class_group 0.6.0

/* Copyright (C) 2000-2004  The PARI group.

This file is part of the PARI/GP package.

PARI/GP is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
Foundation. It is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
ANY WARRANTY WHATSOEVER.

Check the License for details. You should have received a copy of it, along
with the package; see the file 'COPYING'. If not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. */

/***********************************************************************/
/**                                                                   **/
/**             GENERIC ALGORITHMS ON BLACKBOX GROUP                  **/
/**                                                                   **/
/***********************************************************************/
#include "pari.h"
#include "paripriv.h"
#undef pow /* AIX: pow(a,b) is a macro, wrongly expanded on grp->pow(a,b,c) */

/***********************************************************************/
/**                                                                   **/
/**                    POWERING                                       **/
/**                                                                   **/
/***********************************************************************/

/* return (n>>(i+1-l)) & ((1<<l)-1) */
static ulong
int_block(GEN n, long i, long l)
{
  long q = divsBIL(i), r = remsBIL(i)+1, lr;
  GEN nw = int_W(n, q);
  ulong w = (ulong) *nw, w2;
  if (r>=l) return (w>>(r-l))&((1UL<<l)-1);
  w &= (1UL<<r)-1; lr = l-r;
  w2 = (ulong) *int_precW(nw); w2 >>= (BITS_IN_LONG-lr);
  return (w<<lr)|w2;
}

/* assume n != 0, t_INT. Compute x^|n| using sliding window powering */
static GEN
sliding_window_powu(GEN x, ulong n, long e, void *E, GEN (*sqr)(void*,GEN),
                                                     GEN (*mul)(void*,GEN,GEN))
{
  pari_sp av;
  long i, l = expu(n), u = (1UL<<(e-1));
  long w, v;
  GEN tab = cgetg(1+u, t_VEC);
  GEN x2 = sqr(E, x), z = NULL, tw;
  gel(tab, 1) = x;
  for (i=2; i<=u; i++) gel(tab,i) = mul(E, gel(tab,i-1), x2);
  av = avma;
  while (l>=0)
  {
    if (e > l+1) e = l+1;
    w = (n>>(l+1-e)) & ((1UL<<e)-1); v = vals(w); l-=e;
    tw = gel(tab, 1+(w>>(v+1)));
    if (z)
    {
      for (i=1; i<=e-v; i++) z = sqr(E, z);
      z = mul(E, z, tw);
    } else z = tw;
    for (i=1; i<=v; i++) z = sqr(E, z);
    while (l>=0)
    {
      if (gc_needed(av,1))
      {
        if (DEBUGMEM>1) pari_warn(warnmem,"sliding_window_powu (%ld)", l);
        z = gerepilecopy(av, z);
      }
      if (n&(1UL<<l)) break;
      z = sqr(E, z); l--;
    }
  }
  return z;
}


/* assume n != 0, t_INT. Compute x^|n| using sliding window powering */
static GEN
sliding_window_pow(GEN x, GEN n, long e, void *E, GEN (*sqr)(void*,GEN),
                                                  GEN (*mul)(void*,GEN,GEN))
{
  pari_sp av;
  long i, l = expi(n), u = (1UL<<(e-1));
  long w, v;
  GEN tab = cgetg(1+u, t_VEC);
  GEN x2 = sqr(E, x), z = NULL, tw;
  gel(tab, 1) = x;
  for (i=2; i<=u; i++) gel(tab,i) = mul(E, gel(tab,i-1), x2);
  av = avma;
  while (l>=0)
  {
    if (e > l+1) e = l+1;
    w = int_block(n,l,e); v = vals(w); l-=e;
    tw = gel(tab, 1+(w>>(v+1)));
    if (z)
    {
      for (i=1; i<=e-v; i++) z = sqr(E, z);
      z = mul(E, z, tw);
    } else z = tw;
    for (i=1; i<=v; i++) z = sqr(E, z);
    while (l>=0)
    {
      if (gc_needed(av,1))
      {
        if (DEBUGMEM>1) pari_warn(warnmem,"sliding_window_pow (%ld)", l);
        z = gerepilecopy(av, z);
      }
      if (int_bit(n,l)) break;
      z = sqr(E, z); l--;
    }
  }
  return z;
}

/* assume n != 0, t_INT. Compute x^|n| using leftright binary powering */
static GEN
leftright_binary_powu(GEN x, ulong n, void *E, GEN (*sqr)(void*,GEN),
                                              GEN (*mul)(void*,GEN,GEN))
{
  pari_sp av = avma;
  GEN  y;
  int j;

  if (n == 1) return x;
  y = x; j = 1+bfffo(n);
  /* normalize, i.e set highest bit to 1 (we know n != 0) */
  n<<=j; j = BITS_IN_LONG-j;
  /* first bit is now implicit */
  for (; j; n<<=1,j--)
  {
    y = sqr(E,y);
    if (n & HIGHBIT) y = mul(E,y,x); /* first bit set: multiply by base */
    if (gc_needed(av,1))
    {
      if (DEBUGMEM>1) pari_warn(warnmem,"leftright_powu (%d)", j);
      y = gerepilecopy(av, y);
    }
  }
  return y;
}

