base122_fast/

lib.rs

//! # Base122-Fast
//!
//! A high-performance Base122 implementation achieving throughput up to **5.6 Gbps (encoding)**
//! and **4.9 Gbps (decoding)** on modern hardware (e.g., AMD Ryzen 5 5600, single-threaded).
//!
//! Base122 is a binary-to-text encoding scheme that is significantly more space-efficient
//! than Base64, offering approximately **14% overhead** compared to Base64's 33%, while
//! remaining valid UTF-8.
//!
//! ## Key Features
//!
//! *   **High Throughput**: Optimized for Gbps-level processing.
//! *   **no_std**: Suitable for embedded systems and WASM (requires `alloc`).
//! *   **SIMD Within A Register**: Uses SWAR techniques to process multiple bytes in 64-bit registers.
//! *   **Safety**: While leveraging `unsafe` for performance, it is rigorously tested for round-trip integrity.
//!
//! ## Quick Start
//!
//! ```rust
//! let data = b"hello world";
//! let encoded = base122_fast::encode(data);
//! let decoded = base122_fast::decode(&encoded).expect("Failed to decode");
//!
//! assert_eq!(data, decoded.as_slice());
//! ```

#![no_std]

extern crate alloc;

use alloc::string::String;
use alloc::vec::Vec;

const ILLEGALS: [u8; 6] = [0, 10, 13, 34, 38, 92];
const SHORTENED: u8 = 0b111;
const ASCII_MASK_8: u64 = 0x8080_8080_8080_8080;

const IS_ILLEGAL: [u8; 128] = {
    let mut arr = [0u8; 128];
    arr[0] = 0x80;
    arr[10] = 0x80;
    arr[13] = 0x80;
    arr[34] = 0x80;
    arr[38] = 0x80;
    arr[92] = 0x80;
    arr
};

const CLASS: [u8; 128] = {
    let mut arr = [0u8; 128];
    arr[0] = 1;
    arr[10] = 2;
    arr[13] = 3;
    arr[34] = 4;
    arr[38] = 5;
    arr[92] = 6;
    arr
};

const ESCAPE_TABLE: [[u16; 128]; 7] = {
    let mut table = [[0u16; 128]; 7];
    let mut idx = 0usize;
    while idx < 6 {
        let mut next = 0usize;
        while next < 128 {
            let n = next as u8;
            let b1 = 0b1100_0010 | (idx as u8) << 2 | (n >> 6);
            let b2 = 0x80 | (n & 0x3F);
            table[idx][next] = u16::from_le_bytes([b1, b2]);
            next += 1;
        }
        idx += 1;
    }
    let mut next = 0usize;
    while next < 128 {
        let n = next as u8;
        let b1 = 0b1100_0010 | (SHORTENED << 2) | (n >> 6);
        let b2 = 0x80 | (n & 0x3F);
        table[6][next] = u16::from_le_bytes([b1, b2]);
        next += 1;
    }
    table
};

const LEAD_DECODE: [u8; 256] = {
    let mut arr = [0xFFu8; 256];

    let mut idx = 0usize;
    while idx < 6 {
        let mut bit = 0usize;
        while bit < 2 {
            let lead = 0b1100_0010 | ((idx as u8) << 2) | (bit as u8);
            arr[lead as usize] = ((idx as u8) << 1) | (bit as u8);
            bit += 1;
        }
        idx += 1;
    }

    let mut bit = 0usize;
    while bit < 2 {
        let lead = 0b1100_0010 | (SHORTENED << 2) | (bit as u8);
        arr[lead as usize] = (SHORTENED << 1) | (bit as u8);
        bit += 1;
    }

    arr
};

#[inline(always)]
unsafe fn store_u64_le(dst: *mut u8, value: u64) {
    unsafe { (dst as *mut u64).write_unaligned(value.to_le()) };
}

#[inline(always)]
unsafe fn store_u16_le(dst: *mut u8, value: u16) {
    unsafe { (dst as *mut u16).write_unaligned(value.to_le()) };
}

#[inline(always)]
unsafe fn store_be_partial(dst: *mut u8, value: u64, len: usize) {
    debug_assert!(len > 0 && len <= 8);
    let shifted = value << ((8 - len) * 8);
    unsafe { (dst as *mut u64).write_unaligned(shifted.to_be()) };
}

#[inline(always)]
unsafe fn load_u64_le(ptr: *const u8) -> u64 {
    u64::from_le(unsafe { (ptr as *const u64).read_unaligned() })
}

