car_inference/

key_pool.rs

//! API key pool — load-balanced multi-key management for remote endpoints.
//!
//! Supports multiple API keys per endpoint with:
//! - **Round-robin** selection with rate-limit awareness
//! - **Per-key stats** — request counts, errors, 429s, latency
//! - **Automatic exclusion** — rate-limited keys are skipped until cooldown expires
//! - **Persistence** — stats survive across calls for informed selection
//!
//! ## Resolution order
//!
//! Delegates to [`car_secrets::resolve_env_or_keychain`] (the single
//! source of truth across the workspace). Priority:
//!
//! 1. **Process env var** — `std::env::var(name)`. Wins everything.
//!    Preserves the universal config pattern that works in
//!    containers, CI, K8s pods, systemd units, and headless Linux.
//! 2. **The secret store** under service `"car"`, account = env-var name:
//!    the OS keychain, or on Linux with no Secret Service an owner-only file
//!    under `~/.car/secrets/`. Never exported into the process env.
//! 3. **Missing** — endpoint registers with no keys, requests fail
//!    at lease time with a clear "no API key configured" error.
//!
//! Multi-key semantics are preserved across every source: a
//! comma-separated value in either env or keychain
//! (`sk-a,sk-b,sk-c`) becomes a load-balanced pool with per-sub-key
//! rate-limit awareness.
//!
//! The `keychain` cargo feature was removed in v0.6.x — keychain
//! lookup is unconditional now (per CLAUDE.md §1, no feature
//! flags). Embedders that don't want any keychain interaction
//! simply don't store keys there; `is_available()` short-circuits
//! before any DBus / Security.framework round-trip.

use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};

use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use tokio::sync::RwLock;
use tracing::{debug, warn};

/// Cooldown period after a 429 before retrying a key (seconds).
const RATE_LIMIT_COOLDOWN_SECS: u64 = 60;

/// Split a raw key value (which may be comma-separated for multi-key pools)
/// into `(sub_var_name, key_value)` pairs.
///
/// **Every key is trimmed**, single or pooled. The comma-separated branch
/// always did; the single-key branch passed `raw` through verbatim, so one
/// stray newline — the normal outcome of pasting a key into a GUI field, or
/// `echo $KEY | car secrets put` — went into the `x-api-key` /
/// `Authorization` header as part of the credential and the provider answered
/// `401 provider rejected the API key`. Nothing upstream trims it either:
/// CarHost's secrets pane trims the service and key NAMES and stores the value
/// as typed, and `car_secrets` stores bytes faithfully, which is correct for a
/// general secret store — an arbitrary secret may legitimately contain
/// surrounding whitespace.
///
/// So the trim belongs here, at the point of use, where the value is known to
/// be an API key rather than an arbitrary secret. An API key with meaningful
/// leading or trailing whitespace does not exist; a stored password with it
/// might, and trimming those at the storage layer would corrupt them.
fn expand_multi_key(env_var: &str, raw: String) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
    if raw.contains(',') {
        raw.split(',')
            .enumerate()
            .filter_map(|(i, k)| {
                let k = k.trim().to_string();
                if k.is_empty() {
                    None
                } else {
                    Some((format!("{}[{}]", env_var, i), k))
                }
            })
            .collect()
    } else {
        vec![(env_var.to_string(), raw.trim().to_string())]
    }
}

/// Per-key performance statistics.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct KeyStats {
    /// Which env var this key came from.
    pub env_var: String,
    /// Total requests made with this key.
    pub total_requests: u64,
    /// Total successful requests.
    pub successes: u64,
    /// Total failed requests (non-429).
    pub failures: u64,
    /// Total 429 (rate-limit) responses.
    pub rate_limits: u64,
    /// Cumulative latency in ms (for computing average).
    pub total_latency_ms: u64,
    /// Total input tokens processed.
    pub total_input_tokens: u64,
    /// Total output tokens produced.
    pub total_output_tokens: u64,
    /// Currently in-flight requests (not serialized).
    #[serde(skip)]
    pub active_requests: u64,
    /// Unix timestamp of last rate-limit (0 = never).
    #[serde(default)]
    pub last_rate_limit_at: u64,
    /// Unix timestamp of last successful request.
    #[serde(default)]
    pub last_success_at: u64,
}

