car-secrets 0.52.1

//! Descriptor-safe owner-private filesystem primitives.
//!
//! CAR-owned state must be private from its first byte, must not follow a
//! symlink supplied at any component, and must fail closed when the opened
//! object is not the current user's single-link regular file. These helpers
//! centralize that contract instead of asking every store to reproduce it.

use std::fs::File;
use std::io;
use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};

/// Deterministic failure point for private-path durability tests.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum PrivatePathDurabilityFailurePoint {
    /// Fail immediately before flushing a retained parent directory after a
    /// new child directory or file entry has been created.
    ParentDirectorySync,
}

/// Cloneable, one-shot fault injector for first-use private-path durability.
///
/// This is deliberately explicit and passed only by tests/configured stores;
/// production callers use the ordinary helpers and cannot be affected by
/// process-global state.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
pub struct PrivatePathDurabilityFailureInjector {
    failures: Arc<Mutex<Vec<PrivatePathDurabilityFailurePoint>>>,
}

impl PrivatePathDurabilityFailureInjector {
    /// Fail the next matching durability boundary exactly once.
    pub fn fail_next(&self, point: PrivatePathDurabilityFailurePoint) {
        self.failures
            .lock()
            .expect("private-path failure injector lock poisoned")
            .push(point);
    }

    fn check(&self, point: PrivatePathDurabilityFailurePoint) -> io::Result<()> {
        let mut failures = self
            .failures
            .lock()
            .map_err(|_| io::Error::other("private-path failure injector lock poisoned"))?;
        if failures.first() == Some(&point) {
            failures.remove(0);
            return Err(io::Error::other(
                "injected private-path parent directory sync failure",
            ));
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

/// Exact relative roots to harden below a retained private-tree descriptor.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct PrivateTreePolicy {
    selected: Vec<PathBuf>,
}

impl PrivateTreePolicy {
    /// Revalidate and harden only the tree root.
    pub fn root_only() -> Self {
        Self::default()
    }

    /// Select exact relative files or directories. A selected directory is
    /// traversed recursively; siblings outside the selection are untouched.
    pub fn selected<I, P>(paths: I) -> Self
    where
        I: IntoIterator<Item = P>,
        P: AsRef<Path>,
    {
        Self {
            selected: paths
                .into_iter()
                .map(|path| path.as_ref().to_path_buf())
                .collect(),
        }
    }
}

/// Aggregate receipt for one selected private-tree hardening pass.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct PrivateTreeReport {
    pub directories_hardened: usize,
    pub files_hardened: usize,
}

/// A verified tree root whose descriptor remains open across migration.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct PrivateTree {
    root: PathBuf,
    root_descriptor: File,
    operation_lock: std::sync::Mutex<()>,
}

impl PrivateTree {
    /// Open and harden an existing root while retaining its descriptor.
    pub fn open(root: &Path) -> io::Result<Self> {
        #[cfg(unix)]
        let root_descriptor = {
            let descriptor = unix_walk_directory(root, false, true)?;
            unix_validate_private_dir_exact(&descriptor)?;
            unix_revalidate_directory_path(root, &descriptor)?;
            descriptor
        };
        #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
        let root_descriptor = {
            let descriptor = windows_open_directory_for_hardening(root)?;
            windows_validate_directory(&descriptor)?;
            windows_validate_hardenable_file_owner(&descriptor)?;
            windows_harden_file_acl(&descriptor)?;
            windows_revalidate_directory_path(root, &descriptor)?;
            descriptor
        };
        #[cfg(not(any(unix, target_os = "windows")))]
        let root_descriptor = File::open(root)?;

        let tree = Self {
            root: root.to_path_buf(),
            root_descriptor,
            operation_lock: std::sync::Mutex::new(()),
        };
        tree.revalidate_root()?;
        Ok(tree)
    }

    /// Harden the exact selected roots and recursively harden selected
    /// directories. Errors have no receipt; completed hardening remains safe
    /// and retrying the same policy is idempotent.
    pub fn harden_selected(&self, policy: &PrivateTreePolicy) -> io::Result<PrivateTreeReport> {
        let _operation = self
            .operation_lock
            .lock()
            .map_err(|_| io::Error::other("private-tree operation lock is poisoned"))?;
        let selected = normalized_private_tree_selection(policy)?;
        self.revalidate_root()?;
        #[cfg(unix)]
        let report = unix_harden_private_tree(self, &selected)?;
        #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
        let report = windows_harden_private_tree(self, &selected)?;
        #[cfg(not(any(unix, target_os = "windows")))]
        let report = generic_harden_private_tree(self, &selected)?;
        self.revalidate_root()?;
        Ok(report)
    }

    /// Verify that the root path still names the retained descriptor.
    pub fn revalidate_root(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
        #[cfg(unix)]
        {
            unix_validate_private_dir_exact(&self.root_descriptor)?;
            unix_revalidate_directory_path(&self.root, &self.root_descriptor)
        }
        #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
        {
            windows_validate_directory(&self.root_descriptor)?;
            windows_validate_file_owner(&self.root_descriptor)?;
            windows_revalidate_directory_path(&self.root, &self.root_descriptor)
        }
        #[cfg(not(any(unix, target_os = "windows")))]
        {
            if self.root_descriptor.metadata()?.is_dir() {
                Ok(())
            } else {
                Err(permission_denied("private tree root is not a directory"))
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Open, harden, and revalidate an existing selected private tree.
pub fn harden_private_tree(
    root: &Path,
    policy: &PrivateTreePolicy,
) -> io::Result<PrivateTreeReport> {
    PrivateTree::open(root)?.harden_selected(policy)
}

fn normalized_private_tree_selection(policy: &PrivateTreePolicy) -> io::Result<Vec<PathBuf>> {
    let mut selected = policy.selected.clone();
    for path in &selected {
        if path.as_os_str().is_empty() || path.is_absolute() {
            return Err(io::Error::new(
                io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                "private-tree selections must be non-empty relative paths",
            ));
        }
        for component in path.components() {
            if !matches!(component, std::path::Component::Normal(_)) {
                return Err(io::Error::new(
                    io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                    "private-tree selections must contain only normal components",
                ));
            }
        }
    }
    selected.sort();
    selected.dedup();
    Ok(selected)
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
enum PrivateOpenMode {
    Read,
    Append,
    Truncate,
    CreateNew,
}

/// Tighten `path` to owner-only access, preserving the historical best-effort
/// API. New privacy-bearing writes should use the fallible helpers below.
pub fn harden_owner_only(path: &Path) {
    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
    if let Err(error) = harden_windows_acl(path) {
        tracing::warn!(?error, ?path, "owner-only ACL hardening failed");
    }
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
    let _ = path;
}

/// Tighten an existing regular file or directory and propagate any failure.
pub fn harden_owner_only_fallible(path: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
    #[cfg(unix)]
    {
        let metadata = std::fs::symlink_metadata(path)?;
        if metadata.file_type().is_symlink() {
            return Err(permission_denied("owner-private path cannot be a symlink"));
        }
        if metadata.is_dir() {
            return ensure_private_dir(path);
        }
        let _file = open_private_read(path)?;
        Ok(())
    }
    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
    {
        let metadata = std::fs::symlink_metadata(path)?;
        reject_windows_reparse_metadata(&metadata)?;
        if metadata.is_dir() {
            return windows_ensure_private_dir(path);
        }
        let _file = windows_open_private(path, PrivateOpenMode::Read, None)?;
        Ok(())
    }
    #[cfg(not(any(unix, target_os = "windows")))]
    {
        let _ = path;
        Ok(())
    }
}

/// Create missing directory components with mode `0700` and harden the final
/// directory. Symlink components and final directories not owned by the
/// effective user are rejected.
pub fn ensure_private_dir(path: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
    ensure_private_dir_inner(path, None)
}

/// [`ensure_private_dir`] with a deterministic first-use durability fault seam.
pub fn ensure_private_dir_with_failure_injector(
    path: &Path,
    failures: &PrivatePathDurabilityFailureInjector,
) -> io::Result<()> {
    ensure_private_dir_inner(path, Some(failures))
}

fn ensure_private_dir_inner(
    path: &Path,
    failures: Option<&PrivatePathDurabilityFailureInjector>,
) -> io::Result<()> {
    #[cfg(unix)]
    {
        let _ = unix_walk_directory_with_failure_injector(path, true, true, failures)?;
        Ok(())
    }
    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
    {
        windows_ensure_private_dir_with_failure_injector(path, failures)
    }
    #[cfg(not(any(unix, target_os = "windows")))]
    {
        std::fs::create_dir_all(path)
    }
}

/// Exclusively create a new owner-private regular file (`0600` on Unix).
pub fn create_private_file(path: &Path) -> io::Result<File> {
    open_private(path, PrivateOpenMode::CreateNew, None)
}

/// [`create_private_file`] with a deterministic entry-durability fault seam.
pub fn create_private_file_with_failure_injector(
    path: &Path,
    failures: &PrivatePathDurabilityFailureInjector,
) -> io::Result<File> {
    open_private(path, PrivateOpenMode::CreateNew, Some(failures))
}

/// Open an existing CAR-owned file for reading, hardening and validating it.
/// Historical external replay paths should deliberately use [`File::open`]
/// instead so read-only compatibility does not mutate their modes.
pub fn open_private_read(path: &Path) -> io::Result<File> {
    open_private(path, PrivateOpenMode::Read, None)
}

/// Create or open an owner-private regular file for append.
pub fn open_private_append(path: &Path) -> io::Result<File> {
    open_private(path, PrivateOpenMode::Append, None)
}

/// [`open_private_append`] with a deterministic entry-durability fault seam.
pub fn open_private_append_with_failure_injector(
    path: &Path,
    failures: &PrivatePathDurabilityFailureInjector,
) -> io::Result<File> {
    open_private(path, PrivateOpenMode::Append, Some(failures))
}

/// Open an existing owner-private regular file, validate its descriptor and
/// path identity, and only then truncate its contents.
pub fn open_private_truncate(path: &Path) -> io::Result<File> {
    open_private(path, PrivateOpenMode::Truncate, None)
}

/// Revalidate an already-opened CAR-owned file descriptor, hardening it to
/// `0600` on Unix. The descriptor must name a current-user, single-link regular
/// file and must remain the same inode across hardening.
pub fn revalidate_private_file(file: &File) -> io::Result<()> {
    #[cfg(unix)]
    {
        unix_revalidate_private_file(file)
    }
    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
    {
        windows_validate_file(file)
    }
    #[cfg(not(any(unix, target_os = "windows")))]
    {
        if file.metadata()?.is_file() {
            Ok(())
        } else {
            Err(permission_denied("private file is not a regular file"))
        }
    }
}

/// Revalidate both a private descriptor and its no-follow path identity.
/// Fails when the path was unlinked, renamed, or substituted after open.
pub fn revalidate_private_path(path: &Path, file: &File) -> io::Result<()> {
    revalidate_private_file(file)?;
    #[cfg(unix)]
    {
        use std::ffi::CString;
        use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
        use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;

        let name = path.file_name().ok_or_else(|| {
            io::Error::new(
                io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                "private file path has no file name",
            )
        })?;
        let name = CString::new(name.as_bytes())
            .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "file name contains NUL"))?;
        let parent = unix_walk_directory(normalized_parent(path), false, false)?;
        unix_validate_path_matches_file(parent.as_raw_fd(), &name, file)
    }
    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
    {
        windows_revalidate_private_path(path, file)
    }
    #[cfg(not(any(unix, target_os = "windows")))]
    {
        let _ = path;
        Err(io::Error::new(
            io::ErrorKind::Unsupported,
            "path identity revalidation is unsupported on this platform",
        ))
    }
}

/// Atomically replace `destination` with a private temporary file in the same
/// directory, then revalidate the published file and sync its directory.
pub fn atomic_replace_private_file(temp: &Path, destination: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
    if normalized_parent(temp) != normalized_parent(destination) {
        return Err(io::Error::new(
            io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
            "private atomic replacement requires one lexical parent directory",
        ));
    }
    #[cfg(unix)]
    {
        unix_atomic_replace_private_file(temp, destination)
    }
    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
    {
        windows_atomic_replace_private_file(temp, destination)
    }
    #[cfg(not(any(unix, target_os = "windows")))]
    {
        std::fs::rename(temp, destination)?;
        let file = open_private_read(destination)?;
        revalidate_private_file(&file)
    }
}

fn open_private(
    path: &Path,
    mode: PrivateOpenMode,
    failures: Option<&PrivatePathDurabilityFailureInjector>,
) -> io::Result<File> {
    #[cfg(unix)]
    {
        unix_open_private(path, mode, failures)
    }
    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
    {
        windows_open_private(path, mode, failures)
    }
    #[cfg(not(any(unix, target_os = "windows")))]
    {
        let _ = failures;
        generic_open_private(path, mode)
    }
}

fn normalized_parent(path: &Path) -> &Path {
    path.parent()
        .filter(|parent| !parent.as_os_str().is_empty())
        .unwrap_or_else(|| Path::new("."))
}

fn permission_denied(message: &'static str) -> io::Error {
    io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied, message)
}

#[cfg(unix)]
fn unix_walk_directory(path: &Path, create: bool, harden_final: bool) -> io::Result<File> {
    unix_walk_directory_with_failure_injector(path, create, harden_final, None)
}

#[cfg(unix)]
fn unix_walk_directory_with_failure_injector(
    path: &Path,
    create: bool,
    harden_final: bool,
    failures: Option<&PrivatePathDurabilityFailureInjector>,
) -> io::Result<File> {
    unix_walk_directory_with_hook(path, create, harden_final, failures, |_| Ok(()))
}

