aprender-core 0.29.2

//! Tokenization algorithms for text preprocessing.
//!
//! This module provides various tokenization strategies:
//! - Whitespace tokenization (splits on Unicode whitespace)
//! - Word tokenization (alphanumeric + punctuation handling)
//! - Character tokenization (splits into individual characters)
//! - Subword tokenization for LLMs:
//!   - BPE (Byte Pair Encoding) - GPT, `LLaMA`, Mistral
//!   - `WordPiece` - BERT, `DistilBERT`
//!   - Unigram/SentencePiece - T5, ALBERT, `XLNet`
//!
//! All tokenizers implement the `Tokenizer` trait and follow zero-unwrap safety.
//!
//! # Subword Tokenization
//!
//! Subword tokenizers learn a vocabulary from a corpus and split text into
//! subword units. This handles out-of-vocabulary words by decomposing them
//! into known subwords.
//!
//! ```ignore
//! use aprender::text::tokenize::BpeTokenizer;
//!
//! // Train BPE on corpus
//! let corpus = vec!["hello world", "hello there"];
//! let tokenizer = BpeTokenizer::train(&corpus, 100)?;
//!
//! // Encode text to token IDs
//! let ids = tokenizer.encode("hello")?;
//!
//! // Decode back to text
//! let text = tokenizer.decode(&ids)?;
//! ```
//!
//! # References
//!
//! - Sennrich et al. (2016): Neural Machine Translation of Rare Words with Subword Units
//! - Wu et al. (2016): Google's Neural Machine Translation System
//! - Kudo & Richardson (2018): `SentencePiece`: A simple and language independent subword tokenizer

use crate::text::Tokenizer;
use crate::AprenderError;
use std::collections::HashMap;

/// Whitespace tokenizer that splits text on Unicode whitespace characters.
///
/// This is the simplest tokenizer, splitting on any Unicode whitespace
/// (spaces, tabs, newlines, etc.). It preserves punctuation attached to words.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use aprender::text::{Tokenizer, tokenize::WhitespaceTokenizer};
///
/// let tokenizer = WhitespaceTokenizer::new();
///
/// // Basic tokenization
/// let tokens = tokenizer.tokenize("Hello, world!").expect("tokenize should succeed");
/// assert_eq!(tokens, vec!["Hello,", "world!"]);
///
/// // Handles multiple spaces
/// let tokens = tokenizer.tokenize("foo   bar").expect("tokenize should succeed");
/// assert_eq!(tokens, vec!["foo", "bar"]);
///
/// // Handles newlines and tabs
/// let tokens = tokenizer.tokenize("line1\nline2\ttab").expect("tokenize should succeed");
/// assert_eq!(tokens, vec!["line1", "line2", "tab"]);
/// ```
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub struct WhitespaceTokenizer;

impl WhitespaceTokenizer {
    /// Create a new whitespace tokenizer.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use aprender::text::tokenize::WhitespaceTokenizer;
    ///
    /// let tokenizer = WhitespaceTokenizer::new();
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self
    }
}

impl Tokenizer for WhitespaceTokenizer {
    fn tokenize(&self, text: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>, AprenderError> {
        // Split on whitespace and filter out empty strings
        let tokens: Vec<String> = text.split_whitespace().map(ToString::to_string).collect();

        Ok(tokens)
    }
}

/// Word tokenizer that splits on whitespace and separates punctuation.
///
/// This tokenizer is more sophisticated than whitespace splitting:
/// - Splits on Unicode whitespace
/// - Separates punctuation from words
/// - Preserves contractions (e.g., "don't" stays together)
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use aprender::text::{Tokenizer, tokenize::WordTokenizer};
///
/// let tokenizer = WordTokenizer::new();
///
/// // Separates punctuation
/// let tokens = tokenizer.tokenize("Hello, world!").expect("tokenize should succeed");
/// assert_eq!(tokens, vec!["Hello", ",", "world", "!"]);
///
/// // Preserves contractions
/// let tokens = tokenizer.tokenize("I don't know.").expect("tokenize should succeed");
/// assert_eq!(tokens, vec!["I", "don't", "know", "."]);
/// ```
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub struct WordTokenizer;

impl WordTokenizer {
    /// Create a new word tokenizer.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use aprender::text::tokenize::WordTokenizer;
    ///
    /// let tokenizer = WordTokenizer::new();
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self
    }