impl KeyStats {
    fn new(env_var: String) -> Self {
        Self {
            env_var,
            total_requests: 0,
            successes: 0,
            failures: 0,
            rate_limits: 0,
            total_latency_ms: 0,
            total_input_tokens: 0,
            total_output_tokens: 0,
            active_requests: 0,
            last_rate_limit_at: 0,
            last_success_at: 0,
        }
    }

    /// Average latency in ms. Returns 0 if no requests completed.
    pub fn avg_latency_ms(&self) -> f64 {
        if self.successes == 0 {
            return 0.0;
        }
        self.total_latency_ms as f64 / self.successes as f64
    }

    /// Success rate (0.0 to 1.0). Returns 0.5 prior if no data.
    pub fn success_rate(&self) -> f64 {
        let total = self.successes + self.failures;
        if total == 0 {
            return 0.5;
        }
        self.successes as f64 / total as f64
    }

    /// Whether this key is in cooldown from a recent rate-limit.
    pub fn is_rate_limited(&self) -> bool {
        if self.last_rate_limit_at == 0 {
            return false;
        }
        let now = now_unix();
        now.saturating_sub(self.last_rate_limit_at) < RATE_LIMIT_COOLDOWN_SECS
    }

    /// Estimated cost in USD based on token counts and per-million-token rates.
    pub fn estimated_cost(&self, input_per_mtok: f64, output_per_mtok: f64) -> f64 {
        let input_cost = (self.total_input_tokens as f64 / 1_000_000.0) * input_per_mtok;
        let output_cost = (self.total_output_tokens as f64 / 1_000_000.0) * output_per_mtok;
        input_cost + output_cost
    }
}

/// A resolved key ready for use — contains the actual secret and a handle for reporting back.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct KeyLease {
    /// The actual API key value.
    pub api_key: String,
    /// The env var it came from (for stats reporting).
    pub env_var: String,
}

/// Pool of API keys for a single endpoint.
struct EndpointKeys {
    /// Ordered list of (env_var_name, resolved_key_value).
    keys: Vec<(String, String)>,
    /// Per-key stats, indexed by env var name.
    stats: HashMap<String, KeyStats>,
    /// Round-robin cursor.
    next_index: usize,
}

impl EndpointKeys {
    fn new(env_vars: Vec<String>) -> Self {
        let mut keys = Vec::new();
        let mut stats = HashMap::new();

        for env_var in env_vars {
            if let Some(raw) = car_secrets::resolve_env_or_keychain(&env_var) {
                for (sub_var, key) in expand_multi_key(&env_var, raw) {
                    stats.insert(sub_var.clone(), KeyStats::new(sub_var.clone()));
                    keys.push((sub_var, key));
                }
            }
        }

        Self {
            keys,
            stats,
            next_index: 0,
        }
    }

    /// Select the best available key using token-aware load balancing.
    ///
    /// Strategy: pick the key with the lowest recent token load, breaking ties
    /// with fewest active in-flight requests. This spreads usage evenly across
    /// keys, which matters because provider rate limits are typically token-based
    /// (TPM) rather than request-based.
    ///
    /// For cold-start (no stats yet), falls back to round-robin so keys get
    /// initial data points.
    fn lease(&mut self) -> Option<KeyLease> {
        if self.keys.is_empty() {
            return None;
        }

        // Collect candidates: non-rate-limited keys with their scores
        let mut candidates: Vec<(usize, f64)> = Vec::new();
        let mut all_cold = true;

        for (idx, (ref env_var, _)) in self.keys.iter().enumerate() {
            let stats = self.stats.get(env_var);