#[cfg(unix)]
fn unix_walk_directory_with_hook<F>(
    path: &Path,
    create: bool,
    harden_final: bool,
    failures: Option<&PrivatePathDurabilityFailureInjector>,
    mut after_child_barrier: F,
) -> io::Result<File>
where
    F: FnMut(&std::ffi::OsStr) -> io::Result<()>,
{
    use std::ffi::{CString, OsStr};
    use std::os::fd::{AsRawFd, FromRawFd};
    use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;

    let descriptor_path = unix_descriptor_path(path);
    let mut components = Vec::new();
    let mut absolute = false;
    for component in descriptor_path.components() {
        match component {
            std::path::Component::RootDir => absolute = true,
            std::path::Component::CurDir => {}
            std::path::Component::Normal(value) => components.push(value.to_os_string()),
            std::path::Component::ParentDir => {
                return Err(io::Error::new(
                    io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                    "owner-private paths cannot contain parent traversal",
                ));
            }
            std::path::Component::Prefix(_) => {
                return Err(io::Error::new(
                    io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                    "unsupported Unix path prefix",
                ));
            }
        }
    }

    let base = CString::new(if absolute { "/" } else { "." }).expect("static path");
    // SAFETY: `base` is NUL-terminated and flags do not require a mode.
    let raw = unsafe {
        libc::open(
            base.as_ptr(),
            libc::O_RDONLY | libc::O_DIRECTORY | libc::O_CLOEXEC | libc::O_NOFOLLOW,
        )
    };
    if raw < 0 {
        return Err(io::Error::last_os_error());
    }
    // SAFETY: `raw` is a newly-owned descriptor returned by `open`.
    let directory = unsafe { File::from_raw_fd(raw) };
    // Retain every ancestor descriptor until the final component has been
    // opened, flushed, and revalidated. Retention does not prevent rename on
    // Unix; it lets each later full-chain check detect that rename before the
    // walk advances or returns success.
    let mut hierarchy = vec![directory];

    for (index, component) in components.iter().enumerate() {
        let name = CString::new(OsStr::new(component).as_bytes()).map_err(|_| {
            io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "path component contains NUL")
        })?;
        let flags = libc::O_RDONLY | libc::O_DIRECTORY | libc::O_CLOEXEC | libc::O_NOFOLLOW;
        // SAFETY: the parent descriptor and component C string are valid.
        let parent = hierarchy
            .last()
            .expect("private directory hierarchy always retains its base");
        let mut child_raw = unsafe { libc::openat(parent.as_raw_fd(), name.as_ptr(), flags) };
        let mut created = false;
        if child_raw < 0 && io::Error::last_os_error().kind() == io::ErrorKind::NotFound && create {
            // SAFETY: the parent descriptor and component C string are valid.
            let mkdir_result = unsafe { libc::mkdirat(parent.as_raw_fd(), name.as_ptr(), 0o700) };
            if mkdir_result < 0 {
                let error = io::Error::last_os_error();
                if error.kind() != io::ErrorKind::AlreadyExists {
                    return Err(error);
                }
            } else {
                created = true;
            }
            // SAFETY: same validated descriptor-relative path as above.
            child_raw = unsafe { libc::openat(parent.as_raw_fd(), name.as_ptr(), flags) };
        }
        if child_raw < 0 {
            return Err(io::Error::last_os_error());
        }
        // SAFETY: `child_raw` is a newly-owned descriptor returned by `openat`.
        let child = unsafe { File::from_raw_fd(child_raw) };
        let is_final = index + 1 == components.len();
        unix_validate_private_dir(&child, created || (is_final && harden_final))?;
        let already_private = unix_private_dir_is_exact(&child)?;
        if created {
            if let Some(failures) = failures {
                failures.check(PrivatePathDurabilityFailurePoint::ParentDirectorySync)?;
            }
        }
        // A retry after a transient parent-sync failure observes an existing
        // owner-private component. Syncing those parents again makes retry a
        // real durability barrier instead of a false acknowledgement.
        if created || (create && already_private) {
            parent.sync_all()?;
            unix_validate_path_matches_directory(parent.as_raw_fd(), &name, &child)?;
        }
        hierarchy.push(child);
        after_child_barrier(component.as_os_str())?;
        unix_revalidate_retained_directory_chain(&hierarchy, &components[..=index])?;
    }

    if components.is_empty() && harden_final {
        return Err(io::Error::new(
            io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
            "refusing to harden a filesystem root or current directory",
        ));
    }
    // Repeat the complete root-to-leaf proof immediately before handing the
    // final descriptor to the caller. An open Unix directory descriptor does
    // not prevent rename, so validating only the last parent/child pair can
    // otherwise acknowledge a tree that has moved out from under its path.
    unix_revalidate_retained_directory_chain(&hierarchy, &components)?;
    hierarchy
        .pop()
        .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other("private directory hierarchy is empty"))
}

#[cfg(unix)]
fn unix_revalidate_retained_directory_chain(
    hierarchy: &[File],
    components: &[std::ffi::OsString],
) -> io::Result<()> {
    use std::ffi::{CString, OsStr};
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
    use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;

    if hierarchy.len() != components.len() + 1 {
        return Err(io::Error::other(
            "private directory hierarchy does not match its component chain",
        ));
    }
    for (index, component) in components.iter().enumerate() {
        let name = CString::new(OsStr::new(component).as_bytes()).map_err(|_| {
            io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "path component contains NUL")
        })?;
        unix_validate_path_matches_directory(
            hierarchy[index].as_raw_fd(),
            &name,
            &hierarchy[index + 1],
        )?;
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(unix)]
fn unix_private_dir_is_exact(directory: &File) -> io::Result<bool> {
    use std::os::unix::fs::{MetadataExt, PermissionsExt};

    let metadata = directory.metadata()?;
    Ok(metadata.is_dir()
        && metadata.uid() == unsafe { libc::geteuid() }
        && metadata.permissions().mode() & 0o777 == 0o700)
}

#[cfg(unix)]
fn unix_descriptor_path(path: &Path) -> std::path::PathBuf {
    #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
    {
        // macOS exposes three root-owned compatibility symlinks for mutable
        // system trees. Resolve only these fixed aliases lexically; arbitrary
        // user-controlled symlinks remain rejected by the descriptor walk.
        for (alias, real) in [
            (Path::new("/var"), Path::new("/private/var")),
            (Path::new("/tmp"), Path::new("/private/tmp")),
            (Path::new("/etc"), Path::new("/private/etc")),
        ] {
            if let Ok(suffix) = path.strip_prefix(alias) {
                return real.join(suffix);
            }
        }
    }
    path.to_path_buf()
}

#[cfg(unix)]
fn unix_validate_private_dir(directory: &File, harden: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
    use std::os::unix::fs::{MetadataExt, PermissionsExt};

    let before = directory.metadata()?;
    if !before.is_dir() {
        return Err(permission_denied(
            "private path component is not a directory",
        ));
    }
    if harden {
        if before.uid() != unsafe { libc::geteuid() } {
            return Err(permission_denied(
                "private directory is not owned by the effective user",
            ));
        }
        directory.set_permissions(std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o700))?;
        let after = directory.metadata()?;
        if after.dev() != before.dev()
            || after.ino() != before.ino()
            || after.uid() != before.uid()
            || !after.is_dir()
            || after.permissions().mode() & 0o777 != 0o700
        {
            return Err(permission_denied(
                "private directory changed while it was hardened",
            ));
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(unix)]
fn unix_validate_private_dir_exact(directory: &File) -> io::Result<()> {
    use std::os::unix::fs::{MetadataExt, PermissionsExt};

    let metadata = directory.metadata()?;
    if !metadata.is_dir()
        || metadata.uid() != unsafe { libc::geteuid() }
        || metadata.permissions().mode() & 0o777 != 0o700
    {
        return Err(permission_denied(
            "private directory must be current-user owned with mode 0700",
        ));
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(unix)]
fn unix_revalidate_directory_path(path: &Path, directory: &File) -> io::Result<()> {
    use std::ffi::CString;
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
    use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;

    unix_validate_private_dir_exact(directory)?;
    let name = path.file_name().ok_or_else(|| {
        io::Error::new(
            io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
            "private directory path has no file name",
        )
    })?;
    let name = CString::new(name.as_bytes())
        .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "directory name contains NUL"))?;
    let parent = unix_walk_directory(normalized_parent(path), false, false)?;
    unix_validate_path_matches_directory(parent.as_raw_fd(), &name, directory)
}

#[cfg(unix)]
fn unix_validate_path_matches_directory(
    parent_fd: std::os::fd::RawFd,
    name: &std::ffi::CStr,
    directory: &File,
) -> io::Result<()> {
    use std::mem::MaybeUninit;
    use std::os::unix::fs::MetadataExt;

    let mut stat = MaybeUninit::<libc::stat>::uninit();
    // SAFETY: `stat` is writable and the parent/name pair is valid.
    let result = unsafe {
        libc::fstatat(
            parent_fd,
            name.as_ptr(),
            stat.as_mut_ptr(),
            libc::AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW,
        )
    };
    if result < 0 {
        return Err(io::Error::last_os_error());
    }
    // SAFETY: successful `fstatat` initialized `stat`.
    let stat = unsafe { stat.assume_init() };
    let metadata = directory.metadata()?;
    if i128::from(stat.st_dev) != i128::from(metadata.dev())
        || stat.st_ino != metadata.ino()
        || (u64::from(stat.st_mode) & libc::S_IFMT as u64) != libc::S_IFDIR as u64
    {
        return Err(permission_denied(
            "private directory path changed during descriptor validation",
        ));
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(unix)]
fn unix_harden_private_tree(
    tree: &PrivateTree,
    selected: &[PathBuf],
) -> io::Result<PrivateTreeReport> {
    use std::collections::BTreeSet;

    let mut report = PrivateTreeReport::default();
    if selected.is_empty() {
        unix_validate_private_dir(&tree.root_descriptor, true)?;
        unix_validate_private_dir_exact(&tree.root_descriptor)?;
        report.directories_hardened = 1;
        return Ok(report);
    }

    let mut visited = BTreeSet::new();
    visited.insert(unix_file_identity(&tree.root_descriptor)?);
    for relative in selected {
        let components = relative
            .components()
            .map(|component| component.as_os_str().to_os_string())
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        unix_harden_selected_path(
            &tree.root_descriptor,
            &components,
            &mut visited,
            &mut report,
        )?;
    }
    Ok(report)
}

#[cfg(unix)]
fn unix_harden_selected_path(
    parent: &File,
    components: &[std::ffi::OsString],
    visited: &mut std::collections::BTreeSet<(u64, u64)>,
    report: &mut PrivateTreeReport,
) -> io::Result<()> {
    use std::ffi::{CString, OsStr};
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
    use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;

    let (component, remaining) = components.split_first().ok_or_else(|| {
        io::Error::new(
            io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
            "private-tree selection has no components",
        )
    })?;
    let name = CString::new(OsStr::new(component).as_bytes())
        .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "tree component contains NUL"))?;

    if !remaining.is_empty() {
        let directory = unix_open_directory_at(parent, &name)?;
        let identity = unix_file_identity(&directory)?;
        if visited.insert(identity) {
            report.directories_hardened += 1;
        }
        unix_harden_selected_path(&directory, remaining, visited, report)?;
        unix_validate_path_matches_directory(parent.as_raw_fd(), &name, &directory)?;
        return Ok(());
    }

    match unix_entry_kind(parent.as_raw_fd(), &name)? {
        UnixEntryKind::Directory => {
            let directory = unix_open_directory_at(parent, &name)?;
            let identity = unix_file_identity(&directory)?;
            if visited.insert(identity) {
                report.directories_hardened += 1;
                unix_harden_directory_contents(&directory, visited, report)?;
            }
            unix_validate_path_matches_directory(parent.as_raw_fd(), &name, &directory)
        }
        UnixEntryKind::RegularFile => {
            let file = unix_open_file_at(parent, &name, PrivateOpenMode::Read)?;
            unix_validate_path_matches_file(parent.as_raw_fd(), &name, &file)?;
            if visited.insert(unix_file_identity(&file)?) {
                report.files_hardened += 1;
            }
            unix_validate_path_matches_file(parent.as_raw_fd(), &name, &file)
        }
        UnixEntryKind::Rejected => Err(permission_denied(
            "private tree contains a symlink or special file",
        )),
    }
}

#[cfg(unix)]
fn unix_harden_directory_contents(
    directory: &File,
    visited: &mut std::collections::BTreeSet<(u64, u64)>,
    report: &mut PrivateTreeReport,
) -> io::Result<()> {
    use std::ffi::{CStr, OsStr};
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
    use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt, OsStringExt};

    // `fdopendir` assumes ownership. Open `.` relative to the retained
    // descriptor so each pass gets an independent directory offset.
    let dot = c".";
    let enumeration_fd = unsafe {
        libc::openat(
            directory.as_raw_fd(),
            dot.as_ptr(),
            libc::O_RDONLY | libc::O_DIRECTORY | libc::O_CLOEXEC | libc::O_NOFOLLOW,
        )
    };
    if enumeration_fd < 0 {
        return Err(io::Error::last_os_error());
    }
    let stream = unsafe { libc::fdopendir(enumeration_fd) };
    if stream.is_null() {
        let error = io::Error::last_os_error();
        unsafe {
            libc::close(enumeration_fd);
        }
        return Err(error);
    }

    let mut names = Vec::new();
    let enumeration_result = loop {
        unix_set_errno(0);
        let entry = unsafe { libc::readdir(stream) };
        if entry.is_null() {
            let errno = unix_errno();
            break if errno == 0 {
                Ok(())
            } else {
                Err(io::Error::from_raw_os_error(errno))
            };
        }
        let bytes = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr((*entry).d_name.as_ptr()) }.to_bytes();
        if bytes != b"." && bytes != b".." {
            names.push(std::ffi::OsString::from_vec(bytes.to_vec()));
        }
    };
    let close_result = unsafe { libc::closedir(stream) };
    enumeration_result?;
    if close_result < 0 {
        return Err(io::Error::last_os_error());
    }
    names.sort();

    for child in names {
        let name = std::ffi::CString::new(OsStr::new(&child).as_bytes())
            .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "tree entry contains NUL"))?;
        match unix_entry_kind(directory.as_raw_fd(), &name)? {
            UnixEntryKind::Directory => {
                let child_directory = unix_open_directory_at(directory, &name)?;
                let identity = unix_file_identity(&child_directory)?;
                if visited.insert(identity) {
                    report.directories_hardened += 1;
                    unix_harden_directory_contents(&child_directory, visited, report)?;
                }
                unix_validate_path_matches_directory(
                    directory.as_raw_fd(),
                    &name,
                    &child_directory,
                )?;
            }
            UnixEntryKind::RegularFile => {
                let file = unix_open_file_at(directory, &name, PrivateOpenMode::Read)?;
                unix_validate_path_matches_file(directory.as_raw_fd(), &name, &file)?;
                if visited.insert(unix_file_identity(&file)?) {
                    report.files_hardened += 1;
                }
                unix_validate_path_matches_file(directory.as_raw_fd(), &name, &file)?;
            }
            UnixEntryKind::Rejected => {
                return Err(permission_denied(
                    "private tree contains a symlink or special file",
                ));
            }
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(unix)]
fn unix_open_directory_at(parent: &File, name: &std::ffi::CStr) -> io::Result<File> {
    use std::os::fd::{AsRawFd, FromRawFd};

    let raw = unsafe {
        libc::openat(
            parent.as_raw_fd(),
            name.as_ptr(),
            libc::O_RDONLY | libc::O_DIRECTORY | libc::O_CLOEXEC | libc::O_NOFOLLOW,
        )
    };
    if raw < 0 {
        return Err(io::Error::last_os_error());
    }
    let directory = unsafe { File::from_raw_fd(raw) };
    unix_validate_private_dir(&directory, true)?;
    unix_validate_private_dir_exact(&directory)?;
    unix_validate_path_matches_directory(parent.as_raw_fd(), name, &directory)?;
    Ok(directory)
}

