ai-agents-runtime 1.0.5

use async_trait::async_trait;
use futures::stream::{Stream, StreamExt};
use parking_lot::RwLock;
use serde_json::Value;
use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
use std::future::Future;
use std::pin::Pin;
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU64, Ordering};
use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
use tracing::{debug, error, info, instrument, warn};

const DISAMBIGUATION_STATE_GENERATION_KEY: &str = "_runtime.disambiguation_state_generation";
const MAX_TOOL_FALLBACK_HOPS: usize = 16;

/// Keeps the strong identity of one non-reentrant root-turn gate.
pub(crate) type RootTurnGate = Arc<tokio::sync::Mutex<()>>;

/// Owns one immutable root-gate ancestry snapshot that can cross polls and spawned tasks by cloning one `Arc`.
pub(crate) type RootTurnGateIdentityStack = Arc<[RootTurnGate]>;

tokio::task_local! {
    static RUNTIME_GATE_IDENTITY_STACK: RootTurnGateIdentityStack;
}

/// Captures the immutable gate ownership chain for propagation and returns an empty chain outside any root-turn scope.
pub(crate) fn current_runtime_gate_identity_stack() -> RootTurnGateIdentityStack {
    RUNTIME_GATE_IDENTITY_STACK
        .try_with(Arc::clone)
        .unwrap_or_default()
}

/// Polls a future with an explicit gate ownership chain while cloning only its immutable owner instead of rebuilding the ancestry.
pub(crate) async fn scope_runtime_gate_identity_stack<F, T>(
    identity_stack: &RootTurnGateIdentityStack,
    future: F,
) -> T
where
    F: Future<Output = T>,
{
    RUNTIME_GATE_IDENTITY_STACK
        .scope(Arc::clone(identity_stack), future)
        .await
}

/// Shared lock table used to serialize side-effecting tool calls by canonical resource.
pub(crate) type ToolResourceLocks = Arc<RwLock<HashMap<String, Weak<tokio::sync::Mutex<()>>>>>;

//
// Owns every lock acquired for one tool call and removes dead weak entries after release.
//
struct ToolResourceGuards {
    guards: Vec<tokio::sync::OwnedMutexGuard<()>>,
    locks: ToolResourceLocks,
}

//
// Couples one acquired root-turn gate with the immutable ancestry owner that must remain active through hooks, orchestration, and stream polling.
//
struct RootTurnAdmission {
    guard: tokio::sync::OwnedMutexGuard<()>,
    identity_stack: RootTurnGateIdentityStack,
}

#[derive(Clone)]
struct StoredSessionRestore {
    snapshot: AgentSnapshot,
    metadata: Option<ai_agents_core::SessionMetadata>,
}

struct RuntimeSessionRestorePoint {
    snapshot: AgentSnapshot,
    metadata: ai_agents_core::SessionMetadata,
    actor_id: Option<String>,
    session_id: Option<String>,
}

impl Drop for ToolResourceGuards {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        self.guards.clear();
        self.locks.write().retain(|_, lock| lock.strong_count() > 0);
    }
}

//
// Captures runtime controls under one read guard so policy and scope belong to the same generation.
//
#[derive(Clone)]
struct RuntimeSafetySnapshot {
    version: u64,
    emergency_deny: bool,
    tool_security: ToolSecurityEngine,
    tool_scope_override: Option<Vec<String>>,
}

//
// Records the generations used by the final authorization decision.
//
#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct ToolDecisionVersions {
    policy: u64,
    registry: u64,
    runtime_control: u64,
    state: Option<u64>,
}

//
// Carries canonical fallback ancestry across separate shared-executor requests so aliases cannot hide cycles and an acyclic configuration cannot recurse without a fixed bound.
//
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
struct ToolFallbackState {
    visited_canonical_ids: Vec<String>,
}

impl ToolFallbackState {
    //
    // Rejects before the start hook, approval, locks, or side effects when the resolved target repeats or would exceed the stable fallback-hop bound; ordinary terminal completion evidence still runs.
    //
    fn rejection_reason(&self, canonical_id: &str) -> Option<String> {
        if self
            .visited_canonical_ids
            .iter()
            .any(|visited| visited == canonical_id)
        {
            return Some(format!(
                "Tool fallback cycle detected at '{canonical_id}' after [{}]",
                self.visited_canonical_ids.join(" -> ")
            ));
        }
        if self.visited_canonical_ids.len() > MAX_TOOL_FALLBACK_HOPS {
            return Some(format!(
                "Tool fallback chain exceeds the maximum of {MAX_TOOL_FALLBACK_HOPS} hops"
            ));
        }
        None
    }

    //
    // Extends ancestry only after the current canonical request passes cycle and hop admission.
    //
    fn with_current(mut self, canonical_id: String) -> Self {
        self.visited_canonical_ids.push(canonical_id);
        self
    }

    //
    // Rejects canonical drift after an async approval boundary because a changed final target did not pass the initial fallback admission and may re-enter an ancestor through a refreshed alias or provider.
    //
    fn final_rejection_reason(
        &self,
        admitted_canonical_id: &str,
        final_canonical_id: &str,
    ) -> Option<String> {
        if admitted_canonical_id == final_canonical_id {
            return None;
        }
        if self
            .visited_canonical_ids
            .iter()
            .any(|visited| visited == final_canonical_id)
        {
            return Some(format!(
                "Tool fallback cycle detected after final resolution changed '{admitted_canonical_id}' to '{final_canonical_id}'"
            ));
        }
        Some(format!(
            "Tool canonical target changed after initial admission from '{admitted_canonical_id}' to '{final_canonical_id}'"
        ))
    }
}

//
// Carries one checked timeout representation into every retry attempt so deadline and timer cannot diverge.
//
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
struct ValidatedToolTimeout {
    timer: Duration,
    deadline_delta: chrono::Duration,
}

//
// Carries deterministic effective tools with the state generation that authorized their scopes.
//
struct AvailableToolIdsSnapshot {
    tool_ids: Vec<String>,
    state_generation: Option<u64>,
}

//
// Binds human approval to the reviewed action and exact tool implementation.
//
#[derive(Clone)]
struct ToolApprovalBinding {
    canonical_id: String,
    arguments: Value,
    confirmation_required: bool,
    policy_version: u64,
    runtime_control_version: u64,
    state_generation: Option<u64>,
    reviewed_tool: Arc<dyn ai_agents_core::Tool>,
}

//
// A later plain approval must not erase arguments modified by an earlier approval stage.
//
fn merge_approved_record(record: &mut Option<ToolApprovalRecord>) {
    if record
        .as_ref()
        .is_some_and(|record| matches!(record.status, ToolApprovalStatus::Modified))
    {
        return;
    }
    *record = Some(ToolApprovalRecord {
        status: ToolApprovalStatus::Approved,
        reason: None,
        modified_arguments: None,
    });
}

impl ToolApprovalBinding {
    /// Returns true when final authorization no longer matches the reviewed action.
    fn is_stale(
        &self,
        canonical_id: &str,
        arguments: &Value,
        confirmation_required: bool,
        versions: ToolDecisionVersions,
        resolved_tool: &Arc<dyn ai_agents_core::Tool>,
    ) -> bool {
        self.canonical_id != canonical_id
            || self.arguments != *arguments
            || self.confirmation_required != confirmation_required
            || self.policy_version != versions.policy
            || self.runtime_control_version != versions.runtime_control
            || self.state_generation != versions.state
            || !Arc::ptr_eq(&self.reviewed_tool, resolved_tool)
    }
}

use crate::turn_context::{current_turn_actor_context, scope_actor_context};

use ai_agents_context::{ContextManager, ContextProvider, TemplateRenderer};
use ai_agents_core::traits::storage::StorageCapability;
use ai_agents_core::{
    AgentError, AgentSnapshot, AgentStorage, ChatMessage, FinishReason, LLMError, LLMProvider,
    LLMResponse, LLMToolDefinition, LLMToolRequest, PermissionOutcome, Result, ToolActorContext,
    ToolApprovalRecord, ToolApprovalStatus, ToolCallClassification, ToolCallSource,
    ToolCancellationToken, ToolChoice, ToolExecutionContext, ToolExecutionLimits,
    ToolExecutionRecord, ToolExecutionRequest, ToolInvoker, ToolPolicyDecisionRecord, ToolResult,
    ToolSafetyMetadata,
};
use ai_agents_disambiguation::{
    ClarificationObserver, ClarificationParseFuture, ClarificationQuestionFuture,
    ConfirmationParseFuture, DisambiguationConfig, DisambiguationContext, DisambiguationManager,
    DisambiguationResult,
};
use ai_agents_hitl::{
    ApprovalHandler, ApprovalResolvedOutcome, ApprovalResult, ApprovalTrigger, HITLCheckResult,
    HITLEngine, RejectAllHandler, TimeoutAction,
};
use ai_agents_hooks::{AgentHooks, NoopHooks};
use ai_agents_llm::LLMRegistry;
use ai_agents_memory::{
    CompressResult, EvictionReason, Memory, MemoryBudgetEvent, MemoryCompressEvent,
    MemoryEvictEvent, MemoryTokenBudget, OverflowStrategy,
};
use ai_agents_observability::{
    EventStatus, EventType, ObservabilityManager, ObservationPurpose, SpanContext,
    current_observation_context, new_session_id as new_observation_session_id,
    resolve_language_from_context, with_observation_context, with_observation_purpose,
};
use ai_agents_process::{
    ProcessData, ProcessProcessor, ProcessPurposeHint, ProcessStageFuture, ProcessStageObserver,
};
use ai_agents_reasoning::{
    CriterionResult, EvaluationResult, Plan, PlanAction, PlanStatus, PlanStep, ReasoningConfig,
    ReasoningMetadata, ReasoningMode, ReasoningOutput, ReflectionAttempt, ReflectionConfig,
    ReflectionMetadata, StepFailureAction,
};
use ai_agents_recovery::{
    ByRoleFilter, ContextOverflowAction, FilterConfig, IntoClassifiedError, KeepRecentFilter,
    LLMFailureAction, MessageFilter, RecoveryManager, SkipPatternFilter, ToolFailureAction,
};
use ai_agents_relationships::RelationshipManager;
use ai_agents_skills::{SkillDefinition, SkillExecutor, SkillRouter};
use ai_agents_state::{
    PromptMode, StateAction, StateMachine, StateMachineSnapshot, StateTransitionEvent, Transition,
    TransitionContext, TransitionEvaluator, TransitionTiming, evaluate_guard,
};
use ai_agents_storage::{StorageConfig as StorageStorageConfig, create_storage};
use ai_agents_tools::{
    CommandRunner, ConditionEvaluator, DiagnosticsProvider, EvaluationContext, LLMGetter,
    MAX_TOOL_TIMEOUT_MS, QuestionHandler, SecurityCheckResult, TodoItem, ToolCallRecord,
    ToolRegistry, ToolSecurityConfig, ToolSecurityEngine,
};

use super::{
    Agent, AgentInfo, AgentResponse, AgentStreamEvent, ParallelToolsConfig, StreamChunk,
    StreamingConfig, ToolCall,
};
use crate::optimization::{
    AwaitBeforeNextTurn, BackgroundMaintenanceQueue, BackgroundOverflowPolicy, MainResponseDraft,
    MaintenanceMode, MaintenanceSequenceKey, RuntimeBranch, RuntimeBranchResult,
    RuntimeBranchStatus, RuntimeCommitBehavior, RuntimeConfig, RuntimeOptimizationKind,
    RuntimeTaskPriority, RuntimeTaskPurpose, ScheduledBranchSet, SkillCandidate,
    StreamingDraftResult, TransitionCandidate, TurnBranchScheduler, TurnOptimizationContext,
};
use crate::spec::StorageConfig;

/// Outcome of processing tool calls within the agent loop.
enum ToolCallOutcome {
    /// Tools executed successfully, continue the LLM loop for the next iteration.
    Continue,
    /// A state transition fired during tool call handling, continue the loop.
    TransitionFired,
    /// HITL rejected a tool call, return this response immediately.
    Rejected(AgentResponse),
}

#[derive(Clone)]
struct MainToolProtocol {
    choice: Option<ToolChoice>,
    tool_ids: Vec<String>,
    definitions: Vec<LLMToolDefinition>,
}

struct MainProviderResponse {
    response: LLMResponse,
    used_native_tools: bool,
}

//
// Carries one committed model answer through shared output processing and root-turn finalization.
//
struct CommittedTextResponse<'a> {
    processed_input: &'a str,
    input_context: &'a HashMap<String, Value>,
    answer: String,
    reasoning_mode: ReasoningMode,
    auto_detected: bool,
    iterations: u32,
    thinking_content: Option<String>,
    all_tool_calls: Vec<ToolCall>,
}

//
// Carries the finalized response fields into metadata assembly without changing their ownership.
//
struct AgentResponseParts {
    content: String,
    all_tool_calls: Vec<ToolCall>,
    reasoning_mode: ReasoningMode,
    auto_detected: bool,
    iterations: u32,
    thinking: Option<String>,
    reflection_metadata: Option<ReflectionMetadata>,
}

//
// Owns the finalized response paired with a legacy Done chunk without changing provisional chunk timing.
//
type RuntimeStreamTerminalSlot = Arc<RwLock<Option<AgentResponse>>>;

//
// Creates isolated terminal ownership for one public stream.
//
fn new_runtime_stream_terminal_slot() -> RuntimeStreamTerminalSlot {
    Arc::new(RwLock::new(None))
}

//
// Records the exact response that already completed root-turn finalization before Done is emitted.
//
fn record_runtime_stream_final(slot: &RuntimeStreamTerminalSlot, response: AgentResponse) {
    *slot.write() = Some(response);
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct DisambiguationOwnership {
    epoch: u64,
    state_generation: Option<u64>,
}

/// Outcome of skill routing — used by `try_skill_route`.
enum SkillRouteResult {
    /// No skill matched, continue to normal LLM chat.
    NoMatch,
    /// Skill executed successfully.
    Response { skill_id: String, content: String },
    /// Skill matched but needs disambiguation first or returned a terminal disambiguation response.
    NeedsClarification {
        response: AgentResponse,
        ownership: Option<DisambiguationOwnership>,
    },
}

/// Result of response-independent parallel transition selection.
enum ParallelTransitionSelection {
    /// A transition matched and can be committed before the old-state response.
    Candidate(TransitionCandidate),
    /// All eligible transition checks ran and none matched.
    NoMatch,
    /// LLM-based route evaluation needed speculative capacity that was unavailable.
    ReservationExhausted,
}

/// Outcome of post_loop_processing - drives the caller's next step.
enum PostLoopResult {
    /// No transition fired. Content is the LLM response for this turn.
    NoTransition(String),
    /// Transition fired. Content is from plain post-transition re-generation.
    Transitioned(String),
    /// Transition fired into a state that requires full dispatch.
    /// Caller re-enters run_loop_internal to apply the correct handler.
    NeedsRedispatch,
}

struct StateTransitionReservation<'a> {
    reserved: &'a AtomicBool,
}

impl Drop for StateTransitionReservation<'_> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        self.reserved.store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);
    }
}

struct RootTurnCleanup<'a> {
    agent: &'a RuntimeAgent,
}

impl<'a> RootTurnCleanup<'a> {
    fn new(agent: &'a RuntimeAgent) -> Self {
        Self { agent }
    }
}

impl Drop for RootTurnCleanup<'_> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        self.agent.end_root_turn();
    }
}

/// Host-owned runtime control state shared with active agents.
#[derive(Debug)]
struct RuntimeControlState {
    /// Serializes control mutations with exact runtime safety snapshots.
    snapshot_guard: RwLock<()>,
    /// Monotonic version for runtime-control snapshots.
    version: AtomicU64,
    /// Emergency switch that denies future calls and is shared with active tool contexts.
    emergency_deny: Arc<AtomicBool>,
    /// Optional live replacement for tool security policy.
    tool_security_override: RwLock<Option<ToolSecurityEngine>>,
    /// Optional live narrowing scope applied after the runtime's declared grant.
    tool_scope_override: RwLock<Option<Vec<String>>>,
}

impl Default for RuntimeControlState {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            snapshot_guard: RwLock::new(()),
            version: AtomicU64::new(1),
            emergency_deny: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
            tool_security_override: RwLock::new(None),
            tool_scope_override: RwLock::new(None),
        }
    }
}

/// Host-only handle for live runtime safety controls.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct RuntimeControlHandle {
    state: Arc<RuntimeControlState>,
}

impl RuntimeControlHandle {
    /// Returns the current runtime-control version.
    pub fn version(&self) -> u64 {
        self.state.version.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
    }

    fn bump(&self) -> u64 {
        self.state.version.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst) + 1
    }

    /// Overrides tool security for later tool calls and panics if host policy is invalid.
    pub fn set_tool_security(&self, config: ToolSecurityConfig) -> u64 {
        self.try_set_tool_security(config)
            .expect("invalid tool security configuration")
    }

    /// Validates replacement policy before changing the runtime-control generation or active snapshot.
    pub fn try_set_tool_security(&self, config: ToolSecurityConfig) -> Result<u64> {
        config.validate()?;
        let _guard = self.state.snapshot_guard.write();
        let generation = self.bump();
        *self.state.tool_security_override.write() = Some(
            ToolSecurityEngine::new_with_policy_version(config, generation),
        );
        Ok(generation)
    }

    /// Clears the live tool security override.
    pub fn clear_tool_security_override(&self) -> u64 {
        let _guard = self.state.snapshot_guard.write();
        *self.state.tool_security_override.write() = None;
        self.bump()
    }

    /// Narrows the runtime's declared tool grant for later calls without adding authority.
    pub fn set_tool_scope(&self, tool_ids: Vec<String>) -> u64 {
        let _guard = self.state.snapshot_guard.write();
        *self.state.tool_scope_override.write() = Some(tool_ids);
        self.bump()
    }

    /// Clears live narrowing so later calls return to the runtime's declared grant.
    pub fn clear_tool_scope_override(&self) -> u64 {
        let _guard = self.state.snapshot_guard.write();
        *self.state.tool_scope_override.write() = None;
        self.bump()
    }

    /// Enables or disables emergency denial for future tool calls.
    pub fn set_emergency_deny(&self, enabled: bool) -> u64 {
        let _guard = self.state.snapshot_guard.write();
        self.state.emergency_deny.store(enabled, Ordering::SeqCst);
        self.bump()
    }

    /// Denies future calls and asks active cancellable work to stop.
    pub fn cancel_all(&self) -> u64 {
        self.set_emergency_deny(true)
    }
}

pub struct RuntimeAgent {
    info: AgentInfo,
    llm_registry: Arc<LLMRegistry>,
    memory: Arc<dyn Memory>,
    tools: Arc<ToolRegistry>,
    skills: Vec<SkillDefinition>,
    skill_router: Option<SkillRouter>,
    skill_executor: Option<SkillExecutor>,
    base_system_prompt: String,
    max_iterations: u32,
    iteration_count: RwLock<u32>,
    max_context_tokens: u32,
    memory_token_budget: Option<MemoryTokenBudget>,
    recovery_manager: RecoveryManager,
    tool_security: ToolSecurityEngine,
    process_processor: Option<ProcessProcessor>,
    message_filters: RwLock<HashMap<String, Arc<dyn MessageFilter>>>,
    state_machine: Option<Arc<StateMachine>>,
    transition_evaluator: Option<Arc<dyn TransitionEvaluator>>,
    context_manager: Arc<ContextManager>,
    template_renderer: TemplateRenderer,
    tool_call_history: RwLock<Vec<ToolCallRecord>>,
    parallel_tools: ParallelToolsConfig,
    streaming: StreamingConfig,
    hooks: Arc<dyn AgentHooks>,
    hitl_engine: Option<HITLEngine>,
    approval_handler: Arc<dyn ApprovalHandler>,
    storage_config: StorageConfig,
    storage: RwLock<Option<Arc<dyn AgentStorage>>>,
    storage_init: tokio::sync::Mutex<()>,
    reasoning_config: ReasoningConfig,
    reflection_config: ReflectionConfig,
    disambiguation_manager: Option<DisambiguationManager>,
    /// Generation invalidating confirmation work across reset and state changes.
    disambiguation_epoch: AtomicU64,
    /// Serializes confirmation redispatch admission with reset and state mutation.
    disambiguation_admission: tokio::sync::RwLock<()>,
    /// Reserves one runtime-owned transition before its exit actions can produce side effects.
    state_transition_reserved: AtomicBool,
    /// Structured persona manager for identity, evolution, and secrets.
    persona_manager: Option<Arc<ai_agents_persona::PersonaManager>>,
    /// Skill ID that triggered the current pending disambiguation.
    /// Set by try_skill_route() when skill-level disambiguation triggers clarification.
    /// Read by run_loop() when clarification resolves to route directly to the skill.
    pending_skill_id: RwLock<Option<String>>,
    current_plan: RwLock<Option<Plan>>,
    /// Tool IDs declared in the top-level `tools:` spec.
    declared_tool_ids: Option<Vec<String>>,
    /// Whether the context manager has been initialized (defaults loaded, env resolved, etc.)
    context_initialized: AtomicBool,
    /// Spawner for dynamic agent creation (set when YAML has a spawner: section).
    spawner: Option<Arc<crate::spawner::AgentSpawner>>,
    /// Registry tracking spawned agents (set when YAML has a spawner: section).
    spawner_registry: Option<Arc<crate::spawner::AgentRegistry>>,
    /// Re-dispatch depth for post-transition full dispatch.
    /// 0 = not re-dispatching. > 0 = user message already in memory, skip re-adding.
    redispatch_depth: RwLock<u32>,
    /// Active optimized turn context used to keep root lifecycle state in one place.
    active_turn_context: RwLock<Option<TurnOptimizationContext>>,
    /// Tracks whether the root turn already wrote the processed user message.
    root_user_message_committed: AtomicBool,
    /// Current actor ID for cross-session memory.
    actor_id: RwLock<Option<String>>,
    /// Fact store for managing per-actor extracted facts.
    fact_store: RwLock<Option<Arc<ai_agents_facts::FactStore>>>,
    /// Fact extractor for LLM-based fact extraction.
    /// None when actor_memory is enabled without facts.enabled.
    fact_extractor: RwLock<Option<Arc<dyn ai_agents_facts::FactExtractor>>>,
    /// Cached actor facts keyed by actor ID so concurrent or alternating turns do not overwrite one another.
    actor_facts_cache: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<String, Vec<ai_agents_core::KeyFact>>>>,
    /// Number of messages since last fact extraction.
    messages_since_extraction: Arc<RwLock<usize>>,
    /// Actor memory configuration.
    actor_memory_config: Option<ai_agents_facts::ActorMemoryConfig>,
    /// Facts configuration.
    facts_config: Option<ai_agents_facts::FactsConfig>,
    /// Session-scoped metadata (tags, ttl, actor roster).
    session_metadata: RwLock<ai_agents_core::SessionMetadata>,
    /// Session id currently bound to this runtime instance.
    current_session_id: RwLock<Option<String>>,
    /// Relationship manager for actor-scoped social memory.
    relationship_manager: Option<Arc<RelationshipManager>>,
    /// Observability manager for traces, metrics, reports, and exports.
    observability_manager: Option<Arc<ObservabilityManager>>,
    /// Runtime optimization and maintenance policy.
    runtime_config: RuntimeConfig,
    /// Queue for background maintenance tasks.
    background_maintenance: Arc<BackgroundMaintenanceQueue>,
    /// Cross-tool locks for side-effecting calls that target the same resource.
    resource_locks: ToolResourceLocks,
    /// Host-only runtime control state.
    runtime_control: Arc<RuntimeControlState>,
    /// Serializes independent externally initiated root turns across blocking and streaming APIs.
    root_turn_gate: RootTurnGate,
}

impl std::fmt::Debug for RuntimeAgent {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("RuntimeAgent")
            .field("info", &self.info)
            .field("base_system_prompt", &self.base_system_prompt)
            .field("max_iterations", &self.max_iterations)
            .field("skills_count", &self.skills.len())
            .field("max_context_tokens", &self.max_context_tokens)
            .field("has_state_machine", &self.state_machine.is_some())
            .field("parallel_tools", &self.parallel_tools)
            .field("streaming", &self.streaming)
            .field("has_hooks", &true)
            .field("has_hitl", &self.hitl_engine.is_some())
            .field("storage_type", &self.storage_config.storage_type())
            .field("reasoning_mode", &self.reasoning_config.mode)
            .field("reflection_enabled", &self.reflection_config.enabled)
            .field("declared_tool_ids", &self.declared_tool_ids)
            .field("has_persona", &self.persona_manager.is_some())
            .field("has_observability", &self.observability_manager.is_some())
            .finish_non_exhaustive()
    }
}

struct ObservabilityClarificationObserver;

impl ClarificationObserver for ObservabilityClarificationObserver {
    /// Scopes clarification question generation as disambiguation_clarification.
    fn observe_question<'a>(
        &'a self,
        future: ClarificationQuestionFuture<'a>,
    ) -> ClarificationQuestionFuture<'a> {
        Box::pin(async move {
            with_observation_purpose(ObservationPurpose::DisambiguationClarification, future).await
        })
    }