            // Skip rate-limited keys
            if let Some(s) = stats {
                if s.is_rate_limited() {
                    continue;
                }
                if s.total_requests > 0 {
                    all_cold = false;
                }
            }

            // Score = total tokens + penalty for in-flight and pending requests.
            // Lower is better. In-flight requests haven't reported tokens yet,
            // so we estimate them from that key's average. Keys that have been
            // leased but not yet reported get a request-based penalty to avoid
            // piling on the same key before results come back.
            let score = match stats {
                Some(s) if s.total_requests > 0 => {
                    let total_tokens = s.total_input_tokens + s.total_output_tokens;
                    let completed = s.successes + s.failures + s.rate_limits;
                    if completed > 0 {
                        let avg_tokens_per_req = total_tokens as f64 / completed as f64;
                        let inflight_estimate = s.active_requests as f64 * avg_tokens_per_req;
                        total_tokens as f64 + inflight_estimate
                    } else {
                        // Leased but no results yet — use request count as proxy
                        s.active_requests as f64 * 1000.0
                    }
                }
                _ => 0.0, // Cold key — lowest possible score to encourage exploration
            };

            candidates.push((idx, score));
        }

        // If all candidates are cold (no stats), use round-robin for even warm-up
        if all_cold && !candidates.is_empty() {
            let start = self.next_index % candidates.len();
            let (idx, _) = candidates[start];
            self.next_index = start + 1;
            return self.issue_lease(idx);
        }

        if candidates.is_empty() {
            // All keys are rate-limited — pick the one closest to cooldown expiry
            let mut best_idx = 0;
            let mut oldest_rl = u64::MAX;
            for (idx, (ref env_var, _)) in self.keys.iter().enumerate() {
                if let Some(stats) = self.stats.get(env_var) {
                    if stats.last_rate_limit_at < oldest_rl {
                        oldest_rl = stats.last_rate_limit_at;
                        best_idx = idx;
                    }
                }
            }
            let env_var = &self.keys[best_idx].0;
            warn!(env_var = %env_var, "all keys rate-limited, using oldest-cooldown key");
            return self.issue_lease(best_idx);
        }

        // Pick the candidate with the lowest token score
        candidates.sort_by(|a, b| a.1.partial_cmp(&b.1).unwrap_or(std::cmp::Ordering::Equal));
        let (best_idx, _score) = candidates[0];
        self.issue_lease(best_idx)
    }

    /// Issue a lease for a key at the given index, updating stats.
    fn issue_lease(&mut self, idx: usize) -> Option<KeyLease> {
        let (ref env_var, ref key) = self.keys[idx];
        let env_var = env_var.clone();
        let api_key = key.clone();

        if let Some(stats) = self.stats.get_mut(&env_var) {
            stats.active_requests += 1;
            stats.total_requests += 1;
        }

        Some(KeyLease { api_key, env_var })
    }

    fn report_success(
        &mut self,
        env_var: &str,
        latency_ms: u64,
        input_tokens: u64,
        output_tokens: u64,
    ) {
        if let Some(stats) = self.stats.get_mut(env_var) {
            stats.successes += 1;
            stats.active_requests = stats.active_requests.saturating_sub(1);
            stats.total_latency_ms += latency_ms;
            stats.total_input_tokens += input_tokens;
            stats.total_output_tokens += output_tokens;
            stats.last_success_at = now_unix();
        }
    }

    fn release(&mut self, env_var: &str) {
        if let Some(stats) = self.stats.get_mut(env_var) {
            stats.active_requests = stats.active_requests.saturating_sub(1);
        }
    }

    fn report_failure(&mut self, env_var: &str, is_rate_limit: bool) {
        self.release(env_var);
        self.record_failed_attempt(env_var, is_rate_limit);
    }

    fn record_failed_attempt(&mut self, env_var: &str, is_rate_limit: bool) {
        if let Some(stats) = self.stats.get_mut(env_var) {
            if is_rate_limit {
                stats.rate_limits += 1;
                stats.last_rate_limit_at = now_unix();
            } else {
                stats.failures += 1;
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Thread-safe key pool managing multiple API keys across endpoints.
pub struct KeyPool {
    /// Keyed by a canonical endpoint identifier (e.g., `"https://api.openai.com"`).
    endpoints: RwLock<HashMap<String, EndpointKeys>>,
}

impl KeyPool {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            endpoints: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
        }
    }

