bastion-executor 0.4.0

//! A thread manager to predict how many threads should be spawned to handle the upcoming load.
//!
//! The thread manager consists of three elements:
//! * Frequency Detector
//! * Trend Estimator
//! * Predictive Upscaler
//!
//! ## Frequency Detector
//! Detects how many tasks are submitted from scheduler to thread pool in a given time frame.
//! Pool manager thread does this sampling every 90 milliseconds.
//! This value is going to be used for trend estimation phase.
//!
//! ## Trend Estimator
//! Hold up to the given number of frequencies to create an estimation.
//! Trend estimator holds 10 frequencies at a time.
//! This value is stored as constant in [FREQUENCY_QUEUE_SIZE](constant.FREQUENCY_QUEUE_SIZE.html).
//! Estimation algorithm and prediction uses Exponentially Weighted Moving Average algorithm.
//!
//! This algorithm is adapted from [A Novel Predictive and Self–Adaptive Dynamic Thread Pool Management](https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPA.2011.61)
//! and altered to:
//! * use instead of heavy calculation of trend, utilize thread redundancy which is the sum of the differences between the predicted and observed value.
//! * use instead of linear trend estimation, it uses exponential trend estimation where formula is:
//! ```text
//! LOW_WATERMARK * (predicted - observed) + LOW_WATERMARK
//! ```
//! *NOTE:* If this algorithm wants to be tweaked increasing [LOW_WATERMARK](constant.LOW_WATERMARK.html) will automatically adapt the additional dynamic thread spawn count
//! * operate without watermarking by timestamps (in paper which is used to measure algorithms own performance during the execution)
//! * operate extensive subsampling. Extensive subsampling congests the pool manager thread.
//! * operate without keeping track of idle time of threads or job out queue like TEMA and FOPS implementations.
//!
//! ## Predictive Upscaler
//! Upscaler has three cases (also can be seen in paper):
//! * The rate slightly increases and there are many idle threads.
//! * The number of worker threads tends to be reduced since the workload of the system is descending.
//! * The system has no request or stalled. (Our case here is when the current tasks block further tasks from being processed – throughput hogs)
//!
//! For the first two EMA calculation and exponential trend estimation gives good performance.
//! For the last case, upscaler selects upscaling amount by amount of tasks mapped when throughput hogs happen.
//!
//! **example scenario:** Let's say we have 10_000 tasks where every one of them is blocking for 1 second. Scheduler will map plenty of tasks but will get rejected.
//! This makes estimation calculation nearly 0 for both entering and exiting parts. When this happens and we still see tasks mapped from scheduler.
//! We start to slowly increase threads by amount of frequency linearly. High increase of this value either make us hit to the thread threshold on
//! some OS or make congestion on the other thread utilizations of the program, because of context switch.
//!
//! Throughput hogs determined by a combination of job in / job out frequency and current scheduler task assignment frequency.
//! Threshold of EMA difference is eluded by machine epsilon for floating point arithmetic errors.

use crate::{load_balancer, placement};
use core::fmt;
use crossbeam_queue::ArrayQueue;
use fmt::{Debug, Formatter};
use lazy_static::lazy_static;
use lever::prelude::TTas;
use placement::CoreId;
use std::collections::VecDeque;
use std::time::Duration;
use std::{
    sync::{
        atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering},
        Arc, Mutex,
    },
    thread::{self, Thread},
};
use tracing::{debug, trace};

/// The default thread park timeout before checking for new tasks.
const THREAD_PARK_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_millis(1);

/// Frequency histogram's sliding window size.
/// Defines how many frequencies will be considered for adaptation.
const FREQUENCY_QUEUE_SIZE: usize = 10;

/// If low watermark isn't configured this is the default scaler value.
/// This value is used for the heuristics of the scaler
const DEFAULT_LOW_WATERMARK: u64 = 2;

/// Pool scaler interval time (milliseconds).
/// This is the actual interval which makes adaptation calculation.
const SCALER_POLL_INTERVAL: u64 = 90;