    /// Scopes clarification response parsing as disambiguation_clarification.
    fn observe_parse<'a>(
        &'a self,
        future: ClarificationParseFuture<'a>,
    ) -> ClarificationParseFuture<'a> {
        Box::pin(async move {
            with_observation_purpose(ObservationPurpose::DisambiguationClarification, future).await
        })
    }

    /// Scopes semantic confirmation parsing as disambiguation_clarification.
    fn observe_confirmation_parse<'a>(
        &'a self,
        future: ConfirmationParseFuture<'a>,
    ) -> ConfirmationParseFuture<'a> {
        Box::pin(async move {
            with_observation_purpose(ObservationPurpose::DisambiguationClarification, future).await
        })
    }
}

struct ObservabilityProcessStageObserver;

impl ProcessStageObserver for ObservabilityProcessStageObserver {
    /// Scopes one process stage using the purpose implied by its stage type.
    fn observe<'a>(
        &'a self,
        hint: ProcessPurposeHint,
        future: ProcessStageFuture<'a>,
    ) -> ProcessStageFuture<'a> {
        Box::pin(async move {
            with_observation_purpose(observation_purpose_for_process(hint), future).await
        })
    }
}

struct RegistryLLMGetter {
    registry: Arc<LLMRegistry>,
}

impl LLMGetter for RegistryLLMGetter {
    fn get_llm(&self, alias: &str) -> Option<Arc<dyn LLMProvider>> {
        self.registry.get(alias).ok()
    }
}

impl RuntimeAgent {
    /// Constructs a runtime with one gate shared by every external root-turn entry point.
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub fn new(
        info: AgentInfo,
        llm_registry: Arc<LLMRegistry>,
        memory: Arc<dyn Memory>,
        tools: Arc<ToolRegistry>,
        skills: Vec<SkillDefinition>,
        system_prompt: String,
        max_iterations: u32,
    ) -> Self {
        let (skill_router, skill_executor) = if !skills.is_empty() {
            let router_llm = llm_registry.router().ok();
            let router = router_llm.map(|llm| SkillRouter::new(llm, skills.clone()));
            let executor = SkillExecutor::new(llm_registry.clone(), tools.clone());
            (router, Some(executor))
        } else {
            (None, None)
        };

        let context_manager =
            ContextManager::new(HashMap::new(), info.name.clone(), info.version.clone());

        Self {
            info,
            llm_registry,
            memory,
            tools,
            skills,
            skill_router,
            skill_executor,
            base_system_prompt: system_prompt,
            max_iterations,
            iteration_count: RwLock::new(0),
            max_context_tokens: 128000,
            memory_token_budget: None,
            recovery_manager: RecoveryManager::default(),
            tool_security: ToolSecurityEngine::default(),
            process_processor: None,
            message_filters: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
            state_machine: None,
            transition_evaluator: None,
            context_manager: Arc::new(context_manager),
            template_renderer: TemplateRenderer::new(),
            tool_call_history: RwLock::new(Vec::new()),
            parallel_tools: ParallelToolsConfig::default(),
            streaming: StreamingConfig::default(),
            hooks: Arc::new(NoopHooks),
            hitl_engine: None,
            approval_handler: Arc::new(RejectAllHandler::new()),
            storage_config: StorageConfig::default(),
            storage: RwLock::new(None),
            storage_init: tokio::sync::Mutex::new(()),
            reasoning_config: ReasoningConfig::default(),
            reflection_config: ReflectionConfig::default(),
            disambiguation_manager: None,
            disambiguation_epoch: AtomicU64::new(0),
            disambiguation_admission: tokio::sync::RwLock::new(()),
            state_transition_reserved: AtomicBool::new(false),
            persona_manager: None,
            pending_skill_id: RwLock::new(None),
            current_plan: RwLock::new(None),
            declared_tool_ids: None,
            context_initialized: AtomicBool::new(false),
            spawner: None,
            spawner_registry: None,
            redispatch_depth: RwLock::new(0),
            active_turn_context: RwLock::new(None),
            root_user_message_committed: AtomicBool::new(false),
            actor_id: RwLock::new(None),
            fact_store: RwLock::new(None),
            fact_extractor: RwLock::new(None),
            actor_facts_cache: Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashMap::new())),
            messages_since_extraction: Arc::new(RwLock::new(0)),
            actor_memory_config: None,
            facts_config: None,
            session_metadata: RwLock::new(ai_agents_core::SessionMetadata::default()),
            current_session_id: RwLock::new(None),
            relationship_manager: None,
            observability_manager: None,
            runtime_config: RuntimeConfig::default(),
            background_maintenance: Arc::new(BackgroundMaintenanceQueue::default()),
            resource_locks: new_tool_resource_locks(),
            runtime_control: Arc::new(RuntimeControlState::default()),
            root_turn_gate: Arc::new(tokio::sync::Mutex::new(())),
        }
    }

    pub fn with_declared_tool_ids(mut self, ids: Option<Vec<String>>) -> Self {
        self.declared_tool_ids = ids;
        self
    }

    pub fn with_storage_config(mut self, config: StorageConfig) -> Self {
        self.storage_config = config;
        self
    }

    pub fn with_storage(self, storage: Arc<dyn AgentStorage>) -> Self {
        *self.storage.write() = Some(storage);
        self
    }

    pub(crate) fn with_shared_resource_locks(mut self, locks: ToolResourceLocks) -> Self {
        self.resource_locks = locks;
        self
    }

    pub fn with_reasoning(mut self, config: ReasoningConfig) -> Self {
        self.reasoning_config = config;
        self
    }

    pub fn with_reflection(mut self, config: ReflectionConfig) -> Self {
        self.reflection_config = config;
        self
    }

    /// Attach a relationship manager configured by the builder or host application.
    pub fn with_relationships(mut self, manager: Arc<RelationshipManager>) -> Self {
        self.relationship_manager = Some(manager);
        self
    }

    /// Attach a shared observability manager for traces, metrics, reports, and exports.
    pub fn with_observability(mut self, manager: Arc<ObservabilityManager>) -> Self {
        self.observability_manager = Some(manager);
        self
    }

    /// Attach runtime optimization policy and resize the background queue.
    pub fn with_runtime_config(mut self, config: RuntimeConfig) -> Self {
        let max_tasks = config.optimization.post_turn.max_background_tasks;
        self.background_maintenance = Arc::new(BackgroundMaintenanceQueue::new(max_tasks));
        self.runtime_config = config;
        self
    }

    /// Returns the runtime optimization policy.
    pub fn runtime_config(&self) -> &RuntimeConfig {
        &self.runtime_config
    }

    /// Wait for all background maintenance tasks to finish.
    pub async fn flush_background_tasks(&self) -> Result<()> {
        self.background_maintenance.flush_all().await
    }

    /// Wait for background maintenance associated with one actor to finish.
    pub async fn flush_background_tasks_for_actor(&self, actor_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
        self.background_maintenance.flush_scope(actor_id).await
    }

    /// Wait for background maintenance associated with one task kind to finish.
    pub async fn flush_background_tasks_for_purpose(
        &self,
        purpose: RuntimeTaskPurpose,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        self.background_maintenance.flush_purpose(purpose).await
    }

    /// Wait for background maintenance associated with one actor and task kind to finish.
    pub async fn flush_background_tasks_for_actor_purpose(
        &self,
        actor_id: &str,
        purpose: RuntimeTaskPurpose,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        self.background_maintenance
            .flush_scope_purpose(actor_id, purpose)
            .await
    }

    /// Flush background maintenance before a host shuts down the runtime.
    pub async fn shutdown_background_tasks(&self) -> Result<()> {
        self.flush_background_tasks().await
    }

    /// Returns the configured observability manager for report and export access.
    pub fn observability(&self) -> Option<Arc<ObservabilityManager>> {
        self.observability_manager.clone()
    }

    /// Exports observability files after a turn when export settings request it.
    async fn export_observability_if_configured(&self) {
        let Some(manager) = self.observability_manager.as_ref() else {
            return;
        };
        let export = &manager.config().export;
        if !export.write_report && !export.write_raw_events {
            return;
        }
        if let Err(error) = manager.export().await {
            warn!(error = %error, "Observability export failed");
        }
    }

    /// Returns the configured relationship manager, if relationship memory is enabled.
    pub fn relationship_manager(&self) -> Option<Arc<RelationshipManager>> {
        self.relationship_manager.clone()
    }

    fn current_turn_actor_context(&self) -> Option<crate::TurnActorContext> {
        current_turn_actor_context()
    }

    fn effective_actor_id(&self) -> Option<String> {
        self.current_turn_actor_context()
            .and_then(|ctx| ctx.effective_actor_id().map(|id| id.to_string()))
            .or_else(|| self.actor_id.read().clone())
    }

    fn effective_origin_actor_id(&self) -> Option<String> {
        self.current_turn_actor_context()
            .and_then(|ctx| ctx.origin_actor_id.clone())
            .or_else(|| self.actor_id.read().clone())
    }

    fn record_session_actor_if_needed(&self) {
        if let Some(actor_id) = self.effective_origin_actor_id() {
            let mut meta = self.session_metadata.write();
            meta.actor_id = Some(actor_id.clone());
            if !meta.actors.iter().any(|a| a == &actor_id) {
                meta.actors.push(actor_id);
            }
        }
    }

    fn outbound_actor_context(&self) -> crate::TurnActorContext {
        let mut context = self.current_turn_actor_context().unwrap_or_default();
        if context.origin_actor_id.is_none() {
            context.origin_actor_id = self.effective_origin_actor_id();
        }
        context.sender_agent_id = Some(self.info.id.clone());
        context
    }

    /// Returns the current session ID or creates one for unsaved observed turns.
    fn observation_session_id(&self) -> Option<String> {
        let mut current = self.current_session_id.write();
        if current.is_none() {
            *current = Some(new_observation_session_id());
        }
        current.clone()
    }

    /// Builds the root or child observation context for a chat entry point.
    fn build_observation_context(&self, actor_id: Option<String>) -> Option<SpanContext> {
        let manager = self.observability_manager.as_ref()?;
        let context = self.build_context_with_overlays();
        let language = resolve_language_from_context(manager.config(), &context);
        let context = current_observation_context()
            .map(|parent| parent.child_for_agent(self.info.id.clone()).with_new_turn())
            .unwrap_or_else(|| SpanContext::new_root(self.info.id.clone()));
        Some(
            context
                .with_actor(actor_id.or_else(|| self.effective_actor_id()))
                .with_session(self.observation_session_id())
                .with_state(self.current_state())
                .with_language(Some(language)),
        )
    }

    /// Refreshes task-local context with current runtime labels and a purpose.
    fn current_runtime_observation_context(
        &self,
        purpose: ObservationPurpose,
    ) -> Option<SpanContext> {
        let manager = self.observability_manager.as_ref()?;
        let context = self.build_context_with_overlays();
        let language = resolve_language_from_context(manager.config(), &context);
        let mut observation = current_observation_context()
            .unwrap_or_else(|| SpanContext::new_root(self.info.id.clone()));
        observation.agent_id = self.info.id.clone();
        observation.actor_id = self.effective_actor_id();
        observation.session_id = self.observation_session_id();
        observation.state = self.current_state();
        observation.language = Some(language);
        observation.purpose = purpose;
        Some(observation)
    }

    /// Runs a future under a purpose while preserving current trace context.
    async fn observe_purpose<F, T>(&self, purpose: ObservationPurpose, future: F) -> T
    where
        F: Future<Output = T>,
    {
        if let Some(context) = self.current_runtime_observation_context(purpose) {
            with_observation_context(context, future).await
        } else {
            future.await
        }
    }

    /// Runs one actor-scoped external root turn with gate ownership visible through finalization, hooks, orchestration, and export.
    ///
    /// Internal redispatch calls `run_loop` directly and therefore keeps the original guard and identity stack instead of acquiring this non-reentrant gate again.
    fn chat_with_actor_context_boxed<'a>(
        &'a self,
        input: &'a str,
        actor_context: crate::TurnActorContext,
    ) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<AgentResponse>> + Send + 'a>> {
        Box::pin(async move {
            let RootTurnAdmission {
                guard,
                identity_stack,
            } = self.acquire_root_turn().await?;
            let result = scope_runtime_gate_identity_stack(&identity_stack, async move {
                let actor_id = actor_context.effective_actor_id().map(str::to_string);
                let run = async move {
                    scope_actor_context(
                        actor_context,
                        Box::pin(async move { self.run_loop(input).await }),
                    )
                    .await
                };
                let result = if let Some(context) = self.build_observation_context(actor_id) {
                    with_observation_context(context, run).await
                } else {
                    run.await
                };
                self.export_observability_if_configured().await;
                result
            })
            .await;
            drop(guard);
            result
        })
    }

    /// Rejects recursive ownership before waiting, then acquires the external root-turn gate and builds one immutable extended ancestry snapshot.
    async fn acquire_root_turn(&self) -> Result<RootTurnAdmission> {
        let gate_identity = Arc::clone(&self.root_turn_gate);
        let current_identity_stack = current_runtime_gate_identity_stack();
        if current_identity_stack
            .iter()
            .any(|owned_gate| Arc::ptr_eq(owned_gate, &gate_identity))
        {
            return Err(AgentError::Other(format!(
                "RuntimeAgent '{}' rejected reentrant root turn ownership",
                self.info.id
            )));
        }
        let guard = Arc::clone(&gate_identity).lock_owned().await;
        //
        // Root admission is the only place that extends ancestry, so later scopes can preserve the complete chain with an `Arc` clone.
        //
        let mut identity_stack = Vec::with_capacity(current_identity_stack.len() + 1);
        identity_stack.extend(current_identity_stack.iter().cloned());
        identity_stack.push(gate_identity);
        Ok(RootTurnAdmission {
            guard,
            identity_stack: identity_stack.into(),
        })
    }

    /// Run one serialized turn with turn-scoped actor context without mutating the runtime's global actor ID.
    ///
    /// The supplied context is available to actor-scoped facts, relationship memory, orchestration, and prompt templates only for the lifetime of this call.
    pub async fn chat_with_actor_context(
        &self,
        input: &str,
        actor_context: crate::TurnActorContext,
    ) -> Result<AgentResponse> {
        self.chat_with_actor_context_boxed(input, actor_context)
            .await
    }

    /// Convenience wrapper around [`Self::chat_with_actor_context`] for a turn whose original actor is known up front.
    pub async fn chat_as_actor(&self, actor_id: &str, input: &str) -> Result<AgentResponse> {
        let actor_context = crate::TurnActorContext::new().with_origin_actor(actor_id);
        self.chat_with_actor_context(input, actor_context).await
    }

    /// Ensure the effective actor's relationship is loaded from storage into the relationship manager.
    pub async fn load_actor_relationship(&self) -> Result<()> {
        self.maybe_load_actor_relationship().await;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Manually apply a delta to the effective actor's `agent_to_actor` relationship perspective and persist the updated relationship when storage is configured.
    pub async fn update_relationship_dimension(
        &self,
        dimension: &str,
        delta: f64,
        reason: Option<&str>,
    ) -> Result<ai_agents_relationships::DimensionChange> {
        self.update_relationship_dimension_for_perspective(
            ai_agents_relationships::RelationshipPerspective::AgentToActor,
            dimension,
            delta,
            reason,
        )
        .await
    }

    /// Manually apply a delta to a specific relationship perspective for the effective actor.
    ///
    /// Use this for two-sided configurations when you need to update `agent_to_actor`, `perceived_actor_to_agent`, or `mutual` explicitly from application logic.
    pub async fn update_relationship_dimension_for_perspective(
        &self,
        perspective: ai_agents_relationships::RelationshipPerspective,
        dimension: &str,
        delta: f64,
        reason: Option<&str>,
    ) -> Result<ai_agents_relationships::DimensionChange> {
        let manager = self
            .relationship_manager
            .as_ref()
            .ok_or_else(|| AgentError::Config("Relationship memory is not configured".into()))?;
        let actor_id = self.effective_actor_id().ok_or_else(|| {
            AgentError::Config("No actor ID set. Use set_actor_id() first".into())
        })?;
        let change = manager.update_dimension_for_perspective(
            &actor_id,
            perspective,
            dimension,
            delta,
            1.0,
            reason.unwrap_or("manual relationship update"),
        )?;
        self.persist_actor_relationship(&actor_id).await?;
        info!(
            actor_id = %actor_id,
            perspective = %change.perspective,
            dimension = %change.dimension,
            delta = change.delta,
            current = change.current,
            "relationship updated manually"
        );
        self.hooks
            .on_relationship_change(&actor_id, std::slice::from_ref(&change))
            .await;
        Ok(change)
    }

    pub fn reasoning_config(&self) -> &ReasoningConfig {
        &self.reasoning_config
    }

    pub fn reflection_config(&self) -> &ReflectionConfig {
        &self.reflection_config
    }

    /// Set only the actor memory and facts configs without creating the store.
    /// The store and extractor are created lazily in init_storage().
    pub fn with_facts_config(
        mut self,
        actor_memory_config: Option<ai_agents_facts::ActorMemoryConfig>,
        facts_config: Option<ai_agents_facts::FactsConfig>,
    ) -> Self {
        self.actor_memory_config = actor_memory_config;
        self.facts_config = facts_config;
        self
    }

    /// Configure fact store and optional extractor for actor memory.
    /// Pass `None` for `extractor` to load existing facts without running extraction.
    pub fn with_facts(
        mut self,
        store: Arc<ai_agents_facts::FactStore>,
        extractor: Option<Arc<dyn ai_agents_facts::FactExtractor>>,
        actor_memory_config: Option<ai_agents_facts::ActorMemoryConfig>,
        facts_config: Option<ai_agents_facts::FactsConfig>,
    ) -> Self {
        *self.fact_store.write() = Some(store);
        *self.fact_extractor.write() = extractor;
        self.actor_memory_config = actor_memory_config;
        self.facts_config = facts_config;
        self
    }

    /// Get the fact store for direct fact manipulation.
    pub fn fact_store(&self) -> Option<Arc<ai_agents_facts::FactStore>> {
        self.fact_store.read().clone()
    }

    /// Get the current actor ID.
    pub fn actor_id(&self) -> Option<String> {
        self.actor_id.read().clone()
    }

    /// Set the current actor ID (player, user, another agent, etc.).
    pub fn set_actor_id(&self, actor_id: &str) -> ai_agents_core::Result<()> {
        *self.actor_id.write() = Some(actor_id.to_string());
        {
            let mut meta = self.session_metadata.write();
            meta.actor_id = Some(actor_id.to_string());
            if !meta.actors.iter().any(|a| a == actor_id) {
                meta.actors.push(actor_id.to_string());
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Clear the current actor binding while retaining the session actor roster.
    pub fn clear_actor_id(&self) {
        *self.actor_id.write() = None;
        self.session_metadata.write().actor_id = None;
    }

    /// Set the current actor ID. Convenience wrapper around set_actor_id.
    pub fn set_user_id(&self, user_id: &str) -> ai_agents_core::Result<()> {
        self.set_actor_id(user_id)
    }

    /// Load facts for the current actor from storage and cache them for prompt injection.
    pub async fn load_actor_memory(&self) -> ai_agents_core::Result<()> {
        let actor_id = match self.effective_actor_id() {
            Some(id) => id,
            None => return Ok(()),
        };

        let store_opt = self.fact_store.read().clone();
        if let Some(store) = store_opt {
            let facts = store.get_facts(&actor_id).await?;
            let count = facts.len();
            self.actor_facts_cache
                .write()
                .insert(actor_id.clone(), facts);
            self.hooks.on_actor_memory_loaded(&actor_id, count).await;
            tracing::debug!("loaded {} facts for actor {}", count, actor_id);
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Load actor memory only when the effective actor has no cached facts yet.
    async fn maybe_load_actor_memory(&self) {
        let Some(actor_id) = self.effective_actor_id() else {
            return;
        };
        if self.actor_facts_cache.read().contains_key(&actor_id) {
            return;
        }
        let _ = self.load_actor_memory().await;
    }

    /// Pre-turn lifecycle shared by streaming and non-streaming paths.
    async fn pre_turn_session_lifecycle(&self) {
        if *self.redispatch_depth.read() > 0 {
            return;
        }
        self.resolve_actor_id_from_context();
        self.await_background_before_next_turn().await;
        self.record_session_actor_if_needed();
        self.maybe_load_actor_memory().await;
        self.maybe_load_actor_relationship().await;
        *self.messages_since_extraction.write() += 1;
    }

    /// Post-turn lifecycle shared by streaming and non-streaming paths.
    async fn post_turn_session_lifecycle(&self) -> Result<()> {
        if *self.redispatch_depth.read() > 0 {
            return Ok(());
        }
        *self.messages_since_extraction.write() += 1;
        self.run_post_turn_maintenance().await
    }

    /// Starts root-turn bookkeeping for user-message commit tracking.
    fn begin_root_turn(&self) {
        if *self.redispatch_depth.read() == 0 {
            let mut guard = self.active_turn_context.write();
            if guard.is_none() {
                self.root_user_message_committed
                    .store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);
                let max_calls = self
                    .runtime_config
                    .optimization
                    .max_speculative_llm_calls_per_turn;
                *guard = Some(TurnOptimizationContext::new(
                    String::new(),
                    HashMap::new(),
                    max_calls,
                ));
            }
        }
    }

    fn update_active_turn_context(
        &self,
        processed_input: &str,
        input_context: HashMap<String, Value>,
    ) {
        if *self.redispatch_depth.read() > 0 {
            return;
        }
        let max_calls = self
            .runtime_config
            .optimization
            .max_speculative_llm_calls_per_turn;
        let mut guard = self.active_turn_context.write();
        match guard.as_mut() {
            Some(context) => {
                context.processed_input = processed_input.to_string();
                context.input_context = input_context;
                context.max_speculative_llm_calls = max_calls;
            }
            None => {
                *guard = Some(TurnOptimizationContext::new(
                    processed_input,
                    input_context,
                    max_calls,
                ));
            }
        }
    }

    /// Writes the processed user message once for the root turn.
    async fn commit_root_user_message(&self, processed_input: &str) -> Result<()> {
        if *self.redispatch_depth.read() > 0 {
            return Ok(());
        }
        if !self
            .root_user_message_committed
            .swap(true, Ordering::SeqCst)
        {
            self.memory
                .add_message(ChatMessage::user(processed_input))
                .await?;
            if let Some(context) = self.active_turn_context.write().as_mut() {
                context.mark_user_message_committed();
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Clears root-turn bookkeeping after final response handling.
    fn end_root_turn(&self) {
        if *self.redispatch_depth.read() == 0 {
            self.root_user_message_committed
                .store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);
            *self.active_turn_context.write() = None;
        }
    }

    fn reserve_active_speculative_llm_call(&self, kind: RuntimeOptimizationKind) -> bool {
        self.begin_root_turn();
        let mut guard = self.active_turn_context.write();
        let Some(context) = guard.as_mut() else {
            return false;
        };
        context.reserve_speculative_llm_call_for(kind)
    }

    fn branch_context_preview(&self) -> String {
        let context = self.build_context_with_overlays();
        let mut value = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&context).unwrap_or_else(|_| "{}".to_string());
        const MAX_CONTEXT_PREVIEW_CHARS: usize = 2048;
        if value.chars().count() > MAX_CONTEXT_PREVIEW_CHARS {
            value = value
                .chars()
                .take(MAX_CONTEXT_PREVIEW_CHARS)
                .collect::<String>();
            value.push_str("...");
        }
        value
    }