#[cfg(unix)]
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
enum UnixEntryKind {
    Directory,
    RegularFile,
    Rejected,
}

#[cfg(unix)]
fn unix_entry_kind(
    parent_fd: std::os::fd::RawFd,
    name: &std::ffi::CStr,
) -> io::Result<UnixEntryKind> {
    use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

    let mut stat = MaybeUninit::<libc::stat>::uninit();
    let result = unsafe {
        libc::fstatat(
            parent_fd,
            name.as_ptr(),
            stat.as_mut_ptr(),
            libc::AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW,
        )
    };
    if result < 0 {
        return Err(io::Error::last_os_error());
    }
    let mode = u64::from(unsafe { stat.assume_init() }.st_mode) & libc::S_IFMT as u64;
    Ok(if mode == libc::S_IFDIR as u64 {
        UnixEntryKind::Directory
    } else if mode == libc::S_IFREG as u64 {
        UnixEntryKind::RegularFile
    } else {
        UnixEntryKind::Rejected
    })
}

#[cfg(all(unix, target_os = "linux"))]
fn unix_errno() -> i32 {
    unsafe { *libc::__errno_location() }
}

#[cfg(all(unix, target_os = "linux"))]
fn unix_set_errno(value: i32) {
    unsafe {
        *libc::__errno_location() = value;
    }
}

#[cfg(target_os = "android")]
fn unix_errno() -> i32 {
    unsafe { *libc::__errno() }
}

#[cfg(target_os = "android")]
fn unix_set_errno(value: i32) {
    unsafe {
        *libc::__errno() = value;
    }
}

#[cfg(all(unix, not(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))))]
fn unix_errno() -> i32 {
    unsafe { *libc::__error() }
}

#[cfg(all(unix, not(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))))]
fn unix_set_errno(value: i32) {
    unsafe {
        *libc::__error() = value;
    }
}

#[cfg(unix)]
fn unix_open_private(
    path: &Path,
    mode: PrivateOpenMode,
    failures: Option<&PrivatePathDurabilityFailureInjector>,
) -> io::Result<File> {
    use std::ffi::CString;
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
    use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;

    let name = path.file_name().ok_or_else(|| {
        io::Error::new(
            io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
            "private file path has no file name",
        )
    })?;
    let name = CString::new(name.as_bytes())
        .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "file name contains NUL"))?;
    let parent_path = normalized_parent(path);
    let harden_parent = parent_path != Path::new(".");
    let create_parent = matches!(mode, PrivateOpenMode::Append | PrivateOpenMode::CreateNew);
    let parent = unix_walk_directory_with_failure_injector(
        parent_path,
        create_parent,
        harden_parent,
        failures,
    )?;
    if harden_parent {
        unix_revalidate_directory_path(parent_path, &parent)?;
    }
    let (file, created) = unix_open_file_at_with_created(&parent, &name, mode)?;
    unix_validate_path_matches_file(parent.as_raw_fd(), &name, &file)?;
    if harden_parent {
        unix_revalidate_directory_path(parent_path, &parent)?;
    }
    if mode == PrivateOpenMode::Truncate {
        file.set_len(0)?;
        unix_revalidate_private_file(&file)?;
        unix_validate_path_matches_file(parent.as_raw_fd(), &name, &file)?;
        if harden_parent {
            unix_revalidate_directory_path(parent_path, &parent)?;
        }
    }
    if matches!(mode, PrivateOpenMode::Append | PrivateOpenMode::CreateNew) {
        if created {
            if let Some(failures) = failures {
                failures.check(PrivatePathDurabilityFailurePoint::ParentDirectorySync)?;
            }
        }
        // Sync on every append/create open, not only the creating call. This
        // makes retry after a transient creation-sync failure establish the
        // missing name durability before it can return success.
        parent.sync_all()?;
        unix_validate_path_matches_file(parent.as_raw_fd(), &name, &file)?;
        if harden_parent {
            unix_revalidate_directory_path(parent_path, &parent)?;
        }
    }
    Ok(file)
}

#[cfg(unix)]
fn unix_open_file_at(
    parent: &File,
    name: &std::ffi::CStr,
    mode: PrivateOpenMode,
) -> io::Result<File> {
    unix_open_file_at_with_created(parent, name, mode).map(|(file, _created)| file)
}

#[cfg(unix)]
fn unix_open_file_at_with_created(
    parent: &File,
    name: &std::ffi::CStr,
    mode: PrivateOpenMode,
) -> io::Result<(File, bool)> {
    use std::os::fd::{AsRawFd, FromRawFd};

    let base_flags = libc::O_CLOEXEC | libc::O_NOFOLLOW;
    let (mut flags, mut created) = match mode {
        PrivateOpenMode::Read => (base_flags | libc::O_RDONLY, false),
        PrivateOpenMode::Append => (base_flags | libc::O_RDWR | libc::O_APPEND, false),
        PrivateOpenMode::Truncate => (base_flags | libc::O_RDWR, false),
        PrivateOpenMode::CreateNew => (
            base_flags | libc::O_WRONLY | libc::O_CREAT | libc::O_EXCL,
            true,
        ),
    };
    // SAFETY: the parent descriptor and component C string are valid; a mode is
    // supplied because some variants include O_CREAT.
    let mut raw = unsafe { libc::openat(parent.as_raw_fd(), name.as_ptr(), flags, 0o600) };
    if raw < 0
        && mode == PrivateOpenMode::Append
        && io::Error::last_os_error().kind() == io::ErrorKind::NotFound
    {
        flags |= libc::O_CREAT | libc::O_EXCL;
        raw = unsafe { libc::openat(parent.as_raw_fd(), name.as_ptr(), flags, 0o600) };
        if raw < 0 && io::Error::last_os_error().kind() == io::ErrorKind::AlreadyExists {
            flags &= !(libc::O_CREAT | libc::O_EXCL);
            raw = unsafe { libc::openat(parent.as_raw_fd(), name.as_ptr(), flags, 0o600) };
        } else if raw >= 0 {
            created = true;
        }
    }
    if raw < 0 {
        return Err(io::Error::last_os_error());
    }
    // SAFETY: `raw` is a newly-owned descriptor returned by `openat`.
    let file = unsafe { File::from_raw_fd(raw) };
    unix_revalidate_private_file(&file)?;
    Ok((file, created))
}

#[cfg(unix)]
fn unix_revalidate_private_file(file: &File) -> io::Result<()> {
    use std::os::unix::fs::{MetadataExt, PermissionsExt};

    let before = file.metadata()?;
    let euid = unsafe { libc::geteuid() };
    if !before.is_file() || before.uid() != euid || before.nlink() != 1 {
        return Err(permission_denied(
            "private file must be a current-user, single-link regular file",
        ));
    }
    file.set_permissions(std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o600))?;
    let after = file.metadata()?;
    if !after.is_file()
        || after.uid() != euid
        || after.nlink() != 1
        || after.dev() != before.dev()
        || after.ino() != before.ino()
        || after.permissions().mode() & 0o777 != 0o600
    {
        return Err(permission_denied(
            "private file changed while it was hardened",
        ));
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(unix)]
fn unix_validate_path_matches_file(
    parent_fd: std::os::fd::RawFd,
    name: &std::ffi::CStr,
    file: &File,
) -> io::Result<()> {
    use std::mem::MaybeUninit;
    use std::os::unix::fs::MetadataExt;

    let mut stat = MaybeUninit::<libc::stat>::uninit();
    // SAFETY: `stat` is writable and the parent/name pair is valid.
    let result = unsafe {
        libc::fstatat(
            parent_fd,
            name.as_ptr(),
            stat.as_mut_ptr(),
            libc::AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW,
        )
    };
    if result < 0 {
        return Err(io::Error::last_os_error());
    }
    // SAFETY: successful `fstatat` initialized `stat`.
    let stat = unsafe { stat.assume_init() };
    let metadata = file.metadata()?;
    if i128::from(stat.st_dev) != i128::from(metadata.dev())
        || stat.st_ino != metadata.ino()
        || (u64::from(stat.st_mode) & libc::S_IFMT as u64) != libc::S_IFREG as u64
    {
        return Err(permission_denied(
            "private file path changed during descriptor validation",
        ));
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(unix)]
fn unix_atomic_replace_private_file(temp: &Path, destination: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
    unix_atomic_replace_private_file_with_hook(temp, destination, || Ok(()))
}

#[cfg(unix)]
fn unix_atomic_replace_private_file_with_hook<F>(
    temp: &Path,
    destination: &Path,
    before_rename: F,
) -> io::Result<()>
where
    F: FnOnce() -> io::Result<()>,
{
    use std::ffi::CString;
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
    use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;

    let parent_path = normalized_parent(destination);
    let parent = unix_walk_directory(parent_path, false, parent_path != Path::new("."))?;
    let revalidate_parent = parent_path != Path::new(".");
    if revalidate_parent {
        unix_revalidate_directory_path(parent_path, &parent)?;
    }
    let temp_name = CString::new(
        temp.file_name()
            .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "temp has no name"))?
            .as_bytes(),
    )
    .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "temp name contains NUL"))?;
    let destination_name = CString::new(
        destination
            .file_name()
            .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "destination has no name"))?
            .as_bytes(),
    )
    .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "destination name contains NUL"))?;

    let temp_file = unix_open_file_at(&parent, &temp_name, PrivateOpenMode::Read)?;
    unix_validate_path_matches_file(parent.as_raw_fd(), &temp_name, &temp_file)?;
    let temp_identity = unix_file_identity(&temp_file)?;
    temp_file.sync_all()?;
    before_rename()?;
    unix_revalidate_private_file(&temp_file)?;
    unix_validate_path_matches_file(parent.as_raw_fd(), &temp_name, &temp_file)?;
    if revalidate_parent {
        unix_revalidate_directory_path(parent_path, &parent)?;
    }

    // SAFETY: both names are descriptor-relative C strings in the same opened
    // private directory; `renameat` atomically replaces the destination.
    let result = unsafe {
        libc::renameat(
            parent.as_raw_fd(),
            temp_name.as_ptr(),
            parent.as_raw_fd(),
            destination_name.as_ptr(),
        )
    };
    if result < 0 {
        return Err(io::Error::last_os_error());
    }
    let published = unix_open_file_at(&parent, &destination_name, PrivateOpenMode::Read)?;
    unix_validate_path_matches_file(parent.as_raw_fd(), &destination_name, &published)?;
    if unix_file_identity(&published)? != temp_identity {
        return Err(permission_denied(
            "published private file does not match the validated temp descriptor",
        ));
    }
    unix_revalidate_private_file(&temp_file)?;
    parent.sync_all()?;
    unix_revalidate_private_file(&published)?;
    unix_validate_path_matches_file(parent.as_raw_fd(), &destination_name, &published)?;
    if revalidate_parent {
        unix_revalidate_directory_path(parent_path, &parent)?;
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(unix)]
fn unix_file_identity(file: &File) -> io::Result<(u64, u64)> {
    use std::os::unix::fs::MetadataExt;

    let metadata = file.metadata()?;
    Ok((metadata.dev(), metadata.ino()))
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
const FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT_VALUE: u32 = 0x0000_0400;

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
struct WindowsPrivateSecurityDescriptor {
    descriptor: windows::Win32::Security::PSECURITY_DESCRIPTOR,
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
impl WindowsPrivateSecurityDescriptor {
    fn new() -> io::Result<Self> {
        use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStrExt;
        use windows::core::PCWSTR;
        use windows::Win32::Security::Authorization::{
            ConvertStringSecurityDescriptorToSecurityDescriptorW, SDDL_REVISION_1,
        };
        use windows::Win32::Security::PSECURITY_DESCRIPTOR;

        let owner = current_process_default_owner_sid_string()?;
        let user = current_process_sid_string()?;
        // Windows defines TokenOwner as the ownership identity for newly
        // created securable objects. Elevated tokens commonly use the
        // Administrators SID there while TokenUser remains the exact account.
        // Ownership therefore follows TokenOwner; the protected one-ACE DACL
        // grants access only to TokenUser.
        let sddl = format!("O:{owner}D:P(A;;FA;;;{user})");
        let mut wide = std::ffi::OsStr::new(&sddl)
            .encode_wide()
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        wide.push(0);
        let mut descriptor = PSECURITY_DESCRIPTOR::default();
        unsafe {
            ConvertStringSecurityDescriptorToSecurityDescriptorW(
                PCWSTR(wide.as_ptr()),
                SDDL_REVISION_1,
                &mut descriptor,
                None,
            )
        }
        .map_err(windows_io_error)?;
        if descriptor.0.is_null() {
            return Err(io::Error::other(
                "Windows returned a null private security descriptor",
            ));
        }
        Ok(Self { descriptor })
    }

    fn security_attributes(&self) -> windows::Win32::Security::SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES {
        use windows::Win32::Foundation::BOOL;
        use windows::Win32::Security::SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES;

        SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES {
            nLength: std::mem::size_of::<SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES>() as u32,
            lpSecurityDescriptor: self.descriptor.0,
            bInheritHandle: BOOL(0),
        }
    }

    fn dacl(&self) -> io::Result<*const windows::Win32::Security::ACL> {
        use windows::Win32::Foundation::BOOL;
        use windows::Win32::Security::{GetSecurityDescriptorDacl, ACL};

        let mut present = BOOL(0);
        let mut defaulted = BOOL(0);
        let mut dacl = std::ptr::null_mut::<ACL>();
        unsafe {
            GetSecurityDescriptorDacl(self.descriptor, &mut present, &mut dacl, &mut defaulted)
        }
        .map_err(windows_io_error)?;
        if !present.as_bool() || dacl.is_null() {
            return Err(io::Error::other(
                "private Windows security descriptor has no DACL",
            ));
        }
        Ok(dacl)
    }
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
impl Drop for WindowsPrivateSecurityDescriptor {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        use windows::Win32::Foundation::{LocalFree, HLOCAL};

        unsafe {
            let _ = LocalFree(HLOCAL(self.descriptor.0));
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_io_error(error: windows::core::Error) -> io::Error {
    use windows::Win32::Foundation::WIN32_ERROR;