/// Exponential moving average smoothing coefficient for limited window.
/// Smoothing factor is estimated with: 2 / (N + 1) where N is sample size.
const EMA_COEFFICIENT: f64 = 2_f64 / (FREQUENCY_QUEUE_SIZE as f64 + 1_f64);

lazy_static! {
    static ref ROUND_ROBIN_PIN: Mutex<CoreId> = Mutex::new(CoreId { id: 0 });
}

/// The `DynamicRunner` is piloted by `DynamicPoolManager`.
/// Upon request it needs to be able to provide runner routines for:
/// * Static threads.
/// * Dynamic threads.
/// * Standalone threads.
///
/// Your implementation of `DynamicRunner`
/// will allow you to define what tasks must be accomplished.
///
/// Run static threads:
///
/// run_static should never return, and park for park_timeout instead.
///
/// Run dynamic threads:
/// run_dynamic should never return, and call `parker()` when it has no more tasks to process.
/// It will be unparked automatically by the `DynamicPoolManager` if needs be.
///
/// Run standalone threads:
/// run_standalone should return once it has no more tasks to process.
/// The `DynamicPoolManager` will spawn other standalone threads if needs be.
pub trait DynamicRunner {
    fn run_static(&self, park_timeout: Duration) -> !;
    fn run_dynamic(&self, parker: &dyn Fn()) -> !;
    fn run_standalone(&self);
}

/// The `DynamicPoolManager` is responsible for
/// growing and shrinking a pool according to EMA rules.
///
/// It needs to be passed a structure that implements `DynamicRunner`,
/// That will be responsible for actually spawning threads.
///
/// The `DynamicPoolManager` keeps track of the number
/// of required number of threads to process load correctly.
/// and depending on the current state it will case it will:
/// - Spawn a lot of threads (we're predicting a load spike, and we need to prepare for it)
/// - Spawn few threads (there's a constant load, and throughput is low because the current resources are busy)
/// - Do nothing (the load is shrinking, threads will automatically stop once they're done).
///
/// Kinds of threads:
///
/// ## Static threads:
/// Defined in the constructor, they will always be available. They park for `THREAD_PARK_TIMEOUT` on idle.
///
/// ## Dynamic threads:
/// Created during `DynamicPoolManager` initialization, they will park on idle.
/// The `DynamicPoolManager` grows the number of Dynamic threads
/// so the total number of Static threads + Dynamic threads
/// is the number of available cores on the machine. (`num_cpus::get()`)
///
/// ## Standalone threads:
/// They are created when there aren't enough static and dynamic threads to process the expected load.
/// They will be destroyed on idle.
///
/// ## Spawn order:
/// In order to handle a growing load, the pool manager will ask to:
/// - Use Static threads
/// - Unpark Dynamic threads
/// - Spawn Standalone threads
///
/// The pool manager is not responsible for the tasks to be performed by the threads, it's handled by the `DynamicRunner`
///
/// If you use tracing, you can have a look at the trace! logs generated by the structure.
///
pub struct DynamicPoolManager {
    static_threads: usize,
    dynamic_threads: usize,
    parked_threads: ArrayQueue<Thread>,
    runner: Arc<dyn DynamicRunner + Send + Sync>,
    last_frequency: AtomicU64,
    frequencies: TTas<VecDeque<u64>>,
}

impl Debug for DynamicPoolManager {
    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        fmt.debug_struct("DynamicPoolManager")
            .field("static_threads", &self.static_threads)
            .field("dynamic_threads", &self.dynamic_threads)
            .field("parked_threads", &self.parked_threads.len())
            .field("parked_threads", &self.parked_threads.len())
            .field("last_frequency", &self.last_frequency)
            .field("frequencies", &self.frequencies.try_lock())
            .finish()
    }
}

impl DynamicPoolManager {
    pub fn new(static_threads: usize, runner: Arc<dyn DynamicRunner + Send + Sync>) -> Self {
        let dynamic_threads = 1.max(num_cpus::get().checked_sub(static_threads).unwrap_or(0));
        Self {
            static_threads,
            dynamic_threads,
            parked_threads: ArrayQueue::new(dynamic_threads),
            runner,
            last_frequency: AtomicU64::new(0),
            frequencies: TTas::new(VecDeque::with_capacity(
                FREQUENCY_QUEUE_SIZE.saturating_add(1),
            )),
        }
    }

    pub fn increment_frequency(&self) {
        self.last_frequency.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Acquire);
    }