    /// Applies freshness policy before rendering the next prompt.
    async fn await_background_before_next_turn(&self) {
        let optimization = &self.runtime_config.optimization;
        if !optimization.enabled {
            return;
        }
        let actor_id = self.effective_actor_id();
        let post = &optimization.post_turn;
        self.await_background_task(
            post.facts.await_before_next_turn,
            RuntimeTaskPurpose::PostTurnFacts,
            actor_id.as_deref(),
            "facts",
        )
        .await;
        self.await_background_task(
            post.relationships.await_before_next_turn,
            RuntimeTaskPurpose::PostTurnRelationship,
            actor_id.as_deref(),
            "relationships",
        )
        .await;
    }

    async fn await_background_task(
        &self,
        policy: AwaitBeforeNextTurn,
        purpose: RuntimeTaskPurpose,
        actor_id: Option<&str>,
        label: &str,
    ) {
        match policy {
            AwaitBeforeNextTurn::Never => {}
            AwaitBeforeNextTurn::Always => {
                if let Err(error) = self.flush_background_tasks_for_purpose(purpose).await {
                    warn!(label = label, error = %error, "background maintenance flush failed");
                }
            }
            AwaitBeforeNextTurn::SameActor => {
                if let Some(actor_id) = actor_id
                    && let Err(error) = self
                        .flush_background_tasks_for_actor_purpose(actor_id, purpose)
                        .await
                {
                    warn!(label = label, actor_id = %actor_id, error = %error, "actor background maintenance flush failed");
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Runs post-turn facts and relationship maintenance according to runtime policy.
    async fn run_post_turn_maintenance(&self) -> Result<()> {
        let optimization = &self.runtime_config.optimization;
        if !optimization.enabled {
            self.auto_extract_facts().await;
            self.auto_update_relationship().await;
            return Ok(());
        }

        let facts_mode = effective_maintenance_mode(
            optimization.post_turn.facts.mode,
            optimization.parallel_post_turn_memory,
        );
        let relationships_mode = effective_maintenance_mode(
            optimization.post_turn.relationships.mode,
            optimization.parallel_post_turn_memory,
        );

        match (facts_mode, relationships_mode) {
            (MaintenanceMode::InlineSerial, MaintenanceMode::InlineSerial) => {
                self.auto_extract_facts().await;
                self.auto_update_relationship().await;
            }
            (MaintenanceMode::InlineParallel, MaintenanceMode::InlineParallel) => {
                let facts = self.auto_extract_facts();
                let relationships = self.auto_update_relationship();
                tokio::join!(facts, relationships);
            }
            (MaintenanceMode::Background, MaintenanceMode::Background) => {
                self.schedule_facts_background().await?;
                self.schedule_relationship_background().await?;
            }
            (MaintenanceMode::Background, MaintenanceMode::InlineParallel)
            | (MaintenanceMode::Background, MaintenanceMode::InlineSerial) => {
                self.schedule_facts_background().await?;
                self.auto_update_relationship().await;
            }
            (MaintenanceMode::InlineParallel, MaintenanceMode::Background)
            | (MaintenanceMode::InlineSerial, MaintenanceMode::Background) => {
                self.auto_extract_facts().await;
                self.schedule_relationship_background().await?;
            }
            _ => {
                self.auto_extract_facts().await;
                self.auto_update_relationship().await;
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn schedule_facts_background(&self) -> Result<()> {
        let policy = self.runtime_config.optimization.post_turn.facts.clone();
        let should_extract = self
            .facts_config
            .as_ref()
            .map(|c| c.enabled && c.auto_extract)
            .unwrap_or(false);
        if !should_extract {
            return Ok(());
        }
        let msgs_since = *self.messages_since_extraction.read();
        if msgs_since < 2 {
            return Ok(());
        }
        let Some(actor_id) = self.effective_actor_id() else {
            self.record_skipped_maintenance(
                "facts",
                ObservationPurpose::FactsExtraction,
                "missing_actor",
                Some(&policy),
            );
            return Ok(());
        };
        let Some(extractor) = self.fact_extractor.read().clone() else {
            return Ok(());
        };
        let messages = match self.memory.get_messages(None).await {
            Ok(messages) => messages,
            Err(error) => {
                warn!(error = %error, "failed to snapshot messages for fact extraction");
                return Ok(());
            }
        };
        let recent: Vec<_> = messages
            .iter()
            .rev()
            .take(msgs_since)
            .rev()
            .cloned()
            .collect();
        if recent.is_empty() {
            return Ok(());
        }
        let existing = self
            .actor_facts_cache
            .read()
            .get(&actor_id)
            .cloned()
            .unwrap_or_default();
        let categories = self
            .facts_config
            .as_ref()
            .map(|c| c.custom_categories.clone())
            .unwrap_or_default();
        let store = self.fact_store.read().clone();
        let cache = Arc::clone(&self.actor_facts_cache);
        let counter = Arc::clone(&self.messages_since_extraction);
        let hooks = Arc::clone(&self.hooks);
        let agent_id = self.info.id.clone();
        let observation = current_observation_context();
        let key = MaintenanceSequenceKey::actor(
            agent_id,
            actor_id.clone(),
            RuntimeTaskPurpose::PostTurnFacts,
        );
        let actor_for_task = actor_id.clone();
        let task = async move {
            let run = async move {
                let facts = extractor
                    .extract(&recent, &existing, Some(&actor_for_task), &categories)
                    .await?;
                if !facts.is_empty() {
                    if let Some(store) = store {
                        let authoritative = store.add_facts(&actor_for_task, facts.clone()).await?;
                        cache.write().insert(actor_for_task.clone(), authoritative);
                    } else {
                        cache
                            .write()
                            .entry(actor_for_task.clone())
                            .or_default()
                            .extend(facts.clone());
                    }
                    {
                        let mut count = counter.write();
                        if *count <= msgs_since {
                            *count = 0;
                        } else {
                            *count -= msgs_since;
                        }
                    }
                    hooks.on_facts_extracted(&actor_for_task, &facts).await;
                }
                Ok(())
            };
            if let Some(context) = observation {
                with_observation_context(
                    context.with_purpose(ObservationPurpose::FactsExtraction),
                    run,
                )
                .await
            } else {
                run.await
            }
        };
        self.spawn_or_handle_background(Some(key), task, "facts", &policy)
            .await
    }

    async fn schedule_relationship_background(&self) -> Result<()> {
        let policy = self
            .runtime_config
            .optimization
            .post_turn
            .relationships
            .clone();
        let Some(manager) = self.relationship_manager.as_ref().cloned() else {
            return Ok(());
        };
        let Some(actor_id) = self.effective_actor_id() else {
            self.record_skipped_maintenance(
                "relationships",
                ObservationPurpose::RelationshipUpdate,
                "missing_actor",
                Some(&policy),
            );
            return Ok(());
        };
        let recent_messages = manager.config().auto_update.recent_messages;
        let messages = match self.memory.get_messages(Some(recent_messages)).await {
            Ok(messages) => messages,
            Err(error) => {
                warn!(actor = %actor_id, error = %error, "failed to snapshot messages for relationship update");
                return Ok(());
            }
        };
        let storage = self.storage.read().clone();
        let hooks = Arc::clone(&self.hooks);
        let agent_id = self.info.id.clone();
        let observation = current_observation_context();
        let key = MaintenanceSequenceKey::actor(
            agent_id.clone(),
            actor_id.clone(),
            RuntimeTaskPurpose::PostTurnRelationship,
        );
        let actor_for_task = actor_id.clone();
        let task = async move {
            let run = async move {
                if manager.config().auto_update.enabled {
                    let update = manager.auto_update(&actor_for_task, &messages).await?;
                    if !update.changes.is_empty() {
                        hooks
                            .on_relationship_change(&actor_for_task, &update.changes)
                            .await;
                    }
                    if let Some(ref event) = update.event {
                        hooks.on_notable_event(&actor_for_task, event).await;
                    }
                }
                if manager.config().persistence.enabled
                    && let (Some(storage), Some(value)) =
                        (storage, manager.relationship_as_value(&actor_for_task)?)
                {
                    storage
                        .save_relationship(&agent_id, &actor_for_task, &value)
                        .await?;
                }
                Ok(())
            };
            if let Some(context) = observation {
                with_observation_context(
                    context.with_purpose(ObservationPurpose::RelationshipUpdate),
                    run,
                )
                .await
            } else {
                run.await
            }
        };
        self.spawn_or_handle_background(Some(key), task, "relationships", &policy)
            .await
    }

    /// Queues background maintenance or applies the configured overflow behavior.
    async fn spawn_or_handle_background<F>(
        &self,
        key: Option<MaintenanceSequenceKey>,
        task: F,
        label: &'static str,
        policy: &crate::optimization::config::MaintenanceTaskPolicy,
    ) -> Result<()>
    where
        F: Future<Output = Result<()>> + Send + 'static,
    {
        if self.background_maintenance.is_full() {
            match self
                .runtime_config
                .optimization
                .post_turn
                .on_background_overflow
            {
                BackgroundOverflowPolicy::RunInline => {
                    record_background_maintenance_event(
                        self.observability_manager.as_ref(),
                        label,
                        EventStatus::Success,
                        0,
                        "inline_overflow",
                        None,
                        Some(policy),
                    );
                    let start = Instant::now();
                    match task.await {
                        Ok(()) => record_background_maintenance_event(
                            self.observability_manager.as_ref(),
                            label,
                            EventStatus::Success,
                            start.elapsed().as_millis() as u64,
                            "inline_completed",
                            None,
                            Some(policy),
                        ),
                        Err(error) => {
                            warn!(label = label, error = %error, "inline maintenance fallback failed");
                            record_background_maintenance_event(
                                self.observability_manager.as_ref(),
                                label,
                                EventStatus::Error,
                                start.elapsed().as_millis() as u64,
                                "inline_failed",
                                Some(error.to_string()),
                                Some(policy),
                            );
                            return Err(error);
                        }
                    }
                }
                BackgroundOverflowPolicy::Drop => {
                    self.record_skipped_maintenance(
                        label,
                        ObservationPurpose::Other(label.to_string()),
                        "queue_full",
                        Some(policy),
                    );
                }
                BackgroundOverflowPolicy::Error => {
                    record_background_maintenance_event(
                        self.observability_manager.as_ref(),
                        label,
                        EventStatus::Error,
                        0,
                        "queue_full",
                        None,
                        Some(policy),
                    );
                    warn!(label = label, "background maintenance queue full");
                    return Err(AgentError::Other(format!(
                        "background maintenance queue is full for {}",
                        label
                    )));
                }
            }
            return Ok(());
        }

        record_background_maintenance_event(
            self.observability_manager.as_ref(),
            label,
            EventStatus::Success,
            0,
            "scheduled",
            None,
            Some(policy),
        );
        let manager = self.observability_manager.clone();
        let policy_for_task = policy.clone();
        let observed_task = async move {
            let start = Instant::now();
            let result = task.await;
            match &result {
                Ok(()) => record_background_maintenance_event(
                    manager.as_ref(),
                    label,
                    EventStatus::Success,
                    start.elapsed().as_millis() as u64,
                    "completed",
                    None,
                    Some(&policy_for_task),
                ),
                Err(error) => record_background_maintenance_event(
                    manager.as_ref(),
                    label,
                    EventStatus::Error,
                    start.elapsed().as_millis() as u64,
                    "failed",
                    Some(error.to_string()),
                    Some(&policy_for_task),
                ),
            }
            result
        };

        if let Err(error) = self.background_maintenance.spawn(key, observed_task) {
            record_background_maintenance_event(
                self.observability_manager.as_ref(),
                label,
                EventStatus::Error,
                0,
                "spawn_failed",
                Some(error.to_string()),
                Some(policy),
            );
            warn!(label = label, error = %error, "background maintenance spawn failed");
            return Err(error);
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Records a skipped background maintenance event when work cannot run.
    fn record_skipped_maintenance(
        &self,
        label: &str,
        purpose: ObservationPurpose,
        reason: &str,
        policy: Option<&crate::optimization::config::MaintenanceTaskPolicy>,
    ) {
        if let Some(manager) = self.observability_manager.as_ref() {
            let mut tags = background_maintenance_tags(label, "skipped", Some(reason), policy);
            tags.insert("runtime.skip_reason".to_string(), reason.to_string());
            manager.record_lifecycle_event(
                EventType::MemoryOperation {
                    operation: format!("{}_maintenance", label),
                },
                purpose,
                EventStatus::Skipped,
                0,
                tags,
                None,
            );
        }
    }

    /// Get cached actor facts for the effective actor.
    pub fn actor_facts(&self) -> Vec<ai_agents_core::KeyFact> {
        let Some(actor_id) = self.effective_actor_id() else {
            return Vec::new();
        };
        self.actor_facts_cache
            .read()
            .get(&actor_id)
            .cloned()
            .unwrap_or_default()
    }

    /// Returns the formatted relationship prompt text for the effective actor, if relationship injection produced any text for this turn.
    pub fn relationship_memory_text(&self) -> Option<String> {
        self.format_relationship_for_context().map(|(_, text)| text)
    }

    /// Manually extract facts from the last N messages.
    pub async fn extract_facts(
        &self,
        last_n: usize,
    ) -> ai_agents_core::Result<Vec<ai_agents_core::KeyFact>> {
        self.extract_facts_with_source(last_n, "manual").await
    }

    async fn extract_facts_with_source(
        &self,
        last_n: usize,
        source: &'static str,
    ) -> ai_agents_core::Result<Vec<ai_agents_core::KeyFact>> {
        let extractor = match self.fact_extractor.read().clone() {
            Some(e) => e,
            None => return Ok(vec![]),
        };

        let messages = self.memory.get_messages(None).await?;
        let recent: Vec<_> = messages.iter().rev().take(last_n).rev().cloned().collect();

        if recent.is_empty() {
            return Ok(vec![]);
        }

        let actor_id = self.effective_actor_id();
        let existing = actor_id
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|aid| self.actor_facts_cache.read().get(aid).cloned())
            .unwrap_or_default();

        let categories = self
            .facts_config
            .as_ref()
            .map(|c| c.custom_categories.clone())
            .unwrap_or_default();

        let facts = self
            .observe_purpose(
                ObservationPurpose::FactsExtraction,
                extractor.extract(&recent, &existing, actor_id.as_deref(), &categories),
            )
            .await?;

        // Save to storage and update the actor-scoped cache when an actor is known.
        if !facts.is_empty() {
            let fact_store_opt = self.fact_store.read().clone();
            let mut stored_total = 0usize;
            let mut cache_updated = false;
            if let (Some(store), Some(aid)) = (fact_store_opt, &actor_id) {
                // add_facts now returns the authoritative post-write set.
                let authoritative = store.add_facts(aid, facts.clone()).await?;
                stored_total = authoritative.len();
                self.actor_facts_cache
                    .write()
                    .insert(aid.clone(), authoritative);
                cache_updated = true;
            } else if let Some(aid) = &actor_id {
                let mut cache = self.actor_facts_cache.write();
                let entry = cache.entry(aid.clone()).or_default();
                entry.extend(facts.clone());
                stored_total = entry.len();
                cache_updated = true;
            }

            info!(
                actor_id = %actor_id.as_deref().unwrap_or("<none>"),
                source = source,
                requested_messages = last_n,
                message_count = recent.len(),
                extracted_count = facts.len(),
                cache_updated = cache_updated,
                stored_total = stored_total,
                "facts extracted"
            );

            if let Some(ref aid) = actor_id {
                self.hooks.on_facts_extracted(aid, &facts).await;
            }
        }

        Ok(facts)
    }

    /// Resolve actor_id from context if method is from_context.
    /// Supports dotted paths (e.g. "player.id", "user.profile.id").
    fn resolve_actor_id_from_context(&self) {
        if self
            .current_turn_actor_context()
            .and_then(|ctx| ctx.effective_actor_id().map(str::to_string))
            .is_some()
        {
            return;
        }

        if let Some(ref am_config) = self.actor_memory_config
            && am_config.identification.method == ai_agents_facts::IdentificationMethod::FromContext
            && let Some(ref path) = am_config.identification.context_path
        {
            // get_path resolves dotted paths; get only handles top-level keys.
            let val = self
                .context_manager
                .get_path(path)
                .or_else(|| self.context_manager.get(path));
            if let Some(val) = val
                && let Some(id_str) = val.as_str()
            {
                let current = self.actor_id.read().clone();
                if current.as_deref() != Some(id_str) {
                    *self.actor_id.write() = Some(id_str.to_string());
                    let mut meta = self.session_metadata.write();
                    meta.actor_id = Some(id_str.to_string());
                    if !meta.actors.iter().any(|a| a == id_str) {
                        meta.actors.push(id_str.to_string());
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Format actor facts for template injection.
    fn format_actor_facts_for_context(&self) -> String {
        // Respect inject_in_context: false.
        let should_inject = self
            .facts_config
            .as_ref()
            .map(|c| c.inject_in_context)
            .unwrap_or(true);
        if !should_inject {
            return String::new();
        }

        let Some(actor_id) = self.effective_actor_id() else {
            return String::new();
        };

        let facts = self
            .actor_facts_cache
            .read()
            .get(&actor_id)
            .cloned()
            .unwrap_or_default();
        if facts.is_empty() {
            return String::new();
        }

        let am_config = self.actor_memory_config.as_ref();
        // Effective token cap: prefer memory.token_budget.allocation.facts when present,
        // otherwise fall back to actor_memory.injection.max_tokens.
        let facts_budget = self
            .memory_token_budget
            .as_ref()
            .map(|b| b.allocation.facts as usize)
            .filter(|n| *n > 0);
        let default_max = am_config.map(|c| c.injection.max_tokens).unwrap_or(800);
        let max_tokens = facts_budget.unwrap_or(default_max);

        // Filter by category when injection.mode = category.
        let filtered: Vec<ai_agents_core::KeyFact> = if let Some(cfg) = am_config {
            if cfg.injection.mode == ai_agents_facts::InjectionMode::OnDemand {
                return String::new();
            }
            if cfg.injection.mode == ai_agents_facts::InjectionMode::Category
                && !cfg.injection.categories.is_empty()
            {
                facts
                    .iter()
                    .filter(|f| {
                        cfg.injection
                            .categories
                            .iter()
                            .any(|c| f.category.to_string() == *c)
                    })
                    .cloned()
                    .collect()
            } else {
                facts.clone()
            }
        } else {
            facts.clone()
        };

        if filtered.is_empty() {
            return String::new();
        }

        if let Some(store) = self.fact_store.read().clone() {
            store.format_for_context(&filtered, max_tokens)
        } else {
            String::new()
        }
    }

    fn build_context_with_staged(&self, staged: &HashMap<String, Value>) -> HashMap<String, Value> {
        let context = self.build_context_with_overlays();
        let mut root = Value::Object(context.into_iter().collect());
        for (path, value) in staged {
            if let Ok(updated) = ai_agents_core::set_dot_path(root.clone(), path, value.clone()) {
                root = updated;
            }
        }
        match root {
            Value::Object(obj) => obj.into_iter().collect(),
            _ => HashMap::new(),
        }
    }

    fn build_context_with_overlays(&self) -> HashMap<String, Value> {
        let mut context = self.context_manager.get_all();
        let mut root = Value::Object(context.clone().into_iter().collect());

        if let Some(turn_ctx) = self.current_turn_actor_context() {
            if let Some(ref origin_actor_id) = turn_ctx.origin_actor_id
                && let Ok(updated) = ai_agents_core::set_dot_path(
                    root.clone(),
                    "interaction.origin_actor_id",
                    serde_json::json!(origin_actor_id),
                )
            {
                root = updated;
            }
            if let Some(ref sender_agent_id) = turn_ctx.sender_agent_id
                && let Ok(updated) = ai_agents_core::set_dot_path(
                    root.clone(),
                    "interaction.sender_agent_id",
                    serde_json::json!(sender_agent_id),
                )
            {
                root = updated;
            }
        }

        if let Some(ref actor_id) = self.effective_actor_id()
            && let Ok(updated) = ai_agents_core::set_dot_path(
                root.clone(),
                "interaction.actor_id",
                serde_json::json!(actor_id),
            )
        {
            root = updated;
        }

        if let Some(manager) = self.relationship_manager.as_ref()
            && let Some(actor_id) = self.effective_actor_id()
            && let Some(value) = manager.to_context_value(&actor_id)
            && let Ok(updated) = ai_agents_core::set_dot_path(
                root.clone(),
                &manager.config().injection.context_path,
                value,
            )
        {
            root = updated;
        }

        if let Value::Object(obj) = root {
            context = obj.into_iter().collect();
        }

        context
    }

    fn resolve_actor_name_from_context(&self) -> Option<String> {
        for path in ["actor.name", "user.name", "player.name", "customer.name"] {
            if let Some(value) = self.context_manager.get_path(path)
                && let Some(name) = value.as_str()
            {
                return Some(name.to_string());
            }
        }
        None
    }

    async fn maybe_load_actor_relationship(&self) {
        let Some(manager) = self.relationship_manager.as_ref() else {
            return;
        };
        let Some(actor_id) = self.effective_actor_id() else {
            return;
        };

        let mut should_fire_loaded = false;
        if manager.get(&actor_id).is_none() {
            let mut loaded = false;
            if manager.config().persistence.enabled {
                let storage = self.storage.read().clone();
                if let Some(storage) = storage {
                    match storage.load_relationship(&self.info.id, &actor_id).await {
                        Ok(Some(value)) => match manager.insert_from_value(value) {
                            Ok(_) => loaded = true,
                            Err(e) => {
                                warn!(actor = %actor_id, error = %e, "failed to restore relationship")
                            }
                        },
                        Ok(None) => {}
                        Err(e) => {
                            warn!(actor = %actor_id, error = %e, "failed to load relationship")
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            if !loaded {
                manager.get_or_create(&actor_id, self.resolve_actor_name_from_context().as_deref());
            }
            should_fire_loaded = true;
        }

        let actor_name = self.resolve_actor_name_from_context();
        let relationship = manager.touch_interaction(&actor_id, actor_name.as_deref());
        if should_fire_loaded {
            self.hooks
                .on_relationship_loaded(&actor_id, &relationship)
                .await;
        }
    }

    fn format_relationship_for_context(&self) -> Option<(String, String)> {
        let manager = self.relationship_manager.as_ref()?;
        if !manager.config().injection.enabled {
            return None;
        }
        let actor_id = self.effective_actor_id()?;
        let relationship = manager.get(&actor_id)?;
        let local_cap = manager.config().injection.max_tokens;
        let global_cap = self
            .memory_token_budget
            .as_ref()
            .map(|b| b.allocation.relationships as usize)
            .filter(|n| *n > 0);
        let max_tokens = global_cap.map(|g| g.min(local_cap)).unwrap_or(local_cap);
        let text = ai_agents_relationships::format_relationship(
            &relationship,
            &manager.config().injection.format,
            max_tokens,
        );
        if text.is_empty() {
            None
        } else {
            Some((manager.config().injection.prompt_variable.clone(), text))
        }
    }

    async fn persist_actor_relationship(&self, actor_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
        let Some(manager) = self.relationship_manager.as_ref() else {
            return Ok(());
        };
        if !manager.config().persistence.enabled {
            return Ok(());
        }
        let storage = self.storage.read().clone();
        let Some(storage) = storage else {
            return Ok(());
        };
        if let Some(value) = manager.relationship_as_value(actor_id)? {
            storage
                .save_relationship(&self.info.id, actor_id, &value)
                .await?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn auto_update_relationship(&self) {
        let Some(manager) = self.relationship_manager.as_ref() else {
            return;
        };
        let Some(actor_id) = self.effective_actor_id() else {
            return;
        };
        if !manager.config().auto_update.enabled {
            let _ = self.persist_actor_relationship(&actor_id).await;
            return;
        }

        let recent_messages = manager.config().auto_update.recent_messages;
        let messages = match self.memory.get_messages(Some(recent_messages)).await {
            Ok(messages) => messages,
            Err(e) => {
                warn!(actor = %actor_id, error = %e, "failed to read messages for relationship update");
                return;
            }
        };

        match self
            .observe_purpose(
                ObservationPurpose::RelationshipUpdate,
                manager.auto_update(&actor_id, &messages),
            )
            .await
        {
            Ok(update) => {
                if !update.changes.is_empty() {
                    self.hooks
                        .on_relationship_change(&actor_id, &update.changes)
                        .await;
                }
                if let Some(ref event) = update.event {
                    self.hooks.on_notable_event(&actor_id, event).await;
                }
                let persisted = match self.persist_actor_relationship(&actor_id).await {
                    Ok(()) => true,
                    Err(e) => {
                        warn!(actor = %actor_id, error = %e, "failed to persist relationship");
                        false
                    }
                };
                if !update.changes.is_empty() || update.event.is_some() {
                    let changed_dimensions: Vec<String> = update
                        .changes
                        .iter()
                        .map(|change| format!("{}:{}", change.perspective, change.dimension))
                        .collect();
                    info!(
                        actor_id = %actor_id,
                        change_count = update.changes.len(),
                        changed_dimensions = ?changed_dimensions,
                        event_present = update.event.is_some(),
                        persisted = persisted,
                        "relationship updated"
                    );
                } else {
                    debug!(actor_id = %actor_id, persisted = persisted, "relationship evaluation ran but found no changes");
                }
            }
            Err(e) => warn!(actor = %actor_id, error = %e, "relationship update failed"),
        }
    }