    WIN32_ERROR::from_error(&error)
        .map(|code| io::Error::from_raw_os_error(code.0 as i32))
        .unwrap_or_else(|| io::Error::other(error.to_string()))
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_error_stage<T>(stage: &'static str, result: io::Result<T>) -> io::Result<T> {
    result.map_err(|error| io::Error::new(error.kind(), format!("{stage}: {error}")))
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_path_wide(path: &Path) -> io::Result<Vec<u16>> {
    use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStrExt;

    let mut wide = path.as_os_str().encode_wide().collect::<Vec<_>>();
    if wide.contains(&0) {
        return Err(io::Error::new(
            io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
            "Windows private path contains NUL",
        ));
    }
    wide.push(0);
    Ok(wide)
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_harden_file_acl(file: &File) -> io::Result<()> {
    use std::os::windows::io::AsRawHandle;
    use windows::Win32::Foundation::{CloseHandle, ERROR_SUCCESS, HANDLE, PSID};
    use windows::Win32::Security::Authorization::{SetSecurityInfo, SE_FILE_OBJECT};
    use windows::Win32::Security::{
        GetTokenInformation, TokenOwner, DACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION, OWNER_SECURITY_INFORMATION,
        PROTECTED_DACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION, TOKEN_OWNER, TOKEN_QUERY,
    };
    use windows::Win32::System::Threading::{GetCurrentProcess, OpenProcessToken};

    windows_validate_hardenable_file_owner(file)?;
    let descriptor = WindowsPrivateSecurityDescriptor::new()?;

    // Feed SetSecurityInfo the same TokenOwner identity that post-hardening
    // validation compares. Keep the token buffer alive through the call so
    // its SID pointer remains valid. The protected DACL below remains bound
    // to the exact TokenUser account, not the broader elevated owner group.
    let windows_error = |error: windows::core::Error| io::Error::other(error.to_string());
    let mut token = HANDLE::default();
    unsafe { OpenProcessToken(GetCurrentProcess(), TOKEN_QUERY, &mut token) }
        .map_err(windows_error)?;
    let result = (|| {
        let mut needed = 0u32;
        let _ = unsafe { GetTokenInformation(token, TokenOwner, None, 0, &mut needed) };
        if needed == 0 {
            return Err(io::Error::last_os_error());
        }
        let words = (needed as usize).div_ceil(std::mem::size_of::<usize>());
        let mut buffer = vec![0usize; words];
        unsafe {
            GetTokenInformation(
                token,
                TokenOwner,
                Some(buffer.as_mut_ptr().cast()),
                needed,
                &mut needed,
            )
        }
        .map_err(windows_error)?;
        let owner = unsafe { &*buffer.as_ptr().cast::<TOKEN_OWNER>() };
        let status = unsafe {
            SetSecurityInfo(
                HANDLE(file.as_raw_handle() as isize),
                SE_FILE_OBJECT,
                DACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION
                    | OWNER_SECURITY_INFORMATION
                    | PROTECTED_DACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION,
                owner.Owner,
                PSID::default(),
                Some(descriptor.dacl()?),
                None,
            )
        };
        if status == ERROR_SUCCESS {
            Ok(())
        } else {
            Err(io::Error::from_raw_os_error(status.0 as i32))
        }
    })();
    let _ = unsafe { CloseHandle(token) };
    result?;
    windows_validate_file_owner(file)?;
    windows_validate_exact_private_acl(file)
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_validate_exact_private_acl(file: &File) -> io::Result<()> {
    use std::os::windows::io::AsRawHandle;
    use windows::Win32::Foundation::{LocalFree, HANDLE, HLOCAL, PSID};
    use windows::Win32::Security::Authorization::{GetSecurityInfo, SE_FILE_OBJECT};
    use windows::Win32::Security::{
        GetAce, GetSecurityDescriptorControl, ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE, ACL, DACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION,
        PSECURITY_DESCRIPTOR, SE_DACL_PROTECTED,
    };
    use windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::FILE_ALL_ACCESS;
    const ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE_TYPE_VALUE: u8 = 0;

    let mut dacl = std::ptr::null_mut::<ACL>();
    let mut descriptor = PSECURITY_DESCRIPTOR::default();
    let status = unsafe {
        GetSecurityInfo(
            HANDLE(file.as_raw_handle() as isize),
            SE_FILE_OBJECT,
            DACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION,
            None,
            None,
            Some(&mut dacl),
            None,
            Some(&mut descriptor),
        )
    };
    if !status.is_ok() {
        return Err(io::Error::from_raw_os_error(status.0 as i32));
    }
    let result = (|| {
        if dacl.is_null() {
            return Err(permission_denied("private Windows ACL is absent"));
        }
        let mut control = 0u16;
        let mut revision = 0u32;
        unsafe { GetSecurityDescriptorControl(descriptor, &mut control, &mut revision) }
            .map_err(windows_io_error)?;
        if control & SE_DACL_PROTECTED.0 == 0 || unsafe { (*dacl).AceCount } != 1 {
            return Err(permission_denied(
                "private Windows ACL is not one protected owner ACE",
            ));
        }
        let mut raw_ace = std::ptr::null_mut();
        unsafe { GetAce(dacl, 0, &mut raw_ace) }.map_err(windows_io_error)?;
        let ace = unsafe { &*raw_ace.cast::<ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE>() };
        if ace.Header.AceType != ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE_TYPE_VALUE || ace.Mask != FILE_ALL_ACCESS.0 {
            return Err(permission_denied(
                "private Windows ACL does not grant exact owner full control",
            ));
        }
        let sid = PSID(std::ptr::addr_of!(ace.SidStart).cast_mut().cast());
        if windows_sid_string(sid)? != current_process_sid_string()? {
            return Err(permission_denied(
                "private Windows ACL is granted to another identity",
            ));
        }
        Ok(())
    })();
    unsafe {
        let _ = LocalFree(HLOCAL(descriptor.0));
    }
    result
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_create_private_directory(path: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
    use windows::core::PCWSTR;
    use windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::CreateDirectoryW;

    let descriptor = WindowsPrivateSecurityDescriptor::new()?;
    let attributes = descriptor.security_attributes();
    let wide = windows_path_wide(path)?;
    unsafe { CreateDirectoryW(PCWSTR(wide.as_ptr()), Some(&attributes)) }.map_err(windows_io_error)
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn reject_windows_reparse_metadata(metadata: &std::fs::Metadata) -> io::Result<()> {
    use std::os::windows::fs::MetadataExt;

    if metadata.file_attributes() & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT_VALUE != 0 {
        Err(permission_denied(
            "owner-private path cannot be a reparse point",
        ))
    } else {
        Ok(())
    }
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_ensure_private_dir(path: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
    windows_ensure_private_dir_with_failure_injector(path, None)
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_ensure_private_dir_with_failure_injector(
    path: &Path,
    failures: Option<&PrivatePathDurabilityFailureInjector>,
) -> io::Result<()> {
    windows_ensure_private_dir_with_hook(path, failures, |_| Ok(()))
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_ensure_private_dir_with_hook<F>(
    path: &Path,
    failures: Option<&PrivatePathDurabilityFailureInjector>,
    mut after_validated_child: F,
) -> io::Result<()>
where
    F: FnMut(&Path) -> io::Result<()>,
{
    let mut current = std::path::PathBuf::new();
    let mut saw_directory = false;
    let mut hierarchy: Vec<(PathBuf, File)> = Vec::new();
    for component in path.components() {
        current.push(component.as_os_str());
        if !matches!(component, std::path::Component::Normal(_)) {
            if matches!(component, std::path::Component::ParentDir) {
                return Err(io::Error::new(
                    io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                    "owner-private paths cannot contain parent traversal",
                ));
            }
            continue;
        }
        saw_directory = true;
        match std::fs::symlink_metadata(&current) {
            Ok(metadata) => {
                reject_windows_reparse_metadata(&metadata)?;
                if !metadata.is_dir() {
                    return Err(permission_denied(
                        "private path component is not a directory",
                    ));
                }
                let directory = if current == path {
                    windows_open_directory_for_hardening(&current)?
                } else {
                    windows_open_directory(&current)?
                };
                windows_validate_directory(&directory)?;
                if current == path {
                    windows_validate_hardenable_file_owner(&directory)?;
                    windows_harden_file_acl(&directory)?;
                    windows_revalidate_directory_path(&current, &directory)?;
                }
                // A prior create may have returned a transient parent-flush
                // error after installing this owner-private entry. Re-flush
                // its retained parent on retry before advancing. Do this only
                // below an owner-private parent: a normal user profile is
                // itself user-owned but its system-owned parent (for example
                // `C:\\Users`) does not grant generic write, so requiring a
                // flush there would reject every ordinary private tree.
                if windows_validate_file_owner(&directory).is_ok() {
                    let parent_path = normalized_parent(&current);
                    let parent_probe = windows_open_directory(parent_path)?;
                    match windows_validate_file_owner(&parent_probe) {
                        Ok(()) => {
                            let parent = windows_open_directory_for_durability(parent_path)?;
                            windows_flush_directory_metadata(&parent)?;
                            windows_revalidate_directory_path(parent_path, &parent)?;
                            windows_revalidate_directory_path(&current, &directory)?;
                        }
                        Err(error) if error.kind() == io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied => {}
                        Err(error) => return Err(error),
                    }
                }
                after_validated_child(&current)?;
                let retained_access = if current == path {
                    windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::FILE_GENERIC_READ.0
                        | windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::WRITE_DAC.0
                        | windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::WRITE_OWNER.0
                } else {
                    windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::FILE_GENERIC_READ.0
                };
                let retained = windows_open_directory_with_access_and_share(
                    &current,
                    retained_access,
                    windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::FILE_SHARE_READ
                        | windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
                )?;
                windows_validate_directory(&retained)?;
                if windows_file_identity(&directory)? != windows_file_identity(&retained)? {
                    return Err(permission_denied(
                        "validated private directory changed before retention",
                    ));
                }
                if current == path {
                    windows_harden_file_acl(&retained)?;
                    windows_revalidate_directory_path(&current, &retained)?;
                } else {
                    windows_revalidate_directory_path_identity(&current, &retained)?;
                }
                hierarchy.push((current.clone(), retained));
            }
            Err(error) if error.kind() == io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {
                let parent_path = normalized_parent(&current);
                let parent = windows_open_directory_for_durability(parent_path)?;
                windows_validate_directory(&parent)?;
                if let Some((retained_path, retained)) = hierarchy.last() {
                    if retained_path == parent_path
                        && windows_file_identity(retained)? != windows_file_identity(&parent)?
                    {
                        return Err(permission_denied(
                            "private directory parent changed before creation",
                        ));
                    }
                }
                if let Err(create_error) = windows_create_private_directory(&current) {
                    if create_error.kind() != io::ErrorKind::AlreadyExists {
                        return Err(create_error);
                    }
                }
                let directory = windows_open_directory_for_hardening(&current)?;
                windows_validate_directory(&directory)?;
                windows_validate_hardenable_file_owner(&directory)?;
                windows_harden_file_acl(&directory)?;
                windows_revalidate_directory_path(&current, &directory)?;
                after_validated_child(&current)?;
                let retained = windows_open_directory_with_access_and_share(
                    &current,
                    windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::FILE_GENERIC_READ.0
                        | windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::WRITE_DAC.0
                        | windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::WRITE_OWNER.0,
                    windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::FILE_SHARE_READ
                        | windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
                )?;
                windows_validate_directory(&retained)?;
                if windows_file_identity(&directory)? != windows_file_identity(&retained)? {
                    return Err(permission_denied(
                        "created private directory changed before retention",
                    ));
                }
                windows_harden_file_acl(&retained)?;
                windows_revalidate_directory_path(&current, &retained)?;
                if let Some(failures) = failures {
                    failures.check(PrivatePathDurabilityFailurePoint::ParentDirectorySync)?;
                }
                windows_flush_directory_metadata(&parent)?;
                windows_revalidate_directory_path(parent_path, &parent)?;
                windows_revalidate_directory_path(&current, &retained)?;
                windows_validate_exact_private_acl(&retained)?;
                hierarchy.push((current.clone(), retained));
            }
            Err(error) => return Err(error),
        }
    }
    if !saw_directory {
        return Err(io::Error::new(
            io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
            "refusing to harden a filesystem root or current directory",
        ));
    }
    Ok(())
}

/// Best-effort flush of a retained directory handle after a child metadata
/// change. Windows does not provide a portable directory-fsync primitive:
/// `FlushFileBuffers` rejects directory handles with `ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED` on
/// supported GitHub-hosted NTFS runners even when they were opened with
/// generic write and backup semantics. Preserve real I/O errors, but treat
/// that unsupported shape as the platform durability boundary.
#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_flush_directory_metadata(directory: &File) -> io::Result<()> {
    use std::os::windows::io::AsRawHandle;
    use windows::Win32::Foundation::{ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED, HANDLE, WIN32_ERROR};
    use windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::FlushFileBuffers;

    match unsafe { FlushFileBuffers(HANDLE(directory.as_raw_handle() as isize)) } {
        Ok(()) => Ok(()),
        Err(error) if WIN32_ERROR::from_error(&error) == Some(ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED) => Ok(()),
        Err(error) => Err(windows_io_error(error)),
    }
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_validate_existing_directory_chain(path: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
    let mut current = PathBuf::new();
    for component in path.components() {
        current.push(component.as_os_str());
        if !matches!(component, std::path::Component::Normal(_)) {
            if matches!(component, std::path::Component::ParentDir) {
                return Err(io::Error::new(
                    io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                    "owner-private paths cannot contain parent traversal",
                ));
            }
            continue;
        }
        let metadata = std::fs::symlink_metadata(&current)?;
        reject_windows_reparse_metadata(&metadata)?;
        if !metadata.is_dir() {
            return Err(permission_denied(
                "private path component is not a directory",
            ));
        }
        let directory = windows_open_directory(&current)?;
        windows_validate_directory(&directory)?;
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_open_directory(path: &Path) -> io::Result<File> {
    use windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::FILE_GENERIC_READ;

    windows_open_directory_with_access(path, FILE_GENERIC_READ.0)
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_open_directory_for_hardening(path: &Path) -> io::Result<File> {
    use windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::{FILE_GENERIC_READ, WRITE_DAC, WRITE_OWNER};

    windows_open_directory_with_access(path, FILE_GENERIC_READ.0 | WRITE_DAC.0 | WRITE_OWNER.0)
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_open_directory_for_durability(path: &Path) -> io::Result<File> {
    use windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::{
        FILE_GENERIC_READ, FILE_GENERIC_WRITE, FILE_SHARE_READ, FILE_SHARE_WRITE, WRITE_DAC,
    };