    /// Register keys for an endpoint. Merges with any existing keys.
    /// Resolution order: process env → OS keychain (see module docs).
    pub async fn register_endpoint(&self, endpoint: &str, env_vars: Vec<String>) {
        let mut endpoints = self.endpoints.write().await;
        let entry = endpoints
            .entry(endpoint.to_string())
            .or_insert_with(|| EndpointKeys::new(vec![]));

        let existing_vars: std::collections::HashSet<String> =
            entry.keys.iter().map(|(v, _)| v.clone()).collect();

        let mut new_keys: Vec<(String, String)> = Vec::new();

        for env_var in env_vars {
            // Skip if the bare env var name is already registered (single-key
            // path). For multi-key sources we also dedupe each [N] sub-name
            // below before insertion.
            if existing_vars.contains(&env_var) {
                continue;
            }
            if let Some(raw) = car_secrets::resolve_env_or_keychain(&env_var) {
                for (sub_var, key) in expand_multi_key(&env_var, raw) {
                    if !existing_vars.contains(&sub_var) {
                        new_keys.push((sub_var, key));
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        for (var, key) in new_keys {
            entry
                .stats
                .entry(var.clone())
                .or_insert_with(|| KeyStats::new(var.clone()));
            entry.keys.push((var, key));
        }

        debug!(
            endpoint = %endpoint,
            key_count = entry.keys.len(),
            "registered endpoint keys"
        );
    }

    /// Lease a key for the given endpoint. Returns None if no keys available.
    pub async fn lease(&self, endpoint: &str) -> Option<KeyLease> {
        let mut endpoints = self.endpoints.write().await;
        endpoints.get_mut(endpoint)?.lease()
    }

    /// Lease a key, falling back to a single env var (or keychain) if the
    /// endpoint isn't registered. This provides backward compatibility with
    /// the single-key model and triggers the same env→keychain resolution
    /// order as `register_endpoint`.
    pub async fn lease_or_env(&self, endpoint: &str, fallback_env: &str) -> Option<KeyLease> {
        // Try pool first.
        if let Some(lease) = self.lease(endpoint).await {
            return Some(lease);
        }

        // Fallback: probe the same sources `register_endpoint` would. Auto-register
        // for future calls so subsequent leases don't re-probe.
        if car_secrets::resolve_env_or_keychain(fallback_env).is_some() {
            self.register_endpoint(endpoint, vec![fallback_env.to_string()])
                .await;
            return self.lease(endpoint).await;
        }

        None
    }

    /// Report a successful request.
    pub async fn report_success(
        &self,
        endpoint: &str,
        env_var: &str,
        latency_ms: u64,
        input_tokens: u64,
        output_tokens: u64,
    ) {
        let mut endpoints = self.endpoints.write().await;
        if let Some(ep) = endpoints.get_mut(endpoint) {
            ep.report_success(env_var, latency_ms, input_tokens, output_tokens);
        }
    }

    /// Report a failed request.
    pub async fn report_failure(&self, endpoint: &str, env_var: &str, is_rate_limit: bool) {
        let mut endpoints = self.endpoints.write().await;
        if let Some(ep) = endpoints.get_mut(endpoint) {
            ep.report_failure(env_var, is_rate_limit);
        }
    }

    /// Book one failed attempt (a failure or a rate limit) against a key
    /// whose lease is still open because the caller is about to retry on it.
    /// Unlike [`Self::report_failure`] it does not end the lease: one lease
    /// that retries is one in-flight request, however many attempts it makes.
    pub async fn record_failed_attempt(&self, endpoint: &str, env_var: &str, is_rate_limit: bool) {
        let mut endpoints = self.endpoints.write().await;
        if let Some(ep) = endpoints.get_mut(endpoint) {
            ep.record_failed_attempt(env_var, is_rate_limit);
        }
    }