GEN
gen_powu_i(GEN x, ulong n, void *E, GEN (*sqr)(void*,GEN),
                                    GEN (*mul)(void*,GEN,GEN))
{
  long l;
  if (n == 1) return x;
  l = expu(n);
  if (l<=8)
    return leftright_binary_powu(x, n, E, sqr, mul);
  else
    return sliding_window_powu(x, n, l<=24? 2: 3, E, sqr, mul);
}

GEN
gen_powu(GEN x, ulong n, void *E, GEN (*sqr)(void*,GEN),
                                  GEN (*mul)(void*,GEN,GEN))
{
  pari_sp av = avma;
  if (n == 1) return gcopy(x);
  return gerepilecopy(av, gen_powu_i(x,n,E,sqr,mul));
}

GEN
gen_pow_i(GEN x, GEN n, void *E, GEN (*sqr)(void*,GEN),
                                 GEN (*mul)(void*,GEN,GEN))
{
  long l, e;
  if (lgefint(n)==3) return gen_powu_i(x, uel(n,2), E, sqr, mul);
  l = expi(n);
  if      (l<=64)  e = 3;
  else if (l<=160) e = 4;
  else if (l<=384) e = 5;
  else if (l<=896) e = 6;
  else             e = 7;
  return sliding_window_pow(x, n, e, E, sqr, mul);
}

GEN
gen_pow(GEN x, GEN n, void *E, GEN (*sqr)(void*,GEN),
                               GEN (*mul)(void*,GEN,GEN))
{
  pari_sp av = avma;
  return gerepilecopy(av, gen_pow_i(x,n,E,sqr,mul));
}

/* assume n > 0. Compute x^n using left-right binary powering */
GEN
gen_powu_fold_i(GEN x, ulong n, void *E, GEN  (*sqr)(void*,GEN),
                                         GEN (*msqr)(void*,GEN))
{
  pari_sp av = avma;
  GEN y;
  int j;

  if (n == 1) return x;
  y = x; j = 1+bfffo(n);
  /* normalize, i.e set highest bit to 1 (we know n != 0) */
  n<<=j; j = BITS_IN_LONG-j;
  /* first bit is now implicit */
  for (; j; n<<=1,j--)
  {
    if (n & HIGHBIT) y = msqr(E,y); /* first bit set: multiply by base */
    else y = sqr(E,y);
    if (gc_needed(av,1))
    {
      if (DEBUGMEM>1) pari_warn(warnmem,"gen_powu_fold (%d)", j);
      y = gerepilecopy(av, y);
    }
  }
  return y;
}
GEN
gen_powu_fold(GEN x, ulong n, void *E, GEN (*sqr)(void*,GEN),
                                       GEN (*msqr)(void*,GEN))
{
  pari_sp av = avma;
  if (n == 1) return gcopy(x);
  return gerepilecopy(av, gen_powu_fold_i(x,n,E,sqr,msqr));
}

/* assume N != 0, t_INT. Compute x^|N| using left-right binary powering */
GEN
gen_pow_fold_i(GEN x, GEN N, void *E, GEN (*sqr)(void*,GEN),
                                      GEN (*msqr)(void*,GEN))
{
  long ln = lgefint(N);
  if (ln == 3) return gen_powu_fold_i(x, N[2], E, sqr, msqr);
  else
  {
    GEN nd = int_MSW(N), y = x;
    ulong n = *nd;
    long i;
    int j;
    pari_sp av = avma;

    if (n == 1)
      j = 0;
    else
    {
      j = 1+bfffo(n); /* < BIL */
      /* normalize, i.e set highest bit to 1 (we know n != 0) */
      n <<= j; j = BITS_IN_LONG - j;
    }
    /* first bit is now implicit */
    for (i=ln-2;;)
    {
      for (; j; n<<=1,j--)
      {
        if (n & HIGHBIT) y = msqr(E,y); /* first bit set: multiply by base */
        else y = sqr(E,y);
        if (gc_needed(av,1))
        {
          if (DEBUGMEM>1) pari_warn(warnmem,"gen_pow_fold (%d)", j);
          y = gerepilecopy(av, y);
        }
      }
      if (--i == 0) return y;
      nd = int_precW(nd);
      n = *nd; j = BITS_IN_LONG;
    }
  }
}
GEN
gen_pow_fold(GEN x, GEN n, void *E, GEN (*sqr)(void*,GEN),
                                    GEN (*msqr)(void*,GEN))
{
  pari_sp av = avma;
  return gerepilecopy(av, gen_pow_fold_i(x,n,E,sqr,msqr));
}