#[inline(always)]
unsafe fn emit_escape_pair(out_ptr: *mut u8, out_pos: &mut usize, first: u8, next: u8) {
    let class = unsafe { *CLASS.get_unchecked(first as usize) };
    debug_assert!(class >= 1 && class <= 6);
    let idx = (class - 1) as usize;
    let pair = unsafe { *ESCAPE_TABLE.get_unchecked(idx).get_unchecked(next as usize) };
    unsafe { store_u16_le(out_ptr.add(*out_pos), pair) };
    *out_pos += 2;
}

#[inline(always)]
unsafe fn emit_shortened(out_ptr: *mut u8, out_pos: &mut usize, bits: u8) {
    let pair = unsafe { *ESCAPE_TABLE.get_unchecked(6).get_unchecked(bits as usize) };
    unsafe { store_u16_le(out_ptr.add(*out_pos), pair) };
    *out_pos += 2;
}

#[inline(always)]
fn pull7_tail(tail: &[u8], pos: &mut usize, acc: &mut u64, acc_bits: &mut u32) -> Option<u8> {
    while *acc_bits < 7 && *pos < tail.len() {
        *acc = (*acc << 8) | tail[*pos] as u64;
        *pos += 1;
        *acc_bits += 8;
    }

    if *acc_bits >= 7 {
        *acc_bits -= 7;
        let bits = ((*acc >> *acc_bits) & 0x7F) as u8;
        if *acc_bits == 0 {
            *acc = 0;
        } else {
            *acc &= (1_u64 << *acc_bits) - 1;
        }
        Some(bits)
    } else if *acc_bits > 0 {
        let bits = ((*acc << (7 - *acc_bits)) & 0x7F) as u8;
        *acc = 0;
        *acc_bits = 0;
        Some(bits)
    } else {
        None
    }
}

#[inline(always)]
fn group_count(input_len: usize) -> usize {
    if input_len == 0 {
        0
    } else {
        input_len.saturating_mul(8).saturating_add(6) / 7
    }
}

#[inline(always)]
fn encoded_capacity(input_len: usize) -> usize {
    group_count(input_len).saturating_mul(2).saturating_add(8)
}

#[inline(always)]
fn decoded_capacity(encoded_len: usize) -> usize {
    encoded_len
        .saturating_mul(7)
        .saturating_add(7)
        .saturating_div(8)
        .saturating_add(8)
}

#[inline(always)]
unsafe fn load56_be_overread1(ptr: *const u8) -> u64 {
    u64::from_be(unsafe { (ptr as *const u64).read_unaligned() }) >> 8
}

#[inline(always)]
unsafe fn load56_be_exact(ptr: *const u8) -> u64 {
    #[cfg(miri)]
    {
        let mut tmp = 0u64;
        unsafe { core::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(ptr, &mut tmp as *mut u64 as *mut u8, 7) };
        u64::from_be(tmp) >> 8
    }
    #[cfg(not(miri))]
    {
        unsafe {
            let val = (ptr as *const u64).read_unaligned();
            val.swap_bytes() >> 8
        }
    }
}

#[inline(always)]
fn split56_to_groups_le(bits56: u64) -> u64 {
    ((bits56 >> 49) & 0x7F)
        | (((bits56 >> 42) & 0x7F) << 8)
        | (((bits56 >> 35) & 0x7F) << 16)
        | (((bits56 >> 28) & 0x7F) << 24)
        | (((bits56 >> 21) & 0x7F) << 32)
        | (((bits56 >> 14) & 0x7F) << 40)
        | (((bits56 >> 7) & 0x7F) << 48)
        | ((bits56 & 0x7F) << 56)
}

#[inline(always)]
fn illegal_high_mask(x: u64) -> u64 {
    let b0 = IS_ILLEGAL[(x & 0x7F) as usize] as u64;
    let b1 = IS_ILLEGAL[((x >> 8) & 0x7F) as usize] as u64;
    let b2 = IS_ILLEGAL[((x >> 16) & 0x7F) as usize] as u64;
    let b3 = IS_ILLEGAL[((x >> 24) & 0x7F) as usize] as u64;
    let b4 = IS_ILLEGAL[((x >> 32) & 0x7F) as usize] as u64;
    let b5 = IS_ILLEGAL[((x >> 40) & 0x7F) as usize] as u64;
    let b6 = IS_ILLEGAL[((x >> 48) & 0x7F) as usize] as u64;
    let b7 = IS_ILLEGAL[((x >> 56) & 0x7F) as usize] as u64;
    b0 | (b1 << 8) | (b2 << 16) | (b3 << 24) | (b4 << 32) | (b5 << 40) | (b6 << 48) | (b7 << 56)
}