    windows_open_directory_with_access_and_share(
        path,
        FILE_GENERIC_READ.0 | FILE_GENERIC_WRITE.0 | WRITE_DAC.0,
        FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
    )
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_open_directory_with_access(path: &Path, desired_access: u32) -> io::Result<File> {
    use windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::{
        FILE_SHARE_DELETE, FILE_SHARE_READ, FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
    };

    windows_open_directory_with_access_and_share(
        path,
        desired_access,
        FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE | FILE_SHARE_DELETE,
    )
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_open_directory_with_access_and_share(
    path: &Path,
    desired_access: u32,
    share: windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::FILE_SHARE_MODE,
) -> io::Result<File> {
    use std::os::windows::io::FromRawHandle;
    use windows::core::PCWSTR;
    use windows::Win32::Foundation::HANDLE;
    use windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::{
        CreateFileW, FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS, FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT, OPEN_EXISTING,
    };

    let wide = windows_path_wide(path)?;
    let handle = unsafe {
        CreateFileW(
            PCWSTR(wide.as_ptr()),
            desired_access,
            share,
            None,
            OPEN_EXISTING,
            FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT | FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS,
            HANDLE::default(),
        )
    }
    .map_err(windows_io_error)?;
    // SAFETY: CreateFileW returned a newly-owned valid handle.
    Ok(unsafe { File::from_raw_handle(handle.0 as *mut std::ffi::c_void) })
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_open_existing_file_for_hardening(path: &Path) -> io::Result<File> {
    use windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::{FILE_GENERIC_READ, WRITE_DAC, WRITE_OWNER};

    windows_open_existing_file_with_access(path, FILE_GENERIC_READ.0 | WRITE_DAC.0 | WRITE_OWNER.0)
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_open_existing_file_with_access(path: &Path, desired_access: u32) -> io::Result<File> {
    use std::os::windows::io::FromRawHandle;
    use windows::core::PCWSTR;
    use windows::Win32::Foundation::HANDLE;
    use windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::{
        CreateFileW, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT, FILE_SHARE_DELETE,
        FILE_SHARE_READ, FILE_SHARE_WRITE, OPEN_EXISTING,
    };

    let wide = windows_path_wide(path)?;
    let handle = unsafe {
        CreateFileW(
            PCWSTR(wide.as_ptr()),
            desired_access,
            FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE | FILE_SHARE_DELETE,
            None,
            OPEN_EXISTING,
            FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL | FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT,
            HANDLE::default(),
        )
    }
    .map_err(windows_io_error)?;
    // SAFETY: CreateFileW returned a newly-owned valid handle.
    Ok(unsafe { File::from_raw_handle(handle.0 as *mut std::ffi::c_void) })
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_validate_directory(directory: &File) -> io::Result<()> {
    let metadata = directory.metadata()?;
    reject_windows_reparse_metadata(&metadata)?;
    if metadata.is_dir() {
        Ok(())
    } else {
        Err(permission_denied("private path is not a directory"))
    }
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_validate_file_owner(file: &File) -> io::Result<()> {
    let owner = windows_file_owner_sid_string(file)?;
    let process_owner = current_process_default_owner_sid_string()?;
    if owner == process_owner {
        Ok(())
    } else {
        Err(io::Error::new(
            io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied,
            format!("private path owner {owner} does not match token owner {process_owner}"),
        ))
    }
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_validate_hardenable_file_owner(file: &File) -> io::Result<()> {
    // Accept only TokenOwner or TokenUser before hardening. The former is the
    // native Windows ownership identity (often BUILTIN\Administrators for an
    // elevated token); the latter covers entries produced by earlier CAR
    // versions. Hardening normalizes ownership to TokenOwner and the protected
    // one-ACE DACL to TokenUser.
    let owner = windows_file_owner_sid_string(file)?;
    let process_user = current_process_sid_string()?;
    let default_owner = current_process_default_owner_sid_string()?;
    if owner == process_user || owner == default_owner {
        Ok(())
    } else {
        Err(io::Error::new(
            io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied,
            format!(
                "private path owner {owner} is neither process user {process_user} nor token default owner {default_owner}"
            ),
        ))
    }
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_file_owner_sid_string(file: &File) -> io::Result<String> {
    use std::os::windows::io::AsRawHandle;
    use windows::Win32::Foundation::{LocalFree, HANDLE, HLOCAL, PSID};
    use windows::Win32::Security::Authorization::{GetSecurityInfo, SE_FILE_OBJECT};
    use windows::Win32::Security::{OWNER_SECURITY_INFORMATION, PSECURITY_DESCRIPTOR};

    let mut owner = PSID::default();
    let mut descriptor = PSECURITY_DESCRIPTOR::default();
    let status = unsafe {
        GetSecurityInfo(
            HANDLE(file.as_raw_handle() as isize),
            SE_FILE_OBJECT,
            OWNER_SECURITY_INFORMATION,
            Some(&mut owner),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            Some(&mut descriptor),
        )
    };
    if status.is_err() {
        return Err(io::Error::other(status.to_hresult().message()));
    }
    let result = windows_sid_string(owner);
    unsafe {
        let _ = LocalFree(HLOCAL(descriptor.0));
    }
    result
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_sid_string(sid: windows::Win32::Foundation::PSID) -> io::Result<String> {
    use windows::core::PWSTR;
    use windows::Win32::Foundation::{LocalFree, HLOCAL};
    use windows::Win32::Security::Authorization::ConvertSidToStringSidW;

    let mut sid_text = PWSTR::null();
    unsafe { ConvertSidToStringSidW(sid, &mut sid_text) }
        .map_err(|error| io::Error::other(error.to_string()))?;
    let result = unsafe { sid_text.to_string() }
        .map_err(|error| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, error));
    unsafe {
        let _ = LocalFree(HLOCAL(sid_text.0.cast()));
    }
    result
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_revalidate_directory_path(path: &Path, directory: &File) -> io::Result<()> {
    windows_validate_directory(directory)?;
    windows_validate_file_owner(directory)?;
    let by_path = windows_open_directory(path)?;
    windows_validate_directory(&by_path)?;
    windows_validate_file_owner(&by_path)?;
    if windows_file_identity(directory)? != windows_file_identity(&by_path)? {
        return Err(permission_denied(
            "private directory path changed during ACL hardening",
        ));
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_revalidate_directory_path_identity(path: &Path, directory: &File) -> io::Result<()> {
    windows_validate_directory(directory)?;
    let by_path = windows_open_directory(path)?;
    windows_validate_directory(&by_path)?;
    if windows_file_identity(directory)? != windows_file_identity(&by_path)? {
        return Err(permission_denied(
            "directory path changed before its retained handle was validated",
        ));
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_open_private(
    path: &Path,
    mode: PrivateOpenMode,
    failures: Option<&PrivatePathDurabilityFailureInjector>,
) -> io::Result<File> {
    use std::os::windows::io::FromRawHandle;
    use windows::core::PCWSTR;
    use windows::Win32::Foundation::HANDLE;
    use windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::{
        CreateFileW, CREATE_NEW, FILE_APPEND_DATA, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
        FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT, FILE_GENERIC_READ, FILE_GENERIC_WRITE, FILE_SHARE_DELETE,
        FILE_SHARE_READ, FILE_SHARE_WRITE, OPEN_EXISTING, WRITE_DAC, WRITE_OWNER,
    };

    let parent = normalized_parent(path);
    if matches!(mode, PrivateOpenMode::Append | PrivateOpenMode::CreateNew) {
        if parent != Path::new(".") {
            windows_ensure_private_dir_with_failure_injector(parent, failures)?;
        }
    } else if parent != Path::new(".") {
        windows_validate_existing_directory_chain(parent)?;
    }
    let durability_parent = if matches!(mode, PrivateOpenMode::Append | PrivateOpenMode::CreateNew)
    {
        let descriptor = windows_open_directory_for_durability(parent)?;
        windows_validate_directory(&descriptor)?;
        Some(descriptor)
    } else {
        None
    };
    let (desired_access, disposition) = match mode {
        PrivateOpenMode::Read => (
            FILE_GENERIC_READ.0 | WRITE_DAC.0 | WRITE_OWNER.0,
            OPEN_EXISTING,
        ),
        PrivateOpenMode::Append => (
            FILE_GENERIC_READ.0 | FILE_APPEND_DATA.0 | WRITE_DAC.0 | WRITE_OWNER.0,
            OPEN_EXISTING,
        ),
        PrivateOpenMode::Truncate => (
            FILE_GENERIC_READ.0 | FILE_GENERIC_WRITE.0 | WRITE_DAC.0 | WRITE_OWNER.0,
            OPEN_EXISTING,
        ),
        PrivateOpenMode::CreateNew => (
            FILE_GENERIC_WRITE.0 | WRITE_DAC.0 | WRITE_OWNER.0,
            CREATE_NEW,
        ),
    };
    let descriptor = WindowsPrivateSecurityDescriptor::new()?;
    let attributes = descriptor.security_attributes();
    let wide = windows_path_wide(path)?;
    let open = |disposition| {
        unsafe {
            CreateFileW(
                PCWSTR(wide.as_ptr()),
                desired_access,
                FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE | FILE_SHARE_DELETE,
                Some(&attributes),
                disposition,
                FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL | FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT,
                HANDLE::default(),
            )
        }
        .map_err(windows_io_error)
    };
    let mut created = mode == PrivateOpenMode::CreateNew;
    let handle = match open(disposition) {
        Ok(handle) => handle,
        Err(error)
            if mode == PrivateOpenMode::Append && error.kind() == io::ErrorKind::NotFound =>
        {
            match open(CREATE_NEW) {
                Ok(handle) => {
                    created = true;
                    handle
                }
                Err(error) if error.kind() == io::ErrorKind::AlreadyExists => open(OPEN_EXISTING)?,
                Err(error) => return Err(error),
            }
        }
        Err(error) => return Err(error),
    };
    // SAFETY: CreateFileW returned a newly-owned valid handle.
    let file = unsafe { File::from_raw_handle(handle.0 as *mut std::ffi::c_void) };
    windows_validate_file(&file)?;
    windows_validate_hardenable_file_owner(&file)?;
    windows_harden_file_acl(&file)?;
    windows_revalidate_private_path(path, &file)?;
    if mode == PrivateOpenMode::Truncate {
        if parent != Path::new(".") {
            windows_validate_existing_directory_chain(parent)?;
        }
        file.set_len(0)?;
        windows_validate_file(&file)?;
        windows_validate_file_owner(&file)?;
        windows_revalidate_private_path(path, &file)?;
    }
    if let Some(parent_descriptor) = durability_parent.as_ref() {
        if created {
            if let Some(failures) = failures {
                failures.check(PrivatePathDurabilityFailurePoint::ParentDirectorySync)?;
            }
        }
        windows_flush_directory_metadata(parent_descriptor)?;
        windows_revalidate_directory_path(parent, parent_descriptor)?;
        windows_revalidate_private_path(path, &file)?;
    }
    Ok(file)
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_validate_file(file: &File) -> io::Result<()> {
    let metadata = file.metadata()?;
    reject_windows_reparse_metadata(&metadata)?;
    if !metadata.is_file() {
        return Err(permission_denied("private file is not a regular file"));
    }
    if windows_file_link_count(file)? != 1 {
        return Err(permission_denied(
            "private file must have exactly one hard link",
        ));
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_revalidate_private_path(path: &Path, file: &File) -> io::Result<()> {
    use std::os::windows::fs::OpenOptionsExt;

    let by_path = std::fs::OpenOptions::new()
        .read(true)
        .custom_flags(0x0020_0000) // FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT
        .open(path)?;
    windows_validate_file(&by_path)?;
    windows_validate_file_owner(&by_path)?;
    if windows_file_identity(file)? != windows_file_identity(&by_path)? {
        return Err(permission_denied(
            "private file path no longer names the validated descriptor",
        ));
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_harden_private_tree(
    tree: &PrivateTree,
    selected: &[PathBuf],
) -> io::Result<PrivateTreeReport> {
    use std::collections::BTreeSet;

    let mut report = PrivateTreeReport::default();
    if selected.is_empty() {
        windows_harden_file_acl(&tree.root_descriptor)?;
        tree.revalidate_root()?;
        report.directories_hardened = 1;
        return Ok(report);
    }

    let mut visited = BTreeSet::new();
    visited.insert(windows_file_identity(&tree.root_descriptor)?);
    for relative in selected {
        tree.revalidate_root()?;
        windows_harden_selected_path(tree, relative, &mut visited, &mut report)?;
        tree.revalidate_root()?;
    }
    Ok(report)
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_harden_selected_path(
    tree: &PrivateTree,
    relative: &Path,
    visited: &mut std::collections::BTreeSet<(u32, u64)>,
    report: &mut PrivateTreeReport,
) -> io::Result<()> {
    let components = relative
        .components()
        .map(|component| component.as_os_str().to_os_string())
        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
    windows_harden_selected_components(
        tree,
        &tree.root_descriptor,
        &tree.root,
        &components,
        visited,
        report,
    )
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_harden_selected_components(
    tree: &PrivateTree,
    parent: &File,
    parent_path: &Path,
    components: &[std::ffi::OsString],
    visited: &mut std::collections::BTreeSet<(u32, u64)>,
    report: &mut PrivateTreeReport,
) -> io::Result<()> {
    let (component, remaining) = components.split_first().ok_or_else(|| {
        io::Error::new(
            io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
            "private-tree selection has no components",
        )
    })?;
    let path = parent_path.join(component);
    let entry = windows_open_entry_at_for_hardening(parent, component)?;
    if remaining.is_empty() {
        return windows_harden_tree_entry(tree, parent, component, &path, entry, visited, report);
    }
    windows_validate_directory(&entry)?;
    windows_validate_hardenable_file_owner(&entry)?;
    windows_harden_file_acl(&entry)?;
    windows_revalidate_directory_path(&path, &entry)?;
    windows_revalidate_entry_at(parent, component, &entry)?;
    if visited.insert(windows_file_identity(&entry)?) {
        report.directories_hardened += 1;
    }
    windows_harden_selected_components(tree, &entry, &path, remaining, visited, report)?;
    windows_revalidate_entry_at(parent, component, &entry)
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_harden_tree_entry(
    tree: &PrivateTree,
    parent: &File,
    name: &std::ffi::OsStr,
    path: &Path,
    entry: File,
    visited: &mut std::collections::BTreeSet<(u32, u64)>,
    report: &mut PrivateTreeReport,
) -> io::Result<()> {
    let metadata = entry.metadata()?;
    reject_windows_reparse_metadata(&metadata)?;
    windows_validate_hardenable_file_owner(&entry)?;
    if metadata.is_dir() {
        windows_validate_directory(&entry)?;
        windows_harden_file_acl(&entry)?;
        windows_revalidate_directory_path(path, &entry)?;
        windows_revalidate_entry_at(parent, name, &entry)?;
        if visited.insert(windows_file_identity(&entry)?) {
            report.directories_hardened += 1;
            for child in windows_directory_names(&entry)? {
                tree.revalidate_root()?;
                let child_path = path.join(&child);
                let child_entry = windows_open_entry_at_for_hardening(&entry, &child)?;
                windows_harden_tree_entry(
                    tree,
                    &entry,
                    &child,
                    &child_path,
                    child_entry,
                    visited,
                    report,
                )?;
            }
        }
        windows_revalidate_entry_at(parent, name, &entry)?;
    } else if metadata.is_file() {
        windows_validate_file(&entry)?;
        windows_harden_file_acl(&entry)?;
        windows_revalidate_private_path(path, &entry)?;
        windows_revalidate_entry_at(parent, name, &entry)?;
        if visited.insert(windows_file_identity(&entry)?) {
            report.files_hardened += 1;
        }
        windows_revalidate_entry_at(parent, name, &entry)?;
    } else {
        return Err(permission_denied(
            "private tree contains a reparse point or special file",
        ));
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_revalidate_entry_at(
    parent: &File,
    name: &std::ffi::OsStr,
    entry: &File,
) -> io::Result<()> {
    let by_name = windows_open_entry_at(parent, name)?;
    let metadata = by_name.metadata()?;
    reject_windows_reparse_metadata(&metadata)?;
    windows_validate_file_owner(&by_name)?;
    if metadata.is_file() {
        windows_validate_file(&by_name)?;
    } else if metadata.is_dir() {
        windows_validate_directory(&by_name)?;
    } else {
        return Err(permission_denied(
            "private tree contains a reparse point or special file",
        ));
    }
    if windows_file_identity(entry)? != windows_file_identity(&by_name)? {
        return Err(permission_denied(
            "private tree entry changed during descriptor validation",
        ));
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_open_entry_at(parent: &File, name: &std::ffi::OsStr) -> io::Result<File> {
    use windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::FILE_GENERIC_READ;