GEN
gen_pow_init(GEN x, GEN n, long k, void *E, GEN (*sqr)(void*,GEN), GEN (*mul)(void*,GEN,GEN))
{
  long i, j, l = expi(n);
  long m = 1UL<<(k-1);
  GEN x2 = sqr(E, x), y = gcopy(x);
  GEN R = cgetg(m+1, t_VEC);
  for(i = 1; i <= m; i++)
  {
    GEN C = cgetg(l+1, t_VEC);
    gel(C,1) = y;
    for(j = 2; j <= l; j++)
      gel(C,j) = sqr(E, gel(C,j-1));
    gel(R,i) = C;
    y = mul(E, y, x2);
  }
  return R;
}

GEN
gen_pow_table(GEN R, GEN n, void *E, GEN (*one)(void*), GEN (*mul)(void*,GEN,GEN))
{
  long e = expu(lg(R)-1) + 1;
  long l = expi(n);
  long i, w;
  GEN z = one(E), tw;
  for(i=0; i<=l; )
  {
    if (int_bit(n, i)==0) { i++; continue; }
    if (i+e-1>l) e = l+1-i;
    w = int_block(n,i+e-1,e);
    tw = gmael(R, 1+(w>>1), i+1);
    z = mul(E, z, tw);
    i += e;
  }
  return z;
}

GEN
gen_powers(GEN x, long l, int use_sqr, void *E, GEN (*sqr)(void*,GEN),
                                      GEN (*mul)(void*,GEN,GEN), GEN (*one)(void*))
{
  long i;
  GEN V = cgetg(l+2,t_VEC);
  gel(V,1) = one(E); if (l==0) return V;
  gel(V,2) = gcopy(x); if (l==1) return V;
  gel(V,3) = sqr(E,x);
  if (use_sqr)
    for(i = 4; i < l+2; i++)
      gel(V,i) = (i&1)? sqr(E,gel(V, (i+1)>>1))
                      : mul(E,gel(V, i-1),x);
  else
    for(i = 4; i < l+2; i++)
      gel(V,i) = mul(E,gel(V,i-1),x);
  return V;
}

GEN
producttree_scheme(long n)
{
  GEN v, w;
  long i, j, k, u, l;
  if (n<=2) return mkvecsmall(n);
  u = expu(n-1);
  v = cgetg(n+1,t_VECSMALL);
  w = cgetg(n+1,t_VECSMALL);
  v[1] = n; l = 1;
  for (i=1; i<=u; i++)
  {
    for(j=1, k=1; j<=l; j++, k+=2)
    {
      long vj = v[j], v2 = vj>>1;
      w[k]    = vj-v2;
      w[k+1]  = v2;
    }
    swap(v,w); l<<=1;
  }
  fixlg(v, l+1);
  avma = (pari_sp) v;
  return v;
}

GEN
gen_product(GEN x, void *data, GEN (*mul)(void *,GEN,GEN))
{
  pari_sp ltop;
  long i,k,lx = lg(x),lv;
  pari_timer ti;
  GEN v;
  if (DEBUGLEVEL>7) timer_start(&ti);

  if (lx == 1) return gen_1;
  if (lx == 2) return gcopy(gel(x,1));
  x = leafcopy(x); k = lx;
  v = producttree_scheme(lx-1); lv = lg(v);
  ltop = avma;
  for (k=1, i=1; k<lv; i+=v[k++])
    gel(x,k) = v[k]==1 ? gel(x,i): mul(data,gel(x,i),gel(x,i+1));
  while (k > 2)
  {
    if (DEBUGLEVEL>7)
      timer_printf(&ti,"gen_product: remaining objects %ld",k-1);
    lx = k; k = 1;
    for (i=1; i<lx-1; i+=2)
      gel(x,k++) = mul(data,gel(x,i),gel(x,i+1));
    if (i < lx) gel(x,k++) = gel(x,i);
    if (gc_needed(ltop,1))
      gerepilecoeffs(ltop,x+1,k-1);
  }
  return gel(x,1);
}

/***********************************************************************/
/**                                                                   **/
/**                    DISCRETE LOGARITHM                             **/
/**                                                                   **/
/***********************************************************************/

static GEN
iter_rho(GEN x, GEN g, GEN q, GEN A, ulong h, void *E, const struct bb_group *grp)
{
  GEN a = gel(A,1);
  switch((h|grp->hash(a))%3UL)
  {
    case 0:
      return mkvec3(grp->pow(E,a,gen_2),Fp_mulu(gel(A,2),2,q),
                                        Fp_mulu(gel(A,3),2,q));
    case 1:
      return mkvec3(grp->mul(E,a,x),addis(gel(A,2),1),gel(A,3));
    case 2:
      return mkvec3(grp->mul(E,a,g),gel(A,2),addiu(gel(A,3),1));
  }
  return NULL;
}