    /// Run auto-extraction after a chat turn.
    async fn auto_extract_facts(&self) {
        let should_extract = self
            .facts_config
            .as_ref()
            .map(|c| c.enabled && c.auto_extract)
            .unwrap_or(false);

        if !should_extract {
            debug!("fact extraction skipped because auto extraction is disabled");
            return;
        }

        let msgs_since = *self.messages_since_extraction.read();
        if msgs_since < 2 {
            debug!(
                messages_since_extraction = msgs_since,
                "fact extraction skipped until threshold is reached"
            );
            return;
        }

        match self.extract_facts_with_source(msgs_since, "auto").await {
            Ok(facts) => {
                if !facts.is_empty() {
                    *self.messages_since_extraction.write() = 0;
                } else {
                    debug!("fact extraction ran but found no new facts");
                }
            }
            Err(e) => {
                warn!("fact extraction failed: {}", e);
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn with_persona(mut self, manager: Arc<ai_agents_persona::PersonaManager>) -> Self {
        self.persona_manager = Some(manager);
        self
    }

    pub fn persona_manager(&self) -> Option<&Arc<ai_agents_persona::PersonaManager>> {
        self.persona_manager.as_ref()
    }

    pub fn with_disambiguation(mut self, config: DisambiguationConfig) -> Self {
        if config.is_enabled() {
            let manager = DisambiguationManager::new(config, Arc::clone(&self.llm_registry))
                .with_clarification_observer(Arc::new(ObservabilityClarificationObserver));
            self.disambiguation_manager = Some(manager);
        }
        self
    }

    pub fn disambiguation_manager(&self) -> Option<&DisambiguationManager> {
        self.disambiguation_manager.as_ref()
    }

    pub fn has_disambiguation(&self) -> bool {
        self.disambiguation_manager
            .as_ref()
            .is_some_and(|m| m.is_enabled())
    }

    pub async fn init_storage(&self) -> Result<()> {
        //
        // One readiness guard prevents concurrent entry points from constructing storage or fact state more than once.
        //
        let _guard = self.storage_init.lock().await;
        let mut storage = self.storage.read().clone();
        if storage.is_none() && !self.storage_config.is_none() {
            let storage_config = self.convert_storage_config();
            storage = create_storage(&storage_config).await?;
            *self.storage.write() = storage.clone();
        }

        self.validate_storage_requirements(storage.as_deref())?;
        self.complete_facts_init().await;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn validate_storage_requirements(&self, storage: Option<&dyn AgentStorage>) -> Result<()> {
        let facts_required = self
            .facts_config
            .as_ref()
            .is_some_and(|config| config.enabled)
            || self
                .actor_memory_config
                .as_ref()
                .is_some_and(|config| config.enabled);
        let relationships_required = self
            .relationship_manager
            .as_ref()
            .is_some_and(|manager| manager.config().persistence.enabled);

        let Some(storage) = storage else {
            let mut requirements = Vec::new();
            if facts_required {
                requirements.push("actor facts or actor memory");
            }
            if relationships_required {
                requirements.push("persistent relationships");
            }
            if requirements.is_empty() {
                return Ok(());
            }
            return Err(AgentError::Config(format!(
                "Storage is required for enabled {} but none is configured or injected",
                requirements.join(" and ")
            )));
        };

        //
        // Durable features must fail before execution instead of degrading to volatile state.
        //
        if facts_required && !storage.supports(StorageCapability::ActorFacts) {
            return Err(AgentError::UnsupportedStorageCapability(
                StorageCapability::ActorFacts,
            ));
        }
        if relationships_required && !storage.supports(StorageCapability::ActorRelationships) {
            return Err(AgentError::UnsupportedStorageCapability(
                StorageCapability::ActorRelationships,
            ));
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Initialize fact store and extractor from stored config and current storage.
    /// Called from init_storage() so facts are ready before the first turn.
    async fn complete_facts_init(&self) {
        if self.fact_store.read().is_some() {
            return;
        }
        let storage = match self.storage.read().clone() {
            Some(s) => s,
            None => return,
        };

        let facts_enabled = self
            .facts_config
            .as_ref()
            .map(|f| f.enabled)
            .unwrap_or(false);
        let actor_memory_enabled = self
            .actor_memory_config
            .as_ref()
            .map(|a| a.enabled)
            .unwrap_or(false);

        if !facts_enabled && !actor_memory_enabled {
            return;
        }

        let fc = self.facts_config.clone().unwrap_or_default();
        let store = Arc::new(ai_agents_facts::FactStore::new(
            storage,
            self.info.id.clone(),
            fc.clone(),
        ));

        let extractor: Option<Arc<dyn ai_agents_facts::FactExtractor>> = if facts_enabled {
            let extractor_llm = fc
                .extractor_llm
                .as_ref()
                .and_then(|alias| self.llm_registry.get(alias).ok())
                .or_else(|| self.llm_registry.router().ok())
                .or_else(|| self.llm_registry.default().ok());
            extractor_llm.map(|llm| {
                Arc::new(ai_agents_facts::LLMFactExtractor::new(llm, fc.clone()))
                    as Arc<dyn ai_agents_facts::FactExtractor>
            })
        } else {
            None
        };

        *self.fact_store.write() = Some(store);
        *self.fact_extractor.write() = extractor;
        debug!(
            agent = %self.info.id,
            facts_enabled,
            actor_memory_enabled,
            "facts storage initialized"
        );
    }

    fn convert_storage_config(&self) -> StorageStorageConfig {
        crate::spec::storage::to_storage_config(&self.storage_config)
    }

    pub fn storage(&self) -> Option<Arc<dyn AgentStorage>> {
        self.storage.read().clone()
    }

    pub fn storage_config(&self) -> &StorageConfig {
        &self.storage_config
    }

    /// Returns the spawner if configured via a spawner: YAML section.
    pub fn spawner(&self) -> Option<&Arc<crate::spawner::AgentSpawner>> {
        self.spawner.as_ref()
    }

    /// Returns the agent registry if configured via a spawner: YAML section.
    pub fn spawner_registry(&self) -> Option<&Arc<crate::spawner::AgentRegistry>> {
        self.spawner_registry.as_ref()
    }

    pub fn has_spawner(&self) -> bool {
        self.spawner_registry.is_some()
    }

    pub fn with_spawner_handles(
        mut self,
        spawner: Arc<crate::spawner::AgentSpawner>,
        registry: Arc<crate::spawner::AgentRegistry>,
    ) -> Self {
        self.spawner = Some(spawner);
        self.spawner_registry = Some(registry);
        self
    }

    pub fn with_hooks(mut self, hooks: Arc<dyn AgentHooks>) -> Self {
        self.hooks = hooks;
        self
    }

    pub fn with_parallel_tools(mut self, config: ParallelToolsConfig) -> Self {
        self.parallel_tools = config;
        self
    }

    pub fn with_streaming(mut self, config: StreamingConfig) -> Self {
        self.streaming = config;
        self
    }

    pub fn with_hitl(mut self, engine: HITLEngine, handler: Arc<dyn ApprovalHandler>) -> Self {
        self.hitl_engine = Some(engine);
        self.approval_handler = handler;
        self
    }

    pub fn with_max_context_tokens(mut self, tokens: u32) -> Self {
        self.max_context_tokens = tokens;
        self
    }

    pub fn with_memory_token_budget(mut self, budget: MemoryTokenBudget) -> Self {
        self.memory_token_budget = Some(budget);
        self
    }

    pub fn with_recovery_manager(mut self, manager: RecoveryManager) -> Self {
        self.recovery_manager = manager;
        self
    }

    pub fn with_tool_security(mut self, engine: ToolSecurityEngine) -> Self {
        self.tool_security = engine;
        self
    }

    /// Returns the host-only runtime control handle.
    pub fn runtime_control(&self) -> RuntimeControlHandle {
        RuntimeControlHandle {
            state: Arc::clone(&self.runtime_control),
        }
    }

    /// Installs or clears the host question handler used by `ask_user`.
    pub fn set_question_handler(&self, handler: Option<Arc<dyn QuestionHandler>>) {
        self.tools.set_question_handler(handler);
    }

    /// Installs the host diagnostics provider used by `diagnostics`.
    pub fn set_diagnostics_provider(&self, provider: Arc<dyn DiagnosticsProvider>) {
        self.tools.set_diagnostics_provider(provider);
    }

    /// Installs the host command runner used by `command`.
    pub fn set_command_runner(&self, runner: Arc<dyn CommandRunner>) {
        self.tools.set_command_runner(runner);
    }

    /// Installs the host web-search provider used by `web_search`.
    pub fn set_web_search_provider(&self, provider: Arc<dyn ai_agents_tools::WebSearchProvider>) {
        self.tools.set_web_search_provider(provider);
    }

    /// Returns the current session-local todo list.
    pub fn todos(&self) -> Vec<TodoItem> {
        self.tools.todos()
    }

    /// Returns the effective tool security snapshot for the next decision.
    fn active_tool_security(&self) -> ToolSecurityEngine {
        self.runtime_control
            .tool_security_override
            .read()
            .clone()
            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.tool_security.clone())
    }

    /// Reads policy, scope, emergency state, and generation as one safety snapshot.
    fn runtime_safety_snapshot(&self) -> RuntimeSafetySnapshot {
        let _guard = self.runtime_control.snapshot_guard.read();
        RuntimeSafetySnapshot {
            version: self.runtime_control.version.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
            emergency_deny: self.runtime_control.emergency_deny.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
            tool_security: self
                .runtime_control
                .tool_security_override
                .read()
                .clone()
                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.tool_security.clone()),
            tool_scope_override: self.runtime_control.tool_scope_override.read().clone(),
        }
    }

    /// Performs the single rate admission after locks are held and rejects changed runtime, policy, or state authority.
    fn admit_tool_execution(
        &self,
        expected_runtime_version: u64,
        expected_policy_version: u64,
        expected_state_generation: Option<u64>,
        canonical_id: &str,
    ) -> SecurityCheckResult {
        let _guard = self.runtime_control.snapshot_guard.read();
        if self.runtime_control.emergency_deny.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
            return SecurityCheckResult::Block {
                reason: "runtime emergency deny is enabled".to_string(),
            };
        }
        let runtime_version = self.runtime_control.version.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
        let security_engine = self
            .runtime_control
            .tool_security_override
            .read()
            .clone()
            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.tool_security.clone());
        if runtime_version != expected_runtime_version
            || security_engine.policy_version() != expected_policy_version
        {
            return SecurityCheckResult::Block {
                reason: "runtime safety controls changed before admission".to_string(),
            };
        }
        let current_state_generation = self
            .state_machine
            .as_ref()
            .map(|state_machine| state_machine.generation());
        if current_state_generation != expected_state_generation {
            return SecurityCheckResult::Block {
                reason: "state scope changed before admission".to_string(),
            };
        }
        security_engine.admit_tool_execution(canonical_id)
    }

    pub fn with_process_processor(mut self, processor: ProcessProcessor) -> Self {
        let processor = processor.with_stage_observer(Arc::new(ObservabilityProcessStageObserver));
        self.process_processor = Some(processor);
        self
    }

    pub fn with_state_machine(
        mut self,
        state_machine: Arc<StateMachine>,
        evaluator: Arc<dyn TransitionEvaluator>,
    ) -> Self {
        self.state_machine = Some(state_machine);
        self.transition_evaluator = Some(evaluator);
        self
    }

    pub fn with_context_manager(mut self, manager: Arc<ContextManager>) -> Self {
        self.context_manager = manager;
        self
    }

    pub fn register_message_filter(&self, name: impl Into<String>, filter: Arc<dyn MessageFilter>) {
        self.message_filters.write().insert(name.into(), filter);
    }

    pub fn set_context(&self, key: &str, value: Value) -> Result<()> {
        self.context_manager.update(key, value)
    }

    pub fn update_context(&self, path: &str, value: Value) -> Result<()> {
        self.context_manager.update(path, value)
    }

    pub fn get_context(&self) -> HashMap<String, Value> {
        self.build_context_with_overlays()
    }

    pub fn remove_context(&self, key: &str) -> Option<Value> {
        self.context_manager.remove(key)
    }

    pub async fn refresh_context(&self, key: &str) -> Result<()> {
        self.context_manager.refresh(key).await
    }

    pub fn register_context_provider(&self, name: &str, provider: Arc<dyn ContextProvider>) {
        self.context_manager.register_provider(name, provider);
    }

    pub fn current_state(&self) -> Option<String> {
        self.state_machine.as_ref().map(|sm| sm.current())
    }

    // State changes invalidate only resolved confirmation ownership; ordinary clarification remains manager-owned across layered enablement changes.
    async fn invalidate_pending_confirmation(&self, reason: &'static str) {
        self.disambiguation_epoch.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
        let Some(disambiguator) = self.disambiguation_manager.as_ref() else {
            return;
        };
        if disambiguator.has_pending_confirmation().await {
            disambiguator.clear_pending().await;
            *self.pending_skill_id.write() = None;
            info!(
                confirmation_event = "invalidated",
                invalidation_reason = reason,
                "Runtime invalidated pending confirmation"
            );
        }
    }

    // Admission linearizes pending publication or redispatch before reset and state mutation, then rechecks both ownership generations.
    async fn admit_disambiguation_redispatch(
        &self,
        expected_epoch: u64,
        expected_state_generation: Option<u64>,
    ) -> Result<tokio::sync::RwLockReadGuard<'_, ()>> {
        let admission = self.disambiguation_admission.read().await;
        let state_generation = self
            .state_machine
            .as_ref()
            .map(|state_machine| state_machine.generation());
        if self.disambiguation_epoch.load(Ordering::SeqCst) != expected_epoch
            || state_generation != expected_state_generation
        {
            return Err(AgentError::Other(
                "Disambiguation ownership changed before redispatch admission".to_string(),
            ));
        }
        Ok(admission)
    }

    // A transition reservation prevents losing runtime transitions from running duplicate exit side effects.
    fn reserve_state_transition(&self) -> Option<StateTransitionReservation<'_>> {
        self.state_transition_reserved
            .compare_exchange(false, true, Ordering::SeqCst, Ordering::SeqCst)
            .ok()
            .map(|_| StateTransitionReservation {
                reserved: &self.state_transition_reserved,
            })
    }

    // Optional ownership is used only for terminal skill responses that came from manager-owned pending state.
    async fn admit_optional_disambiguation_ownership(
        &self,
        ownership: Option<DisambiguationOwnership>,
    ) -> Result<Option<tokio::sync::RwLockReadGuard<'_, ()>>> {
        match ownership {
            Some(ownership) => self
                .admit_disambiguation_redispatch(ownership.epoch, ownership.state_generation)
                .await
                .map(Some),
            None => Ok(None),
        }
    }

    /// Applies a manual transition after reserving its exit actions and keeping async lifecycle work outside the commit lock.
    pub async fn transition_to(&self, state: &str) -> Result<()> {
        let Some(ref sm) = self.state_machine else {
            return Ok(());
        };
        let claim_admission = self.disambiguation_admission.write().await;
        let reservation = self.reserve_state_transition().ok_or_else(|| {
            AgentError::Other("Another state transition is already in progress".to_string())
        })?;
        let from_state = sm.current();
        let expected_state_generation = sm.generation();
        let expected_disambiguation_epoch = self.disambiguation_epoch.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
        let history_before = sm.history();
        drop(claim_admission);

        self.execute_state_exit_actions(&from_state).await;

        let admission = self.disambiguation_admission.write().await;
        if sm.current() != from_state
            || sm.generation() != expected_state_generation
            || self.disambiguation_epoch.load(Ordering::SeqCst) != expected_disambiguation_epoch
        {
            return Err(AgentError::Other(
                "State ownership changed during manual transition preparation".to_string(),
            ));
        }
        sm.transition_to(state, "manual transition")?;
        self.invalidate_pending_confirmation("state_transition")
            .await;
        let entered = sm.current();
        let is_reentry = Self::state_was_previously_entered(&entered, &from_state, &history_before);
        drop(admission);

        self.execute_state_enter_actions(&entered, is_reentry).await;
        drop(reservation);
        info!(to = %entered, "Manual state transition");
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn state_history(&self) -> Vec<StateTransitionEvent> {
        self.state_machine
            .as_ref()
            .map(|sm| sm.history())
            .unwrap_or_default()
    }

    /// Get a copy of current session metadata.
    pub fn session_metadata(&self) -> ai_agents_core::SessionMetadata {
        self.session_metadata.read().clone()
    }

    /// Delete all facts and sessions for an actor, gated by privacy.allow_deletion.
    /// Returns Err when actor_memory.privacy.allow_deletion is false.
    pub async fn delete_actor_data(&self, actor_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
        let allowed = self
            .actor_memory_config
            .as_ref()
            .map(|c| c.privacy.allow_deletion)
            .unwrap_or(true);
        if !allowed {
            return Err(AgentError::Config(
                "privacy.allow_deletion is false; actor data deletion is not permitted".into(),
            ));
        }
        let storage = self.storage.read().clone();
        if let Some(storage) = storage {
            //
            // Composite support is checked before mutation so privacy deletion cannot become partial.
            //
            if !storage.supports(StorageCapability::ActorDataDeletion) {
                return Err(AgentError::UnsupportedStorageCapability(
                    StorageCapability::ActorDataDeletion,
                ));
            }
            storage.delete_actor_data(&self.info.id, actor_id).await?;
        } else {
            //
            // Clone the fallback store before awaiting so backend I/O never holds the runtime read guard.
            //
            let store = { self.fact_store.read().clone() };
            if let Some(store) = store {
                store.delete_actor_data(actor_id).await?;
            }
        }
        if let Some(manager) = self.relationship_manager.as_ref() {
            manager.remove(actor_id);
        }
        self.actor_facts_cache.write().remove(actor_id);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Overwrite session metadata (tags, ttl, custom fields).
    pub fn set_session_metadata(&self, meta: ai_agents_core::SessionMetadata) {
        *self.session_metadata.write() = meta;
    }

    /// Delete sessions whose TTL has expired. Returns number of sessions removed.
    pub async fn cleanup_expired_sessions(&self) -> Result<usize> {
        let storage = self.storage.read().clone();
        match storage {
            Some(s) => {
                let count = s.cleanup_expired().await?;
                if count > 0 {
                    self.hooks.on_sessions_expired(count).await;
                }
                Ok(count)
            }
            None => Err(AgentError::Config(
                "No storage configured. Use with_storage_config() or with_storage() first".into(),
            )),
        }
    }

    /// List sessions matching a filter. Supports actor, tag, and date filters.
    pub async fn list_sessions_filtered(
        &self,
        filter: &ai_agents_core::SessionFilter,
    ) -> Result<Vec<ai_agents_core::SessionSummary>> {
        let storage = self.storage.read().clone();
        match storage {
            Some(s) => s.list_sessions_filtered(filter).await,
            None => Err(AgentError::Config(
                "No storage configured. Use with_storage_config() or with_storage() first".into(),
            )),
        }
    }

    pub async fn save_state(&self) -> Result<AgentSnapshot> {
        let memory_snapshot = self.memory.snapshot().await?;
        let state_machine_snapshot = self.state_machine.as_ref().map(|sm| sm.snapshot());
        let context_snapshot = self.context_manager.snapshot();

        let mut snapshot = AgentSnapshot::new(self.info.id.clone())
            .with_memory(memory_snapshot)
            .with_context(context_snapshot)
            .with_state_machine(
                state_machine_snapshot.unwrap_or_else(|| StateMachineSnapshot {
                    current_state: String::new(),
                    previous_state: None,
                    turn_count: 0,
                    no_transition_count: 0,
                    history: vec![],
                }),
            );

        if let Some(ref persona) = self.persona_manager {
            snapshot.persona = Some(persona.snapshot_as_value()?);
        }

        if let Some(ref relationships) = self.relationship_manager {
            snapshot.relationships = Some(relationships.snapshot_as_value()?);
        }

        Ok(snapshot)
    }

    /// Save state including spawned agents manifest for session persistence.
    pub async fn save_state_full(&self) -> Result<AgentSnapshot> {
        let mut snapshot = self.save_state().await?;
        if let Some(ref registry) = self.spawner_registry {
            let entries = registry.list_with_specs();
            if !entries.is_empty() {
                snapshot = snapshot.with_spawned_agents(entries);
            }
        }
        Ok(snapshot)
    }

    /// Restores persisted state after invalidating any pending confirmation ownership.
    pub async fn restore_state(&self, snapshot: AgentSnapshot) -> Result<()> {
        let _admission = self.disambiguation_admission.write().await;
        if self.state_transition_reserved.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
            return Err(AgentError::Other(
                "Cannot restore state while a state transition is in progress".to_string(),
            ));
        }
        self.invalidate_pending_confirmation("state_restore").await;
        *self.pending_skill_id.write() = None;
        if let Some(disambiguator) = self.disambiguation_manager.as_ref() {
            disambiguator.clear_pending().await;
        }
        self.memory.restore(snapshot.memory).await?;

        if let (Some(sm), Some(sm_snapshot)) = (&self.state_machine, snapshot.state_machine)
            && !sm_snapshot.current_state.is_empty()
        {
            sm.restore(sm_snapshot)?;
        }

        self.context_manager.restore(snapshot.context);

        if let (Some(persona_value), Some(persona_manager)) =
            (snapshot.persona, &self.persona_manager)
        {
            persona_manager.restore_from_value(persona_value)?;
        }

        if let (Some(relationship_value), Some(relationship_manager)) =
            (snapshot.relationships, &self.relationship_manager)
        {
            relationship_manager.restore_from_value(relationship_value)?;
        }

        info!(agent_id = %snapshot.agent_id, "State restored");
        Ok(())
    }

    pub async fn save_to(&self, storage: &dyn AgentStorage, session_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
        let snapshot = self.save_state().await?;
        storage.save(session_id, &snapshot).await
    }

    async fn load_session_restore(
        storage: &dyn AgentStorage,
        session_id: &str,
    ) -> Result<Option<StoredSessionRestore>> {
        let Some(snapshot) = storage.load(session_id).await? else {
            return Ok(None);
        };
        //
        // Metadata is restored only when the backend explicitly owns that durable contract.
        //
        let metadata = if storage.supports(StorageCapability::SessionMetadata) {
            storage.load_metadata(session_id).await?
        } else {
            None
        };
        Ok(Some(StoredSessionRestore { snapshot, metadata }))
    }

    async fn capture_session_restore_point(&self) -> Result<RuntimeSessionRestorePoint> {
        Ok(RuntimeSessionRestorePoint {
            snapshot: self.save_state().await?,
            metadata: self.session_metadata(),
            actor_id: self.actor_id(),
            session_id: self.current_session_id.read().clone(),
        })
    }

    async fn apply_session_restore_unchecked(
        &self,
        session_id: &str,
        stored: StoredSessionRestore,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        self.restore_state(stored.snapshot).await?;
        let metadata = stored.metadata.unwrap_or_default();
        if let Some(actor_id) = metadata.actor_id.as_deref() {
            self.set_actor_id(actor_id)?;
        } else {
            self.clear_actor_id();
        }
        self.set_session_metadata(metadata);
        *self.current_session_id.write() = Some(session_id.to_string());
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn restore_session_restore_point(
        &self,
        restore_point: &RuntimeSessionRestorePoint,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        self.restore_state(restore_point.snapshot.clone()).await?;
        if let Some(actor_id) = restore_point.actor_id.as_deref() {
            self.set_actor_id(actor_id)?;
        } else {
            self.clear_actor_id();
        }
        self.set_session_metadata(restore_point.metadata.clone());
        *self.current_session_id.write() = restore_point.session_id.clone();
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn apply_session_restore(
        &self,
        session_id: &str,
        stored: StoredSessionRestore,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let before = self.capture_session_restore_point().await?;
        if let Err(error) = self
            .apply_session_restore_unchecked(session_id, stored)
            .await
        {
            return match self.restore_session_restore_point(&before).await {
                Ok(()) => Err(error),
                Err(rollback_error) => Err(AgentError::Other(format!(
                    "Session restore failed: {error}; rollback failed: {rollback_error}"
                ))),
            };
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn rollback_session_restore_set(
        parent: Option<(&RuntimeAgent, &RuntimeSessionRestorePoint)>,
        children: &[(String, Arc<RuntimeAgent>, RuntimeSessionRestorePoint)],
    ) -> Vec<String> {
        let mut errors = Vec::new();
        if let Some((agent, restore_point)) = parent
            && let Err(error) = agent.restore_session_restore_point(restore_point).await
        {
            errors.push(format!("parent: {error}"));
        }
        for (id, agent, restore_point) in children {
            if let Err(error) = agent.restore_session_restore_point(restore_point).await {
                errors.push(format!("child '{id}': {error}"));
            }
        }
        errors
    }

    fn restore_failure(error: impl std::fmt::Display, rollback_errors: Vec<String>) -> AgentError {
        if rollback_errors.is_empty() {
            AgentError::Other(format!(
                "Session restore failed: {error}; runtime state was rolled back"
            ))
        } else {
            AgentError::Other(format!(
                "Session restore failed: {error}; rollback also failed for {}",
                rollback_errors.join(", ")
            ))
        }
    }

    pub async fn load_from(&self, storage: &dyn AgentStorage, session_id: &str) -> Result<bool> {
        let Some(stored) = Self::load_session_restore(storage, session_id).await? else {
            return Ok(false);
        };
        self.apply_session_restore(session_id, stored).await?;
        Ok(true)
    }

    pub async fn save_session(&self, session_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
        let storage = self.storage.read().clone();
        match storage {
            Some(s) => {
                // Fire on_session_created when this session id is first seen on this runtime.
                let is_new = {
                    let cur = self.current_session_id.read().clone();
                    cur.as_deref() != Some(session_id)
                };
                if is_new {
                    *self.current_session_id.write() = Some(session_id.to_string());
                    self.hooks.on_session_created(session_id).await;
                }

                // Update metadata before persisting.
                {
                    let now = chrono::Utc::now();
                    let msg_count = self
                        .memory
                        .get_messages(None)
                        .await
                        .map(|v| v.len())
                        .unwrap_or(0);
                    let mut meta = self.session_metadata.write();
                    meta.last_active = now;
                    meta.message_count = msg_count;
                    if meta.actor_id.is_none() {
                        meta.actor_id = self.actor_id.read().clone();
                    }
                }

                let snapshot = self.save_state().await?;
                //
                // Metadata-capable backends own atomic snapshot and metadata persistence.
                //
                if s.supports(StorageCapability::SessionMetadata) {
                    let metadata = self.session_metadata.read().clone();
                    s.save_snapshot_with_metadata(session_id, &snapshot, &metadata)
                        .await
                } else {
                    s.save(session_id, &snapshot).await
                }
            }
            None => Err(AgentError::Config(
                "No storage configured. Use with_storage_config() or with_storage() first".into(),
            )),
        }
    }

    pub async fn load_session(&self, session_id: &str) -> Result<bool> {
        let storage = self.storage.read().clone();
        match storage {
            Some(storage) => self.load_from(storage.as_ref(), session_id).await,
            None => Err(AgentError::Config(
                "No storage configured. Use with_storage_config() or with_storage() first".into(),
            )),
        }
    }