    /// Check if a character should be treated as a separator.
    ///
    /// Separators include most punctuation except apostrophes (for contractions).
    fn is_separator(c: char) -> bool {
        c.is_ascii_punctuation() && c != '\''
    }
}

impl Tokenizer for WordTokenizer {
    fn tokenize(&self, text: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>, AprenderError> {
        let mut tokens = Vec::new();
        let mut current = String::new();

        for ch in text.chars() {
            if ch.is_whitespace() {
                // End current token on whitespace
                if !current.is_empty() {
                    tokens.push(current.clone());
                    current.clear();
                }
            } else if Self::is_separator(ch) {
                // Push current word, then push punctuation as separate token
                if !current.is_empty() {
                    tokens.push(current.clone());
                    current.clear();
                }
                tokens.push(ch.to_string());
            } else {
                // Accumulate alphanumeric and apostrophes
                current.push(ch);
            }
        }

        // Don't forget the last token
        if !current.is_empty() {
            tokens.push(current);
        }

        Ok(tokens)
    }
}

/// Character tokenizer that splits text into individual characters.
///
/// This tokenizer is useful for character-level NLP models.
/// It preserves all characters including whitespace and punctuation.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use aprender::text::{Tokenizer, tokenize::CharTokenizer};
///
/// let tokenizer = CharTokenizer::new();
///
/// let tokens = tokenizer.tokenize("Hi!").expect("tokenize should succeed");
/// assert_eq!(tokens, vec!["H", "i", "!"]);
/// ```
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub struct CharTokenizer;

impl CharTokenizer {
    /// Create a new character tokenizer.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use aprender::text::tokenize::CharTokenizer;
    ///
    /// let tokenizer = CharTokenizer::new();
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self
    }
}

impl Tokenizer for CharTokenizer {
    fn tokenize(&self, text: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>, AprenderError> {
        let tokens: Vec<String> = text.chars().map(|c| c.to_string()).collect();
        Ok(tokens)
    }
}

/// Sentence tokenizer that splits text into sentences.
///
/// Uses punctuation-based rules to detect sentence boundaries,
/// handling common abbreviations and edge cases.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use aprender::text::tokenize::SentenceTokenizer;
///
/// let tokenizer = SentenceTokenizer::new();
///
/// let sentences = tokenizer.split("Hello world. How are you? I'm fine!");
/// assert_eq!(sentences, vec!["Hello world.", "How are you?", "I'm fine!"]);
/// ```
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub struct SentenceTokenizer {
    /// Common abbreviations that don't end sentences
    abbreviations: Vec<&'static str>,
}

impl SentenceTokenizer {
    /// Create a new sentence tokenizer with default abbreviations.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            abbreviations: vec![
                "mr", "mrs", "ms", "dr", "prof", "sr", "jr", "vs", "etc", "inc", "ltd", "corp",
                "st", "ave", "blvd", "rd", "dept", "gov", "gen", "col", "lt", "sgt", "rev", "hon",
                "pres", "jan", "feb", "mar", "apr", "jun", "jul", "aug", "sep", "oct", "nov",
                "dec", "i.e", "e.g", "cf", "al", "vol", "no", "fig", "pp", "ph.d", "m.d", "b.a",
                "m.a", "d.d.s",
            ],
        }
    }

    /// Split text into sentences.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn split(&self, text: &str) -> Vec<String> {
        if text.is_empty() {
            return Vec::new();
        }

        let mut sentences = Vec::new();
        let mut current = String::new();
        let chars: Vec<char> = text.chars().collect();
        let len = chars.len();

        let mut i = 0;
        while i < len {
            let c = chars[i];
            current.push(c);