/*Generic Pollard rho discrete log algorithm*/
static GEN
gen_Pollard_log(GEN x, GEN g, GEN q, void *E, const struct bb_group *grp)
{
  pari_sp av=avma;
  GEN A, B, l, sqrt4q = sqrti(shifti(q,4));
  ulong i, h = 0, imax = itou_or_0(sqrt4q);
  if (!imax) imax = ULONG_MAX;
  do {
 rho_restart:
    A = B = mkvec3(x,gen_1,gen_0);
    i=0;
    do {
      if (i>imax)
      {
        h++;
        if (DEBUGLEVEL)
          pari_warn(warner,"changing Pollard rho hash seed to %ld",h);
        goto rho_restart;
      }
      A = iter_rho(x, g, q, A, h, E, grp);
      B = iter_rho(x, g, q, B, h, E, grp);
      B = iter_rho(x, g, q, B, h, E, grp);
      if (gc_needed(av,2))
      {
        if(DEBUGMEM>1) pari_warn(warnmem,"gen_Pollard_log");
        gerepileall(av, 2, &A, &B);
      }
      i++;
    } while (!grp->equal(gel(A,1), gel(B,1)));
    gel(A,2) = modii(gel(A,2), q);
    gel(B,2) = modii(gel(B,2), q);
    h++;
  } while (equalii(gel(A,2), gel(B,2)));
  l = Fp_div(Fp_sub(gel(B,3), gel(A,3),q),Fp_sub(gel(A,2), gel(B,2), q), q);
  return gerepileuptoint(av, l);
}

/* compute a hash of g^(i-1), 1<=i<=n. Return [sorted hash, perm, g^-n] */
GEN
gen_Shanks_init(GEN g, long n, void *E, const struct bb_group *grp)
{
  GEN p1 = g, G, perm, table = cgetg(n+1,t_VECSMALL);
  pari_sp av=avma;
  long i;
  table[1] = grp->hash(grp->pow(E,g,gen_0));
  for (i=2; i<=n; i++)
  {
    table[i] = grp->hash(p1);
    p1 = grp->mul(E,p1,g);
    if (gc_needed(av,2))
    {
      if(DEBUGMEM>1) pari_warn(warnmem,"gen_Shanks_log, baby = %ld", i);
      p1 = gerepileupto(av, p1);
    }
  }
  G = gerepileupto(av, grp->pow(E,p1,gen_m1)); /* g^-n */
  perm = vecsmall_indexsort(table);
  table = vecsmallpermute(table,perm);
  return mkvec4(table,perm,g,G);
}
/* T from gen_Shanks_init(g,n). Return v < n*N such that x = g^v or NULL */
GEN
gen_Shanks(GEN T, GEN x, ulong N, void *E, const struct bb_group *grp)
{
  pari_sp av=avma;
  GEN table = gel(T,1), perm = gel(T,2), g = gel(T,3), G = gel(T,4);
  GEN p1 = x;
  long n = lg(table)-1;
  ulong k;
  for (k=0; k<N; k++)
  { /* p1 = x G^k, G = g^-n */
    long h = grp->hash(p1), i = zv_search(table, h);
    if (i)
    {
      do i--; while (i && table[i] == h);
      for (i++; i <= n && table[i] == h; i++)
      {
        GEN v = addiu(muluu(n,k), perm[i]-1);
        if (grp->equal(grp->pow(E,g,v),x)) return gerepileuptoint(av,v);
        if (DEBUGLEVEL)
          err_printf("gen_Shanks_log: false positive %lu, %lu\n", k,h);
      }
    }
    p1 = grp->mul(E,p1,G);
    if (gc_needed(av,2))
    {
      if(DEBUGMEM>1) pari_warn(warnmem,"gen_Shanks_log, k = %lu", k);
      p1 = gerepileupto(av, p1);
    }
  }
  return NULL;
}
/* Generic Shanks baby-step/giant-step algorithm. Return log_g(x), ord g = q.
 * One-shot: use gen_Shanks_init/log if many logs are desired; early abort
 * if log < sqrt(q) */
static GEN
gen_Shanks_log(GEN x, GEN g, GEN q, void *E, const struct bb_group *grp)
{
  pari_sp av=avma, av1;
  long lbaby, i, k;
  GEN p1, table, giant, perm, ginv;
  p1 = sqrti(q);
  if (abscmpiu(p1,LGBITS) >= 0)
    pari_err_OVERFLOW("gen_Shanks_log [order too large]");
  lbaby = itos(p1)+1; table = cgetg(lbaby+1,t_VECSMALL);
  ginv = grp->pow(E,g,gen_m1);
  av1 = avma;
  for (p1=x, i=1;;i++)
  {
    if (grp->equal1(p1)) { avma = av; return stoi(i-1); }
    table[i] = grp->hash(p1); if (i==lbaby) break;
    p1 = grp->mul(E,p1,ginv);
    if (gc_needed(av1,2))
    {
      if(DEBUGMEM>1) pari_warn(warnmem,"gen_Shanks_log, baby = %ld", i);
      p1 = gerepileupto(av1, p1);
    }
  }
  p1 = giant = gerepileupto(av1, grp->mul(E,x,grp->pow(E, p1, gen_m1)));
  perm = vecsmall_indexsort(table);
  table = vecsmallpermute(table,perm);
  av1 = avma;
  for (k=1; k<= lbaby; k++)
  {
    long h = grp->hash(p1), i = zv_search(table, h);
    if (i)
    {
      while (table[i] == h && i) i--;
      for (i++; i <= lbaby && table[i] == h; i++)
      {
        GEN v = addiu(mulss(lbaby-1,k),perm[i]-1);
        if (grp->equal(grp->pow(E,g,v),x)) return gerepileuptoint(av,v);
        if (DEBUGLEVEL)
          err_printf("gen_Shanks_log: false positive %ld, %lu\n", k,h);
      }
    }
    p1 = grp->mul(E,p1,giant);
    if (gc_needed(av1,2))
    {
      if(DEBUGMEM>1) pari_warn(warnmem,"gen_Shanks_log, k = %ld", k);
      p1 = gerepileupto(av1, p1);
    }
  }
  avma = av; return cgetg(1, t_VEC); /* no solution */
}