    /// Restore this runtime and its complete saved child topology from one named session.
    pub async fn restore_session_full(&self, session_id: &str) -> Result<usize> {
        self.init_storage().await?;
        let storage = self.storage.read().clone().ok_or_else(|| {
            AgentError::Config(
                "No storage configured. Use with_storage_config() or with_storage() first".into(),
            )
        })?;
        let target_parent = Self::load_session_restore(storage.as_ref(), session_id)
            .await?
            .ok_or_else(|| AgentError::Persistence(format!("Session not found: {session_id}")))?;
        let manifest = target_parent
            .snapshot
            .spawned_agents
            .clone()
            .unwrap_or_default();

        let registry = self.spawner_registry.as_ref().cloned();
        let spawner = if manifest.is_empty() {
            self.spawner.as_ref().cloned()
        } else {
            Some(self.spawner.as_ref().cloned().ok_or_else(|| {
                AgentError::Config(
                    "Saved session contains child agents but this runtime has no spawner".into(),
                )
            })?)
        };
        let registry = if manifest.is_empty() {
            registry
        } else {
            Some(registry.ok_or_else(|| {
                AgentError::Config(
                    "Saved session contains child agents but this runtime has no registry".into(),
                )
            })?)
        };

        let mut target_ids = HashSet::with_capacity(manifest.len());
        let mut prepared = Vec::with_capacity(manifest.len());
        for entry in manifest {
            if !target_ids.insert(entry.id.clone()) {
                return Err(AgentError::InvalidSpec(format!(
                    "Saved child manifest contains duplicate ID: {}",
                    entry.id
                )));
            }
            let spec = crate::spec::AgentSpec::from_yaml_strict(&entry.spec_yaml)?;
            spawner
                .as_ref()
                .expect("non-empty manifests require a spawner")
                .validate_explicit_child(&entry.id, &spec)?;
            prepared.push((entry.id, spec));
        }

        let current_ids = registry
            .as_ref()
            .map(|registry| {
                registry
                    .list()
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|info| info.id)
                    .collect::<HashSet<_>>()
            })
            .unwrap_or_default();
        let removal_count = current_ids.difference(&target_ids).count();
        let additions = prepared
            .iter()
            .filter(|(id, _)| !current_ids.contains(id))
            .cloned()
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

        let mut existing = Vec::new();
        if let Some(registry) = registry.as_ref() {
            for (id, _) in prepared.iter().filter(|(id, _)| current_ids.contains(id)) {
                let agent = registry.get(id).ok_or_else(|| {
                    AgentError::Config(format!("Retained child disappeared during restore: {id}"))
                })?;
                let child_storage = agent.storage().ok_or_else(|| {
                    AgentError::Config(format!("Child '{id}' has no storage for session restore"))
                })?;
                let stored = Self::load_session_restore(child_storage.as_ref(), session_id)
                    .await?
                    .ok_or_else(|| {
                        AgentError::Persistence(format!(
                            "Child '{id}' has no saved session '{session_id}'"
                        ))
                    })?;
                existing.push((id.clone(), agent, stored));
            }
        }

        let mut staged = Vec::with_capacity(additions.len());
        if !additions.is_empty() {
            let spawner = spawner
                .as_ref()
                .expect("restored additions require a spawner");
            let reservations = spawner.reserve_restore_capacity(additions.len(), removal_count)?;
            for ((id, spec), reservation) in additions.into_iter().zip(reservations) {
                let spawned = spawner
                    .spawn_with_reserved_capacity(id.clone(), spec, reservation)
                    .await?;
                let child_storage = spawned.agent.storage().ok_or_else(|| {
                    AgentError::Config(format!("Child '{id}' has no storage for session restore"))
                })?;
                let stored = Self::load_session_restore(child_storage.as_ref(), session_id)
                    .await?
                    .ok_or_else(|| {
                        AgentError::Persistence(format!(
                            "Child '{id}' has no saved session '{session_id}'"
                        ))
                    })?;
                staged.push((spawned, stored));
            }
        } else if let Some(spawner) = spawner.as_ref() {
            spawner.reserve_restore_capacity(0, removal_count)?;
        }

        let parent_before = self.capture_session_restore_point().await?;
        let mut existing_before = Vec::with_capacity(existing.len());
        for (id, agent, _) in &existing {
            existing_before.push((
                id.clone(),
                Arc::clone(agent),
                agent.capture_session_restore_point().await?,
            ));
        }

        //
        // Every record is loaded before runtime state changes. Registry replacement is the final topology commit point.
        //
        for (_, agent, stored) in &existing {
            if let Err(error) = agent
                .apply_session_restore_unchecked(session_id, stored.clone())
                .await
            {
                drop(staged);
                let rollback_errors =
                    Self::rollback_session_restore_set(None, &existing_before).await;
                return Err(Self::restore_failure(error, rollback_errors));
            }
        }
        for (spawned, stored) in &staged {
            if let Err(error) = spawned
                .agent
                .apply_session_restore_unchecked(session_id, stored.clone())
                .await
            {
                drop(staged);
                let rollback_errors =
                    Self::rollback_session_restore_set(None, &existing_before).await;
                return Err(Self::restore_failure(error, rollback_errors));
            }
        }
        if let Err(error) = self
            .apply_session_restore_unchecked(session_id, target_parent)
            .await
        {
            drop(staged);
            let rollback_errors =
                Self::rollback_session_restore_set(Some((self, &parent_before)), &existing_before)
                    .await;
            return Err(Self::restore_failure(error, rollback_errors));
        }

        if let Some(registry) = registry.as_ref()
            && let Err(error) = registry
                .reconcile(
                    &target_ids,
                    staged.into_iter().map(|(spawned, _)| spawned).collect(),
                )
                .await
        {
            let rollback_errors =
                Self::rollback_session_restore_set(Some((self, &parent_before)), &existing_before)
                    .await;
            return Err(Self::restore_failure(error, rollback_errors));
        }

        Ok(target_ids.len())
    }

    pub async fn delete_session(&self, session_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
        let storage = self.storage.read().clone();
        match storage {
            Some(s) => s.delete(session_id).await,
            None => Err(AgentError::Config(
                "No storage configured. Use with_storage_config() or with_storage() first".into(),
            )),
        }
    }

    pub async fn list_sessions(&self) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
        let storage = self.storage.read().clone();
        match storage {
            Some(s) => s.list_sessions().await,
            None => Err(AgentError::Config(
                "No storage configured. Use with_storage_config() or with_storage() first".into(),
            )),
        }
    }

    fn estimate_tokens(&self, text: &str) -> u32 {
        (text.len() as f32 / 4.0).ceil() as u32
    }

    fn estimate_total_tokens(&self, messages: &[ChatMessage]) -> u32 {
        messages
            .iter()
            .map(|m| self.estimate_tokens(&m.content))
            .sum()
    }

    fn truncate_context(&self, messages: &mut Vec<ChatMessage>, keep_recent: usize) {
        if messages.len() <= keep_recent + 1 {
            return;
        }
        let system_msg = messages.remove(0);
        let to_remove = messages.len().saturating_sub(keep_recent);
        messages.drain(..to_remove);
        messages.insert(0, system_msg);
    }

    fn get_filter(&self, config: &FilterConfig) -> Arc<dyn MessageFilter> {
        match config {
            FilterConfig::KeepRecent(n) => Arc::new(KeepRecentFilter::new(*n)),
            FilterConfig::ByRole { keep_roles } => Arc::new(ByRoleFilter::new(keep_roles.clone())),
            FilterConfig::SkipPattern { skip_if_contains } => {
                Arc::new(SkipPatternFilter::new(skip_if_contains.clone()))
            }
            FilterConfig::Custom { name } => {
                let filters = self.message_filters.read();
                filters
                    .get(name)
                    .cloned()
                    .unwrap_or_else(|| Arc::new(KeepRecentFilter::new(10)))
            }
        }
    }

    async fn summarize_context(
        &self,
        messages: &mut Vec<ChatMessage>,
        summarizer_llm: Option<&str>,
        max_summary_tokens: u32,
        custom_prompt: Option<&str>,
        keep_recent: usize,
        filter: Option<&FilterConfig>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let system_msg = messages.remove(0);

        let to_summarize_count = messages.len().saturating_sub(keep_recent);
        if to_summarize_count == 0 {
            messages.insert(0, system_msg);
            return Ok(());
        }

        let recent_msgs: Vec<ChatMessage> = messages.drain(to_summarize_count..).collect();
        let mut to_summarize = std::mem::take(messages);

        if let Some(filter_config) = filter {
            let filter = self.get_filter(filter_config);
            to_summarize = filter.filter(to_summarize);
        }

        if to_summarize.is_empty() {
            *messages = recent_msgs;
            messages.insert(0, system_msg);
            return Ok(());
        }

        let conversation_text = to_summarize
            .iter()
            .map(|m| format!("{:?}: {}", m.role, m.content))
            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
            .join("\n");

        let default_prompt = format!(
            "Summarize the following conversation in under {} tokens, preserving key information:\n\n{}",
            max_summary_tokens, conversation_text
        );

        let summary_prompt = custom_prompt
            .map(|p| format!("{}\n\n{}", p, conversation_text))
            .unwrap_or(default_prompt);

        let summarizer = if let Some(alias) = summarizer_llm {
            self.llm_registry
                .get(alias)
                .map_err(|e| AgentError::Config(e.to_string()))?
        } else {
            self.llm_registry
                .router()
                .or_else(|_| self.llm_registry.default())
                .map_err(|e| AgentError::Config(e.to_string()))?
        };

        let summary_msgs = vec![ChatMessage::user(&summary_prompt)];
        let response = self
            .observe_purpose(
                ObservationPurpose::Summarization,
                summarizer.complete(&summary_msgs, None),
            )
            .await?;

        let summary_message = ChatMessage::system(format!(
            "[Previous conversation summary]\n{}",
            response.content
        ));

        *messages = vec![system_msg, summary_message];
        messages.extend(recent_msgs);

        debug!(
            summarized_count = to_summarize_count,
            kept_recent = keep_recent,
            "Context summarized"
        );

        Ok(())
    }

    fn render_system_prompt(&self) -> Result<String> {
        let mut context = self.build_context_with_overlays();

        // Inject actor_facts for {{ actor_facts }} template variable.
        let facts_text = self.format_actor_facts_for_context();
        if !facts_text.is_empty() {
            context.insert(
                "actor_facts".to_string(),
                serde_json::Value::String(facts_text),
            );
        }

        if let Some((key, text)) = self.format_relationship_for_context() {
            context.insert(key, serde_json::Value::String(text));
        }

        self.template_renderer
            .render(&self.base_system_prompt, &context)
    }

    /// Canonicalizes IDs once while preserving their first declaration order and ignoring unknown entries.
    fn canonical_unique_tool_ids(&self, ids: &[String]) -> Vec<String> {
        let mut seen = HashSet::new();
        ids.iter()
            .filter_map(|id| self.tools.canonical_id(id))
            .filter(|canonical_id| seen.insert(canonical_id.clone()))
            .collect()
    }

    /// Applies runtime narrowing to the canonical declared grant without permitting scope-based expansion.
    fn get_top_level_tool_ids_for_scope(&self, scope_override: Option<&[String]>) -> Vec<String> {
        let Some(declared) = self.declared_tool_ids.as_deref() else {
            return Vec::new();
        };
        let mut effective = self.canonical_unique_tool_ids(declared);
        if let Some(scope) = scope_override {
            let scope: HashSet<String> =
                self.canonical_unique_tool_ids(scope).into_iter().collect();
            effective.retain(|canonical_id| scope.contains(canonical_id));
        }
        effective
    }

    /// Reads the live runtime narrowing and returns the current deterministic effective tool IDs.
    async fn get_available_tool_ids(&self) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
        Ok(self.get_available_tool_ids_snapshot().await?.tool_ids)
    }

    /// Captures the runtime scope used for ordinary availability checks before applying state narrowing.
    async fn get_available_tool_ids_snapshot(&self) -> Result<AvailableToolIdsSnapshot> {
        let scope_override = self.runtime_control.tool_scope_override.read().clone();
        self.get_available_tool_ids_snapshot_for_scope(scope_override.as_deref())
            .await
    }

    /// Applies every explicit ancestor and current-state scope to one runtime snapshot and retains its state generation.
    async fn get_available_tool_ids_snapshot_for_scope(
        &self,
        scope_override: Option<&[String]>,
    ) -> Result<AvailableToolIdsSnapshot> {
        let mut available = self.get_top_level_tool_ids_for_scope(scope_override);
        let (state_generation, state_scopes) = self
            .state_machine
            .as_ref()
            .map(|state_machine| {
                let (generation, scopes) = state_machine.current_tool_scope_snapshot();
                (Some(generation), scopes)
            })
            .unwrap_or((None, Vec::new()));

        if available.is_empty() || state_scopes.is_empty() {
            return Ok(AvailableToolIdsSnapshot {
                tool_ids: available,
                state_generation,
            });
        }

        let eval_ctx = self.build_evaluation_context().await?;
        let llm_getter = RegistryLLMGetter {
            registry: self.llm_registry.clone(),
        };
        let evaluator = ConditionEvaluator::new(llm_getter);

        for state_scope in state_scopes {
            if state_scope.is_empty() {
                available.clear();
                break;
            }

            let mut allowed = HashSet::new();
            for tool_ref in &state_scope {
                let tool_id = tool_ref.id();
                let Some(canonical_id) = self.tools.canonical_id(tool_id) else {
                    continue;
                };
                let condition_matches = if let Some(condition) = tool_ref.condition() {
                    match evaluator.evaluate(condition, &eval_ctx).await {
                        Ok(matches) => matches,
                        Err(error) => {
                            warn!(tool = tool_id, error = %error, "Error evaluating tool condition");
                            false
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    true
                };
                if condition_matches {
                    allowed.insert(canonical_id);
                } else {
                    debug!(tool = tool_id, "Tool condition not met, skipping");
                }
            }
            available.retain(|canonical_id| allowed.contains(canonical_id));
            if available.is_empty() {
                break;
            }
        }

        Ok(AvailableToolIdsSnapshot {
            tool_ids: available,
            state_generation,
        })
    }

    async fn build_evaluation_context(&self) -> Result<EvaluationContext> {
        let context = self.build_context_with_overlays();
        let messages = self.memory.get_messages(Some(10)).await?;
        let tool_history = self.tool_call_history.read().clone();

        let (state_name, turn_count, previous_state) = if let Some(ref sm) = self.state_machine {
            (Some(sm.current()), sm.turn_count(), sm.previous())
        } else {
            (None, 0, None)
        };

        Ok(EvaluationContext::default()
            .with_context(context)
            .with_state(state_name, turn_count, previous_state)
            .with_called_tools(tool_history)
            .with_messages(messages))
    }

    fn record_tool_call(&self, tool_id: &str, result: Value) {
        self.tool_call_history.write().push(ToolCallRecord {
            tool_id: tool_id.to_string(),
            result,
            timestamp: chrono::Utc::now(),
        });
    }

    async fn get_effective_system_prompt_with_persona_hooks(
        &self,
        fire_persona_hooks: bool,
        include_tool_prompt: bool,
    ) -> Result<String> {
        let rendered_base = self.render_system_prompt()?;

        let persona_prefix = if let Some(ref persona) = self.persona_manager {
            let context = self.build_context_with_overlays();
            if fire_persona_hooks {
                let render_result = persona.render_prompt(&context)?;
                for content in &render_result.newly_revealed {
                    self.hooks.on_secret_revealed(content).await;
                }
                render_result.prompt
            } else {
                persona.render_prompt_preview(&context)?
            }
        } else {
            String::new()
        };

        if let Some(ref sm) = self.state_machine
            && let Some(state_def) = sm.current_definition()
        {
            let state_prompt = if let Some(ref prompt) = state_def.prompt {
                let context = self.build_context_with_overlays();
                self.template_renderer.render_with_state(
                    prompt,
                    &context,
                    &sm.current(),
                    sm.previous().as_deref(),
                    sm.turn_count(),
                    state_def.max_turns,
                )?
            } else {
                String::new()
            };

            let combined = match state_def.prompt_mode {
                PromptMode::Append => {
                    if state_prompt.is_empty() {
                        rendered_base
                    } else {
                        format!(
                            "{}\n\n[Current State: {}]\n{}",
                            rendered_base,
                            sm.current(),
                            state_prompt
                        )
                    }
                }
                PromptMode::Replace => {
                    if state_prompt.is_empty() {
                        rendered_base
                    } else {
                        state_prompt
                    }
                }
                PromptMode::Prepend => {
                    if state_prompt.is_empty() {
                        rendered_base
                    } else {
                        format!("{}\n\n{}", state_prompt, rendered_base)
                    }
                }
            };

            // Persona always prepended regardless of prompt_mode.
            let with_persona = if persona_prefix.is_empty() {
                combined
            } else {
                format!("{}\n\n{}", persona_prefix, combined)
            };

            if include_tool_prompt {
                let available_tool_ids = self.get_available_tool_ids().await?;
                if !available_tool_ids.is_empty() {
                    let tools_prompt = self.tools.generate_scoped_prompt_with_mode(
                        &available_tool_ids,
                        None,
                        self.parallel_tools.enabled,
                        self.runtime_config.tool_schema_prompt_mode,
                    );
                    if !tools_prompt.is_empty() {
                        return Ok(format!("{}\n\n{}", with_persona, tools_prompt));
                    }
                }
            }
            return Ok(with_persona);
        }

        // No state machine - prepend persona to base.
        let with_persona = if persona_prefix.is_empty() {
            rendered_base
        } else {
            format!("{}\n\n{}", persona_prefix, rendered_base)
        };

        if include_tool_prompt {
            let available_tool_ids = self.get_available_tool_ids().await?;
            let tools_prompt = self.tools.generate_scoped_prompt_with_mode(
                &available_tool_ids,
                None,
                self.parallel_tools.enabled,
                self.runtime_config.tool_schema_prompt_mode,
            );
            if !tools_prompt.is_empty() {
                return Ok(format!("{}\n\n{}", with_persona, tools_prompt));
            }
        }
        Ok(with_persona)
    }

    fn get_state_llm(&self) -> Result<Arc<dyn LLMProvider>> {
        if let Some(ref sm) = self.state_machine
            && let Some(state_def) = sm.current_definition()
            && let Some(ref llm_alias) = state_def.llm
        {
            return self
                .llm_registry
                .get(llm_alias)
                .map_err(|e| AgentError::Config(e.to_string()));
        }
        self.llm_registry
            .default()
            .map_err(|e| AgentError::Config(e.to_string()))
    }

    fn get_effective_reasoning_config(&self) -> ReasoningConfig {
        if let Some(ref sm) = self.state_machine
            && let Some(state_def) = sm.current_definition()
            && let Some(ref state_reasoning) = state_def.reasoning
        {
            return state_reasoning.clone();
        }
        self.reasoning_config.clone()
    }

    fn get_effective_reflection_config(&self) -> ReflectionConfig {
        if let Some(ref sm) = self.state_machine
            && let Some(state_def) = sm.current_definition()
            && let Some(ref state_reflection) = state_def.reflection
        {
            return state_reflection.clone();
        }
        self.reflection_config.clone()
    }

    fn get_skill_reasoning_config(&self, skill: &SkillDefinition) -> ReasoningConfig {
        skill
            .reasoning
            .clone()
            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.get_effective_reasoning_config())
    }

    fn get_skill_reflection_config(&self, skill: &SkillDefinition) -> ReflectionConfig {
        skill
            .reflection
            .clone()
            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.get_effective_reflection_config())
    }

    async fn build_disambiguation_context(&self) -> Result<DisambiguationContext> {
        let recent_messages: Vec<String> = self
            .memory
            .get_messages(Some(5))
            .await?
            .iter()
            .rev()
            .map(|m| format!("{:?}: {}", m.role, m.content))
            .collect();

        let current_state = self.current_state().map(|s| s.to_string());

        // Include the current state's prompt text so the detector understands
        // what kind of input is expected (e.g., "Ask for the order number").
        let state_prompt: Option<String> = self
            .state_machine
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|sm| sm.current_definition())
            .and_then(|def| def.prompt.clone());

        let available_tools: Vec<String> = self
            .get_available_tool_ids()
            .await
            .unwrap_or_else(|_| self.tools.list_ids());

        let available_skills: Vec<String> = self.skills.iter().map(|s| s.id.clone()).collect();

        let mut user_context = self.build_context_with_overlays();
        user_context.remove(DISAMBIGUATION_STATE_GENERATION_KEY);
        if let Some(state_generation) = self
            .state_machine
            .as_ref()
            .map(|state_machine| state_machine.generation())
        {
            user_context.insert(
                DISAMBIGUATION_STATE_GENERATION_KEY.to_string(),
                serde_json::json!(state_generation),
            );
        }

        // Extract canonical intent labels from current state's transitions
        let available_intents: Vec<String> = if let Some(ref sm) = self.state_machine {
            sm.current_definition()
                .map(|def| {
                    def.transitions
                        .iter()
                        .filter_map(|t| t.intent.clone())
                        .collect()
                })
                .unwrap_or_default()
        } else {
            Vec::new()
        };

        Ok(DisambiguationContext::from_agent_state(
            recent_messages,
            current_state,
            state_prompt,
            available_tools,
            available_skills,
            available_intents,
            user_context,
        ))
    }

    fn get_available_skills(&self) -> Vec<&SkillDefinition> {
        if let Some(ref sm) = self.state_machine
            && let Some(state_def) = sm.current_definition()
        {
            let parent_def = sm.get_parent_definition();
            let effective_skills = state_def.get_effective_skills(parent_def.as_ref());
            if !effective_skills.is_empty() {
                return self
                    .skills
                    .iter()
                    .filter(|s| effective_skills.contains(&&s.id))
                    .collect();
            }
        }
        self.skills.iter().collect()
    }

    async fn build_messages(&self) -> Result<Vec<ChatMessage>> {
        self.build_messages_internal(true, None, true).await
    }

    async fn build_messages_for_draft(&self, user_message: &str) -> Result<Vec<ChatMessage>> {
        self.build_messages_internal(false, Some(user_message), true)
            .await
    }

    async fn build_messages_internal(
        &self,
        fire_persona_hooks: bool,
        ephemeral_user_message: Option<&str>,
        include_tool_prompt: bool,
    ) -> Result<Vec<ChatMessage>> {
        let system_prompt = self
            .get_effective_system_prompt_with_persona_hooks(fire_persona_hooks, include_tool_prompt)
            .await?;
        let mut messages = vec![ChatMessage::system(&system_prompt)];

        let context = self.memory.get_context().await?;
        let history = if let Some(ref budget) = self.memory_token_budget {
            context.to_llm_messages_with_allocation(&budget.allocation)
        } else {
            context.to_llm_messages()
        };
        messages.extend(history);
        if let Some(user_message) = ephemeral_user_message {
            messages.push(ChatMessage::user(user_message));
        }

        let total_tokens = self.estimate_total_tokens(&messages);

        if total_tokens > self.max_context_tokens {
            debug!(
                total = total_tokens,
                limit = self.max_context_tokens,
                "Context overflow"
            );

            match &self.recovery_manager.config().llm.on_context_overflow {
                ContextOverflowAction::Error => {
                    return Err(AgentError::LLM(format!(
                        "Context overflow: {} tokens > {} limit",
                        total_tokens, self.max_context_tokens
                    )));
                }
                ContextOverflowAction::Truncate { keep_recent } => {
                    self.truncate_context(&mut messages, *keep_recent);
                }
                ContextOverflowAction::Summarize {
                    summarizer_llm,
                    max_summary_tokens,
                    custom_prompt,
                    keep_recent,
                    filter,
                } => {
                    self.summarize_context(
                        &mut messages,
                        summarizer_llm.as_deref(),
                        *max_summary_tokens,
                        custom_prompt.as_deref(),
                        *keep_recent,
                        filter.as_ref(),
                    )
                    .await?;
                }
            }
        }

