Anda-DB HNSW Vector Search Library

A high-performance implementation of Hierarchical Navigable Small World (HNSW) algorithm for approximate nearest neighbor search in high-dimensional spaces.

Features

• Fast approximate nearest neighbor search
• Multiple distance metrics (Euclidean, Cosine, Inner Product, Manhattan)
• Configurable index parameters
• Thread-safe implementation with concurrent read/write operations
• Use bf16 (brain floating point) vector storage for memory efficiency
• Serialization and deserialization in CBOR format
• Support incremental index updates persistent (insertions and deletions)

Installation

Add this to your Cargo.toml:

[dependencies]
anda_db_hnsw = "0.4"

Quick Start

use anda_db_hnsw::{HnswConfig, HnswIndex};

// Create a new index for 384-dimensional vectors
const DIM: usize = 384;
let config = HnswConfig {
    dimension: DIM,
    ..Default::default()
};
let index = HnswIndex::new("anda_db_hnsw".to_string(), Some(config));

// Insert vectors
let vector1: Vec<f32> = vec![0.1, 0.2, /* ... */]; // 384 dimensions
index.insert_f32(1, vector1, now_ms)?;

// Search for nearest neighbors
let query: Vec<f32> = vec![0.15, 0.25, /* ... */]; // 384 dimensions
let results = index.search_f32(&query, 10)?;

// Results contain (id, distance) pairs
for (id, distance) in results {
    println!("ID: {}, Distance: {}", id, distance);
}

// Save index to file
let file = tokio::fs::File::create("index.cbor")?;
index.save(file, now_ms).await?;

// Load index from file
let file = tokio::fs::File::open("index.cbor")?;
let loaded_index = HnswIndex::load(file).await?;

API Documentation

👉 https://docs.rs/anda_db_hnsw

Custom Configuration

use anda_db_hnsw::{HnswConfig, HnswIndex, DistanceMetric, SelectNeighborsStrategy};

let config = HnswConfig {
    dimension: 512,                                  // Vector dimension
    max_layers: 16,                                  // Maximum number of layers
    max_connections: 32,                             // Maximum connections per node
    ef_construction: 200,                            // Expansion factor during construction
    ef_search: 50,                                   // Candidates to consider during search
    distance_metric: DistanceMetric::Cosine,         // Distance metric
    scale_factor: Some(1.2),                         // Layer distribution scaling
    select_neighbors_strategy: SelectNeighborsStrategy::Heuristic, // Neighbor selection strategy
};

let index = HnswIndex::new("my_index", Some(config));

Distance Metrics

The library supports multiple distance metrics:

// Euclidean distance (L2 norm)
let config = HnswConfig {
    distance_metric: DistanceMetric::Euclidean,
    ..Default::default()
};

// Cosine distance (1 - cosine similarity)
let config = HnswConfig {
    distance_metric: DistanceMetric::Cosine,
    ..Default::default()
};

// Inner product (negative dot product)
let config = HnswConfig {
    distance_metric: DistanceMetric::InnerProduct,
    ..Default::default()
};

// Manhattan distance (L1 norm)
let config = HnswConfig {
    distance_metric: DistanceMetric::Manhattan,
    ..Default::default()
};

Removing Vectors

// Remove a vector by ID
let removed = index.remove(vector_id)?;

Index Statistics

// Get index statistics
let stats = index.stats();
println!("Total vectors: {}", stats.num_elements);
println!("Max layer: {}", stats.max_layer);
println!("Search operations: {}", stats.search_count);
println!("Insert operations: {}", stats.insert_count);
println!("Delete operations: {}", stats.delete_count);

Example

Here's a complete example demonstrating vector insertion, search, and deletion:

use anda_db_hnsw::{HnswConfig, HnswIndex};
use rand::Rng;
use std::io::{Read, Write};
use tokio::time;

pub fn unix_ms() -> u64 {
    use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};

    let ts = SystemTime::now()
        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
        .expect("system time before Unix epoch");
    ts.as_millis() as u64
}

// cargo build --example hnsw_demo --release
// ./target/release/examples/hnsw_demo
#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    structured_logger::Builder::new().init();

    const DIM: usize = 384;