            // Check for sentence-ending punctuation
            if c == '.' || c == '?' || c == '!' {
                // Look ahead to see if this is really a sentence end
                let is_end = if i + 1 < len {
                    let next = chars[i + 1];
                    // End if followed by space + uppercase, or end of text
                    if next.is_whitespace() {
                        // Check if followed by uppercase
                        let mut j = i + 2;
                        while j < len && chars[j].is_whitespace() {
                            j += 1;
                        }
                        j >= len || chars[j].is_uppercase()
                    } else {
                        false
                    }
                } else {
                    true // End of text
                };

                // Check for abbreviation (for periods only)
                let is_abbrev = if c == '.' {
                    self.is_abbreviation(&current)
                } else {
                    false
                };

                if is_end && !is_abbrev {
                    let trimmed = current.trim().to_string();
                    if !trimmed.is_empty() {
                        sentences.push(trimmed);
                    }
                    current.clear();
                }
            }
            i += 1;
        }

        // Add remaining text
        let trimmed = current.trim().to_string();
        if !trimmed.is_empty() {
            sentences.push(trimmed);
        }

        sentences
    }

    fn is_abbreviation(&self, text: &str) -> bool {
        // Extract the last word before the period
        let text = text.trim_end_matches('.');
        let last_word = text.split_whitespace().last().unwrap_or("");
        let lower = last_word.to_lowercase();
        self.abbreviations.contains(&lower.as_str())
    }
}

// ============================================================================
// SUBWORD TOKENIZERS
// ============================================================================

/// Special tokens used by subword tokenizers.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct SpecialTokens {
    /// Unknown token for OOV words
    pub unk: String,
    /// Beginning of sequence token
    pub bos: Option<String>,
    /// End of sequence token
    pub eos: Option<String>,
    /// Padding token
    pub pad: Option<String>,
}

impl Default for SpecialTokens {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            unk: "<unk>".to_string(),
            bos: Some("<s>".to_string()),
            eos: Some("</s>".to_string()),
            pad: Some("<pad>".to_string()),
        }
    }
}

/// Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) tokenizer.
///
/// BPE iteratively merges the most frequent pair of adjacent tokens,
/// building a subword vocabulary that handles rare words by decomposition.
///
/// Used by GPT, GPT-2, `RoBERTa`, `LLaMA`, Mistral, and many other LLMs.
///
/// # Algorithm
///
/// 1. Initialize vocabulary with all characters (+ special tokens)
/// 2. Count frequency of all adjacent token pairs
/// 3. Merge the most frequent pair into a new token
/// 4. Repeat until vocabulary size is reached
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use aprender::text::tokenize::BpeTokenizer;
///
/// // Train on a small corpus
/// let corpus = vec!["low", "lower", "newest", "widest"];
/// let tokenizer = BpeTokenizer::train(&corpus, 50).expect("training should succeed");
///
/// // Encode text to token IDs
/// let ids = tokenizer.encode("low").expect("encode should succeed");
/// assert!(!ids.is_empty());
///
/// // Decode back to text
/// let text = tokenizer.decode(&ids).expect("decode should succeed");
/// assert_eq!(text, "low");
/// ```
///
/// # References
///
/// - Sennrich et al. (2016): Neural Machine Translation of Rare Words with Subword Units
/// - Gage (1994): A New Algorithm for Data Compression
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct BpeTokenizer {
    /// Token to ID mapping
    vocab: HashMap<String, u32>,
    /// ID to token mapping (inverse of vocab)
    inverse_vocab: HashMap<u32, String>,
    /// Ordered list of merge rules (pair -> merged token)
    merges: Vec<(String, String)>,
    /// Special tokens configuration
    special_tokens: SpecialTokens,
    /// End-of-word marker (used during encoding)
    end_of_word: String,
}

mod bpe_impl;
mod bpe_tokenizer_impl;
pub use bpe_tokenizer_impl::*;
mod unigram_training;