#[inline(always)]
unsafe fn process_groups8_masked(
    mut groups_le: u64,
    mut illegal_mask: u64,
    out_ptr: *mut u8,
    out_pos: &mut usize,
    pending_illegal_bits: &mut u8,
    has_pending_illegal: &mut bool,
) {
    let mut remaining = 8usize;

    if *has_pending_illegal {
        let next = groups_le as u8;
        unsafe { emit_escape_pair(out_ptr, out_pos, *pending_illegal_bits, next) };
        *has_pending_illegal = false;
        groups_le >>= 8;
        illegal_mask >>= 8;
        remaining -= 1;
    }

    while remaining != 0 {
        if illegal_mask == 0 {
            unsafe { store_u64_le(out_ptr.add(*out_pos), groups_le) };
            *out_pos += remaining;
            break;
        }

        let prefix = (illegal_mask.trailing_zeros() >> 3) as usize;
        if prefix != 0 {
            unsafe { store_u64_le(out_ptr.add(*out_pos), groups_le) };
            *out_pos += prefix;
            groups_le >>= prefix * 8;
            illegal_mask >>= prefix * 8;
            remaining -= prefix;
        }

        let cur = groups_le as u8;
        if remaining > 1 {
            let next = (groups_le >> 8) as u8;
            unsafe { emit_escape_pair(out_ptr, out_pos, cur, next) };
            groups_le >>= 16;
            illegal_mask >>= 16;
            remaining -= 2;
        } else {
            *pending_illegal_bits = cur;
            *has_pending_illegal = true;
            break;
        }
    }
}

/// Encodes binary data into a Base122 string.
///
/// The resulting string is guaranteed to be valid UTF-8 and is more compact than
/// Base64, typically resulting in only ~14% size overhead.
///
/// # Performance
///
/// This function utilizes a fast-path execution model that scans 8-byte chunks
/// using SWAR logic. It is optimized for long buffers where ASCII-compatible
/// sequences are common.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// let data = b"data";
/// let encoded = base122_fast::encode(data);
/// assert!(!encoded.is_empty());
/// ```
pub fn encode(data: &[u8]) -> String {
    if data.is_empty() {
        return String::new();
    }

    let mut out = Vec::<u8>::with_capacity(encoded_capacity(data.len()));
    let out_ptr = out.as_mut_ptr();

    let len = data.len();
    let ptr = data.as_ptr();

    let mut out_pos = 0usize;
    let mut i = 0usize;
    let mut pending_illegal_bits = 0u8;
    let mut has_pending_illegal = false;

    while i + 15 <= len {
        let bits56_a = unsafe { load56_be_overread1(ptr.add(i)) };
        let bits56_b = unsafe { load56_be_overread1(ptr.add(i + 7)) };

        let groups_a = split56_to_groups_le(bits56_a);
        let groups_b = split56_to_groups_le(bits56_b);

        let mask_a = illegal_high_mask(groups_a);
        let mask_b = illegal_high_mask(groups_b);

        if !has_pending_illegal && (mask_a | mask_b) == 0 {
            unsafe {
                store_u64_le(out_ptr.add(out_pos), groups_a);
                store_u64_le(out_ptr.add(out_pos + 8), groups_b);
            }
            out_pos += 16;
            i += 14;
            continue;
        }

        unsafe {
            process_groups8_masked(
                groups_a,
                mask_a,
                out_ptr,
                &mut out_pos,
                &mut pending_illegal_bits,
                &mut has_pending_illegal,
            );
            process_groups8_masked(
                groups_b,
                mask_b,
                out_ptr,
                &mut out_pos,
                &mut pending_illegal_bits,
                &mut has_pending_illegal,
            );
        }
        i += 14;
    }

    while i + 8 <= len {
        let bits56 = unsafe { load56_be_overread1(ptr.add(i)) };
        let groups_le = split56_to_groups_le(bits56);
        let mask = illegal_high_mask(groups_le);

        if !has_pending_illegal && mask == 0 {
            unsafe { store_u64_le(out_ptr.add(out_pos), groups_le) };
            out_pos += 8;
            i += 7;
            continue;
        }