        Ok(messages)
    }

    async fn main_tool_protocol(
        &self,
        llm: &dyn LLMProvider,
        ephemeral_new_turn: bool,
    ) -> Result<MainToolProtocol> {
        let mut choice = llm.configured_tool_choice();
        if matches!(choice.as_ref(), Some(ToolChoice::None)) {
            return Ok(MainToolProtocol {
                choice,
                tool_ids: Vec::new(),
                definitions: Vec::new(),
            });
        }

        let mut tool_ids = self.get_available_tool_ids().await?;
        tool_ids.sort();
        tool_ids.dedup();
        if let Some(ToolChoice::Specific(expected)) = choice.as_ref() {
            let canonical = self.tools.canonical_id(expected).ok_or_else(|| {
                AgentError::Config(format!(
                    "specific tool choice '{expected}' is not registered"
                ))
            })?;
            if canonical != *expected {
                return Err(AgentError::Config(format!(
                    "specific tool choice must use canonical ID '{canonical}', not '{expected}'"
                )));
            }
            if !tool_ids.iter().any(|tool_id| tool_id == expected) {
                return Err(AgentError::Config(format!(
                    "specific tool choice '{expected}' is outside the effective tool grant"
                )));
            }
        }
        if matches!(
            choice.as_ref(),
            Some(ToolChoice::Required | ToolChoice::Specific(_))
        ) && tool_ids.is_empty()
        {
            return Err(AgentError::Config(
                "required tool choice has no tool inside the effective grant".to_string(),
            ));
        }
        if !ephemeral_new_turn
            && let Some(configured_choice) = choice.as_ref()
            && matches!(
                configured_choice,
                ToolChoice::Required | ToolChoice::Specific(_)
            )
            && self
                .tool_choice_satisfied_in_current_turn(configured_choice, &tool_ids)
                .await?
        {
            choice = Some(ToolChoice::Auto);
        }
        if let Some(ToolChoice::Specific(expected)) = choice.as_ref() {
            tool_ids.retain(|tool_id| tool_id == expected);
        }

        let definitions = tool_ids
            .iter()
            .map(|tool_id| {
                let tool = self.tools.get(tool_id).ok_or_else(|| {
                    AgentError::Config(format!(
                        "effective tool '{tool_id}' disappeared before provider exposure"
                    ))
                })?;
                Ok(LLMToolDefinition {
                    name: tool_id.clone(),
                    description: tool.description().to_string(),
                    input_schema: tool.input_schema(),
                })
            })
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;

        //
        // Provider-visible definitions are derived only from the current effective grant. Tool choice never expands registration, scope, or authorization.
        //
        Ok(MainToolProtocol {
            choice,
            tool_ids,
            definitions,
        })
    }

    async fn tool_choice_satisfied_in_current_turn(
        &self,
        choice: &ToolChoice,
        effective_tool_ids: &[String],
    ) -> Result<bool> {
        let messages = self.memory.get_messages(None).await?;
        let mut saw_tool_result = false;
        for message in messages.iter().rev() {
            match message.role {
                ai_agents_core::Role::Tool | ai_agents_core::Role::Function => {
                    saw_tool_result = true;
                }
                ai_agents_core::Role::Assistant if saw_tool_result => {
                    let Some(calls) = self.parse_tool_calls(&message.content) else {
                        continue;
                    };
                    let calls_are_effective = !calls.is_empty()
                        && calls.iter().all(|call| {
                            self.tools
                                .canonical_id(&call.name)
                                .is_some_and(|canonical| effective_tool_ids.contains(&canonical))
                        });
                    return Ok(calls_are_effective
                        && match choice {
                            ToolChoice::Required => true,
                            ToolChoice::Specific(expected) => calls.iter().all(|call| {
                                self.tools.canonical_id(&call.name).as_deref()
                                    == Some(expected.as_str())
                            }),
                            _ => false,
                        });
                }
                ai_agents_core::Role::User => return Ok(false),
                _ => {}
            }
        }
        Ok(false)
    }

    fn provider_can_use_native_tools(
        &self,
        llm: &dyn LLMProvider,
        protocol: &MainToolProtocol,
    ) -> bool {
        let Some(choice) = protocol.choice.as_ref() else {
            return false;
        };
        if matches!(choice, ToolChoice::None) || protocol.definitions.is_empty() {
            return false;
        }
        llm.supports_tool_choice(choice)
            && protocol.definitions.iter().all(|definition| {
                !definition.name.is_empty()
                    && definition.name.len() <= 64
                    && definition
                        .name
                        .bytes()
                        .all(|byte| byte.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || matches!(byte, b'_' | b'-'))
            })
    }

    fn prompt_messages_for_tool_protocol(
        &self,
        messages: &[ChatMessage],
        protocol: &MainToolProtocol,
        corrective: bool,
    ) -> Vec<ChatMessage> {
        let mut messages = messages.to_vec();
        let Some(choice) = protocol.choice.as_ref() else {
            return messages;
        };
        if matches!(choice, ToolChoice::None) || protocol.tool_ids.is_empty() {
            return messages;
        }

        let mut tool_prompt = self.tools.generate_scoped_prompt_with_mode(
            &protocol.tool_ids,
            None,
            self.parallel_tools.enabled,
            self.runtime_config.tool_schema_prompt_mode,
        );
        match choice {
            ToolChoice::Required => tool_prompt.push_str(
                "\n\nYou must call at least one listed tool before giving a final answer.",
            ),
            ToolChoice::Specific(tool_id) => tool_prompt.push_str(&format!(
                "\n\nYou must call the '{tool_id}' tool before giving a final answer."
            )),
            ToolChoice::Auto => {}
            ToolChoice::None => return messages,
            _ => return messages,
        }
        if let Some(system) = messages
            .iter_mut()
            .find(|message| message.role == ai_agents_core::Role::System)
        {
            system.content.push_str("\n\n");
            system.content.push_str(&tool_prompt);
        } else {
            messages.insert(0, ChatMessage::system(tool_prompt));
        }
        if corrective {
            let instruction = match choice {
                ToolChoice::Required => {
                    "Your previous response did not call a required tool. Call at least one listed tool now and return only the JSON tool call."
                }
                ToolChoice::Specific(tool_id) => {
                    messages.push(ChatMessage::user(format!(
                        "Your previous response did not call the required '{tool_id}' tool. Call it now and return only the JSON tool call."
                    )));
                    return messages;
                }
                _ => return messages,
            };
            messages.push(ChatMessage::user(instruction));
        }
        messages
    }

    async fn invoke_main_provider(
        &self,
        llm: Arc<dyn LLMProvider>,
        messages: &[ChatMessage],
        protocol: &MainToolProtocol,
        corrective: bool,
    ) -> std::result::Result<MainProviderResponse, LLMError> {
        let use_native = self.provider_can_use_native_tools(llm.as_ref(), protocol);
        let response = if use_native {
            let request = LLMToolRequest {
                tools: protocol.definitions.clone(),
                choice: protocol
                    .choice
                    .clone()
                    .expect("native tool requests require an explicit choice"),
            };
            self.observe_purpose(
                ObservationPurpose::MainResponse,
                llm.complete_with_tools(messages, None, &request),
            )
            .await?
        } else {
            let prompt_messages =
                self.prompt_messages_for_tool_protocol(messages, protocol, corrective);
            self.observe_purpose(
                ObservationPurpose::MainResponse,
                llm.complete(&prompt_messages, None),
            )
            .await?
        };
        Ok(MainProviderResponse {
            response,
            used_native_tools: use_native,
        })
    }

    async fn complete_main_attempt_with_recovery(
        &self,
        llm: Arc<dyn LLMProvider>,
        messages: &[ChatMessage],
        protocol: &MainToolProtocol,
        corrective: bool,
    ) -> Result<MainProviderResponse> {
        let primary_result = if self.recovery_manager.config().default.max_retries > 0 {
            self.recovery_manager
                .with_retry("llm_call", None, || {
                    let llm = Arc::clone(&llm);
                    async move {
                        self.invoke_main_provider(llm, messages, protocol, corrective)
                            .await
                            .map_err(|error| error.classify())
                    }
                })
                .await
                .map_err(|error| AgentError::LLM(error.to_string()))
        } else {
            self.invoke_main_provider(Arc::clone(&llm), messages, protocol, corrective)
                .await
                .map_err(|error| AgentError::LLM(error.to_string()))
        };

        match primary_result {
            Ok(response) => Ok(response),
            Err(primary_error) => match &self.recovery_manager.config().llm.on_failure {
                LLMFailureAction::FallbackLlm { fallback_llm } => {
                    let fallback = self.llm_registry.get(fallback_llm).map_err(|error| {
                        AgentError::Config(format!(
                            "Fallback LLM '{fallback_llm}' not found: {error}"
                        ))
                    })?;
                    self.invoke_main_provider(fallback, messages, protocol, corrective)
                        .await
                        .map_err(|error| AgentError::LLM(error.to_string()))
                }
                LLMFailureAction::FallbackResponse { message } => {
                    if matches!(
                        protocol.choice.as_ref(),
                        Some(ToolChoice::Required | ToolChoice::Specific(_))
                    ) {
                        Err(AgentError::LLM(format!(
                            "Required tool selection failed and cannot be satisfied by a static fallback response: {primary_error}"
                        )))
                    } else {
                        Ok(MainProviderResponse {
                            response: LLMResponse::new(message.clone(), FinishReason::Stop),
                            used_native_tools: false,
                        })
                    }
                }
                LLMFailureAction::Error => Err(primary_error),
            },
        }
    }

    fn normalize_main_provider_response(
        &self,
        mut response: LLMResponse,
        protocol: &MainToolProtocol,
    ) -> Result<(LLMResponse, bool)> {
        let native_calls = response
            .tool_calls()
            .map_err(|error| AgentError::LLM(error.to_string()))?;
        let calls = match native_calls {
            Some(calls) => {
                let markers = calls
                    .iter()
                    .map(|call| {
                        serde_json::json!({
                            "_ai_agents_native_tool_call": true,
                            "id": call.id,
                            "tool": call.name,
                            "arguments": call.arguments,
                        })
                    })
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
                response.content = if markers.len() == 1 {
                    markers[0].to_string()
                } else {
                    serde_json::Value::Array(markers).to_string()
                };
                Some(calls)
            }
            None if !matches!(protocol.choice.as_ref(), Some(ToolChoice::None)) => {
                self.parse_tool_calls(response.content.trim())
            }
            None => None,
        };

        if protocol.choice.is_some()
            && let Some(calls) = calls.as_ref()
            && calls.iter().any(|call| {
                self.tools
                    .canonical_id(&call.name)
                    .is_none_or(|canonical| !protocol.tool_ids.contains(&canonical))
            })
        {
            return Err(AgentError::LLM(
                "Provider returned a tool call outside the effective grant".to_string(),
            ));
        }

        let compliant = match protocol.choice.as_ref() {
            Some(ToolChoice::Required) => calls.as_ref().is_some_and(|calls| !calls.is_empty()),
            Some(ToolChoice::Specific(expected)) => calls.as_ref().is_some_and(|calls| {
                !calls.is_empty()
                    && calls.iter().all(|call| {
                        self.tools.canonical_id(&call.name).as_deref() == Some(expected.as_str())
                    })
            }),
            _ => true,
        };
        Ok((response, compliant))
    }

    async fn complete_main_llm_with_recovery(
        &self,
        llm: Arc<dyn LLMProvider>,
        messages: &[ChatMessage],
        protocol: &MainToolProtocol,
    ) -> Result<LLMResponse> {
        let first = self
            .complete_main_attempt_with_recovery(Arc::clone(&llm), messages, protocol, false)
            .await?;
        let (response, compliant) =
            self.normalize_main_provider_response(first.response, protocol)?;
        if compliant {
            return Ok(response);
        }
        if first.used_native_tools {
            return Err(AgentError::LLM(
                "Provider returned no compliant native call for required tool choice".to_string(),
            ));
        }

        let corrected = self
            .complete_main_attempt_with_recovery(llm, messages, protocol, true)
            .await?;
        let (response, compliant) =
            self.normalize_main_provider_response(corrected.response, protocol)?;
        if compliant {
            return Ok(response);
        }
        Err(AgentError::LLM(
            "Provider returned no compliant tool call after one corrective retry".to_string(),
        ))
    }

    fn is_native_tool_call_content(content: &str) -> bool {
        let Ok(value) = serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(content) else {
            return false;
        };
        match value {
            serde_json::Value::Array(values) => {
                !values.is_empty()
                    && values.iter().all(|value| {
                        value
                            .get("_ai_agents_native_tool_call")
                            .and_then(|marker| marker.as_bool())
                            == Some(true)
                    })
            }
            serde_json::Value::Object(map) => {
                map.get("_ai_agents_native_tool_call")
                    .and_then(|marker| marker.as_bool())
                    == Some(true)
            }
            _ => false,
        }
    }

    fn tool_result_message(
        tool_call: &ToolCall,
        output: &str,
        native_tool_call: bool,
    ) -> ChatMessage {
        if !native_tool_call {
            return ChatMessage::function(&tool_call.name, output);
        }
        let output = serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(output)
            .unwrap_or_else(|_| serde_json::Value::String(output.to_string()));
        ChatMessage::function(
            &tool_call.name,
            serde_json::json!({
                "_ai_agents_native_tool_result": true,
                "id": tool_call.id,
                "tool": tool_call.name,
                "output": output,
            })
            .to_string(),
        )
    }

    fn parse_main_tool_calls(
        &self,
        content: &str,
        protocol: &MainToolProtocol,
    ) -> Option<Vec<ToolCall>> {
        if matches!(protocol.choice.as_ref(), Some(ToolChoice::None)) {
            None
        } else {
            self.parse_tool_calls(content)
        }
    }

    fn parse_tool_calls(&self, content: &str) -> Option<Vec<ToolCall>> {
        // Try direct JSON parse first
        if let Ok(parsed) = serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(content) {
            // Handle JSON array of tool calls (parallel tool calling)
            if let Some(arr) = parsed.as_array() {
                let calls: Vec<ToolCall> = arr
                    .iter()
                    .filter_map(|v| self.extract_tool_call_from_value(v))
                    .collect();
                if !calls.is_empty() {
                    return Some(calls);
                }
            }
            // Handle single JSON object
            if let Some(tool_call) = self.extract_tool_call_from_value(&parsed) {
                return Some(vec![tool_call]);
            }
        }

        // Try to extract JSON from content (handles extra text/braces from LLM)
        if let Some(json_str) = self.extract_json_from_content(content)
            && let Ok(parsed) = serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(&json_str)
        {
            // Handle JSON array of tool calls (parallel tool calling)
            if let Some(arr) = parsed.as_array() {
                let calls: Vec<ToolCall> = arr
                    .iter()
                    .filter_map(|v| self.extract_tool_call_from_value(v))
                    .collect();
                if !calls.is_empty() {
                    return Some(calls);
                }
            }
            // Handle single JSON object
            if let Some(tool_call) = self.extract_tool_call_from_value(&parsed) {
                return Some(vec![tool_call]);
            }
        }

        None
    }

    fn extract_tool_call_from_value(&self, parsed: &serde_json::Value) -> Option<ToolCall> {
        if let Some(tool_name) = parsed.get("tool").and_then(|v| v.as_str()) {
            let arguments = parsed
                .get("arguments")
                .cloned()
                .unwrap_or(serde_json::json!({}));
            return Some(ToolCall {
                id: parsed
                    .get("id")
                    .and_then(|value| value.as_str())
                    .filter(|id| !id.is_empty())
                    .map(str::to_string)
                    .unwrap_or_else(|| uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string()),
                name: tool_name.to_string(),
                arguments,
            });
        }
        None
    }

    // Lite models could generate unmatched braces: this function handles such cases
    fn extract_json_from_content(&self, content: &str) -> Option<String> {
        // Try array first (for parallel tool calls), then single object
        if let Some(result) = self.extract_json_array_from_content(content) {
            return Some(result);
        }
        self.extract_json_object_from_content(content)
    }

    /// Extract a JSON array `[...]` containing tool calls from mixed content.
    fn extract_json_array_from_content(&self, content: &str) -> Option<String> {
        let start = content.find('[')?;
        let content_from_start = &content[start..];

        let mut depth = 0;
        let mut end = 0;
        for (i, ch) in content_from_start.char_indices() {
            match ch {
                '[' => depth += 1,
                ']' => {
                    depth -= 1;
                    if depth == 0 {
                        end = i + 1;
                        break;
                    }
                }
                _ => {}
            }
        }

        if end > 0 {
            let json_str = &content_from_start[..end];
            // Verify it looks like an array of tool calls
            if json_str.contains("\"tool\"") {
                return Some(json_str.to_string());
            }
        }

        None
    }

    /// Extract a JSON object `{...}` containing a tool call from mixed content.
    fn extract_json_object_from_content(&self, content: &str) -> Option<String> {
        let start = content.find('{')?;
        let content_from_start = &content[start..];

        // Count braces to find the matching closing brace
        let mut depth = 0;
        let mut end = 0;
        for (i, ch) in content_from_start.char_indices() {
            match ch {
                '{' => depth += 1,
                '}' => {
                    depth -= 1;
                    if depth == 0 {
                        end = i + 1;
                        break;
                    }
                }
                _ => {}
            }
        }

        if end > 0 {
            let json_str = &content_from_start[..end];
            // Verify it looks like a tool call
            if json_str.contains("\"tool\"") {
                return Some(json_str.to_string());
            }
        }

        None
    }

    /// Builds a structured record from executor state.
    ///
    /// The explicit fields preserve one audit boundary for execution, policy, approval, timing, and generation evidence.
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    fn record_from_parts(
        &self,
        request: &ToolExecutionRequest,
        canonical_id: String,
        executed_arguments: Value,
        started_at: chrono::DateTime<chrono::Utc>,
        start: Instant,
        executed: bool,
        success: bool,
        output: String,
        metadata: HashMap<String, Value>,
        policy: ToolPolicyDecisionRecord,
        approval: Option<ToolApprovalRecord>,
        timed_out: bool,
        output_truncated: bool,
    ) -> ToolExecutionRecord {
        let versions = ToolDecisionVersions {
            policy: self.active_tool_security().policy_version(),
            registry: self.tools.version(),
            runtime_control: self.runtime_control.version.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
            state: self
                .state_machine
                .as_ref()
                .map(|state_machine| state_machine.generation()),
        };
        self.record_from_parts_at(
            request,
            canonical_id,
            executed_arguments,
            started_at,
            start,
            executed,
            success,
            output,
            metadata,
            policy,
            approval,
            timed_out,
            output_truncated,
            versions,
        )
    }

    /// Builds evidence with the exact generations used by the corresponding decision.
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    fn record_from_parts_at(
        &self,
        request: &ToolExecutionRequest,
        canonical_id: String,
        executed_arguments: Value,
        started_at: chrono::DateTime<chrono::Utc>,
        start: Instant,
        executed: bool,
        success: bool,
        output: String,
        metadata: HashMap<String, Value>,
        policy: ToolPolicyDecisionRecord,
        approval: Option<ToolApprovalRecord>,
        timed_out: bool,
        output_truncated: bool,
        versions: ToolDecisionVersions,
    ) -> ToolExecutionRecord {
        ToolExecutionRecord {
            call_id: request.call_id.clone(),
            requested_name: request.requested_name.clone(),
            canonical_id,
            source: request.source.clone(),
            arguments: request.arguments.clone(),
            executed_arguments,
            policy_version: versions.policy,
            registry_version: versions.registry,
            runtime_config_version: versions.runtime_control,
            executed,
            success,
            output,
            metadata,
            policy,
            approval,
            started_at,
            duration_ms: start.elapsed().as_millis() as u64,
            timed_out,
            cancelled: false,
            cancellation_reason: None,
            output_truncated,
        }
    }

    /// Sends a finalized tool record to hooks, history, and error handling.
    async fn finish_tool_record(&self, record: &ToolExecutionRecord) {
        let result = ToolResult {
            success: record.success,
            output: record.model_output_string(),
            metadata: if record.metadata.is_empty() {
                None
            } else {
                Some(record.metadata.clone())
            },
        };
        self.hooks
            .on_tool_complete(&record.canonical_id, &result, record.duration_ms)
            .await;
        self.hooks.on_tool_execution_record(record).await;
        self.record_tool_call(&record.canonical_id, record.model_output_value());
        if !record.success {
            self.hooks
                .on_error(&AgentError::Tool(record.output.clone()))
                .await;
        }
    }

    /// Releases resource locks before hooks run because hooks may invoke another tool.
    async fn finish_tool_record_after_resource_guards(
        &self,
        resource_guards: ToolResourceGuards,
        record: &ToolExecutionRecord,
    ) {
        drop(resource_guards);
        self.finish_tool_record(record).await;
    }

    //
    // Validates the stable timeout range once and derives both runtime representations without narrowing or clamping.
    //
    fn validated_tool_timeout(timeout_ms: u64) -> Result<ValidatedToolTimeout> {
        if timeout_ms > MAX_TOOL_TIMEOUT_MS {
            return Err(AgentError::Config(format!(
                "effective tool timeout_ms must be no greater than {MAX_TOOL_TIMEOUT_MS} milliseconds"
            )));
        }
        let timer = Duration::from_millis(timeout_ms);
        let deadline_delta = chrono::Duration::from_std(timer).map_err(|_| {
            AgentError::Config(format!(
                "effective tool timeout_ms cannot be represented as a UTC deadline: {timeout_ms}"
            ))
        })?;
        Ok(ValidatedToolTimeout {
            timer,
            deadline_delta,
        })
    }

    //
    // Selects one invocation cap while ensuring call classification and recovery can narrow but never widen security policy.
    //
    fn effective_tool_limits(
        security_engine: &ToolSecurityEngine,
        canonical_id: &str,
        safety: &ToolSafetyMetadata,
        classification: &ToolCallClassification,
        recovery_timeout_ms: Option<u64>,
    ) -> Result<(ToolExecutionLimits, ValidatedToolTimeout)> {
        if let Some(timeout_ms) = classification.timeout_ms {
            Self::validated_tool_timeout(timeout_ms)?;
        }
        if let Some(timeout_ms) = recovery_timeout_ms {
            Self::validated_tool_timeout(timeout_ms)?;
        }

        let mut limits = security_engine.effective_limits(canonical_id, safety, classification);
        if let Some(recovery_timeout_ms) = recovery_timeout_ms {
            limits.timeout_ms = Some(limits.timeout_ms.map_or(recovery_timeout_ms, |timeout_ms| {
                timeout_ms.min(recovery_timeout_ms)
            }));
        }
        let timeout_ms = limits
            .timeout_ms
            .unwrap_or_else(|| security_engine.get_tool_timeout(canonical_id));
        let timeout = Self::validated_tool_timeout(timeout_ms)?;
        Ok((limits, timeout))
    }

    /// Invokes a resolved tool once with one fresh attempt deadline, timeout, cancellation, and actor context.
    async fn execute_resolved_tool_once(
        &self,
        tool: Arc<dyn ai_agents_core::Tool>,
        args: Value,
        mut ctx: ToolExecutionContext,
        timeout: ValidatedToolTimeout,
    ) -> Result<(ToolResult, bool, bool, bool)> {
        if self.runtime_control.emergency_deny.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
            return Ok((
                ToolResult::error("Tool execution cancelled by runtime control"),
                false,
                true,
                false,
            ));
        }
        //
        // The tool observes the same checked timeout enforced below, starting immediately before this invocation attempt.
        // Each retry receives a new deadline rather than inheriting time spent in policy handling or earlier attempts.
        //
        ctx.deadline = Some(
            chrono::Utc::now()
                .checked_add_signed(timeout.deadline_delta)
                .ok_or_else(|| {
                    AgentError::Config(
                        "effective tool timeout_ms exceeds the current UTC deadline range"
                            .to_string(),
                    )
                })?,
        );
        //
        // Mark invocation inside the future so cancellation before the first poll remains executed false.
        //
        let invoked = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
        let invoked_by_future = Arc::clone(&invoked);
        let actor_context = current_turn_actor_context();
        let future = async move {
            invoked_by_future.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
            if let Some(actor_context) = actor_context {
                scope_actor_context(actor_context, tool.execute(args, ctx)).await
            } else {
                tool.execute(args, ctx).await
            }
        };
        tokio::pin!(future);
        let timer = tokio::time::sleep(timeout.timer);
        tokio::pin!(timer);
        let mut cancel_tick = tokio::time::interval(std::time::Duration::from_millis(50));

        loop {
            tokio::select! {
                result = &mut future => return Ok((result, false, false, true)),
                _ = &mut timer => {
                    return Ok((
                        ToolResult::error("Tool execution timed out"),
                        true,
                        false,
                        invoked.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
                    ));
                }
                _ = cancel_tick.tick() => {
                    if self.runtime_control.emergency_deny.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                        return Ok((
                            ToolResult::error("Tool execution cancelled by runtime control"),
                            false,
                            true,
                            invoked.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
                        ));
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Truncates model-facing tool output on a character boundary.
    fn truncate_tool_output(output: String, max_chars: Option<usize>) -> (String, bool) {
        let Some(max_chars) = max_chars else {
            return (output, false);
        };
        let mut chars = output.chars();
        let truncated: String = chars.by_ref().take(max_chars).collect();
        if chars.next().is_some() {
            (truncated, true)
        } else {
            (output, false)
        }
    }

    /// Acquires all declared resource locks in stable key order and supports emergency cancellation while waiting.
    async fn acquire_tool_resource_locks(&self, keys: &[String]) -> Option<ToolResourceGuards> {
        let locks = {
            let mut table = self.resource_locks.write();
            table.retain(|_, lock| lock.strong_count() > 0);
            keys.iter()
                .map(|key| {
                    if let Some(lock) = table.get(key).and_then(Weak::upgrade) {
                        lock
                    } else {
                        let lock = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Mutex::new(()));
                        table.insert(key.clone(), Arc::downgrade(&lock));
                        lock
                    }
                })
                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
        };
        let mut resource_guards = ToolResourceGuards {
            guards: Vec::with_capacity(locks.len()),
            locks: Arc::clone(&self.resource_locks),
        };
        let mut locks = locks.into_iter();
        while let Some(lock) = locks.next() {
            let mut lock = Box::pin(lock.lock_owned());
            loop {
                tokio::select! {
                    guard = &mut lock => {
                        resource_guards.guards.push(guard);
                        break;
                    }
                    _ = tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(10)) => {
                        if self.runtime_control.emergency_deny.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                            drop(lock);
                            drop(locks);
                            drop(resource_guards);
                            return None;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        Some(resource_guards)
    }