/*Generic discrete logarithme in a group of prime order p*/
GEN
gen_plog(GEN x, GEN g, GEN p, void *E, const struct bb_group *grp)
{
  if (grp->easylog)
  {
    GEN e = grp->easylog(E, x, g, p);
    if (e) return e;
  }
  if (grp->equal1(x)) return gen_0;
  if (grp->equal(x,g)) return gen_1;
  if (expi(p)<32) return gen_Shanks_log(x,g,p,E,grp);
  return gen_Pollard_log(x, g, p, E, grp);
}

GEN
get_arith_ZZM(GEN o)
{
  if (!o) return NULL;
  switch(typ(o))
  {
    case t_INT:
      if (signe(o) > 0) return mkvec2(o, Z_factor(o));
      break;
    case t_MAT:
      if (is_Z_factorpos(o)) return mkvec2(factorback(o), o);
      break;
    case t_VEC:
      if (lg(o) == 3 && signe(gel(o,1)) > 0 && is_Z_factorpos(gel(o,2))) return o;
      break;
  }
  pari_err_TYPE("generic discrete logarithm (order factorization)",o);
  return NULL; /* LCOV_EXCL_LINE */
}
GEN
get_arith_Z(GEN o)
{
  if (!o) return NULL;
  switch(typ(o))
  {
    case t_INT:
      if (signe(o) > 0) return o;
      break;
    case t_MAT:
      o = factorback(o);
      if (typ(o) == t_INT && signe(o) > 0) return o;
      break;
    case t_VEC:
      if (lg(o) != 3) break;
      o = gel(o,1);
      if (typ(o) == t_INT && signe(o) > 0) return o;
      break;
  }
  pari_err_TYPE("generic discrete logarithm (order factorization)",o);
  return NULL; /* LCOV_EXCL_LINE */
}

/* grp->easylog() is an optional trapdoor function that catch easy logarithms*/
/* Generic Pohlig-Hellman discrete logarithm*/
/* smallest integer n such that g^n=a. Assume g has order ord */
GEN
gen_PH_log(GEN a, GEN g, GEN ord, void *E, const struct bb_group *grp)
{
  pari_sp av = avma;
  GEN v,t0,a0,b,q,g_q,n_q,ginv0,qj,ginv;
  GEN fa, ex;
  long e,i,j,l;

  if (grp->equal(g, a)) /* frequent special case */
    return grp->equal1(g)? gen_0: gen_1;
  if (grp->easylog)
  {
    GEN e = grp->easylog(E, a, g, ord);
    if (e) return e;
  }
  v = get_arith_ZZM(ord);
  ord= gel(v,1);
  fa = gel(v,2);
  ex = gel(fa,2);
  fa = gel(fa,1); l = lg(fa);
  ginv = grp->pow(E,g,gen_m1);
  v = cgetg(l, t_VEC);
  for (i=1; i<l; i++)
  {
    q = gel(fa,i);
    e = itos(gel(ex,i));
    if (DEBUGLEVEL>5)
      err_printf("Pohlig-Hellman: DL mod %Ps^%ld\n",q,e);
    qj = new_chunk(e+1);
    gel(qj,0) = gen_1;
    gel(qj,1) = q;
    for (j=2; j<=e; j++) gel(qj,j) = mulii(gel(qj,j-1), q);
    t0 = diviiexact(ord, gel(qj,e));
    a0 = grp->pow(E, a, t0);
    ginv0 = grp->pow(E, ginv, t0); /* order q^e */
    if (grp->equal1(ginv0))
    {
      gel(v,i) = mkintmod(gen_0, gen_1);
      continue;
    }
    do { g_q = grp->pow(E,g, mulii(t0, gel(qj,--e))); /* order q */
    } while (grp->equal1(g_q));
    n_q = gen_0;
    for (j=0;; j++)
    { /* n_q = sum_{i<j} b_i q^i */
      b = grp->pow(E,a0, gel(qj,e-j));
      /* early abort: cheap and very effective */
      if (j == 0 && !grp->equal1(grp->pow(E,b,q))) {
        avma = av; return cgetg(1, t_VEC);
      }
      b = gen_plog(b, g_q, q, E, grp);
      if (typ(b) != t_INT) { avma = av; return cgetg(1, t_VEC); }
      n_q = addii(n_q, mulii(b, gel(qj,j)));
      if (j == e) break;