        unsafe {
            process_groups8_masked(
                groups_le,
                mask,
                out_ptr,
                &mut out_pos,
                &mut pending_illegal_bits,
                &mut has_pending_illegal,
            );
        }
        i += 7;
    }

    if i + 7 <= len {
        let bits56 = unsafe { load56_be_exact(ptr.add(i)) };
        let groups_le = split56_to_groups_le(bits56);
        let mask = illegal_high_mask(groups_le);

        if !has_pending_illegal && mask == 0 {
            unsafe { store_u64_le(out_ptr.add(out_pos), groups_le) };
            out_pos += 8;
            i += 7;
        } else {
            unsafe {
                process_groups8_masked(
                    groups_le,
                    mask,
                    out_ptr,
                    &mut out_pos,
                    &mut pending_illegal_bits,
                    &mut has_pending_illegal,
                );
            }
            i += 7;
        }
    }

    let tail = &data[i..];
    let mut tail_pos = 0usize;
    let mut acc = 0u64;
    let mut acc_bits = 0u32;

    if has_pending_illegal {
        if let Some(nb) = pull7_tail(tail, &mut tail_pos, &mut acc, &mut acc_bits) {
            unsafe { emit_escape_pair(out_ptr, &mut out_pos, pending_illegal_bits, nb) };
        } else {
            unsafe { emit_shortened(out_ptr, &mut out_pos, pending_illegal_bits) };
        }
    }

    while let Some(cur) = pull7_tail(tail, &mut tail_pos, &mut acc, &mut acc_bits) {
        let class = unsafe { *CLASS.get_unchecked(cur as usize) };
        if class == 0 {
            unsafe { *out_ptr.add(out_pos) = cur };
            out_pos += 1;
        } else if let Some(nb) = pull7_tail(tail, &mut tail_pos, &mut acc, &mut acc_bits) {
            unsafe { emit_escape_pair(out_ptr, &mut out_pos, cur, nb) };
        } else {
            unsafe { emit_shortened(out_ptr, &mut out_pos, cur) };
            break;
        }
    }

    unsafe {
        out.set_len(out_pos);
        String::from_utf8_unchecked(out)
    }
}

#[inline(always)]
unsafe fn unpack8groups_chunk_le(
    chunk_le: u64,
    out_ptr: *mut u8,
    out_pos: &mut usize,
    acc: &mut u64,
    acc_bits: &mut u32,
) {
    let g0 = (chunk_le & 0xFF) as u64;
    let g1 = ((chunk_le >> 8) & 0xFF) as u64;
    let g2 = ((chunk_le >> 16) & 0xFF) as u64;
    let g3 = ((chunk_le >> 24) & 0xFF) as u64;
    let g4 = ((chunk_le >> 32) & 0xFF) as u64;
    let g5 = ((chunk_le >> 40) & 0xFF) as u64;
    let g6 = ((chunk_le >> 48) & 0xFF) as u64;
    let g7 = ((chunk_le >> 56) & 0xFF) as u64;

    let bits56 = (g0 << 49)
        | (g1 << 42)
        | (g2 << 35)
        | (g3 << 28)
        | (g4 << 21)
        | (g5 << 14)
        | (g6 << 7)
        | g7;

    let k = *acc_bits;
    let combined = (*acc << 56) | bits56;

    unsafe { store_be_partial(out_ptr.add(*out_pos), combined >> k, 7) };
    *out_pos += 7;

    *acc = if k == 0 {
        0
    } else {
        combined & ((1u64 << k) - 1)
    };
}

#[inline(always)]
unsafe fn push_ascii_prefix_le(
    mut chunk_le: u64,
    count: usize,
    out_ptr: *mut u8,
    out_pos: &mut usize,
    acc: &mut u64,
    acc_bits: &mut u32,
) {
    debug_assert!(count <= 7);

    let mut packed = 0u64;
    let mut n = 0usize;
    while n < count {
        packed = (packed << 7) | ((chunk_le as u8) as u64);
        chunk_le >>= 8;
        n += 1;
    }

    let add_bits = (count as u32) * 7;
    let total_bits = *acc_bits + add_bits;
    let new_bits = total_bits & 7;
    let emitted = (total_bits >> 3) as usize;
    let combined = (*acc << add_bits) | packed;

    if emitted != 0 {
        unsafe { store_be_partial(out_ptr.add(*out_pos), combined >> new_bits, emitted) };
        *out_pos += emitted;
    }

    *acc_bits = new_bits;
    *acc = if new_bits == 0 {
        0
    } else {
        combined & ((1u64 << new_bits) - 1)
    };
}