    /// End a lease that neither succeeded nor failed — the caller hung up
    /// before the provider finished. Frees the in-flight slot without
    /// booking the request against the key's health.
    pub async fn release(&self, endpoint: &str, env_var: &str) {
        let mut endpoints = self.endpoints.write().await;
        if let Some(ep) = endpoints.get_mut(endpoint) {
            ep.release(env_var);
        }
    }

    /// Get stats for all keys on an endpoint.
    pub async fn endpoint_stats(&self, endpoint: &str) -> Vec<KeyStats> {
        let endpoints = self.endpoints.read().await;
        endpoints
            .get(endpoint)
            .map(|ep| ep.stats.values().cloned().collect())
            .unwrap_or_default()
    }

    /// Get stats for all endpoints.
    pub async fn all_stats(&self) -> HashMap<String, Vec<KeyStats>> {
        let endpoints = self.endpoints.read().await;
        endpoints
            .iter()
            .map(|(ep, keys)| (ep.clone(), keys.stats.values().cloned().collect()))
            .collect()
    }

    /// Total key count across all endpoints.
    pub async fn total_keys(&self) -> usize {
        let endpoints = self.endpoints.read().await;
        endpoints.values().map(|ep| ep.keys.len()).sum()
    }

    /// Get the number of available (non-rate-limited) keys for an endpoint.
    pub async fn available_keys(&self, endpoint: &str) -> usize {
        let endpoints = self.endpoints.read().await;
        endpoints
            .get(endpoint)
            .map(|ep| {
                ep.keys
                    .iter()
                    .filter(|(env_var, _)| {
                        ep.stats
                            .get(env_var)
                            .map(|s| !s.is_rate_limited())
                            .unwrap_or(true)
                    })
                    .count()
            })
            .unwrap_or(0)
    }

    /// Save key stats to a JSON file.
    pub async fn save_stats(&self, path: &std::path::Path) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
        let endpoints = self.endpoints.read().await;
        let stats: HashMap<String, Vec<KeyStats>> = endpoints
            .iter()
            .map(|(ep, keys)| (ep.clone(), keys.stats.values().cloned().collect()))
            .collect();
        let json = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&stats).map_err(std::io::Error::other)?;
        if let Some(parent) = path.parent() {
            std::fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
        }
        std::fs::write(path, json)
    }

    /// Load key stats from a JSON file.
    pub async fn load_stats(&self, path: &std::path::Path) -> Result<usize, std::io::Error> {
        if !path.exists() {
            return Ok(0);
        }
        let json = std::fs::read_to_string(path)?;
        let saved: HashMap<String, Vec<KeyStats>> = serde_json::from_str(&json)
            .map_err(|e| std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, e))?;

        let mut endpoints = self.endpoints.write().await;
        let mut count = 0;
        for (endpoint, stats_list) in saved {
            let ep = endpoints
                .entry(endpoint)
                .or_insert_with(|| EndpointKeys::new(vec![]));
            for stats in stats_list {
                ep.stats.insert(stats.env_var.clone(), stats);
                count += 1;
            }
        }
        Ok(count)
    }
}

impl Default for KeyPool {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

fn now_unix() -> u64 {
    SystemTime::now()
        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
        .unwrap_or_default()
        .as_secs()
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn single_key_round_trip() {
        std::env::set_var("TEST_KEY_POOL_1", "sk-test-111");

        let pool = KeyPool::new();
        pool.register_endpoint("https://api.test.com", vec!["TEST_KEY_POOL_1".into()])
            .await;

        let lease = pool.lease("https://api.test.com").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(lease.api_key, "sk-test-111");
        assert_eq!(lease.env_var, "TEST_KEY_POOL_1");

