polygon,
            "MultiPolygon" => Type::MultiPolygon,
            "Object" | "Json" | "OBJECT" | "JSON" => Type::Object,
            _ => {
                return Err(Error::TypeParseError(format!("invalid type name: '{ident}'")));
            }
        })
    }
}

// Assumed complete identifier normalization and type resolution from clickhouse
fn eat_identifier(input: &str) -> (&str, &str) {
    for (i, c) in input.char_indices() {
        if c.is_alphabetic() || c == '_' || c == '$' || (i > 0 && c.is_numeric()) {
            continue;
        }
        return (&input[..i], &input[i..]);
    }
    (input, "")
}

/// Parse arguments into a fixed-size array for types with a known number of args
fn parse_fixed_args<const N: usize>(input: &str) -> Result<([&str; N], usize)> {
    let mut iter = parse_args_iter(input)?;
    let mut out = [""; N];
    let mut count = 0;

    // Take up to N items
    for (i, arg_result) in iter.by_ref().take(N).enumerate() {
        out[i] = arg_result?;
        count += 1;
    }

    // Check for excess arguments
    if iter.next().is_some() {
        return Err(Error::TypeParseError("too many arguments".to_string()));
    }
    Ok((out, count))
}

/// Parse arguments into a Vec for types with variable numbers of args
fn parse_variable_args(input: &str) -> Result<Vec<&str>> { parse_args_iter(input)?.collect() }

fn parse_scale(from: &str) -> Result<usize> {
    from.parse().map_err(|_| Error::TypeParseError("couldn't parse scale".to_string()))
}

fn parse_precision(from: &str) -> Result<usize> {
    from.parse().map_err(|_| Error::TypeParseError("could not parse precision".to_string()))
}

/// Core iterator for parsing comma-separated arguments within parentheses
fn parse_args_iter(input: &str) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = Result<&str, Error>>> {
    if !input.starts_with('(') || !input.ends_with(')') {
        return Err(Error::TypeParseError("Malformed arguments to type".to_string()));
    }
    let input = input[1..input.len() - 1].trim();
    if input.ends_with(',') {
        return Err(Error::TypeParseError("Trailing comma in argument list".to_string()));
    }

    Ok(ArgsIterator { input, last_start: 0, in_parens: 0, in_quotes: false, done: false })
}

struct ArgsIterator<'a> {
    input:      &'a str,
    last_start: usize,
    in_parens:  usize,
    in_quotes:  bool,
    done:       bool,
}

impl<'a> Iterator for ArgsIterator<'a> {
    type Item = Result<&'a str, Error>;

    #[allow(unused_assignments)]
    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        if self.done {
            return None;
        }

        let start = self.last_start;
        let mut i = start;
        let chars = self.input[start..].char_indices();
        let mut escaped = false;

        for (offset, c) in chars {
            i = start + offset;
            if self.in_quotes {
                if c == '\\' {
                    escaped = true;
                    continue;
                }
                if c == '\'' && !escaped {
                    self.in_quotes = false;
                }
                escaped = false;
                continue;
            }
            match c {
                '\'' if !escaped => {
                    self.in_quotes = true;
                }
                '(' => self.in_parens += 1,
                ')' => self.in_parens -= 1,
                ',' if self.in_parens == 0 => {
                    let slice = self.input[self.last_start..i].trim();
                    if slice.is_empty() {
                        return Some(Err(Error::TypeParseError(
                            "Empty argument in list".to_string(),
                        )));
                    }
                    self.last_start = i + 1;
                    return Some(Ok(slice));
                }
                _ => {}
            }
            escaped = false;
        }

        if self.in_parens != 0 {
            self.done = true;
            return Some(Err(Error::TypeParseError("Mismatched parentheses".to_string())));
        }
        if self.last_start <= self.input.len() {
            let slice = self.input[self.last_start..].trim();
            if slice.is_empty() {
                self.done = true;
                return None; // Allow empty input after last comma
            }
            if slice == "," {
                self.done = true;
                return Some(Err(Error::TypeParseError(
                    "Trailing comma in argument list".to_string(),
                )));
            }
            self.done = true;
            return Some(Ok(slice));
        }