      a0 = grp->mul(E,a0, grp->pow(E,ginv0, b));
      ginv0 = grp->pow(E,ginv0, q);
    }
    gel(v,i) = mkintmod(n_q, gel(qj,e+1));
  }
  return gerepileuptoint(av, lift(chinese1_coprime_Z(v)));
}

/***********************************************************************/
/**                                                                   **/
/**                    ORDER OF AN ELEMENT                            **/
/**                                                                   **/
/***********************************************************************/
/*Find the exact order of a assuming a^o==1*/
GEN
gen_order(GEN a, GEN o, void *E, const struct bb_group *grp)
{
  pari_sp av = avma;
  long i, l;
  GEN m;

  m = get_arith_ZZM(o);
  if (!m) pari_err_TYPE("gen_order [missing order]",a);
  o = gel(m,1);
  m = gel(m,2); l = lgcols(m);
  for (i = l-1; i; i--)
  {
    GEN t, y, p = gcoeff(m,i,1);
    long j, e = itos(gcoeff(m,i,2));
    if (l == 2) {
      t = gen_1;
      y = a;
    } else {
      t = diviiexact(o, powiu(p,e));
      y = grp->pow(E, a, t);
    }
    if (grp->equal1(y)) o = t;
    else {
      for (j = 1; j < e; j++)
      {
        y = grp->pow(E, y, p);
        if (grp->equal1(y)) break;
      }
      if (j < e) {
        if (j > 1) p = powiu(p, j);
        o = mulii(t, p);
      }
    }
  }
  return gerepilecopy(av, o);
}

/*Find the exact order of a assuming a^o==1, return [order,factor(order)] */
GEN
gen_factored_order(GEN a, GEN o, void *E, const struct bb_group *grp)
{
  pari_sp av = avma;
  long i, l, ind;
  GEN m, F, P;

  m = get_arith_ZZM(o);
  if (!m) pari_err_TYPE("gen_factored_order [missing order]",a);
  o = gel(m,1);
  m = gel(m,2); l = lgcols(m);
  P = cgetg(l, t_COL); ind = 1;
  F = cgetg(l, t_COL);
  for (i = l-1; i; i--)
  {
    GEN t, y, p = gcoeff(m,i,1);
    long j, e = itos(gcoeff(m,i,2));
    if (l == 2) {
      t = gen_1;
      y = a;
    } else {
      t = diviiexact(o, powiu(p,e));
      y = grp->pow(E, a, t);
    }
    if (grp->equal1(y)) o = t;
    else {
      for (j = 1; j < e; j++)
      {
        y = grp->pow(E, y, p);
        if (grp->equal1(y)) break;
      }
      gel(P,ind) = p;
      gel(F,ind) = utoipos(j);
      if (j < e) {
        if (j > 1) p = powiu(p, j);
        o = mulii(t, p);
      }
      ind++;
    }
  }
  setlg(P, ind); P = vecreverse(P);
  setlg(F, ind); F = vecreverse(F);
  return gerepilecopy(av, mkvec2(o, mkmat2(P,F)));
}

/* E has order o[1], ..., or o[#o], draw random points until all solutions
 * but one are eliminated */
GEN
gen_select_order(GEN o, void *E, const struct bb_group *grp)
{
  pari_sp ltop = avma, btop;
  GEN lastgood, so, vo;
  long lo = lg(o), nbo=lo-1;
  if (nbo == 1) return icopy(gel(o,1));
  so = ZV_indexsort(o); /* minimize max( o[i+1] - o[i] ) */
  vo = zero_zv(lo);
  lastgood = gel(o, so[nbo]);
  btop = avma;
  for(;;)
  {
    GEN lasto = gen_0;
    GEN P = grp->rand(E), t = mkvec(gen_0);
    long i;
    for (i = 1; i < lo; i++)
    {
      GEN newo = gel(o, so[i]);
      if (vo[i]) continue;
      t = grp->mul(E,t, grp->pow(E, P, subii(newo,lasto)));/*P^o[i]*/
      lasto = newo;
      if (!grp->equal1(t))
      {
        if (--nbo == 1) { avma=ltop; return icopy(lastgood); }
        vo[i] = 1;
      }
      else
        lastgood = lasto;
    }
    avma = btop;
  }
}

