# [RustCrypto]: Constant-Time Base64
[![crate][crate-image]][crate-link]
[![Docs][docs-image]][docs-link]
[![Build Status][build-image]][build-link]
![Apache2/MIT licensed][license-image]
![Rust Version][rustc-image]
[![Project Chat][chat-image]][chat-link]
Pure Rust implementation of Base64 ([RFC 4648]).
Implements multiple Base64 alphabets without data-dependent branches or lookup
tables, thereby providing portable "best effort" constant-time operation.
Supports `no_std` environments and avoids heap allocations in the core API
(but also provides optional `alloc` support for convenience).
[Documentation][docs-link]
## About
This crate implements several Base64 alphabets in constant-time for sidechannel
resistance, aimed at purposes like encoding/decoding the "PEM" format used to
store things like cryptographic private keys (i.e. in the [`pem-rfc7468`] crate).
The paper [Util::Lookup: Exploiting key decoding in cryptographic libraries][Util::Lookup]
demonstrates how the leakage from non-constant-time Base64 parsers can be used
to practically extract RSA private keys from SGX enclaves.
The padded variants require (`=`) padding. Unpadded variants expressly
reject such padding.
Whitespace is expressly disallowed, with the exception of the
[`Decoder::new_wrapped`] and [`Encoder::new_wrapped`] modes which provide
fixed-width line wrapping.
## Supported Base64 variants
- Standard Base64: `[A-Z]`, `[a-z]`, `[0-9]`, `+`, `/`
- URL-safe Base64: `[A-Z]`, `[a-z]`, `[0-9]`, `-`, `_`
- bcrypt Base64: `.`, `/`, `[A-Z]`, `[a-z]`, `[0-9]`
- `crypt(3)` Base64: `.`, `-`, `[0-9]`, `[A-Z]`, `[a-z]`
## Minimum Supported Rust Version (MSRV) Policy
MSRV increases are not considered breaking changes and can happen in patch releases.
The crate MSRV accounts for all supported targets and crate feature combinations, excluding
explicitly unstable features.
## License
Licensed under either of:
* [Apache License, Version 2.0](http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)
* [MIT license](http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
at your option.
### Contribution
Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted
for inclusion in the work by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall be
dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.
[//]: # (badges)
[crate-image]: https://img.shields.io/crates/v/base64ct?logo=rust
[crate-link]: https://crates.io/crates/base64ct
[docs-image]: https://docs.rs/base64ct/badge.svg
[docs-link]: https://docs.rs/base64ct/
[build-image]: https://github.com/RustCrypto/formats/actions/workflows/base64ct.yml/badge.svg
[build-link]: https://github.com/RustCrypto/formats/actions/workflows/base64ct.yml
[license-image]: https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache2.0/MIT-blue.svg
[rustc-image]: https://img.shields.io/badge/rustc-1.85+-blue.svg
[chat-image]: https://img.shields.io/badge/zulip-join_chat-blue.svg
[chat-link]: https://rustcrypto.zulipchat.com/#narrow/stream/300570-formats
[//]: # (links)
[RustCrypto]: https://github.com/rustcrypto
[RFC 4648]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648
[`pem-rfc7468`]: https://github.com/RustCrypto/formats/tree/master/pem-rfc7468
[Util::Lookup]: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2108.04600.pdf
[`Decoder::new_wrapped`]: https://docs.rs/base64ct/latest/base64ct/struct.Decoder.html#method.new_wrapped
[`Encoder::new_wrapped`]: https://docs.rs/base64ct/latest/base64ct/struct.Encoder.html#method.new_wrapped