    // 创建索引 (384维向量，如BERT嵌入)
    let config = HnswConfig {
        dimension: DIM,
        ..Default::default()
    };

    let index = HnswIndex::new("anda_db_hnsw".to_string(), Some(config));

    // 模拟数据流
    let mut rng = rand::rng();

    let mut inert_start = time::Instant::now();
    for i in 0..1_000 {
        let vector: Vec<f32> = (0..DIM).map(|_| rng.random::<f32>()).collect();
        let _ = index.insert_f32(i as u64, vector, unix_ms())?;
        // println!("{} inserted vector {}", i, i);

        // 模拟搜索查询
        if i % 100 == 0 {
            println!("{} inserted 100 vectors in {:?}", i, inert_start.elapsed());
            inert_start = time::Instant::now();

            let query: Vec<f32> = (0..DIM).map(|_| rng.random::<f32>()).collect();
            let query_start = time::Instant::now();
            let results = index.search_f32(&query, 10)?;
            println!(
                "{} Search returned {} results in {:?}",
                i,
                results.len(),
                query_start.elapsed()
            );
        }

        // 模拟删除
        if i % 1000 == 0 && i > 0 {
            let to_remove = rng.random_range(0..i);
            let remove_start = time::Instant::now();
            index.remove(to_remove, unix_ms());
            println!(
                "{} Removed vector {} in {:?}",
                i,
                to_remove,
                remove_start.elapsed()
            );
        }
    }

    // 打印统计信息
    let stats = index.stats();
    println!("Index statistics:");
    println!("- Total vectors: {}", stats.num_elements);
    println!("- Max layer: {}", stats.max_layer);
    println!("- Search operations: {}", stats.search_count);
    println!("- Insert operations: {}", stats.insert_count);
    println!("- Delete operations: {}", stats.delete_count);

    // 最终保存
    {
        let metadata = std::fs::File::create("debug/hnsw_demo/metadata.cbor")?;
        let ids = std::fs::File::create("debug/hnsw_demo/ids.cbor")?;
        let store_start = time::Instant::now();
        index
            .flush(metadata, ids, 0, async |id, data| {
                let mut node = std::fs::File::create(format!("debug/hnsw_demo/node_{id}.cbor"))?;
                node.write_all(data)?;
                Ok(true)
            })
            .await?;

        // metadata.close().await?;
        // ids.close().await?;
        println!("Stored index with nodes in {:?}", store_start.elapsed());
    }

    let metadata = std::fs::File::open("debug/hnsw_demo/metadata.cbor")?;
    let ids = std::fs::File::open("debug/hnsw_demo/ids.cbor")?;
    let load_start = time::Instant::now();
    let loaded_index = HnswIndex::load_all(metadata, ids, async |id| {
        let mut node = std::fs::File::open(format!("debug/hnsw_demo/node_{id}.cbor"))?;
        let mut buf = Vec::new();
        node.read_to_end(&mut buf)?;
        Ok(Some(buf))
    })
    .await?;

    println!("Load index in {:?}", load_start.elapsed());
    let query: Vec<f32> = (0..DIM).map(|_| rng.random::<f32>()).collect();
    let query_start = time::Instant::now();
    let results = loaded_index.search_f32(&query, 10)?;
    println!(
        "Search returned {} results in {:?}",
        results.len(),
        query_start.elapsed()
    );

    Ok(())
}

Error Handling

The library uses a custom error type HnswError for various error conditions:

• HnswError::Generic: Database-related errors
• HnswError::Serialization: Serialization/deserialization errors
• HnswError::DimensionMismatch: When vector dimensions don't match the index
• HnswError::NotFound: When a vector with the specified ID is not found
• HnswError::AlreadyExists: When trying to add a vector with an ID that already exists
• HnswError::DistanceMetric: Errors related to distance calculations

Performance Considerations

• The HNSW algorithm provides logarithmic search complexity with respect to the number of vectors
• The ef_search parameter controls the trade-off between search speed and accuracy
• The ef_construction parameter affects build time and quality of the graph structure
• The SelectNeighborsStrategy::Heuristic option provides better search quality at the cost of longer index construction time
• Using bf16 format for vector storage significantly reduces memory usage with minimal precision loss

License

Copyright © 2026 LDC Labs.

ldclabs/anda-db is licensed under the MIT License. See LICENSE for the full license text.