    windows_open_entry_at_with_access(parent, name, FILE_GENERIC_READ)
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_open_entry_at_for_hardening(parent: &File, name: &std::ffi::OsStr) -> io::Result<File> {
    use windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::{FILE_GENERIC_READ, WRITE_DAC, WRITE_OWNER};

    windows_open_entry_at_with_access(parent, name, FILE_GENERIC_READ | WRITE_DAC | WRITE_OWNER)
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_open_entry_at_with_access(
    parent: &File,
    name: &std::ffi::OsStr,
    desired_access: windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::FILE_ACCESS_RIGHTS,
) -> io::Result<File> {
    use windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::{
        FILE_SHARE_DELETE, FILE_SHARE_READ, FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
    };

    windows_open_entry_at_with_access_and_share(
        parent,
        name,
        desired_access,
        FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE | FILE_SHARE_DELETE,
    )
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_open_entry_at_with_access_and_share(
    parent: &File,
    name: &std::ffi::OsStr,
    desired_access: windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::FILE_ACCESS_RIGHTS,
    share: windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::FILE_SHARE_MODE,
) -> io::Result<File> {
    use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStrExt;
    use std::os::windows::io::{AsRawHandle, FromRawHandle};
    use windows::core::PWSTR;
    use windows::Wdk::Foundation::OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES;
    use windows::Wdk::Storage::FileSystem::{
        NtCreateFile, FILE_OPEN, FILE_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT, FILE_SYNCHRONOUS_IO_NONALERT,
    };
    use windows::Win32::Foundation::{RtlNtStatusToDosError, HANDLE, UNICODE_STRING};
    use windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL;
    use windows::Win32::System::IO::IO_STATUS_BLOCK;

    let mut wide = name.encode_wide().collect::<Vec<_>>();
    let byte_length = wide
        .len()
        .checked_mul(std::mem::size_of::<u16>())
        .and_then(|length| u16::try_from(length).ok())
        .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "tree name is too long"))?;
    let unicode = UNICODE_STRING {
        Length: byte_length,
        MaximumLength: byte_length,
        Buffer: PWSTR(wide.as_mut_ptr()),
    };
    let attributes = OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES {
        Length: std::mem::size_of::<OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES>() as u32,
        RootDirectory: HANDLE(parent.as_raw_handle() as isize),
        ObjectName: &unicode,
        Attributes: 0x40, // OBJ_CASE_INSENSITIVE
        SecurityDescriptor: std::ptr::null(),
        SecurityQualityOfService: std::ptr::null(),
    };
    let mut handle = HANDLE::default();
    let mut status_block = IO_STATUS_BLOCK::default();
    let status = unsafe {
        NtCreateFile(
            &mut handle,
            desired_access,
            &attributes,
            &mut status_block,
            None,
            FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
            share,
            FILE_OPEN,
            FILE_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT | FILE_SYNCHRONOUS_IO_NONALERT,
            None,
            0,
        )
    };
    if status.is_err() {
        let win32_error = unsafe { RtlNtStatusToDosError(status) };
        return Err(io::Error::from_raw_os_error(win32_error as i32));
    }
    // SAFETY: successful `NtCreateFile` returned a newly-owned handle.
    Ok(unsafe { File::from_raw_handle(handle.0 as *mut std::ffi::c_void) })
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_directory_names(directory: &File) -> io::Result<Vec<std::ffi::OsString>> {
    use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStringExt;
    use std::os::windows::io::AsRawHandle;
    use windows::Win32::Foundation::{ERROR_NO_MORE_FILES, HANDLE, WIN32_ERROR};
    use windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::{
        FileIdBothDirectoryInfo, FileIdBothDirectoryRestartInfo, GetFileInformationByHandleEx,
        FILE_ID_BOTH_DIR_INFO,
    };

    let scan = directory.try_clone()?;
    windows_validate_directory(&scan)?;
    let mut buffer = vec![0u64; 8192];
    let mut restart = true;
    let mut names = Vec::new();
    loop {
        let class = if restart {
            FileIdBothDirectoryRestartInfo
        } else {
            FileIdBothDirectoryInfo
        };
        restart = false;
        let result = unsafe {
            GetFileInformationByHandleEx(
                HANDLE(scan.as_raw_handle() as isize),
                class,
                buffer.as_mut_ptr().cast(),
                (buffer.len() * std::mem::size_of::<u64>()) as u32,
            )
        };
        if let Err(error) = result {
            if WIN32_ERROR::from_error(&error) == Some(ERROR_NO_MORE_FILES) {
                break;
            }
            return Err(io::Error::other(error.to_string()));
        }

        let buffer_bytes = buffer.len() * std::mem::size_of::<u64>();
        let mut offset = 0usize;
        loop {
            if offset + std::mem::size_of::<FILE_ID_BOTH_DIR_INFO>() > buffer_bytes {
                return Err(io::Error::new(
                    io::ErrorKind::InvalidData,
                    "directory enumeration returned a truncated entry",
                ));
            }
            let entry = unsafe {
                &*buffer
                    .as_ptr()
                    .cast::<u8>()
                    .add(offset)
                    .cast::<FILE_ID_BOTH_DIR_INFO>()
            };
            let name_units = usize::try_from(entry.FileNameLength / 2).map_err(|_| {
                io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, "directory name is too long")
            })?;
            let name_offset = offset + std::mem::offset_of!(FILE_ID_BOTH_DIR_INFO, FileName);
            let name_bytes = name_units.checked_mul(2).ok_or_else(|| {
                io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, "directory name is too long")
            })?;
            if name_offset + name_bytes > buffer_bytes {
                return Err(io::Error::new(
                    io::ErrorKind::InvalidData,
                    "directory enumeration returned a truncated name",
                ));
            }
            let name_slice = unsafe {
                std::slice::from_raw_parts(
                    buffer.as_ptr().cast::<u8>().add(name_offset).cast::<u16>(),
                    name_units,
                )
            };
            if name_slice != [b'.' as u16] && name_slice != [b'.' as u16, b'.' as u16] {
                names.push(std::ffi::OsString::from_wide(name_slice));
            }
            if entry.NextEntryOffset == 0 {
                break;
            }
            let next = usize::try_from(entry.NextEntryOffset).map_err(|_| {
                io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, "invalid directory entry offset")
            })?;
            if next == 0 || offset + next >= buffer_bytes {
                return Err(io::Error::new(
                    io::ErrorKind::InvalidData,
                    "invalid directory entry offset",
                ));
            }
            offset += next;
        }
    }
    names.sort();
    Ok(names)
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_file_identity(file: &File) -> io::Result<(u32, u64)> {
    let information = windows_file_information(file)?;
    Ok((
        information.dwVolumeSerialNumber,
        (u64::from(information.nFileIndexHigh) << 32) | u64::from(information.nFileIndexLow),
    ))
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_file_link_count(file: &File) -> io::Result<u32> {
    Ok(windows_file_information(file)?.nNumberOfLinks)
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_file_information(
    file: &File,
) -> io::Result<windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION> {
    use std::os::windows::io::AsRawHandle;
    use windows::Win32::Foundation::HANDLE;
    use windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::{
        GetFileInformationByHandle, BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION,
    };

    let mut information = BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION::default();
    // SAFETY: the Rust `File` owns a valid handle for the duration of this call
    // and `information` is a writable output structure.
    unsafe { GetFileInformationByHandle(HANDLE(file.as_raw_handle() as isize), &mut information) }
        .map_err(|error| io::Error::other(error.to_string()))?;
    Ok(information)
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_atomic_replace_private_file(temp: &Path, destination: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
    windows_atomic_replace_private_file_with_hook(temp, destination, || Ok(()))
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn windows_atomic_replace_private_file_with_hook<F>(
    temp: &Path,
    destination: &Path,
    before_rename: F,
) -> io::Result<()>
where
    F: FnOnce() -> io::Result<()>,
{
    use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStrExt;
    use std::os::windows::io::AsRawHandle;
    use windows::Win32::Foundation::HANDLE;
    use windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::{
        FileRenameInfoEx, SetFileInformationByHandle, DELETE, FILE_GENERIC_READ,
        FILE_GENERIC_WRITE, FILE_RENAME_INFO, FILE_SHARE_DELETE, FILE_SHARE_READ, FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
        WRITE_DAC, WRITE_OWNER,
    };

    const FILE_RENAME_FLAG_REPLACE_IF_EXISTS: u32 = 0x1;
    const FILE_RENAME_FLAG_POSIX_SEMANTICS: u32 = 0x2;

    let parent_path = normalized_parent(destination);
    windows_validate_existing_directory_chain(parent_path)?;
    let parent = windows_error_stage(
        "open retained replacement parent",
        windows_open_directory_with_access_and_share(
            parent_path,
            FILE_GENERIC_READ.0 | WRITE_DAC.0 | WRITE_OWNER.0,
            FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
        ),
    )?;
    windows_error_stage(
        "validate retained replacement parent",
        windows_validate_directory(&parent),
    )?;
    windows_error_stage(
        "validate retained replacement parent owner",
        windows_validate_hardenable_file_owner(&parent),
    )?;
    windows_error_stage(
        "revalidate retained replacement parent before hardening",
        windows_revalidate_directory_path(parent_path, &parent),
    )?;
    windows_error_stage(
        "harden retained replacement parent",
        windows_harden_file_acl(&parent),
    )?;
    windows_error_stage(
        "revalidate retained replacement parent after hardening",
        windows_revalidate_directory_path(parent_path, &parent),
    )?;

    let temp_name = temp.file_name().ok_or_else(|| {
        io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "private temp has no file name")
    })?;
    let destination_name = destination.file_name().ok_or_else(|| {
        io::Error::new(
            io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
            "private destination has no file name",
        )
    })?;
    let temp_file = windows_error_stage(
        "open retained replacement source",
        windows_open_entry_at_with_access_and_share(
            &parent,
            temp_name,
            // `sync_all` below calls FlushFileBuffers, whose handle contract
            // requires write access even though publication does not modify the
            // bytes. Without FILE_GENERIC_WRITE every Windows atomic replace
            // stopped here with ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED before rename.
            FILE_GENERIC_READ | FILE_GENERIC_WRITE | WRITE_DAC | WRITE_OWNER | DELETE,
            FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE | FILE_SHARE_DELETE,
        ),
    )?;
    windows_error_stage(
        "validate retained replacement source",
        windows_validate_file(&temp_file),
    )?;
    windows_error_stage(
        "validate retained replacement source owner",
        windows_validate_hardenable_file_owner(&temp_file),
    )?;
    windows_error_stage(
        "revalidate retained replacement source before hardening",
        windows_revalidate_entry_at(&parent, temp_name, &temp_file),
    )?;
    let temp_identity = windows_error_stage(
        "read retained replacement source identity",
        windows_file_identity(&temp_file),
    )?;
    windows_error_stage(
        "harden retained replacement source",
        windows_harden_file_acl(&temp_file),
    )?;
    windows_error_stage(
        "revalidate retained replacement source after hardening",
        windows_revalidate_entry_at(&parent, temp_name, &temp_file),
    )?;
    windows_error_stage("sync retained replacement source", temp_file.sync_all())?;

    let destination_identity = match windows_open_entry_at(&parent, destination_name) {
        Ok(file) => {
            windows_validate_file(&file)?;
            windows_validate_file_owner(&file)?;
            Some(windows_file_identity(&file)?)
        }
        Err(error) if error.kind() == io::ErrorKind::NotFound => None,
        Err(error) => return Err(error),
    };

    windows_error_stage("run replacement race hook", before_rename())?;
    windows_error_stage(
        "revalidate retained replacement parent before publication",
        windows_revalidate_directory_path(parent_path, &parent),
    )?;
    windows_error_stage(
        "revalidate retained replacement source before publication",
        windows_revalidate_entry_at(&parent, temp_name, &temp_file),
    )?;
    let current_destination_identity = match windows_open_entry_at(&parent, destination_name) {
        Ok(file) => {
            windows_validate_file(&file)?;
            windows_validate_file_owner(&file)?;
            Some(windows_file_identity(&file)?)
        }
        Err(error) if error.kind() == io::ErrorKind::NotFound => None,
        Err(error) => return Err(error),
    };
    if current_destination_identity != destination_identity {
        return Err(permission_denied(
            "private destination changed before handle-relative replacement",
        ));
    }