    /// Executes retry sub-attempts inside one logical executor request while assigning every invocation a fresh deadline.
    ///
    /// Hooks and `ToolExecutionRecord` finalization remain request-level and occur once after this retry loop returns.
    async fn run_tool_with_retries(
        &self,
        canonical_id: &str,
        tool: Arc<dyn ai_agents_core::Tool>,
        args: Value,
        ctx: ToolExecutionContext,
        timeout: ValidatedToolTimeout,
        max_retries: u32,
    ) -> Result<(ToolResult, bool, bool, bool)> {
        let max_retries = if ctx.classification.safely_retryable {
            max_retries
        } else {
            0
        };
        let mut attempts = 0;
        let mut invoked = false;
        loop {
            let (result, timed_out, cancelled, attempt_invoked) = self
                .execute_resolved_tool_once(tool.clone(), args.clone(), ctx.clone(), timeout)
                .await?;
            invoked |= attempt_invoked;
            if result.success || timed_out || cancelled || attempts >= max_retries {
                return Ok((result, timed_out, cancelled, invoked));
            }
            attempts += 1;
            warn!(tool = %canonical_id, attempt = attempts, error = %result.output, "Retrying failed tool call");
        }
    }

    /// Returns the existing model output and evidence reason when a host-backed tool cannot run.
    fn host_tool_unavailability(&self, canonical_id: &str) -> Option<(&'static str, &'static str)> {
        match canonical_id {
            "command" if !self.tools.command_runner_available() => Some((
                "Command runner is unavailable",
                "command runner is unavailable",
            )),
            "diagnostics" if !self.tools.diagnostics_available() => Some((
                "Diagnostics provider is unavailable",
                "diagnostics provider is unavailable",
            )),
            "web_search" if !self.tools.web_search_available() => Some((
                "Web search provider is unavailable",
                "web search provider is unavailable",
            )),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    /// Executes a tool request through scope, policy, HITL, timeout, bounded recovery, and evidence recording.
    fn execute_tool_record(
        &self,
        request: ToolExecutionRequest,
    ) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<ToolExecutionRecord>> + Send + '_>> {
        Box::pin(self.execute_tool_record_inner(request, ToolFallbackState::default()))
    }

    /// Implements one logical shared-executor request while preserving policy, HITL, availability, final admission, hooks, retry evidence, and bounded fallback ordering.
    ///
    /// A failed request selected for fallback releases its guards and finalizes its own record before the fallback starts as a separate shared-executor request. Canonical ancestry crosses that boundary so alias-mediated cycles and overlong acyclic chains stop before the start hook, approval, locks, or invocation while retaining terminal completion evidence.
    async fn execute_tool_record_inner(
        &self,
        request: ToolExecutionRequest,
        fallback_state: ToolFallbackState,
    ) -> Result<ToolExecutionRecord> {
        let started_at = chrono::Utc::now();
        let start = Instant::now();
        info!(tool = %request.requested_name, args = %request.arguments, "Executing tool");

        if self.runtime_control.emergency_deny.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
            let record = self.record_from_parts(
                &request,
                request.requested_name.clone(),
                request.arguments.clone(),
                started_at,
                start,
                false,
                false,
                "Tool execution is disabled by runtime control".to_string(),
                HashMap::new(),
                ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::deny("runtime emergency deny is enabled"),
                None,
                false,
                false,
            );
            self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
            return Ok(record);
        }

        let Some(resolved) = self.tools.resolve(&request.requested_name) else {
            let record = self.record_from_parts(
                &request,
                request.requested_name.clone(),
                request.arguments.clone(),
                started_at,
                start,
                false,
                false,
                format!("Tool '{}' is unavailable", request.requested_name),
                HashMap::new(),
                ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::unavailable(format!(
                    "Tool '{}' is not registered",
                    request.requested_name
                )),
                None,
                false,
                false,
            );
            self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
            return Ok(record);
        };

        let canonical_id = resolved.identity.canonical_id.clone();

        let initial_scope_snapshot = self.get_available_tool_ids_snapshot().await?;
        if !initial_scope_snapshot
            .tool_ids
            .iter()
            .any(|id| id == &canonical_id)
        {
            let record = self.record_from_parts(
                &request,
                canonical_id.clone(),
                request.arguments.clone(),
                started_at,
                start,
                false,
                false,
                format!(
                    "Tool '{}' is not available in the current scope",
                    canonical_id
                ),
                HashMap::new(),
                ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::deny(format!(
                    "Tool '{}' is not granted by the current top-level and state tool scope",
                    canonical_id
                )),
                None,
                false,
                false,
            );
            self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
            return Ok(record);
        }

        let approval_control_snapshot = self.runtime_safety_snapshot();
        let security_engine = approval_control_snapshot.tool_security.clone();
        if let Some(reason) = fallback_state.rejection_reason(&canonical_id) {
            let mut metadata = HashMap::new();
            metadata.insert(
                "fallback_chain".to_string(),
                serde_json::to_value(&fallback_state.visited_canonical_ids).unwrap_or(Value::Null),
            );
            let record = self.record_from_parts(
                &request,
                canonical_id,
                request.arguments.clone(),
                started_at,
                start,
                false,
                false,
                format!("Denied: {reason}"),
                metadata,
                ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::deny(reason),
                None,
                false,
                false,
            );
            self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
            return Ok(record);
        }
        let admitted_canonical_id = canonical_id.clone();
        let fallback_state = fallback_state.with_current(canonical_id.clone());
        let bindings = resolved.tool.policy_bindings();
        let mut executed_arguments = security_engine.prepare_tool_arguments_with_bindings(
            &canonical_id,
            &request.arguments,
            &bindings,
        );
        let mut metadata = HashMap::new();
        let safety = resolved.tool.safety_metadata();
        let classification = resolved.tool.classify_call(&executed_arguments);
        let initial_recovery_timeout_ms = self.recovery_manager.get_tool_timeout(&canonical_id);
        let (limits, _) = Self::effective_tool_limits(
            &security_engine,
            &canonical_id,
            &safety,
            &classification,
            initial_recovery_timeout_ms,
        )?;
        self.hooks
            .on_tool_start(&canonical_id, &executed_arguments)
            .await;
        metadata.insert(
            "classification".to_string(),
            serde_json::to_value(&classification).unwrap_or(Value::Null),
        );
        metadata.insert(
            "effective_limits".to_string(),
            serde_json::to_value(&limits).unwrap_or(Value::Null),
        );
        let policy_snapshot = security_engine.policy_snapshot(&canonical_id);
        if !policy_snapshot.is_null() {
            metadata.insert("policy_snapshot".to_string(), policy_snapshot.clone());
        }

        let mut approval_record = Some(ToolApprovalRecord {
            status: ToolApprovalStatus::NotRequired,
            reason: None,
            modified_arguments: None,
        });

        let mut security_result = security_engine
            .validate_tool_execution_with_bindings(&canonical_id, &executed_arguments, &bindings)
            .await?;
        //
        // Terminal policy denials remain authoritative, while allowed or confirmation-requiring calls must fail host availability before any HITL request.
        // The same capability is checked again after HITL because the host can change while approval waits.
        //
        if (security_result.is_allowed()
            || matches!(
                &security_result,
                SecurityCheckResult::RequireConfirmation { .. }
            ))
            && let Some((output, reason)) = self.host_tool_unavailability(&canonical_id)
        {
            let record = self.record_from_parts(
                &request,
                canonical_id,
                executed_arguments,
                started_at,
                start,
                false,
                false,
                output.to_string(),
                metadata,
                ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::unavailable(reason),
                Some(ToolApprovalRecord {
                    status: ToolApprovalStatus::Unavailable,
                    reason: Some(reason.to_string()),
                    modified_arguments: None,
                }),
                false,
                false,
            );
            self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
            return Ok(record);
        }
        match &security_result {
            SecurityCheckResult::Allow => {}
            SecurityCheckResult::Warn { message } => {
                warn!(tool = %canonical_id, message = %message, "Tool security warning");
            }
            SecurityCheckResult::Block { reason } => {
                let record = self.record_from_parts(
                    &request,
                    canonical_id,
                    executed_arguments,
                    started_at,
                    start,
                    false,
                    false,
                    format!("Denied: {}", reason),
                    metadata,
                    ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::deny(reason.clone()),
                    approval_record,
                    false,
                    false,
                );
                self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
                return Ok(record);
            }
            SecurityCheckResult::Unavailable { reason } => {
                let record = self.record_from_parts(
                    &request,
                    canonical_id,
                    executed_arguments,
                    started_at,
                    start,
                    false,
                    false,
                    format!("Unavailable: {}", reason),
                    metadata,
                    ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::unavailable(reason.clone()),
                    approval_record,
                    false,
                    false,
                );
                self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
                return Ok(record);
            }
            SecurityCheckResult::RequireConfirmation { message } => {
                if self.hitl_engine.is_none() {
                    approval_record = Some(ToolApprovalRecord {
                        status: ToolApprovalStatus::Unavailable,
                        reason: Some("No HITL engine configured".to_string()),
                        modified_arguments: None,
                    });
                    let record = self.record_from_parts(
                        &request,
                        canonical_id,
                        executed_arguments,
                        started_at,
                        start,
                        false,
                        false,
                        format!("Approval unavailable: {}", message),
                        metadata,
                        ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::approval(message.clone()),
                        approval_record,
                        false,
                        false,
                    );
                    self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
                    return Ok(record);
                }

                let check_result = HITLCheckResult::required(
                    ApprovalTrigger::tool(&canonical_id, executed_arguments.clone()),
                    HashMap::new(),
                    message.clone(),
                    None,
                );
                match self.request_hitl_approval(check_result).await? {
                    ApprovalResult::Approved => {
                        merge_approved_record(&mut approval_record);
                    }
                    ApprovalResult::Modified { changes } => {
                        if let Some(obj) = executed_arguments.as_object_mut() {
                            for (key, value) in changes {
                                obj.insert(key, value);
                            }
                        }
                        security_result = security_engine
                            .validate_tool_execution_with_bindings(
                                &canonical_id,
                                &executed_arguments,
                                &bindings,
                            )
                            .await?;
                        if !matches!(
                            security_result,
                            SecurityCheckResult::Allow
                                | SecurityCheckResult::Warn { .. }
                                | SecurityCheckResult::RequireConfirmation { .. }
                        ) {
                            let reason = security_result
                                .reason()
                                .unwrap_or("modified arguments failed policy")
                                .to_string();
                            let record = self.record_from_parts(
                                &request,
                                canonical_id,
                                executed_arguments.clone(),
                                started_at,
                                start,
                                false,
                                false,
                                reason.clone(),
                                metadata,
                                ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::deny(reason),
                                Some(ToolApprovalRecord {
                                    status: ToolApprovalStatus::Modified,
                                    reason: None,
                                    modified_arguments: Some(executed_arguments),
                                }),
                                false,
                                false,
                            );
                            self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
                            return Ok(record);
                        }
                        approval_record = Some(ToolApprovalRecord {
                            status: ToolApprovalStatus::Modified,
                            reason: None,
                            modified_arguments: Some(executed_arguments.clone()),
                        });
                    }
                    ApprovalResult::Rejected { reason } => {
                        let reason = reason.unwrap_or_else(|| "rejected".to_string());
                        approval_record = Some(ToolApprovalRecord {
                            status: ToolApprovalStatus::Rejected,
                            reason: Some(reason.clone()),
                            modified_arguments: None,
                        });
                        let record = self.record_from_parts(
                            &request,
                            canonical_id,
                            executed_arguments,
                            started_at,
                            start,
                            false,
                            false,
                            format!("Approval rejected: {}", reason),
                            metadata,
                            ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::approval(reason),
                            approval_record,
                            false,
                            false,
                        );
                        self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
                        return Ok(record);
                    }
                    ApprovalResult::Timeout => {
                        approval_record = Some(ToolApprovalRecord {
                            status: ToolApprovalStatus::Timeout,
                            reason: Some("approval timeout".to_string()),
                            modified_arguments: None,
                        });
                        let record = self.record_from_parts(
                            &request,
                            canonical_id,
                            executed_arguments,
                            started_at,
                            start,
                            false,
                            false,
                            "Approval timed out".to_string(),
                            metadata,
                            ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::approval("approval timeout"),
                            approval_record,
                            false,
                            false,
                        );
                        self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
                        return Ok(record);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if approval_record
            .as_ref()
            .is_some_and(|record| matches!(record.status, ToolApprovalStatus::NotRequired))
            && let Some(message) =
                security_engine.classification_approval_message(&canonical_id, &classification)
        {
            if self.hitl_engine.is_none() {
                approval_record = Some(ToolApprovalRecord {
                    status: ToolApprovalStatus::Unavailable,
                    reason: Some("No HITL engine configured".to_string()),
                    modified_arguments: None,
                });
                let record = self.record_from_parts(
                    &request,
                    canonical_id,
                    executed_arguments,
                    started_at,
                    start,
                    false,
                    false,
                    format!("Approval unavailable: {}", message),
                    metadata,
                    ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::approval(message),
                    approval_record,
                    false,
                    false,
                );
                self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
                return Ok(record);
            }
            let check_result = HITLCheckResult::required(
                ApprovalTrigger::tool(&canonical_id, executed_arguments.clone()),
                HashMap::new(),
                message.clone(),
                None,
            );
            match self.request_hitl_approval(check_result).await? {
                ApprovalResult::Approved => {
                    merge_approved_record(&mut approval_record);
                }
                ApprovalResult::Modified { changes } => {
                    if let Some(obj) = executed_arguments.as_object_mut() {
                        for (key, value) in changes {
                            obj.insert(key, value);
                        }
                    }
                    let modified_security = security_engine
                        .validate_tool_execution_with_bindings(
                            &canonical_id,
                            &executed_arguments,
                            &bindings,
                        )
                        .await?;
                    if !matches!(
                        modified_security,
                        SecurityCheckResult::Allow | SecurityCheckResult::Warn { .. }
                    ) {
                        let reason = modified_security
                            .reason()
                            .unwrap_or("modified arguments failed policy")
                            .to_string();
                        let record = self.record_from_parts(
                            &request,
                            canonical_id,
                            executed_arguments.clone(),
                            started_at,
                            start,
                            false,
                            false,
                            reason.clone(),
                            metadata,
                            ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::deny(reason),
                            Some(ToolApprovalRecord {
                                status: ToolApprovalStatus::Modified,
                                reason: None,
                                modified_arguments: Some(executed_arguments),
                            }),
                            false,
                            false,
                        );
                        self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
                        return Ok(record);
                    }
                    approval_record = Some(ToolApprovalRecord {
                        status: ToolApprovalStatus::Modified,
                        reason: None,
                        modified_arguments: Some(executed_arguments.clone()),
                    });
                }
                ApprovalResult::Rejected { reason } => {
                    let reason = reason.unwrap_or_else(|| "rejected".to_string());
                    let record = self.record_from_parts(
                        &request,
                        canonical_id,
                        executed_arguments,
                        started_at,
                        start,
                        false,
                        false,
                        format!("Approval rejected: {}", reason),
                        metadata,
                        ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::approval(reason.clone()),
                        Some(ToolApprovalRecord {
                            status: ToolApprovalStatus::Rejected,
                            reason: Some(reason),
                            modified_arguments: None,
                        }),
                        false,
                        false,
                    );
                    self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
                    return Ok(record);
                }
                ApprovalResult::Timeout => {
                    let record = self.record_from_parts(
                        &request,
                        canonical_id,
                        executed_arguments,
                        started_at,
                        start,
                        false,
                        false,
                        "Approval timed out".to_string(),
                        metadata,
                        ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::approval("approval timeout"),
                        Some(ToolApprovalRecord {
                            status: ToolApprovalStatus::Timeout,
                            reason: Some("approval timeout".to_string()),
                            modified_arguments: None,
                        }),
                        false,
                        false,
                    );
                    self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
                    return Ok(record);
                }
            }
        }

        let hitl_lang_ctx = self.build_hitl_language_context();
        if let Some(ref hitl_engine) = self.hitl_engine {
            let check_result = self
                .observe_purpose(
                    ObservationPurpose::HitlLocalization,
                    hitl_engine.check_tool_with_localization(
                        &canonical_id,
                        &executed_arguments,
                        &hitl_lang_ctx,
                        self.approval_handler.as_ref(),
                        Some(&self.llm_registry),
                    ),
                )
                .await?;
            if check_result.is_required() {
                match self.request_hitl_approval(check_result).await? {
                    ApprovalResult::Approved => {
                        merge_approved_record(&mut approval_record);
                    }
                    ApprovalResult::Modified { changes } => {
                        if let Some(obj) = executed_arguments.as_object_mut() {
                            for (key, value) in changes {
                                obj.insert(key, value);
                            }
                        }
                        let modified_security = security_engine
                            .validate_tool_execution_with_bindings(
                                &canonical_id,
                                &executed_arguments,
                                &bindings,
                            )
                            .await?;
                        if !matches!(
                            modified_security,
                            SecurityCheckResult::Allow | SecurityCheckResult::Warn { .. }
                        ) {
                            let reason = modified_security
                                .reason()
                                .unwrap_or("modified arguments failed policy")
                                .to_string();
                            let record = self.record_from_parts(
                                &request,
                                canonical_id,
                                executed_arguments.clone(),
                                started_at,
                                start,
                                false,
                                false,
                                reason.clone(),
                                metadata,
                                ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::deny(reason),
                                Some(ToolApprovalRecord {
                                    status: ToolApprovalStatus::Modified,
                                    reason: None,
                                    modified_arguments: Some(executed_arguments),
                                }),
                                false,
                                false,
                            );
                            self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
                            return Ok(record);
                        }
                        approval_record = Some(ToolApprovalRecord {
                            status: ToolApprovalStatus::Modified,
                            reason: None,
                            modified_arguments: Some(executed_arguments.clone()),
                        });
                    }
                    ApprovalResult::Rejected { reason } => {
                        let reason = reason.unwrap_or_else(|| "rejected".to_string());
                        let record = self.record_from_parts(
                            &request,
                            canonical_id,
                            executed_arguments,
                            started_at,
                            start,
                            false,
                            false,
                            format!("Approval rejected: {}", reason),
                            metadata,
                            ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::approval(reason.clone()),
                            Some(ToolApprovalRecord {
                                status: ToolApprovalStatus::Rejected,
                                reason: Some(reason),
                                modified_arguments: None,
                            }),
                            false,
                            false,
                        );
                        self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
                        return Ok(record);
                    }
                    ApprovalResult::Timeout => {
                        let record = self.record_from_parts(
                            &request,
                            canonical_id,
                            executed_arguments,
                            started_at,
                            start,
                            false,
                            false,
                            "Approval timed out".to_string(),
                            metadata,
                            ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::approval("approval timeout"),
                            Some(ToolApprovalRecord {
                                status: ToolApprovalStatus::Timeout,
                                reason: Some("approval timeout".to_string()),
                                modified_arguments: None,
                            }),
                            false,
                            false,
                        );
                        self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
                        return Ok(record);
                    }
                }
            }

            let condition_check = self
                .observe_purpose(
                    ObservationPurpose::HitlLocalization,
                    hitl_engine.check_conditions_with_localization(
                        &executed_arguments,
                        &hitl_lang_ctx,
                        self.approval_handler.as_ref(),
                        Some(&self.llm_registry),
                    ),
                )
                .await?;
            if condition_check.is_required() {
                match self.request_hitl_approval(condition_check).await? {
                    ApprovalResult::Approved => {
                        merge_approved_record(&mut approval_record);
                    }
                    ApprovalResult::Modified { changes } => {
                        if let Some(obj) = executed_arguments.as_object_mut() {
                            for (key, value) in changes {
                                obj.insert(key, value);
                            }
                        }
                        let modified_security = security_engine
                            .validate_tool_execution_with_bindings(
                                &canonical_id,
                                &executed_arguments,
                                &bindings,
                            )
                            .await?;
                        if !matches!(
                            modified_security,
                            SecurityCheckResult::Allow | SecurityCheckResult::Warn { .. }
                        ) {
                            let reason = modified_security
                                .reason()
                                .unwrap_or("modified arguments failed policy")
                                .to_string();
                            let record = self.record_from_parts(
                                &request,
                                canonical_id,
                                executed_arguments,
                                started_at,
                                start,
                                false,
                                false,
                                reason.clone(),
                                metadata,
                                ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::deny(reason),
                                approval_record,
                                false,
                                false,
                            );
                            self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
                            return Ok(record);
                        }
                        approval_record = Some(ToolApprovalRecord {
                            status: ToolApprovalStatus::Modified,
                            reason: None,
                            modified_arguments: Some(executed_arguments.clone()),
                        });
                    }
                    ApprovalResult::Rejected { reason } => {
                        let reason = reason.unwrap_or_else(|| "rejected".to_string());
                        let record = self.record_from_parts(
                            &request,
                            canonical_id,
                            executed_arguments,
                            started_at,
                            start,
                            false,
                            false,
                            format!("Approval rejected: {}", reason),
                            metadata,
                            ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::approval(reason.clone()),
                            Some(ToolApprovalRecord {
                                status: ToolApprovalStatus::Rejected,
                                reason: Some(reason),
                                modified_arguments: None,
                            }),
                            false,
                            false,
                        );
                        self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
                        return Ok(record);
                    }
                    ApprovalResult::Timeout => {
                        let record = self.record_from_parts(
                            &request,
                            canonical_id,
                            executed_arguments,
                            started_at,
                            start,
                            false,
                            false,
                            "Approval timed out".to_string(),
                            metadata,
                            ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::approval("approval timeout"),
                            Some(ToolApprovalRecord {
                                status: ToolApprovalStatus::Timeout,
                                reason: Some("approval timeout".to_string()),
                                modified_arguments: None,
                            }),
                            false,
                            false,
                        );
                        self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
                        return Ok(record);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        //
        // Freeze the action reviewed by HITL after every approved argument change and policy cap.
        // A later plain approval preserves any earlier Modified evidence.
        //
        executed_arguments = security_engine.prepare_tool_arguments_with_bindings(
            &canonical_id,
            &executed_arguments,
            &bindings,
        );
        if let Some(record) = approval_record.as_mut()
            && matches!(record.status, ToolApprovalStatus::Modified)
        {
            record.modified_arguments = Some(executed_arguments.clone());
        }
        let binding_security_result = security_engine
            .validate_tool_execution_with_bindings(&canonical_id, &executed_arguments, &bindings)
            .await?;
        let approval_confirmation_required = matches!(
            binding_security_result,
            SecurityCheckResult::RequireConfirmation { .. }
        ) || security_engine
            .classification_approval_message(
                &canonical_id,
                &resolved.tool.classify_call(&executed_arguments),
            )
            .is_some();
        let approval_binding = approval_record.as_ref().and_then(|record| {
            matches!(
                record.status,
                ToolApprovalStatus::Approved | ToolApprovalStatus::Modified
            )
            .then(|| ToolApprovalBinding {
                canonical_id: canonical_id.clone(),
                arguments: executed_arguments.clone(),
                confirmation_required: approval_confirmation_required,
                policy_version: security_engine.policy_version(),
                runtime_control_version: approval_control_snapshot.version,
                state_generation: initial_scope_snapshot.state_generation,
                reviewed_tool: Arc::clone(&resolved.tool),
            })
        });