        self.done = true;
        None
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use std::str::FromStr;

    use super::*;
    /// Tests `eat_identifier` for splitting type names and arguments.
    #[test]
    fn test_eat_identifier() {
        assert_eq!(eat_identifier("Int8"), ("Int8", ""));
        assert_eq!(eat_identifier("Enum8('a'=1)"), ("Enum8", "('a'=1)"));
        assert_eq!(eat_identifier("DateTime('UTC')"), ("DateTime", "('UTC')"));
        assert_eq!(eat_identifier("Map(String,Int32)"), ("Map", "(String,Int32)"));
        assert_eq!(eat_identifier(""), ("", ""));
        assert_eq!(eat_identifier("Invalid Type"), ("Invalid", " Type"));
    }

    /// Tests `parse_fixed_args` for fixed-size argument lists.
    #[test]
    fn test_parse_fixed_args() {
        let (args, count) = parse_fixed_args::<2>("(UInt32, String)").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(count, 2);
        assert_eq!(args[..count], ["UInt32", "String"]);

        let (args, count) = parse_fixed_args::<1>("(String)").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(count, 1);
        assert_eq!(args[..count], ["String"]);

        let (args, count) = parse_fixed_args::<2>("(3, 'UTC')").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(count, 2);
        assert_eq!(args[..count], ["3", "'UTC'"]);

        assert!(parse_fixed_args::<1>("(UInt32, String)").is_err()); // Too many args
        assert!(parse_fixed_args::<1>("(()").is_err()); // Mismatched parens
        assert!(parse_fixed_args::<1>("(String,)").is_err()); // Trailing comma
    }

    /// Tests `parse_variable_args` for variable-size argument lists.
    #[test]
    fn test_parse_variable_args() {
        let args = parse_variable_args("(Int8, String, Float64)").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(args, vec!["Int8", "String", "Float64"]);

        let args = parse_variable_args("(3, 'UTC', 'extra')").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(args, vec!["3", "'UTC'", "'extra'"]);

        let args = parse_variable_args("(())").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(args, vec!["()"]);

        let args = parse_variable_args("()").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(args, Vec::<&str>::new());

        assert!(parse_variable_args("(()").is_err()); // Mismatched parens
        assert!(parse_variable_args("(String,)").is_err()); // Trailing comma
    }

    /// Tests `Type::from_str` for primitive types.
    #[test]
    fn test_from_str_primitives() {
        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("Int8").unwrap(), Type::Int8);
        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("UInt8").unwrap(), Type::UInt8);
        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("Bool").unwrap(), Type::UInt8); // Bool alias
        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("Float64").unwrap(), Type::Float64);
        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("String").unwrap(), Type::String);
        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("UUID").unwrap(), Type::Uuid);
        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("Date").unwrap(), Type::Date);
        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("IPv4").unwrap(), Type::Ipv4);
        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("IPv6").unwrap(), Type::Ipv6);
    }

    /// Tests `Type::from_str` for decimal types.
    #[test]
    fn test_from_str_decimals() {
        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("Decimal32(2)").unwrap(), Type::Decimal32(2));
        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("Decimal64(4)").unwrap(), Type::Decimal64(4));
        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("Decimal128(6)").unwrap(), Type::Decimal128(6));
        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("Decimal256(8)").unwrap(), Type::Decimal256(8));
        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("Decimal(9, 2)").unwrap(), Type::Decimal32(2));
        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("Decimal(18, 4)").unwrap(), Type::Decimal64(4));
        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("Decimal(38, 6)").unwrap(), Type::Decimal128(6));
        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("Decimal(76, 8)").unwrap(), Type::Decimal256(8));

        assert!(Type::from_str("Decimal32(0)").is_err()); // Invalid scale
        assert!(Type::from_str("Decimal(77, 8)").is_err()); // Precision too large
        assert!(Type::from_str("Decimal(9)").is_err()); // Missing scale
    }