        pool.report_success("https://api.test.com", &lease.env_var, 500, 100, 50)
            .await;

        let stats = pool.endpoint_stats("https://api.test.com").await;
        assert_eq!(stats.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(stats[0].successes, 1);
        assert_eq!(stats[0].total_latency_ms, 500);

        std::env::remove_var("TEST_KEY_POOL_1");
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn multi_key_cold_start_round_robin() {
        std::env::set_var("TEST_KEY_POOL_A", "sk-aaa");
        std::env::set_var("TEST_KEY_POOL_B", "sk-bbb");

        let pool = KeyPool::new();
        pool.register_endpoint(
            "https://api.test.com",
            vec!["TEST_KEY_POOL_A".into(), "TEST_KEY_POOL_B".into()],
        )
        .await;

        // Cold start: no stats yet, should round-robin
        let l1 = pool.lease("https://api.test.com").await.unwrap();
        pool.report_success("https://api.test.com", &l1.env_var, 100, 10, 5)
            .await;

        let l2 = pool.lease("https://api.test.com").await.unwrap();
        pool.report_success("https://api.test.com", &l2.env_var, 100, 10, 5)
            .await;

        // Two different keys should have been used
        assert_ne!(l1.env_var, l2.env_var);

        std::env::remove_var("TEST_KEY_POOL_A");
        std::env::remove_var("TEST_KEY_POOL_B");
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn token_aware_prefers_least_used() {
        std::env::set_var("TEST_KEY_POOL_TA1", "sk-ta1");
        std::env::set_var("TEST_KEY_POOL_TA2", "sk-ta2");

        let pool = KeyPool::new();
        pool.register_endpoint(
            "https://api.test.com",
            vec!["TEST_KEY_POOL_TA1".into(), "TEST_KEY_POOL_TA2".into()],
        )
        .await;

        // Warm up both keys with cold-start round-robin
        let l1 = pool.lease("https://api.test.com").await.unwrap();
        pool.report_success("https://api.test.com", &l1.env_var, 100, 1000, 500)
            .await;

        let l2 = pool.lease("https://api.test.com").await.unwrap();
        pool.report_success("https://api.test.com", &l2.env_var, 100, 100, 50)
            .await;

        // Now both keys have stats. Key 2 has far fewer tokens (150 vs 1500).
        // Token-aware selection should prefer key 2.
        let l3 = pool.lease("https://api.test.com").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            l3.env_var, l2.env_var,
            "should pick the key with fewer tokens"
        );

        // Report heavy usage on key 2 to flip the balance
        pool.report_success("https://api.test.com", &l3.env_var, 100, 5000, 5000)
            .await;

        // Now key 1 has 1500 total tokens, key 2 has 10150 — should pick key 1
        let l4 = pool.lease("https://api.test.com").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            l4.env_var, l1.env_var,
            "should pick key with fewer tokens after rebalance"
        );

        std::env::remove_var("TEST_KEY_POOL_TA1");
        std::env::remove_var("TEST_KEY_POOL_TA2");
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn comma_separated_keys() {
        std::env::set_var("TEST_KEY_POOL_CSV", "sk-one, sk-two, sk-three");

        let pool = KeyPool::new();
        pool.register_endpoint("https://api.test.com", vec!["TEST_KEY_POOL_CSV".into()])
            .await;

        assert_eq!(pool.total_keys().await, 3);

        let l1 = pool.lease("https://api.test.com").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(l1.api_key, "sk-one");

        let l2 = pool.lease("https://api.test.com").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(l2.api_key, "sk-two");

        let l3 = pool.lease("https://api.test.com").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(l3.api_key, "sk-three");

        std::env::remove_var("TEST_KEY_POOL_CSV");
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn rate_limited_key_skipped() {
        std::env::set_var("TEST_KEY_POOL_RL1", "sk-rl1");
        std::env::set_var("TEST_KEY_POOL_RL2", "sk-rl2");

        let pool = KeyPool::new();
        pool.register_endpoint(
            "https://api.test.com",
            vec!["TEST_KEY_POOL_RL1".into(), "TEST_KEY_POOL_RL2".into()],
        )
        .await;