/*******************************************************************/
/*                                                                 */
/*                          n-th ROOT                              */
/*                                                                 */
/*******************************************************************/
/* Assume l is prime. Return a generator of the l-th Sylow and set *zeta to an element
 * of order l.
 *
 * q = l^e*r, e>=1, (r,l)=1
 * UNCLEAN */
static GEN
gen_lgener(GEN l, long e, GEN r,GEN *zeta, void *E, const struct bb_group *grp)
{
  const pari_sp av1 = avma;
  GEN m, m1;
  long i;
  for (;; avma = av1)
  {
    m1 = m = grp->pow(E, grp->rand(E), r);
    if (grp->equal1(m)) continue;
    for (i=1; i<e; i++)
    {
      m = grp->pow(E,m,l);
      if (grp->equal1(m)) break;
    }
    if (i==e) break;
  }
  *zeta = m; return m1;
}

/* Let G be a cyclic group of order o>1. Returns a (random) generator */

GEN
gen_gener(GEN o, void *E, const struct bb_group *grp)
{
  pari_sp ltop = avma, av;
  long i, lpr;
  GEN F, N, pr, z=NULL;
  F = get_arith_ZZM(o);
  N = gel(F,1); pr = gel(F,2); lpr = lgcols(pr);
  av = avma;

  for (i = 1; i < lpr; i++)
  {
    GEN l = gcoeff(pr,i,1);
    long e = itos(gcoeff(pr,i,2));
    GEN r = diviiexact(N,powis(l,e));
    GEN zetan, zl = gen_lgener(l,e,r,&zetan,E,grp);
    z = i==1 ? zl: grp->mul(E,z,zl);
    if (gc_needed(av,2))
    { /* n can have lots of prime factors*/
      if(DEBUGMEM>1) pari_warn(warnmem,"gen_gener");
      z = gerepileupto(av, z);
    }
  }
  return gerepileupto(ltop, z);
}

/* solve x^l = a , l prime in G of order q.
 *
 * q =  (l^e)*r, e >= 1, (r,l) = 1
 * y is not an l-th power, hence generates the l-Sylow of G
 * m = y^(q/l) != 1 */
static GEN
gen_Shanks_sqrtl(GEN a, GEN l, long e, GEN r, GEN y, GEN m,void *E,
                 const struct bb_group *grp)
{
  pari_sp av = avma;
  long k;
  GEN p1, u1, u2, v, w, z, dl;

  (void)bezout(r,l,&u1,&u2);
  v = grp->pow(E,a,u2);
  w = grp->pow(E,v,l);
  w = grp->mul(E,w,grp->pow(E,a,gen_m1));
  while (!grp->equal1(w))
  {
    k = 0;
    p1 = w;
    do
    {
      z = p1; p1 = grp->pow(E,p1,l);
      k++;
    } while(!grp->equal1(p1));
    if (k==e) { avma = av; return NULL; }
    dl = gen_plog(z,m,l,E,grp);
    if (typ(dl) != t_INT) { avma = av; return NULL; }
    dl = negi(dl);
    p1 = grp->pow(E, grp->pow(E,y, dl), powiu(l,e-k-1));
    m = grp->pow(E,m,dl);
    e = k;
    v = grp->mul(E,p1,v);
    y = grp->pow(E,p1,l);
    w = grp->mul(E,y,w);
    if (gc_needed(av,1))
    {
      if(DEBUGMEM>1) pari_warn(warnmem,"gen_Shanks_sqrtl");
      gerepileall(av,4, &y,&v,&w,&m);
    }
  }
  return gerepilecopy(av, v);
}
/* Return one solution of x^n = a in a cyclic group of order q
 *
 * 1) If there is no solution, return NULL.
 *
 * 2) If there is a solution, there are exactly m of them [m = gcd(q-1,n)].
 * If zetan!=NULL, *zetan is set to a primitive m-th root of unity so that
 * the set of solutions is { x*zetan^k; k=0..m-1 }
 */
GEN
gen_Shanks_sqrtn(GEN a, GEN n, GEN q, GEN *zetan, void *E, const struct bb_group *grp)
{
  pari_sp ltop = avma;
  GEN m, u1, u2, z;
  int is_1;

  if (is_pm1(n))
  {
    if (zetan) *zetan = grp->pow(E,a,gen_0);
    return signe(n) < 0? grp->pow(E,a,gen_m1): gcopy(a);
  }
  is_1 = grp->equal1(a);
  if (is_1 && !zetan) return gcopy(a);