    /// Tests `Type::from_str` for string and binary types.
    #[test]
    fn test_from_str_strings() {
        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("String").unwrap(), Type::String);
        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("FixedString(4)").unwrap(), Type::FixedSizedString(4));
        assert!(Type::from_str("FixedString(0)").is_err()); // Invalid size
        assert!(Type::from_str("FixedString(a)").is_err()); // Invalid size
    }

    /// Tests `Type::from_str` for date and time types.
    #[test]
    fn test_from_str_datetime() {
        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("DateTime").unwrap(), Type::DateTime(chrono_tz::UTC));
        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("DateTime('UTC')").unwrap(), Type::DateTime(chrono_tz::UTC));
        assert_eq!(
            Type::from_str("DateTime('America/New_York')").unwrap(),
            Type::DateTime(chrono_tz::America::New_York)
        );
        assert!(Type::from_str("DateTime('UTC', 'extra')").is_err()); // Too many args
        assert!(Type::from_str("DateTime(UTC)").is_err()); // Unquoted timezone

        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("DateTime64(3)").unwrap(), Type::DateTime64(3, chrono_tz::UTC));
        assert_eq!(
            Type::from_str("DateTime64(6, 'UTC')").unwrap(),
            Type::DateTime64(6, chrono_tz::UTC)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            Type::from_str("DateTime64(3, 'America/New_York')").unwrap(),
            Type::DateTime64(3, chrono_tz::America::New_York)
        );
        assert!(Type::from_str("DateTime64()").is_err()); // Too few args
        assert!(Type::from_str("DateTime64(3, 'UTC', 'extra')").is_err()); // Too many args
        assert!(Type::from_str("DateTime64(3, UTC)").is_err()); // Unquoted timezone
    }

    /// Tests `Type::from_str` for Enum8 with explicit indices.
    #[test]
    fn test_from_str_enum8_explicit() {
        let enum8 = Type::from_str("Enum8('active' = 1, 'inactive' = 2)").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(enum8, Type::Enum8(vec![("active".into(), 1), ("inactive".into(), 2)]));

        let single = Type::from_str("Enum8('test' = -1)").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(single, Type::Enum8(vec![("test".into(), -1)]));

        let negative = Type::from_str("Enum8('neg' = -128, 'zero' = 0)").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(negative, Type::Enum8(vec![("neg".into(), -128), ("zero".into(), 0)]));
    }

    /// Tests `Type::from_str` for Enum8 with empty variants.
    #[test]
    fn test_from_str_enum8_empty() {
        let empty = Type::from_str("Enum8()").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(empty, Type::Enum8(vec![]));
    }

    /// Tests `Type::from_str` for Enum16 with explicit indices.
    #[test]
    fn test_from_str_enum16_explicit() {
        let enum16 = Type::from_str("Enum16('high' = 1000, 'low' = -1000)").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(enum16, Type::Enum16(vec![("high".into(), 1000), ("low".into(), -1000)]));

        let single = Type::from_str("Enum16('test' = 0)").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(single, Type::Enum16(vec![("test".into(), 0)]));
    }

    /// Tests `Type::from_str` error cases for Enum8.
    #[test]
    fn test_from_str_enum8_errors() {
        assert!(Type::from_str("Enum8('a' = 1, 2)").is_err()); // Lone value
        assert!(Type::from_str("Enum8('a' = x)").is_err()); // Invalid value
        assert!(Type::from_str("Enum8(a = 1)").is_err()); // Unquoted name
        assert!(Type::from_str("Enum8('a' = 1, )").is_err()); // Trailing comma
        assert!(Type::from_str("Enum8('a' = 1").is_err()); // Unclosed paren
    }