        // First key gets rate-limited
        let l1 = pool.lease("https://api.test.com").await.unwrap();
        pool.report_failure("https://api.test.com", &l1.env_var, true)
            .await;

        // Next lease should skip the rate-limited key
        let l2 = pool.lease("https://api.test.com").await.unwrap();
        assert_ne!(l1.env_var, l2.env_var);

        std::env::remove_var("TEST_KEY_POOL_RL1");
        std::env::remove_var("TEST_KEY_POOL_RL2");
    }

    /// **A pasted key with a trailing newline must not reach the provider.**
    ///
    /// The comma-separated branch always trimmed; the single-key branch did
    /// not, so `sk-ant-xxx\n` was sent as the credential verbatim and the
    /// provider answered `401 provider rejected the API key`. That is the
    /// normal outcome of pasting into a GUI field or piping `echo $KEY`, and
    /// nothing upstream trims it: CarHost's secrets pane trims the NAMES and
    /// stores the value as typed, and the secret store keeps bytes faithfully
    /// on purpose.
    #[test]
    fn a_single_key_is_trimmed_like_a_pooled_one() {
        let pasted = expand_multi_key("PROVIDER_API_KEY", "  sk-ant-abc123\n".to_string());
        assert_eq!(
            pasted,
            vec![("PROVIDER_API_KEY".to_string(), "sk-ant-abc123".to_string())],
            "a single key must be trimmed before it becomes an auth header"
        );

        // The pooled branch's existing behaviour is unchanged.
        let pooled = expand_multi_key("PROVIDER_API_KEY", " k1 , k2\n".to_string());
        assert_eq!(
            pooled,
            vec![
                ("PROVIDER_API_KEY[0]".to_string(), "k1".to_string()),
                ("PROVIDER_API_KEY[1]".to_string(), "k2".to_string()),
            ]
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn lease_or_env_fallback() {
        std::env::set_var("TEST_KEY_POOL_FB", "sk-fallback");

        let pool = KeyPool::new();

        // No pre-registered endpoint — should fall back to env var
        let lease = pool
            .lease_or_env("https://api.new.com", "TEST_KEY_POOL_FB")
            .await
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(lease.api_key, "sk-fallback");

        // Should be auto-registered now
        assert_eq!(pool.total_keys().await, 1);

        std::env::remove_var("TEST_KEY_POOL_FB");
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn missing_key_resolution_uses_the_test_file_backend_by_default() {
        if !crate::run_in_isolated_test_process(
            "key_pool::tests::missing_key_resolution_uses_the_test_file_backend_by_default",
            "CAR_KEY_POOL_TEST_FILE_BACKEND_CHILD",
        ) {
            return;
        }

        const MISSING_KEY: &str = "CAR_KEY_POOL_MISSING_TEST_KEY";
        unsafe {
            std::env::remove_var(MISSING_KEY);
            std::env::remove_var("CAR_SECRETS_FILE_DIR");
            std::env::remove_var("CAR_TEST_NATIVE_KEYCHAIN");
            std::env::remove_var("CAR_AGENT_ID");
            std::env::remove_var("CAR_AGENT_TOKEN");
        }
        // car-secrets has a test-process tripwire before SystemSecurityCli can
        // inspect or spawn against the login Keychain. Reaching `None` here
        // with both overrides absent proves this dependency build chose files.
        let before = car_secrets::secret_store_activity();
        assert_eq!(car_secrets::resolve_env_or_keychain(MISSING_KEY), None);
        let after = car_secrets::secret_store_activity();
        assert_eq!(after.get_attempts, before.get_attempts + 1);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn no_keys_returns_none() {
        let pool = KeyPool::new();
        assert!(pool.lease("https://nonexistent.com").await.is_none());
    }
}