#[inline(always)]
unsafe fn push7_scalar(
    out_ptr: *mut u8,
    out_pos: &mut usize,
    acc: &mut u64,
    acc_bits: &mut u32,
    bits: u8,
) {
    let combined = (*acc << 7) | (bits as u64);
    let total_bits = *acc_bits + 7;

    if total_bits >= 8 {
        let new_bits = total_bits - 8;
        unsafe { *out_ptr.add(*out_pos) = (combined >> new_bits) as u8 };
        *out_pos += 1;
        *acc_bits = new_bits;
        *acc = if new_bits == 0 {
            0
        } else {
            combined & ((1_u64 << new_bits) - 1)
        };
    } else {
        *acc_bits = total_bits;
        *acc = combined;
    }
}

#[inline(always)]
unsafe fn push14_scalar(
    out_ptr: *mut u8,
    out_pos: &mut usize,
    acc: &mut u64,
    acc_bits: &mut u32,
    hi7: u8,
    lo7: u8,
) {
    let combined = (*acc << 14) | ((hi7 as u64) << 7) | (lo7 as u64);
    let total_bits = *acc_bits + 14;
    let new_bits = total_bits & 7;
    let emitted = total_bits >> 3;
    let out_bits = combined >> new_bits;

    if emitted == 2 {
        unsafe { (out_ptr.add(*out_pos) as *mut u16).write_unaligned((out_bits as u16).to_be()) };
        *out_pos += 2;
    } else {
        unsafe { *out_ptr.add(*out_pos) = out_bits as u8 };
        *out_pos += 1;
    }

    *acc_bits = new_bits;
    *acc = if new_bits == 0 {
        0
    } else {
        combined & ((1_u64 << new_bits) - 1)
    };
}

#[cold]
#[inline(never)]
fn decode_err<T>(msg: &'static str) -> Result<T, &'static str> {
    Err(msg)
}

/// Decodes a Base122 encoded string back into its original binary form.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// Returns an `Err` if the input string is not a valid Base122 sequence.
/// This can happen if:
/// *   It contains invalid UTF-8 lead bytes not conforming to Base122 escape patterns.
/// *   An escape sequence is malformed or truncated.
/// *   The illegal character index is out of the defined 0-6 range.
///
/// # Performance
///
/// Decoding is optimized via unaligned 64-bit reads and a lookup-table-based
/// state machine to quickly process 7-bit groups.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// let data = b"data";
/// let encoded = base122_fast::encode(data);
/// let decoded = base122_fast::decode(&encoded).unwrap();
///
/// assert_eq!(data, &decoded[..]);
/// ```
pub fn decode(encoded: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>, &'static str> {
    if encoded.is_empty() {
        return Ok(Vec::new());
    }

    let bytes = encoded.as_bytes();
    let len = bytes.len();
    let mut out = Vec::<u8>::with_capacity(decoded_capacity(len));
    let out_ptr = out.as_mut_ptr();

    let ptr = bytes.as_ptr();
    let mut out_pos = 0usize;
    let mut acc = 0u64;
    let mut acc_bits = 0u32;
    let mut i = 0usize;

    while i < len {
        while i + 16 <= len {
            let c0 = unsafe { load_u64_le(ptr.add(i)) };
            let c1 = unsafe { load_u64_le(ptr.add(i + 8)) };

            if ((c0 | c1) & ASCII_MASK_8) != 0 {
                break;
            }

            unsafe {
                unpack8groups_chunk_le(c0, out_ptr, &mut out_pos, &mut acc, &mut acc_bits);
                unpack8groups_chunk_le(c1, out_ptr, &mut out_pos, &mut acc, &mut acc_bits);
            }
            i += 16;
        }

        while i + 8 <= len {
            let chunk = unsafe { load_u64_le(ptr.add(i)) };
            let high = chunk & ASCII_MASK_8;

            if high == 0 {
                unsafe {
                    unpack8groups_chunk_le(chunk, out_ptr, &mut out_pos, &mut acc, &mut acc_bits);
                }
                i += 8;
                continue;
            }

            let ascii_prefix = (high.trailing_zeros() >> 3) as usize;
            if ascii_prefix != 0 {
                unsafe {
                    push_ascii_prefix_le(
                        chunk,
                        ascii_prefix,
                        out_ptr,
                        &mut out_pos,
                        &mut acc,
                        &mut acc_bits,
                    );
                }
                i += ascii_prefix;
                continue;
            }