    /// Tests `Type::from_str` error cases for Enum16.
    #[test]
    fn test_from_str_enum16_errors() {
        assert!(Type::from_str("Enum16('a' = 1, 2)").is_err()); // Lone value
        assert!(Type::from_str("Enum16('a' = x)").is_err()); // Invalid value
        assert!(Type::from_str("Enum16(a = 1)").is_err()); // Unquoted name
        assert!(Type::from_str("Enum16('a' = 1, )").is_err()); // Trailing comma
        assert!(Type::from_str("Enum16('a' = 1").is_err()); // Unclosed paren
    }

    /// Tests `Type::from_str` for complex types.
    #[test]
    fn test_from_str_complex_types() {
        assert_eq!(
            Type::from_str("LowCardinality(String)").unwrap(),
            Type::LowCardinality(Box::new(Type::String))
        );
        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("Array(Int32)").unwrap(), Type::Array(Box::new(Type::Int32)));
        assert_eq!(
            Type::from_str("Tuple(Int32, String)").unwrap(),
            Type::Tuple(vec![Type::Int32, Type::String])
        );
        assert_eq!(
            Type::from_str("Nullable(Int32)").unwrap(),
            Type::Nullable(Box::new(Type::Int32))
        );
        assert_eq!(
            Type::from_str("Map(String, Int32)").unwrap(),
            Type::Map(Box::new(Type::String), Box::new(Type::Int32))
        );
        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("JSON").unwrap(), Type::Object);
        assert_eq!(Type::from_str("Object").unwrap(), Type::Object);

        assert!(Type::from_str("LowCardinality()").is_err()); // Missing arg
        assert!(Type::from_str("Array(Int32, String)").is_err()); // Too many args
        assert!(Type::from_str("Map(String)").is_err()); // Missing value type
    }

    /// Tests round-trip `to_string` and `from_str` for all types.
    #[test]
    fn test_round_trip_type_strings() {
        let special_types = vec![
            (Type::Binary, Type::String),
            (Type::FixedSizedBinary(8), Type::FixedSizedString(8)),
        ];

        let types = vec![
            Type::Int8,
            Type::UInt8,
            Type::Float64,
            Type::String,
            Type::FixedSizedString(4),
            Type::Uuid,
            Type::Date,
            Type::Date32,
            Type::DateTime(Tz::UTC),
            Type::DateTime64(3, Tz::America__New_York),
            Type::Ipv4,
            Type::Ipv6,
            Type::Decimal32(2),
            Type::Enum8(vec![("active".into(), 1), ("inactive".into(), 2)]),
            Type::Enum16(vec![("high".into(), 1000)]),
            Type::LowCardinality(Box::new(Type::String)),
            Type::Array(Box::new(Type::Int32)),
            Type::Tuple(vec![Type::Int32, Type::String]),
            Type::Nullable(Box::new(Type::Int32)),
            Type::Map(Box::new(Type::String), Box::new(Type::Int32)),
            Type::Object,
        ];

        for ty in types {
            let type_str = ty.to_string();
            let parsed = Type::from_str(&type_str)
                .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("Failed to parse '{type_str}' for type {ty:?}: {e}"));
            assert_eq!(
                parsed, ty,
                "Round-trip failed for type {ty:?}: expected {ty}, got {parsed}"
            );
        }

        for (ty, mapped_ty) in special_types {
            let type_str = ty.to_string();
            let parsed = Type::from_str(&type_str)
                .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("Failed to parse '{type_str}' for type {ty:?}: {e}"));
            assert_eq!(
                parsed, mapped_ty,
                "Round-trip failed for type {ty:?}: expected {mapped_ty}, got {parsed}"
            );
        }
    }

    /// Tests error cases for general type parsing.
    #[test]
    fn test_from_str_general_errors() {
        assert!(Type::from_str("").is_err()); // Empty input
        assert!(Type::from_str("InvalidType").is_err()); // Unknown type
        assert!(Type::from_str("Nested(String)").is_err()); // Unsupported Nested
        assert!(Type::from_str("Int8(").is_err()); // Unclosed paren
        assert!(Type::from_str("Tuple(String,)").is_err()); // Trailing comma
    }
}