    /// Initialize the dynamic pool
    /// That will be scaled
    pub fn initialize(&'static self) {
        // Static thread manager that will always be available
        trace!("setting up the static thread manager");
        (0..self.static_threads).for_each(|_| {
            let clone = Arc::clone(&self.runner);
            thread::Builder::new()
                .name("bastion-driver-static".to_string())
                .spawn(move || {
                    Self::affinity_pinner();
                    clone.run_static(THREAD_PARK_TIMEOUT);
                })
                .expect("couldn't spawn static thread");
        });

        // Dynamic thread manager that will allow us to unpark threads
        // According to the needs
        trace!("setting up the dynamic thread manager");
        (0..self.dynamic_threads).for_each(|_| {
            let clone = Arc::clone(&self.runner);
            thread::Builder::new()
                .name("bastion-driver-dynamic".to_string())
                .spawn(move || {
                    Self::affinity_pinner();
                    let parker = || self.park_thread();
                    clone.run_dynamic(&parker);
                })
                .expect("cannot start dynamic thread");
        });

        // Pool manager to check frequency of task rates
        // and take action by scaling the pool accordingly.
        thread::Builder::new()
            .name("bastion-pool-manager".to_string())
            .spawn(move || {
                let poll_interval = Duration::from_millis(SCALER_POLL_INTERVAL);
                trace!("setting up the pool manager");
                loop {
                    self.scale_pool();
                    thread::park_timeout(poll_interval);
                }
            })
            .expect("thread pool manager cannot be started");
    }

    /// Provision threads takes a number of threads that need to be made available.
    /// It will try to unpark threads from the dynamic pool, and spawn more threads if needs be.
    pub fn provision_threads(&'static self, n: usize) {
        for i in 0..n {
            if !self.unpark_thread() {
                let new_threads = n - i;
                trace!(
                    "no more threads to unpark, spawning {} new threads",
                    new_threads
                );
                return self.spawn_threads(new_threads);
            }
        }
    }

    fn spawn_threads(&'static self, n: usize) {
        (0..n).for_each(|_| {
            let clone = Arc::clone(&self.runner);
            thread::Builder::new()
                .name("bastion-blocking-driver-standalone".to_string())
                .spawn(move || {
                    Self::affinity_pinner();
                    clone.run_standalone();
                })
                .unwrap();
        })
    }

    /// Parks a thread until unpark_thread unparks it
    pub fn park_thread(&self) {
        let _ = self
            .parked_threads
            .push(std::thread::current())
            .map(|_| {
                trace!("parking thread {:?}", std::thread::current().id());
                std::thread::park();
            })
            .map_err(|e| {
                debug!(
                    "couldn't park thread {:?} - {}",
                    std::thread::current().id(),
                    e
                );
            });
    }

    /// Pops a thread from the parked_threads queue and unparks it.
    /// returns true on success.
    fn unpark_thread(&self) -> bool {
        if self.parked_threads.is_empty() {
            trace!("no parked threads");
            false
        } else {
            trace!("parked_threads: len is {}", self.parked_threads.len());
            self.parked_threads
                .pop()
                .map(|thread| {
                    debug!("Executor: unpark_thread: unparking {:?}", thread.id());
                    thread.unpark();
                })
                .map_err(|e| {
                    debug!("Executor: unpark_thread: couldn't unpark thread - {}", e);
                })
                .is_ok()
        }
    }

    ///
    /// Affinity pinner for blocking pool
    /// Pinning isn't going to be enabled for single core systems.
    #[inline]
    fn affinity_pinner() {
        if 1 != *load_balancer::core_count() {
            let mut core = ROUND_ROBIN_PIN.lock().unwrap();
            placement::set_for_current(*core);
            core.id = (core.id + 1) % *load_balancer::core_count();
        }
    }