    let destination_absolute = std::path::absolute(destination)?;
    let destination_wide = destination_absolute
        .as_os_str()
        .encode_wide()
        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
    if destination_wide.is_empty() || destination_wide.contains(&0) {
        return Err(io::Error::new(
            io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
            "private destination name is empty or contains NUL",
        ));
    }
    let name_bytes = destination_wide
        .len()
        .checked_mul(std::mem::size_of::<u16>())
        .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "file name is too long"))?;
    // Match std's FileRenameInfoEx layout: bytes through FileName, the UTF-16
    // path, and one trailing NUL excluded from FileNameLength.
    let buffer_bytes = std::mem::offset_of!(FILE_RENAME_INFO, FileName)
        .checked_add(name_bytes)
        .and_then(|size| size.checked_add(std::mem::size_of::<u16>()))
        .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "file name is too long"))?;
    let mut storage = vec![0u64; buffer_bytes.div_ceil(std::mem::size_of::<u64>())];
    let rename = storage.as_mut_ptr().cast::<FILE_RENAME_INFO>();
    let rename_result = unsafe {
        (*rename).Anonymous.Flags =
            FILE_RENAME_FLAG_REPLACE_IF_EXISTS | FILE_RENAME_FLAG_POSIX_SEMANTICS;
        // SetFileInformationByHandle's reliable Win32 shape is the same one
        // used by std: a full path with a null RootDirectory. The retained
        // no-delete-share parent handle pins the already-validated directory.
        (*rename).RootDirectory = HANDLE::default();
        (*rename).FileNameLength = u32::try_from(name_bytes)
            .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "file name is too long"))?;
        std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
            destination_wide.as_ptr(),
            std::ptr::addr_of_mut!((*rename).FileName).cast::<u16>(),
            destination_wide.len(),
        );
        SetFileInformationByHandle(
            HANDLE(temp_file.as_raw_handle() as isize),
            FileRenameInfoEx,
            rename.cast(),
            u32::try_from(buffer_bytes).map_err(|_| {
                io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "rename buffer is too large")
            })?,
        )
    };
    windows_error_stage(
        "publish retained replacement source",
        rename_result.map_err(windows_io_error),
    )?;

    let published = windows_error_stage(
        "open published replacement",
        windows_open_entry_at_for_hardening(&parent, destination_name),
    )?;
    windows_validate_file(&published)?;
    windows_validate_file_owner(&published)?;
    if windows_file_identity(&published)? != temp_identity {
        return Err(permission_denied(
            "published private file does not match the validated temp descriptor",
        ));
    }
    windows_harden_file_acl(&published)?;
    windows_revalidate_entry_at(&parent, destination_name, &published)?;
    windows_revalidate_directory_path(parent_path, &parent)
}

#[cfg(not(any(unix, target_os = "windows")))]
fn generic_open_private(path: &Path, mode: PrivateOpenMode) -> io::Result<File> {
    if mode != PrivateOpenMode::Read {
        if let Some(parent) = path.parent().filter(|path| !path.as_os_str().is_empty()) {
            std::fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
        }
    }
    let mut options = std::fs::OpenOptions::new();
    match mode {
        PrivateOpenMode::Read => {
            options.read(true);
        }
        PrivateOpenMode::Append => {
            options.read(true).append(true).create(true);
        }
        PrivateOpenMode::Truncate => {
            options.read(true).write(true);
        }
        PrivateOpenMode::CreateNew => {
            options.write(true).create_new(true);
        }
    }
    let file = options.open(path)?;
    revalidate_private_file(&file)?;
    if mode == PrivateOpenMode::Truncate {
        file.set_len(0)?;
        revalidate_private_file(&file)?;
    }
    Ok(file)
}

#[cfg(not(any(unix, target_os = "windows")))]
fn generic_harden_private_tree(
    _tree: &PrivateTree,
    _selected: &[PathBuf],
) -> io::Result<PrivateTreeReport> {
    Err(io::Error::new(
        io::ErrorKind::Unsupported,
        "descriptor-root private-tree hardening is unsupported on this platform",
    ))
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn harden_windows_acl(path: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
    let metadata = std::fs::symlink_metadata(path)?;
    reject_windows_reparse_metadata(&metadata)?;
    let file = if metadata.is_dir() {
        windows_open_directory_for_hardening(path)?
    } else if metadata.is_file() {
        windows_open_existing_file_for_hardening(path)?
    } else {
        return Err(permission_denied(
            "owner-private path is not a regular file or directory",
        ));
    };
    windows_validate_hardenable_file_owner(&file)?;
    windows_harden_file_acl(&file)?;
    if metadata.is_dir() {
        windows_revalidate_directory_path(path, &file)
    } else {
        windows_validate_file(&file)?;
        windows_revalidate_private_path(path, &file)
    }
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn current_process_default_owner_sid_string() -> std::io::Result<String> {
    use windows::Win32::Foundation::{CloseHandle, HANDLE};
    use windows::Win32::Security::{GetTokenInformation, TokenOwner, TOKEN_OWNER, TOKEN_QUERY};
    use windows::Win32::System::Threading::{GetCurrentProcess, OpenProcessToken};

    let windows_error = |error: windows::core::Error| std::io::Error::other(error.to_string());
    let mut token = HANDLE::default();
    unsafe { OpenProcessToken(GetCurrentProcess(), TOKEN_QUERY, &mut token) }
        .map_err(windows_error)?;

    let result = (|| {
        let mut needed = 0u32;
        let _ = unsafe { GetTokenInformation(token, TokenOwner, None, 0, &mut needed) };
        if needed == 0 {
            return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error());
        }
        let words = (needed as usize).div_ceil(std::mem::size_of::<usize>());
        let mut buffer = vec![0usize; words];
        unsafe {
            GetTokenInformation(
                token,
                TokenOwner,
                Some(buffer.as_mut_ptr().cast()),
                needed,
                &mut needed,
            )
        }
        .map_err(windows_error)?;
        let owner = unsafe { &*buffer.as_ptr().cast::<TOKEN_OWNER>() };
        windows_sid_string(owner.Owner)
    })();

    let _ = unsafe { CloseHandle(token) };
    result
}

#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
fn current_process_sid_string() -> std::io::Result<String> {
    use windows::core::PWSTR;
    use windows::Win32::Foundation::{CloseHandle, LocalFree, HANDLE, HLOCAL};
    use windows::Win32::Security::Authorization::ConvertSidToStringSidW;
    use windows::Win32::Security::{GetTokenInformation, TokenUser, TOKEN_QUERY, TOKEN_USER};
    use windows::Win32::System::Threading::{GetCurrentProcess, OpenProcessToken};

    let windows_error = |error: windows::core::Error| std::io::Error::other(error.to_string());
    let mut token = HANDLE::default();
    unsafe { OpenProcessToken(GetCurrentProcess(), TOKEN_QUERY, &mut token) }
        .map_err(windows_error)?;

    let result = (|| {
        let mut needed = 0u32;
        let _ = unsafe { GetTokenInformation(token, TokenUser, None, 0, &mut needed) };
        if needed == 0 {
            return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error());
        }
        let words = (needed as usize).div_ceil(std::mem::size_of::<usize>());
        let mut buffer = vec![0usize; words];
        unsafe {
            GetTokenInformation(
                token,
                TokenUser,
                Some(buffer.as_mut_ptr().cast()),
                needed,
                &mut needed,
            )
        }
        .map_err(windows_error)?;
        let user = unsafe { &*buffer.as_ptr().cast::<TOKEN_USER>() };
        let mut sid_text = PWSTR::null();
        unsafe { ConvertSidToStringSidW(user.User.Sid, &mut sid_text) }.map_err(windows_error)?;
        let sid = unsafe { sid_text.to_string() }
            .map_err(|error| std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, error));
        unsafe {
            let _ = LocalFree(HLOCAL(sid_text.0.cast()));
        }
        sid
    })();

    let _ = unsafe { CloseHandle(token) };
    result
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn windows_private_paths_use_native_handle_bound_security_apis() {
        let source = include_str!("secure_path.rs");
        assert!(source.contains(&["Create", "DirectoryW"].concat()));
        assert!(source.contains(&["Create", "FileW"].concat()));
        assert!(source.contains(&["Set", "SecurityInfo"].concat()));
        assert!(source.contains(&["SetFileInformation", "ByHandle"].concat()));
        assert!(source.contains(&["Flush", "FileBuffers"].concat()));
        assert!(source.contains("FILE_GENERIC_WRITE.0 | WRITE_DAC.0"));
        assert!(!source.contains(&["Command::new(\"", "icacls", "\")"].concat()));
        assert!(!source.contains(&["Move", "FileExW("].concat()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn harden_is_a_noop_on_a_missing_path_and_never_panics() {
        // The whole point is best-effort: a bad path must not panic the caller.
        harden_owner_only(Path::new("this/path/does/not/exist/xyz"));
    }

    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
    fn assert_exact_protected_owner_acl(file: &File) {
        windows_validate_file_owner(file).unwrap();
        use std::os::windows::io::AsRawHandle;
        use windows::Win32::Foundation::{LocalFree, HANDLE, HLOCAL, PSID};
        use windows::Win32::Security::Authorization::{GetSecurityInfo, SE_FILE_OBJECT};
        use windows::Win32::Security::{
            GetAce, GetSecurityDescriptorControl, ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE, ACL,
            DACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION, PSECURITY_DESCRIPTOR, SE_DACL_PROTECTED,
        };

        let mut dacl = std::ptr::null_mut::<ACL>();
        let mut descriptor = PSECURITY_DESCRIPTOR::default();
        let status = unsafe {
            GetSecurityInfo(
                HANDLE(file.as_raw_handle() as isize),
                SE_FILE_OBJECT,
                DACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION,
                None,
                None,
                Some(&mut dacl),
                None,
                Some(&mut descriptor),
            )
        };
        assert!(status.is_ok());
        assert!(!dacl.is_null());

        let mut control = 0u16;
        let mut revision = 0u32;
        unsafe { GetSecurityDescriptorControl(descriptor, &mut control, &mut revision) }.unwrap();
        assert_ne!(control & SE_DACL_PROTECTED.0, 0);
        assert_eq!(unsafe { (*dacl).AceCount }, 1);

        let mut raw_ace = std::ptr::null_mut();
        unsafe { GetAce(dacl, 0, &mut raw_ace) }.unwrap();
        let ace = unsafe { &*raw_ace.cast::<ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE>() };
        assert_eq!(ace.Header.AceType, 0, "ACE must be access-allowed");
        let sid = PSID(std::ptr::addr_of!(ace.SidStart).cast_mut().cast());
        let actual_sid = windows_sid_string(sid).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(actual_sid, current_process_sid_string().unwrap());

        unsafe {
            let _ = LocalFree(HLOCAL(descriptor.0));
        }
    }

    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
    #[test]
    fn created_files_and_directories_have_exact_protected_owner_acl() {
        let sandbox = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let directory = sandbox.path().join("private");
        ensure_private_dir(&directory).unwrap();
        let directory_handle = windows_open_directory(&directory).unwrap();
        assert_exact_protected_owner_acl(&directory_handle);

        let path = directory.join("record.jsonl");
        let file = create_private_file(&path).unwrap();
        assert_exact_protected_owner_acl(&file);
    }

    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
    #[test]
    fn windows_first_use_flush_failure_is_not_acknowledged_and_retry_flushes() {
        let sandbox = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let directory = sandbox.path().join("private").join("nested");
        let failures = PrivatePathDurabilityFailureInjector::default();
        failures.fail_next(PrivatePathDurabilityFailurePoint::ParentDirectorySync);

        assert!(ensure_private_dir_with_failure_injector(&directory, &failures).is_err());
        ensure_private_dir_with_failure_injector(&directory, &failures).unwrap();
        // Exercise the existing-final handoff too: its retained no-delete
        // handle must carry WRITE_DAC because exact ACL hardening is repeated
        // after the identity comparison.
        ensure_private_dir_with_failure_injector(&directory, &failures).unwrap();

        let path = directory.join("receipt.json");
        failures.fail_next(PrivatePathDurabilityFailurePoint::ParentDirectorySync);
        assert!(open_private_append_with_failure_injector(&path, &failures).is_err());
        let file = open_private_append_with_failure_injector(&path, &failures).unwrap();
        assert_exact_protected_owner_acl(&file);
    }

    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
    #[test]
    fn windows_validated_directory_handoff_swap_fails_closed_and_retries() {
        let sandbox = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let directory = sandbox.path().join("private");
        ensure_private_dir(&directory).unwrap();
        let moved = sandbox.path().join("moved-private");
        let child = directory.join("child");
        let mut swapped = false;

        let error = windows_ensure_private_dir_with_hook(&child, None, |validated| {
            if !swapped && validated == directory {
                std::fs::rename(&directory, &moved)?;
                ensure_private_dir(&directory)?;
                swapped = true;
            }
            Ok(())
        })
        .unwrap_err();

        assert!(swapped, "the exact intermediate directory was substituted");
        assert_eq!(error.kind(), io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied);
        assert!(!child.exists());
        std::fs::remove_dir(&directory).unwrap();
        std::fs::rename(&moved, &directory).unwrap();
        ensure_private_dir(&child).unwrap();
        let retained = windows_open_directory(&directory).unwrap();
        windows_validate_exact_private_acl(&retained).unwrap();
    }

    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
    #[test]
    fn windows_replace_rejects_temp_name_substitution_before_publication() {
        use std::io::Write;

        let root = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let destination = root.path().join("record.jsonl");
        let mut destination_file = create_private_file(&destination).unwrap();
        destination_file.write_all(b"old").unwrap();
        drop(destination_file);
        let temp = root.path().join("validated.tmp");
        let moved = root.path().join("moved.tmp");
        let mut file = create_private_file(&temp).unwrap();
        file.write_all(b"validated").unwrap();
        drop(file);

        let error = windows_atomic_replace_private_file_with_hook(&temp, &destination, || {
            std::fs::rename(&temp, &moved)?;
            std::fs::write(&temp, b"substitute")?;
            Ok(())
        })
        .unwrap_err();

        assert_eq!(error.kind(), io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied);
        assert!(
            error
                .to_string()
                .contains("revalidate retained replacement source before publication"),
            "substitution must be rejected before publication: {error}"
        );
    }