  m = bezout(n,q,&u1,&u2);
  z = grp->pow(E,a,gen_0);
  if (!is_pm1(m))
  {
    GEN F = Z_factor(m);
    long i, j, e;
    GEN r, zeta, y, l;
    pari_sp av1 = avma;
    for (i = nbrows(F); i; i--)
    {
      l = gcoeff(F,i,1);
      j = itos(gcoeff(F,i,2));
      e = Z_pvalrem(q,l,&r);
      y = gen_lgener(l,e,r,&zeta,E,grp);
      if (zetan) z = grp->mul(E,z, grp->pow(E,y,powiu(l,e-j)));
      if (!is_1) {
        do
        {
          a = gen_Shanks_sqrtl(a,l,e,r,y,zeta,E,grp);
          if (!a) { avma = ltop; return NULL;}
        } while (--j);
      }
      if (gc_needed(ltop,1))
      { /* n can have lots of prime factors*/
        if(DEBUGMEM>1) pari_warn(warnmem,"gen_Shanks_sqrtn");
        gerepileall(av1, zetan? 2: 1, &a, &z);
      }
    }
  }
  if (!equalii(m, n))
    a = grp->pow(E,a,modii(u1,q));
  if (zetan)
  {
    *zetan = z;
    gerepileall(ltop,2,&a,zetan);
  }
  else /* is_1 is 0: a was modified above -> gerepileupto valid */
    a = gerepileupto(ltop, a);
  return a;
}

/*******************************************************************/
/*                                                                 */
/*               structure of groups with pairing                  */
/*                                                                 */
/*******************************************************************/

static GEN
ellgroup_d2(GEN N, GEN d)
{
  GEN r = gcdii(N, d);
  GEN F1 = gel(Z_factor(r), 1);
  long i, j, l1 = lg(F1);
  GEN F = cgetg(3, t_MAT);
  gel(F,1) = cgetg(l1, t_COL);
  gel(F,2) = cgetg(l1, t_COL);
  for (i = 1, j = 1; i < l1; ++i)
  {
    long v = Z_pval(N, gel(F1, i));
    if (v<=1) continue;
    gcoeff(F, j  , 1) = gel(F1, i);
    gcoeff(F, j++, 2) = stoi(v);
  }
  setlg(F[1],j); setlg(F[2],j);
  return j==1 ? NULL : mkvec2(factorback(F), F);
}

GEN
gen_ellgroup(GEN N, GEN d, GEN *pt_m, void *E, const struct bb_group *grp,
             GEN pairorder(void *E, GEN P, GEN Q, GEN m, GEN F))
{
  pari_sp av = avma;
  GEN N0, N1, F;
  if (pt_m) *pt_m = gen_1;
  if (is_pm1(N)) return cgetg(1,t_VEC);
  F = ellgroup_d2(N, d);
  if (!F) {avma = av; return mkveccopy(N);}
  N0 = gel(F,1); N1 = diviiexact(N, N0);
  while(1)
  {
    pari_sp av2 = avma;
    GEN P, Q, d, s, t, m;

    P = grp->pow(E,grp->rand(E), N1);
    s = gen_order(P, F, E, grp); if (equalii(s, N0)) {avma = av; return mkveccopy(N);}

    Q = grp->pow(E,grp->rand(E), N1);
    t = gen_order(Q, F, E, grp); if (equalii(t, N0)) {avma = av; return mkveccopy(N);}

    m = lcmii(s, t);
    d = pairorder(E, P, Q, m, F);
    /* structure is [N/d, d] iff m d == N0. Note that N/d = N1 m */
    if (is_pm1(d) && equalii(m, N0)) {avma = av; return mkveccopy(N);}
    if (equalii(mulii(m, d), N0))
    {
      GEN g = mkvec2(mulii(N1,m), d);
      if (pt_m) *pt_m = m;
      gerepileall(av,pt_m?2:1,&g,pt_m);
      return g;
    }
    avma = av2;
  }
}

GEN
gen_ellgens(GEN D1, GEN d2, GEN m, void *E, const struct bb_group *grp,
             GEN pairorder(void *E, GEN P, GEN Q, GEN m, GEN F))
{
  pari_sp ltop = avma, av;
  GEN F, d1, dm;
  GEN P, Q, d, s;
  F = get_arith_ZZM(D1);
  d1 = gel(F, 1), dm =  diviiexact(d1,m);
  av = avma;
  do
  {
    avma = av;
    P = grp->rand(E);
    s = gen_order(P, F, E, grp);
  } while (!equalii(s, d1));
  av = avma;
  do
  {
    avma = av;
    Q = grp->rand(E);
    d = pairorder(E, grp->pow(E, P, dm), grp->pow(E, Q, dm), m, F);
  } while (!equalii(d, d2));
  return gerepilecopy(ltop, mkvec2(P,Q));
}