            break;
        }

        while i < len {
            let b = unsafe { *ptr.add(i) };
            if b >= 128 {
                break;
            }
            i += 1;
            unsafe { push7_scalar(out_ptr, &mut out_pos, &mut acc, &mut acc_bits, b) };
        }

        if i >= len {
            break;
        }

        let b1 = unsafe { *ptr.add(i) };
        let code = LEAD_DECODE[b1 as usize];
        if code == 0xFF {
            return decode_err("Invalid lead byte");
        }

        if i + 1 >= len {
            return decode_err("Unexpected end of input");
        }

        let b2 = unsafe { *ptr.add(i + 1) };
        if (b2 & 0xC0) != 0x80 {
            return decode_err("Invalid continuation byte");
        }

        i += 2;

        let illegal_index = code >> 1;
        let first_bit = code & 1;
        let next = (first_bit << 6) | (b2 & 0x3F);

        unsafe {
            if illegal_index < 6 {
                push14_scalar(
                    out_ptr,
                    &mut out_pos,
                    &mut acc,
                    &mut acc_bits,
                    ILLEGALS[illegal_index as usize],
                    next,
                );
            } else {
                debug_assert_eq!(illegal_index, SHORTENED);
                push7_scalar(out_ptr, &mut out_pos, &mut acc, &mut acc_bits, next);
            }
        }
    }

    unsafe { out.set_len(out_pos) };
    Ok(out)
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use alloc::{format, vec};

    #[test]
    fn test_empty() {
        assert_eq!(encode(b""), "");
        assert_eq!(decode("").unwrap(), b"");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_hello_world() {
        let data = b"hello world";
        let enc = encode(data);
        let dec = decode(&enc).expect("decoding failed");
        assert_eq!(dec, data);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_single_byte_values() {
        for b in 0..=255u8 {
            let data = vec![b];
            let enc = encode(&data);
            let dec = decode(&enc).expect(&format!("decoding failed for byte {}", b));
            assert_eq!(dec, data, "failed for byte {}", b);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_various_lengths_roundtrip() {
        for len in [
            0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 31, 32, 33, 100, 255, 256, 511, 512,
        ] {
            let data: Vec<u8> = (0..len).map(|i| (i % 251) as u8).collect();
            let enc = encode(&data);
            let dec = decode(&enc).expect("decoding failed");
            assert_eq!(dec, data, "roundtrip failed for length {}", len);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_all_illegal_bytes_handling() {
        let data = b"\x00\x0A\x0D\x22\x26\x5C";
        let enc = encode(data);
        let dec = decode(&enc).expect("decoding failed");
        assert_eq!(dec, data.as_ref());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_mixed_content() {
        let data: Vec<u8> = (0..=255).collect();
        let enc = encode(&data);
        let dec = decode(&enc).expect("decoding failed");
        assert_eq!(dec, data);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_repeated_illegal_bytes() {
        let data = vec![0u8; 100];
        let enc = encode(&data);
        let dec = decode(&enc).expect("decoding failed");
        assert_eq!(dec, data);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decode_invalid_lead_byte() {
        let invalid = vec![0x80u8];
        let s = unsafe { String::from_utf8_unchecked(invalid) };
        assert!(decode(&s).is_err());
        let invalid2 = vec![0xFFu8];
        let s2 = unsafe { String::from_utf8_unchecked(invalid2) };
        assert!(decode(&s2).is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decode_truncated_escape() {
        let mut data = vec![0xC0u8];
        let s = unsafe { String::from_utf8_unchecked(data.clone()) };
        assert!(decode(&s).is_err());
        data.push(0x40);
        let s2 = unsafe { String::from_utf8_unchecked(data) };
        assert!(decode(&s2).is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decode_invalid_continuation_byte() {
        let data = vec![0xC2u8, 0xFF];
        let s = unsafe { String::from_utf8_unchecked(data) };
        assert!(decode(&s).is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_shortened_at_end() {
        let data = vec![0u8];
        let enc = encode(&data);
        let dec = decode(&enc).expect("decode failed");
        assert_eq!(dec, data);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_very_long_input() {
        use rand::Rng;
        const DATA_SIZE: usize = 5_000_000;
        let mut data = vec![0u8; DATA_SIZE];
        let mut rng = rand::rng();
        rng.fill_bytes(&mut data);
        let enc = encode(&data);
        let dec = decode(&enc).expect("decode failed");
        assert_eq!(dec, data);
    }
}