    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
    #[test]
    fn handle_relative_replace_blocks_parent_root_swap() {
        use std::io::Write;

        let sandbox = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let root = sandbox.path().join("private-root");
        ensure_private_dir(&root).unwrap();
        let destination = root.join("record.jsonl");
        std::fs::write(&destination, b"old").unwrap();
        let temp = root.join("validated.tmp");
        let mut file = create_private_file(&temp).unwrap();
        file.write_all(b"validated").unwrap();
        drop(file);
        let moved_root = sandbox.path().join("moved-root");

        windows_atomic_replace_private_file_with_hook(&temp, &destination, || {
            assert!(
                std::fs::rename(&root, &moved_root).is_err(),
                "retained no-delete-share parent handle must block root replacement"
            );
            Ok(())
        })
        .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&destination).unwrap(), b"validated");
        assert!(!moved_root.exists());
    }

    #[cfg(unix)]
    fn mode(path: &Path) -> u32 {
        use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
        std::fs::symlink_metadata(path)
            .unwrap()
            .permissions()
            .mode()
            & 0o777
    }

    #[cfg(unix)]
    #[test]
    fn private_creation_uses_owner_only_modes_from_first_open() {
        let root = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let private_dir = root.path().join("nested").join("private");
        ensure_private_dir(&private_dir).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(mode(&root.path().join("nested")), 0o700);
        assert_eq!(mode(&private_dir), 0o700);

        let path = private_dir.join("record.jsonl");
        let file = create_private_file(&path).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(mode(&path), 0o600);
        revalidate_private_file(&file).unwrap();
    }

    #[cfg(unix)]
    #[test]
    fn nested_private_creation_propagates_parent_sync_failure_and_retries() {
        let sandbox = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let nested = sandbox.path().join("private").join("nested");
        let failures = PrivatePathDurabilityFailureInjector::default();
        failures.fail_next(PrivatePathDurabilityFailurePoint::ParentDirectorySync);

        let error = ensure_private_dir_with_failure_injector(&nested, &failures).unwrap_err();
        assert_eq!(error.kind(), io::ErrorKind::Other);
        assert!(
            !nested.exists(),
            "failed first component must not acknowledge the tree"
        );

        ensure_private_dir_with_failure_injector(&nested, &failures).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(mode(&sandbox.path().join("private")), 0o700);
        assert_eq!(mode(&nested), 0o700);
    }

    #[cfg(unix)]
    #[test]
    fn retained_intermediate_rename_is_rejected_before_the_next_child_create() {
        let sandbox = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let private = sandbox.path().join("private");
        ensure_private_dir(&private).unwrap();
        let intermediate = private.join("retained-intermediate");
        let moved = private.join("moved-intermediate");
        let target = intermediate.join("child");
        let mut renamed = false;

        let error =
            unix_walk_directory_with_hook(&target, true, true, None, |validated_component| {
                if !renamed && validated_component == std::ffi::OsStr::new("retained-intermediate")
                {
                    std::fs::rename(&intermediate, &moved)?;
                    renamed = true;
                }
                Ok(())
            })
            .unwrap_err();

        assert!(
            renamed,
            "the retained intermediate was renamed by the race hook"
        );
        assert!(matches!(
            error.kind(),
            io::ErrorKind::NotFound | io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied
        ));
        assert!(
            !target.exists() && !moved.join("child").exists(),
            "the next child must not be created under the moved retained directory"
        );

        std::fs::rename(&moved, &intermediate).unwrap();
        ensure_private_dir(&target).unwrap();
        assert!(
            target.is_dir(),
            "retry on the restored exact chain succeeds"
        );
    }

    #[cfg(unix)]
    #[test]
    fn new_private_file_propagates_parent_sync_failure_and_append_retry_is_durable() {
        use std::io::Write;

        let sandbox = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let directory = sandbox.path().join("private");
        ensure_private_dir(&directory).unwrap();
        let path = directory.join("journal.jsonl");
        let failures = PrivatePathDurabilityFailureInjector::default();
        failures.fail_next(PrivatePathDurabilityFailurePoint::ParentDirectorySync);

        let error = open_private_append_with_failure_injector(&path, &failures).unwrap_err();
        assert_eq!(error.kind(), io::ErrorKind::Other);
        assert!(
            path.exists(),
            "the unacknowledged entry remains private for safe retry"
        );
        assert_eq!(mode(&path), 0o600);

        let mut file = open_private_append_with_failure_injector(&path, &failures).unwrap();
        file.write_all(b"one\n").unwrap();
        file.sync_all().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&path).unwrap(), b"one\n");
    }

    #[cfg(unix)]
    #[test]
    fn opening_owned_permissive_file_hardens_it() {
        use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;

        let root = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let path = root.path().join("record.jsonl");
        std::fs::write(&path, b"old\n").unwrap();
        std::fs::set_permissions(&path, std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o644)).unwrap();

        let _file = open_private_append(&path).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(mode(&path), 0o600);
    }

    #[cfg(unix)]
    #[test]
    fn private_read_hardens_without_changing_content() {
        use std::io::Read;
        use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;

        let root = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let path = root.path().join("record.jsonl");
        std::fs::write(&path, b"historical").unwrap();
        std::fs::set_permissions(&path, std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o644)).unwrap();

        let mut file = open_private_read(&path).unwrap();
        let mut content = String::new();
        file.read_to_string(&mut content).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(content, "historical");
        assert_eq!(mode(&path), 0o600);
    }

    #[cfg(unix)]
    #[test]
    fn atomic_replace_publishes_the_validated_private_inode() {
        use std::io::Write;

        let root = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let destination = root.path().join("record.jsonl");
        std::fs::write(&destination, b"old").unwrap();
        let temp = root.path().join(".record.random.tmp");
        let mut file = create_private_file(&temp).unwrap();
        file.write_all(b"new").unwrap();
        file.sync_all().unwrap();
        drop(file);

        atomic_replace_private_file(&temp, &destination).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&destination).unwrap(), b"new");
        assert_eq!(mode(&destination), 0o600);
        assert!(!temp.exists());
    }

    #[cfg(unix)]
    #[test]
    fn atomic_replace_rejects_temp_path_substitution() {
        use std::io::Write;

        let root = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let destination = root.path().join("record.jsonl");
        std::fs::write(&destination, b"old").unwrap();
        let temp = root.path().join(".record.random.tmp");
        let moved = root.path().join("validated.tmp");
        let mut file = create_private_file(&temp).unwrap();
        file.write_all(b"validated").unwrap();
        drop(file);

        let result = unix_atomic_replace_private_file_with_hook(&temp, &destination, || {
            std::fs::rename(&temp, &moved)?;
            let mut substitute = create_private_file(&temp)?;
            substitute.write_all(b"substitute")?;
            Ok(())
        });

        assert!(result.is_err());
        assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&destination).unwrap(), b"old");
        assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&moved).unwrap(), b"validated");
    }

    #[cfg(unix)]
    #[test]
    fn path_revalidation_rejects_rename_and_substitution() {
        let root = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let path = root.path().join("record.jsonl");
        let file = open_private_append(&path).unwrap();
        revalidate_private_path(&path, &file).unwrap();

        let moved = root.path().join("moved.jsonl");
        std::fs::rename(&path, &moved).unwrap();
        let _substitute = create_private_file(&path).unwrap();
        assert!(revalidate_private_path(&path, &file).is_err());
    }

    #[cfg(unix)]
    #[test]
    fn private_tree_rejects_root_rename_and_replacement() {
        let sandbox = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let root = sandbox.path().join("car");
        std::fs::create_dir(&root).unwrap();
        let tree = PrivateTree::open(&root).unwrap();

        let moved = sandbox.path().join("moved-car");
        std::fs::rename(&root, &moved).unwrap();
        std::fs::create_dir(&root).unwrap();

        assert!(tree.revalidate_root().is_err());
        assert!(tree
            .harden_selected(&PrivateTreePolicy::root_only())
            .is_err());
    }

    #[cfg(unix)]
    #[test]
    fn private_tree_retry_is_idempotent_and_does_not_touch_unselected_siblings() {
        use std::os::unix::fs::{symlink, PermissionsExt};

        let sandbox = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let root = sandbox.path().join("car");
        std::fs::create_dir(&root).unwrap();
        let good = root.join("a-good.json");
        let blocked = root.join("b-blocked.json");
        let unrelated = root.join("unrelated.json");
        std::fs::write(&good, b"good").unwrap();
        symlink(&good, &blocked).unwrap();
        std::fs::write(&unrelated, b"unrelated").unwrap();
        for path in [&good, &unrelated] {
            std::fs::set_permissions(path, std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o644)).unwrap();
        }

        let tree = PrivateTree::open(&root).unwrap();
        let policy = PrivateTreePolicy::selected(["a-good.json", "b-blocked.json"]);
        assert!(tree.harden_selected(&policy).is_err());
        assert_eq!(mode(&good), 0o600);
        assert_eq!(mode(&unrelated), 0o644);

        std::fs::remove_file(&blocked).unwrap();
        std::fs::write(&blocked, b"repaired").unwrap();
        std::fs::set_permissions(&blocked, std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o644)).unwrap();
        let report = tree.harden_selected(&policy).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(report.files_hardened, 2);
        assert_eq!(mode(&good), 0o600);
        assert_eq!(mode(&blocked), 0o600);
        assert_eq!(mode(&unrelated), 0o644);

        let retry = tree.harden_selected(&policy).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(retry, report);
    }

    #[cfg(unix)]
    #[test]
    fn private_tree_recurses_selected_directories_and_rejects_hardlinks() {
        use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;

        let sandbox = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let root = sandbox.path().join("car");
        let selected = root.join("runs");
        std::fs::create_dir_all(&selected).unwrap();
        let victim = selected.join("victim.json");
        let alias = selected.join("alias.json");
        std::fs::write(&victim, b"run").unwrap();
        std::fs::hard_link(&victim, &alias).unwrap();
        std::fs::set_permissions(&selected, std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o755)).unwrap();

        let tree = PrivateTree::open(&root).unwrap();
        let policy = PrivateTreePolicy::selected(["runs"]);
        assert!(tree.harden_selected(&policy).is_err());
        assert_eq!(mode(&selected), 0o700);
        assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&victim).unwrap(), b"run");
    }

    #[cfg(unix)]
    #[test]
    fn private_tree_recursive_retry_has_stable_receipts_and_exact_modes() {
        use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;

        let sandbox = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let root = sandbox.path().join("car");
        let nested = root.join("runs").join("today");
        std::fs::create_dir_all(&nested).unwrap();
        let run = nested.join("run.json");
        std::fs::write(&run, b"run").unwrap();
        std::fs::set_permissions(root.join("runs"), std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o755))
            .unwrap();
        std::fs::set_permissions(&nested, std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o755)).unwrap();
        std::fs::set_permissions(&run, std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o644)).unwrap();

        let tree = PrivateTree::open(&root).unwrap();
        let policy = PrivateTreePolicy::selected(["runs"]);
        let first = tree.harden_selected(&policy).unwrap();
        let retry = tree.harden_selected(&policy).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(first, retry);
        assert_eq!(first.directories_hardened, 2);
        assert_eq!(first.files_hardened, 1);
        assert_eq!(mode(&root), 0o700);
        assert_eq!(mode(&root.join("runs")), 0o700);
        assert_eq!(mode(&nested), 0o700);
        assert_eq!(mode(&run), 0o600);
    }

    #[cfg(unix)]
    #[test]
    fn private_tree_rejects_parent_traversal_without_touching_external_file() {
        use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;

        let sandbox = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let root = sandbox.path().join("car");
        std::fs::create_dir(&root).unwrap();
        let external = sandbox.path().join("external.json");
        std::fs::write(&external, b"external").unwrap();
        std::fs::set_permissions(&external, std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o644)).unwrap();

        let tree = PrivateTree::open(&root).unwrap();
        let policy = PrivateTreePolicy::selected(["../external.json"]);
        assert!(tree.harden_selected(&policy).is_err());
        assert_eq!(mode(&external), 0o644);
        assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&external).unwrap(), b"external");
    }

    #[cfg(unix)]
    #[test]
    fn overlapping_exact_selection_still_requires_the_nested_marker() {
        let sandbox = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let root = sandbox.path().join("car");
        let runs = root.join("runs");
        std::fs::create_dir_all(&runs).unwrap();

        let tree = PrivateTree::open(&root).unwrap();
        let policy = PrivateTreePolicy::selected(["runs", "runs/.nobackup"]);
        assert_eq!(
            tree.harden_selected(&policy).unwrap_err().kind(),
            io::ErrorKind::NotFound
        );

        std::fs::write(runs.join(".nobackup"), b"").unwrap();
        let report = tree.harden_selected(&policy).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(report.directories_hardened, 1);
        assert_eq!(report.files_hardened, 1);
    }

    #[cfg(unix)]
    #[test]
    fn truncate_requires_an_existing_validated_file() {
        let root = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let existing = root.path().join("existing.json");
        std::fs::write(&existing, b"content").unwrap();

        let file = open_private_truncate(&existing).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(file.metadata().unwrap().len(), 0);
        assert_eq!(mode(&existing), 0o600);

        let missing = root.path().join("missing.json");
        assert_eq!(
            open_private_truncate(&missing).unwrap_err().kind(),
            io::ErrorKind::NotFound
        );
        assert!(!missing.exists());
    }

    #[cfg(unix)]
    #[test]
    fn truncate_rejects_a_hardlink_without_touching_victim_bytes() {
        let root = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let victim = root.path().join("victim.json");
        let alias = root.path().join("alias.json");
        std::fs::write(&victim, b"must-survive").unwrap();
        std::fs::hard_link(&victim, &alias).unwrap();

        assert!(open_private_truncate(&alias).is_err());
        assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&victim).unwrap(), b"must-survive");
    }

    #[cfg(unix)]
    #[test]
    fn symlink_and_hardlink_files_are_rejected() {
        use std::os::unix::fs::symlink;

        let root = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let target = root.path().join("target");
        std::fs::write(&target, b"target").unwrap();

        let link = root.path().join("link");
        symlink(&target, &link).unwrap();
        assert!(open_private_append(&link).is_err());

        let hardlink = root.path().join("hardlink");
        std::fs::hard_link(&target, &hardlink).unwrap();
        assert!(open_private_append(&hardlink).is_err());
    }

    #[cfg(unix)]
    #[test]
    fn symlink_directory_component_is_rejected() {
        use std::os::unix::fs::symlink;

        let root = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let real = root.path().join("real");
        std::fs::create_dir(&real).unwrap();
        let link = root.path().join("link");
        symlink(&real, &link).unwrap();

        assert!(ensure_private_dir(&link.join("child")).is_err());
        assert!(create_private_file(&link.join("record")).is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn create_private_file_never_reuses_an_existing_name() {
        let root = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let path = root.path().join("record");
        let _file = create_private_file(&path).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            create_private_file(&path).unwrap_err().kind(),
            std::io::ErrorKind::AlreadyExists
        );
    }
}