    /// Exponentially Weighted Moving Average calculation
    ///
    /// This allows us to find the EMA value.
    /// This value represents the trend of tasks mapped onto the thread pool.
    /// Calculation is following:
    /// ```text
    /// +--------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    /// | Symbol |   Identifier    |           Explanation            |
    /// +--------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    /// | α      | EMA_COEFFICIENT | smoothing factor between 0 and 1 |
    /// | Yt     | freq            | frequency sample at time t       |
    /// | St     | acc             | EMA at time t                    |
    /// +--------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    /// ```
    /// Under these definitions formula is following:
    /// ```text
    /// EMA = α * [ Yt + (1 - α)*Yt-1 + ((1 - α)^2)*Yt-2 + ((1 - α)^3)*Yt-3 ... ] + St
    /// ```
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `freq_queue` - Sliding window of frequency samples
    #[inline]
    fn calculate_ema(freq_queue: &VecDeque<u64>) -> f64 {
        freq_queue.iter().enumerate().fold(0_f64, |acc, (i, freq)| {
            acc + ((*freq as f64) * ((1_f64 - EMA_COEFFICIENT).powf(i as f64) as f64))
        }) * EMA_COEFFICIENT as f64
    }

    /// Adaptive pool scaling function
    ///
    /// This allows to spawn new threads to make room for incoming task pressure.
    /// Works in the background detached from the pool system and scales up the pool based
    /// on the request rate.
    ///
    /// It uses frequency based calculation to define work. Utilizing average processing rate.
    fn scale_pool(&'static self) {
        // Fetch current frequency, it does matter that operations are ordered in this approach.
        let current_frequency = self.last_frequency.swap(0, Ordering::SeqCst);
        let mut freq_queue = self.frequencies.lock();

        // Make it safe to start for calculations by adding initial frequency scale
        if freq_queue.len() == 0 {
            freq_queue.push_back(0);
        }

        // Calculate message rate for the given time window
        let frequency = (current_frequency as f64 / SCALER_POLL_INTERVAL as f64) as u64;

        // Calculates current time window's EMA value (including last sample)
        let prev_ema_frequency = Self::calculate_ema(&freq_queue);

        // Add seen frequency data to the frequency histogram.
        freq_queue.push_back(frequency);
        if freq_queue.len() == FREQUENCY_QUEUE_SIZE.saturating_add(1) {
            freq_queue.pop_front();
        }

        // Calculates current time window's EMA value (including last sample)
        let curr_ema_frequency = Self::calculate_ema(&freq_queue);

        // Adapts the thread count of pool
        //
        // Sliding window of frequencies visited by the pool manager.
        // Pool manager creates EMA value for previous window and current window.
        // Compare them to determine scaling amount based on the trends.
        // If current EMA value is bigger, we will scale up.
        if curr_ema_frequency > prev_ema_frequency {
            // "Scale by" amount can be seen as "how much load is coming".
            // "Scale" amount is "how many threads we should spawn".
            let scale_by: f64 = curr_ema_frequency - prev_ema_frequency;
            let scale = num_cpus::get().min(
                ((DEFAULT_LOW_WATERMARK as f64 * scale_by) + DEFAULT_LOW_WATERMARK as f64) as usize,
            );
            trace!("unparking {} threads", scale);

            // It is time to scale the pool!
            self.provision_threads(scale);
        } else if (curr_ema_frequency - prev_ema_frequency).abs() < std::f64::EPSILON
            && current_frequency != 0
        {
            // Throughput is low. Allocate more threads to unblock flow.
            // If we fall to this case, scheduler is congested by longhauling tasks.
            // For unblock the flow we should add up some threads to the pool, but not that many to
            // stagger the program's operation.
            trace!("unparking {} threads", DEFAULT_LOW_WATERMARK);
            self.provision_threads(DEFAULT_LOW_WATERMARK as usize);
        }
    }
}