        //
        // Re-resolve once after HITL because registry, scope, and policy may change while approval waits.
        // The final Arc must still match the implementation that the approver reviewed.
        //
        let control_snapshot = self.runtime_safety_snapshot();
        let resolved = self.tools.resolve(&request.requested_name);
        let registry_version = self.tools.version();
        let mut versions = ToolDecisionVersions {
            policy: control_snapshot.tool_security.policy_version(),
            registry: registry_version,
            runtime_control: control_snapshot.version,
            state: None,
        };
        metadata.insert(
            "runtime_scope_snapshot".to_string(),
            serde_json::to_value(&control_snapshot.tool_scope_override).unwrap_or(Value::Null),
        );
        let resolved = match resolved {
            Some(resolved) => resolved,
            None => {
                let reason = format!(
                    "Tool '{}' became unavailable after approval",
                    request.requested_name
                );
                let record = self.record_from_parts_at(
                    &request,
                    request.requested_name.clone(),
                    executed_arguments,
                    started_at,
                    start,
                    false,
                    false,
                    reason.clone(),
                    metadata,
                    ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::unavailable(reason),
                    approval_record,
                    false,
                    false,
                    versions,
                );
                self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
                return Ok(record);
            }
        };

        let canonical_id = resolved.identity.canonical_id.clone();
        if let Some(reason) =
            fallback_state.final_rejection_reason(&admitted_canonical_id, &canonical_id)
        {
            //
            // Preserve the admitted identity used by on_tool_start for completion, record, and history. The changed final resolution remains diagnostic metadata because it never reached invocation admission.
            //
            metadata.insert(
                "fallback_chain".to_string(),
                serde_json::to_value(&fallback_state.visited_canonical_ids).unwrap_or(Value::Null),
            );
            metadata.insert(
                "final_resolved_canonical_id".to_string(),
                Value::String(canonical_id),
            );
            let record = self.record_from_parts_at(
                &request,
                admitted_canonical_id,
                executed_arguments,
                started_at,
                start,
                false,
                false,
                format!("Denied: {reason}"),
                metadata,
                ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::deny(reason),
                approval_record,
                false,
                false,
                versions,
            );
            self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
            return Ok(record);
        }
        let bindings = resolved.tool.policy_bindings();
        let final_arguments = control_snapshot
            .tool_security
            .prepare_tool_arguments_with_bindings(&canonical_id, &executed_arguments, &bindings);
        if let Some(record) = approval_record.as_mut()
            && matches!(record.status, ToolApprovalStatus::Modified)
        {
            record.modified_arguments = Some(final_arguments.clone());
        }
        let classification = resolved.tool.classify_call(&final_arguments);
        let safety = resolved.tool.safety_metadata();
        let security_engine = control_snapshot.tool_security;
        let tool_config = self.recovery_manager.get_tool_config(&canonical_id).clone();
        let recovery_timeout_ms = self.recovery_manager.get_tool_timeout(&canonical_id);
        metadata.insert(
            "classification".to_string(),
            serde_json::to_value(&classification).unwrap_or(Value::Null),
        );
        //
        // Approved arguments can produce a new invalid call classification after the request start hook has fired. Finalize non-execution evidence instead of returning a bare configuration error that would leave the lifecycle unmatched.
        //
        let (limits, timeout) = match Self::effective_tool_limits(
            &security_engine,
            &canonical_id,
            &safety,
            &classification,
            recovery_timeout_ms,
        ) {
            Ok(effective) => effective,
            Err(error) => {
                let reason = error.to_string();
                metadata.insert(
                    "configuration_error".to_string(),
                    Value::String(reason.clone()),
                );
                let record = self.record_from_parts_at(
                    &request,
                    canonical_id,
                    final_arguments,
                    started_at,
                    start,
                    false,
                    false,
                    format!("Denied: {reason}"),
                    metadata,
                    ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::deny(reason),
                    approval_record,
                    false,
                    false,
                    versions,
                );
                self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
                return Ok(record);
            }
        };
        let policy_snapshot = security_engine.policy_snapshot(&canonical_id);
        let resource_lock_keys =
            tool_resource_lock_keys(&canonical_id, &final_arguments, &bindings, &classification);
        metadata.insert(
            "effective_limits".to_string(),
            serde_json::to_value(&limits).unwrap_or(Value::Null),
        );
        metadata.insert(
            "resource_lock_keys".to_string(),
            serde_json::to_value(&resource_lock_keys).unwrap_or(Value::Null),
        );
        if policy_snapshot.is_null() {
            metadata.remove("policy_snapshot");
        } else {
            metadata.insert("policy_snapshot".to_string(), policy_snapshot.clone());
        }

        let final_denial = |canonical_id: String,
                            output: String,
                            policy: ToolPolicyDecisionRecord,
                            metadata: HashMap<String, Value>,
                            decision_versions: ToolDecisionVersions| {
            self.record_from_parts_at(
                &request,
                canonical_id,
                final_arguments.clone(),
                started_at,
                start,
                false,
                false,
                output,
                metadata,
                policy,
                approval_record.clone(),
                false,
                false,
                decision_versions,
            )
        };

        if control_snapshot.emergency_deny {
            let reason = "Tool execution is disabled by runtime control".to_string();
            let record = final_denial(
                canonical_id,
                reason.clone(),
                ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::deny(reason),
                metadata,
                versions,
            );
            self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
            return Ok(record);
        }

        //
        // Final scope evaluation uses the same post-HITL runtime snapshot and captures state authority before locks.
        // Admission must reject any later state transition, reset, or restore before consuming rate capacity or invoking the tool.
        //
        let available_snapshot = self
            .get_available_tool_ids_snapshot_for_scope(
                control_snapshot.tool_scope_override.as_deref(),
            )
            .await?;
        versions.state = available_snapshot.state_generation;
        metadata.insert(
            "available_tool_ids_snapshot".to_string(),
            serde_json::to_value(&available_snapshot.tool_ids).unwrap_or(Value::Null),
        );
        metadata.insert(
            "state_generation_snapshot".to_string(),
            serde_json::to_value(available_snapshot.state_generation).unwrap_or(Value::Null),
        );
        if !available_snapshot
            .tool_ids
            .iter()
            .any(|tool_id| tool_id == &canonical_id)
        {
            let reason = format!(
                "Tool '{}' is not available in the final runtime scope",
                canonical_id
            );
            let record = final_denial(
                canonical_id,
                reason.clone(),
                ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::deny(reason),
                metadata,
                versions,
            );
            self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
            return Ok(record);
        }

        //
        // Validation may run more than once, but it must not consume rate capacity.
        // Rate capacity is consumed once after resource locks are held.
        //
        let final_security_result = security_engine
            .validate_tool_execution_with_bindings(&canonical_id, &final_arguments, &bindings)
            .await?;
        match &final_security_result {
            SecurityCheckResult::Block { reason } => {
                let record = final_denial(
                    canonical_id,
                    format!("Denied: {}", reason),
                    ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::deny(reason.clone()),
                    metadata,
                    versions,
                );
                self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
                return Ok(record);
            }
            SecurityCheckResult::Unavailable { reason } => {
                let record = final_denial(
                    canonical_id,
                    format!("Unavailable: {}", reason),
                    ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::unavailable(reason.clone()),
                    metadata,
                    versions,
                );
                self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
                return Ok(record);
            }
            SecurityCheckResult::Warn { message } => {
                warn!(tool = %canonical_id, message = %message, "Tool security warning after approval");
            }
            SecurityCheckResult::Allow | SecurityCheckResult::RequireConfirmation { .. } => {}
        }
        let final_confirmation_required = matches!(
            final_security_result,
            SecurityCheckResult::RequireConfirmation { .. }
        ) || security_engine
            .classification_approval_message(&canonical_id, &classification)
            .is_some();
        let stale_approval = approval_binding.as_ref().is_some_and(|binding| {
            binding.is_stale(
                &canonical_id,
                &final_arguments,
                final_confirmation_required,
                versions,
                &resolved.tool,
            )
        });
        if stale_approval {
            let reason = "Approval became stale before final admission".to_string();
            let record = final_denial(
                canonical_id,
                reason.clone(),
                ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::deny(reason),
                metadata,
                versions,
            );
            self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
            return Ok(record);
        }
        if final_confirmation_required && approval_binding.is_none() {
            let reason = "Final policy requires fresh approval".to_string();
            let record = final_denial(
                canonical_id,
                reason.clone(),
                ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::approval(reason),
                metadata,
                versions,
            );
            self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
            return Ok(record);
        }

        if let Some((_, reason)) = self.host_tool_unavailability(&canonical_id) {
            let record = final_denial(
                canonical_id,
                reason.to_string(),
                ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::unavailable(reason),
                metadata,
                versions,
            );
            self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
            return Ok(record);
        }

        //
        // Hold conflict locks across final generation admission and invocation.
        // Completion hooks and fallback execution run only after these guards are released.
        //
        let Some(resource_guards) = self.acquire_tool_resource_locks(&resource_lock_keys).await
        else {
            //
            // Cancellation while lock admission waits is terminal runtime-control evidence, even though the non-executed result retains its denial policy outcome.
            //
            let reason = "Tool execution cancelled while waiting for resource locks".to_string();
            let mut record = final_denial(
                canonical_id,
                reason.clone(),
                ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::deny(reason),
                metadata,
                versions,
            );
            record.cancelled = true;
            record.cancellation_reason = Some("runtime control cancellation".to_string());
            self.finish_tool_record(&record).await;
            return Ok(record);
        };

        //
        // The lock-held admission is the last authority boundary. Runtime, policy, and state generations must still match before the one atomic rate admission.
        // Updates after admission apply to later calls, while emergency cancellation remains live for this call.
        //
        let admission = self.admit_tool_execution(
            versions.runtime_control,
            versions.policy,
            versions.state,
            &canonical_id,
        );
        if !matches!(admission, SecurityCheckResult::Allow) {
            let latest_control = self.runtime_safety_snapshot();
            let reason = admission
                .reason()
                .unwrap_or("tool admission was denied")
                .to_string();
            let policy = if admission.is_unavailable() {
                ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::unavailable(reason.clone())
            } else {
                ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::deny(reason.clone())
            };
            let record = self.record_from_parts_at(
                &request,
                canonical_id,
                final_arguments,
                started_at,
                start,
                false,
                false,
                reason,
                metadata,
                policy,
                approval_record,
                false,
                false,
                ToolDecisionVersions {
                    policy: latest_control.tool_security.policy_version(),
                    registry: versions.registry,
                    runtime_control: latest_control.version,
                    state: self
                        .state_machine
                        .as_ref()
                        .map(|state_machine| state_machine.generation()),
                },
            );
            self.finish_tool_record_after_resource_guards(resource_guards, &record)
                .await;
            return Ok(record);
        }
        let executed_arguments = final_arguments;

        let turn_actor = current_turn_actor_context();
        let actor = ToolActorContext {
            actor_id: turn_actor
                .as_ref()
                .and_then(|context| context.effective_actor_id().map(str::to_string))
                .or_else(|| self.actor_id()),
            origin_actor_id: turn_actor
                .as_ref()
                .and_then(|context| context.origin_actor_id.clone()),
            sender_agent_id: turn_actor
                .as_ref()
                .and_then(|context| context.sender_agent_id.clone()),
        };
        let tool_context = ToolExecutionContext {
            requested_name: request.requested_name.clone(),
            canonical_id: canonical_id.clone(),
            display_name: resolved.identity.display_name.clone(),
            provider_id: resolved.identity.provider_id.clone(),
            registry_version: versions.registry,
            policy_version: versions.policy,
            runtime_control_version: versions.runtime_control,
            call_id: request.call_id.clone(),
            source: request.source.clone(),
            actor,
            cancellation: ToolCancellationToken::new(
                Arc::clone(&self.runtime_control.emergency_deny),
                Some("runtime control cancellation".to_string()),
            ),
            started_at,
            deadline: None,
            permission: ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::allow(),
            approval: approval_record.clone(),
            classification: classification.clone(),
            safety,
            limits: limits.clone(),
            policy_snapshot,
            custom_config: security_engine.custom_config(&canonical_id),
        };
        let (mut result, timed_out, cancelled, invoked) = self
            .run_tool_with_retries(
                &canonical_id,
                resolved.tool.clone(),
                executed_arguments.clone(),
                tool_context,
                timeout,
                tool_config.max_retries,
            )
            .await?;

        //
        // Runtime cancellation is terminal for the logical request. Recovery fallback must not mask the cancelled record or start new work after the host asked active execution to stop.
        //
        let fallback_tool = if !result.success && !cancelled {
            match &tool_config.on_failure {
                ToolFailureAction::Skip => {
                    result = ToolResult::ok(format!(
                        "{{\"skipped\": true, \"reason\": \"Tool '{}' was skipped after failure\"}}",
                        canonical_id
                    ));
                    None
                }
                ToolFailureAction::Fallback { fallback_tool } => Some(fallback_tool.clone()),
                ToolFailureAction::ReportError => None,
            }
        } else {
            None
        };

        let output_cap = limits.max_output_chars;
        let (output, output_truncated) =
            Self::truncate_tool_output(result.output.clone(), output_cap);
        if let Some(result_metadata) = result.metadata {
            metadata.extend(result_metadata);
        }
        let mut record = self.record_from_parts_at(
            &request,
            canonical_id,
            executed_arguments,
            started_at,
            start,
            invoked,
            result.success,
            output,
            metadata,
            ToolPolicyDecisionRecord::allow(),
            approval_record,
            timed_out,
            output_truncated,
            versions,
        );
        record.cancelled = cancelled;
        if cancelled {
            record.cancellation_reason = Some("runtime control cancellation".to_string());
        }
        if let Some(fallback_tool) = fallback_tool {
            let fallback_arguments = record.executed_arguments.clone();
            let original_tool = record.canonical_id.clone();
            //
            // Finish the failed logical request after releasing its resource guards so its start hook is matched and fallback hooks cannot overtake the original record.
            //
            self.finish_tool_record_after_resource_guards(resource_guards, &record)
                .await;
            let fallback_request = ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                request.call_id.clone(),
                fallback_tool,
                fallback_arguments,
                ToolCallSource::Fallback { original_tool },
            );
            return Box::pin(self.execute_tool_record_inner(fallback_request, fallback_state))
                .await;
        }
        self.finish_tool_record_after_resource_guards(resource_guards, &record)
            .await;
        Ok(record)
    }

    #[instrument(skip(self, tool_call), fields(tool = %tool_call.name))]
    async fn execute_tool_smart(&self, tool_call: &ToolCall) -> Result<String> {
        let record = self
            .execute_tool_record(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                tool_call.id.clone(),
                tool_call.name.clone(),
                tool_call.arguments.clone(),
                ToolCallSource::Model,
            ))
            .await?;
        if record.success {
            Ok(record.model_output_string())
        } else if matches!(record.policy.outcome, PermissionOutcome::RequiresApproval) {
            Err(AgentError::HITLRejected(record.model_output_string()))
        } else {
            Err(AgentError::Tool(record.model_output_string()))
        }
    }

    //
    // This method is branch-safe because it only asks the router which skill matches.
    // Do not add disambiguation, pending-skill writes, or skill execution here.
    //
    /// Selects a skill without executing it.
    async fn select_skill_candidate(&self, input: &str) -> Result<Option<SkillCandidate>> {
        let Some(ref router) = self.skill_router else {
            return Ok(None);
        };
        let available_skills = self.get_available_skills();
        if available_skills.is_empty() {
            return Ok(None);
        }
        let skill_ids: Vec<&str> = available_skills.iter().map(|s| s.id.as_str()).collect();
        let Some(skill_id) = self
            .observe_purpose(
                ObservationPurpose::SkillRouting,
                router.select_skill_filtered(input, &skill_ids),
            )
            .await?
        else {
            return Ok(None);
        };
        let skill = router
            .get_skill(&skill_id)
            .cloned()
            .ok_or_else(|| AgentError::Skill(format!("Skill not found: {}", skill_id)))?;
        info!(skill_id = %skill_id, "Skill selected");
        Ok(Some(SkillCandidate::new(skill_id, skill)))
    }

    //
    // This is the commit half of skill routing.
    // It may mutate pending skill state, run clarification, and execute skill steps.
    //
    async fn commit_skill_candidate_route_result(
        &self,
        candidate: SkillCandidate,
        input: &str,
    ) -> Result<SkillRouteResult> {
        let skill_id = candidate.skill_id;
        let skill = candidate.skill;
        let expected_state_generation = self
            .state_machine
            .as_ref()
            .map(|state_machine| state_machine.generation());
        let expected_disambiguation_epoch = self.disambiguation_epoch.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
        if let Some(ref skill_disambig) = skill.disambiguation
            && skill_disambig.enabled.unwrap_or(false)
            && let Some(ref disambiguator) = self.disambiguation_manager
        {
            let context = self.build_disambiguation_context().await?;
            let state_override = self
                .state_machine
                .as_ref()
                .and_then(|sm| sm.current_definition())
                .and_then(|def| def.disambiguation.clone());

            let disambiguation_result = self
                .observe_purpose(
                    ObservationPurpose::DisambiguationDetection,
                    disambiguator.process_input_with_override(
                        input,
                        &context,
                        state_override.as_ref(),
                        Some(skill_disambig),
                    ),
                )
                .await?;
            let current_state_generation = self
                .state_machine
                .as_ref()
                .map(|state_machine| state_machine.generation());
            if current_state_generation != expected_state_generation
                || self.disambiguation_epoch.load(Ordering::SeqCst) != expected_disambiguation_epoch
            {
                disambiguator.clear_pending().await;
                *self.pending_skill_id.write() = None;
                return Err(AgentError::Other(
                    "State or reset ownership changed during skill disambiguation".to_string(),
                ));
            }
            match disambiguation_result {
                DisambiguationResult::Clear => {
                    debug!(skill_id = %skill_id, "Skill disambiguation: clear");
                }
                DisambiguationResult::NeedsClarification {
                    question,
                    detection,
                } => {
                    let admission = self
                        .admit_disambiguation_redispatch(
                            expected_disambiguation_epoch,
                            expected_state_generation,
                        )
                        .await?;
                    let awaiting_confirmation = disambiguator.has_pending_confirmation().await;
                    info!(
                        skill_id = %skill_id,
                        ambiguity_type = ?detection.ambiguity_type,
                        confidence = detection.confidence,
                        "Skill requires clarification before execution"
                    );
                    *self.pending_skill_id.write() = Some(skill_id.clone());
                    let response = AgentResponse::new(&question.question).with_metadata(
                        "disambiguation",
                        serde_json::json!({
                            "status": if awaiting_confirmation { "awaiting_confirmation" } else { "awaiting_clarification" },
                            "skill_id": skill_id,
                            "options": question.options,
                            "clarifying": question.clarifying,
                            "detection": {
                                "type": detection.ambiguity_type,
                                "confidence": detection.confidence,
                                "what_is_unclear": detection.what_is_unclear,
                            }
                        }),
                    );
                    drop(admission);
                    return Ok(SkillRouteResult::NeedsClarification {
                        response,
                        ownership: Some(DisambiguationOwnership {
                            epoch: expected_disambiguation_epoch,
                            state_generation: expected_state_generation,
                        }),
                    });
                }
                DisambiguationResult::Clarified { enriched_input, .. } => {
                    info!(skill_id = %skill_id, enriched = %enriched_input, "Skill disambiguation clarified");
                    let admission = self
                        .admit_disambiguation_redispatch(
                            expected_disambiguation_epoch,
                            expected_state_generation,
                        )
                        .await?;
                    drop(admission);
                    let content = self.execute_skill(&skill, &enriched_input).await?;
                    return Ok(SkillRouteResult::Response { skill_id, content });
                }
                DisambiguationResult::ProceedWithBestGuess { enriched_input } => {
                    info!(skill_id = %skill_id, "Skill disambiguation best guess");
                    let admission = self
                        .admit_disambiguation_redispatch(
                            expected_disambiguation_epoch,
                            expected_state_generation,
                        )
                        .await?;
                    drop(admission);
                    let content = self.execute_skill(&skill, &enriched_input).await?;
                    return Ok(SkillRouteResult::Response { skill_id, content });
                }
                DisambiguationResult::GiveUp { reason } => {
                    warn!(skill_id = %skill_id, reason = %reason, "Skill disambiguation gave up");
                    let apology = self
                                .generate_localized_apology(
                                    "Generate a brief, polite apology saying you couldn't understand the request. Be concise.",
                                    &reason,
                                )
                                .await
                                .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
                                    format!("I'm sorry, I couldn't understand your request: {}", reason)
                                });
                    return Ok(SkillRouteResult::NeedsClarification {
                        response: AgentResponse::new(&apology),
                        ownership: None,
                    });
                }
                DisambiguationResult::Escalate { reason } => {
                    info!(skill_id = %skill_id, reason = %reason, "Skill disambiguation escalating");
                    let apology = self
                                .generate_localized_apology(
                                    "Explain briefly that you're transferring the user to a human agent for help.",
                                    &reason,
                                )
                                .await
                                .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
                                    format!("I need human assistance to help with your request: {}", reason)
                                });
                    return Ok(SkillRouteResult::NeedsClarification {
                        response: AgentResponse::new(&apology),
                        ownership: None,
                    });
                }
                DisambiguationResult::Abandoned { .. } => {
                    debug!(skill_id = %skill_id, "Skill disambiguation abandoned");
                    return Ok(SkillRouteResult::NoMatch);
                }
            }
        }
        let admission = self
            .admit_disambiguation_redispatch(
                expected_disambiguation_epoch,
                expected_state_generation,
            )
            .await?;
        drop(admission);
        let content = self.execute_skill(&skill, input).await?;
        Ok(SkillRouteResult::Response { skill_id, content })
    }

    /// Result of skill routing.
    async fn try_skill_route(&self, input: &str) -> Result<SkillRouteResult> {
        if let Some(candidate) = self.select_skill_candidate(input).await? {
            self.commit_skill_candidate_route_result(candidate, input)
                .await
        } else {
            Ok(SkillRouteResult::NoMatch)
        }
    }

    /// Execute a skill with reasoning and reflection, returning the response string.
    async fn execute_skill(&self, skill: &SkillDefinition, input: &str) -> Result<String> {
        if let Some(ref executor) = self.skill_executor {
            let skill_reasoning = self.get_skill_reasoning_config(skill);
            let skill_reflection = self.get_skill_reflection_config(skill);

            debug!(
                skill_id = %skill.id,
                reasoning_mode = ?skill_reasoning.mode,
                reflection_enabled = ?skill_reflection.enabled,
                "Skill reasoning/reflection config"
            );

            let response = self
                .observe_purpose(
                    ObservationPurpose::SkillPrompt,
                    executor.execute_with_invoker(skill, input, serde_json::json!({}), self),
                )
                .await?;

            if skill_reflection.requires_evaluation() && skill_reflection.is_enabled() {
                let should_reflect = self
                    .should_reflect_with_config(input, &response, &skill_reflection)
                    .await?;
                if should_reflect {
                    let evaluated = self
                        .evaluate_and_retry_with_config(input, response, &skill_reflection)
                        .await?;
                    return Ok(evaluated);
                }
            }

            return Ok(response);
        }
        Err(AgentError::Skill(
            "No skill executor configured".to_string(),
        ))
    }

    /// Execute a skill by ID, bypassing the skill router.
    /// Used after skill-triggered disambiguation resolves to route directly to the matched skill.
    async fn execute_skill_by_id(&self, skill_id: &str, input: &str) -> Result<String> {
        let skill = self
            .skill_router
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|r| r.get_skill(skill_id).cloned())
            .ok_or_else(|| AgentError::Skill(format!("Skill not found: {}", skill_id)))?;
        self.execute_skill(&skill, input).await
    }

    async fn should_reflect_with_config(
        &self,
        input: &str,
        response: &str,
        config: &ReflectionConfig,
    ) -> Result<bool> {
        if !config.requires_evaluation() {
            return Ok(false);
        }

        if config.is_enabled() {
            return Ok(true);
        }

        let evaluator_llm = config
            .evaluator_llm
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|alias| self.llm_registry.get(alias).ok())
            .or_else(|| self.llm_registry.router().ok())
            .or_else(|| self.llm_registry.default().ok());

        let Some(llm) = evaluator_llm else {
            return Ok(false);
        };

        let response_preview: String = response.chars().take(500).collect();
        let prompt = format!(
            r#"Should this response be evaluated for quality? Consider if it's a complex or important response.

User query: "{}"
Response: "{}"

Answer YES or NO only."#,
            input, response_preview
        );

        let messages = vec![ChatMessage::user(&prompt)];
        let result = self
            .observe_purpose(
                ObservationPurpose::ReflectionDecision,
                llm.complete(&messages, None),
            )
            .await;

        match result {
            Ok(resp) => Ok(resp.content.trim().to_uppercase().contains("YES")),
            Err(_) => Ok(false),
        }
    }

    async fn evaluate_and_retry_with_config(
        &self,
        input: &str,
        mut response: String,
        config: &ReflectionConfig,
    ) -> Result<String> {
        let llm = self.get_state_llm()?;
        let mut attempts = 0u32;
        let max_retries = config.max_retries;

        loop {
            let evaluation = self
                .evaluate_response_with_config(input, &response, config)
                .await?;

            if evaluation.passed || attempts >= max_retries {
                info!(
                    passed = evaluation.passed,
                    confidence = evaluation.confidence,
                    attempts = attempts + 1,
                    "Skill reflection evaluation complete"
                );
                return Ok(response);
            }

            debug!(
                attempt = attempts + 1,
                failed_criteria = evaluation.failed_criteria().count(),
                "Skill response did not meet criteria, retrying"
            );

            let feedback: Vec<String> = evaluation
                .failed_criteria()
                .map(|c| format!("- {}", c.criterion))
                .collect();

            let retry_prompt = format!(
                "Your previous response did not meet these criteria:\n{}\n\nPlease provide an improved response to: {}",
                feedback.join("\n"),
                input
            );

            let messages = vec![ChatMessage::user(&retry_prompt)];
            let retry_response = self
                .observe_purpose(
                    ObservationPurpose::ReflectionEvaluation,
                    llm.complete(&messages, None),
                )
                .await
                .map_err(|e| AgentError::LLM(e.to_string()))?;

            response = retry_response.content.trim().to_string();
            attempts += 1;
        }
    }

    async fn evaluate_response_with_config(
        &self,
        input: &str,
        response: &str,
        config: &ReflectionConfig,
    ) -> Result<EvaluationResult> {
        let evaluator_llm = config
            .evaluator_llm
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|alias| self.llm_registry.get(alias).ok())
            .or_else(|| self.llm_registry.router().ok())
            .or_else(|| self.llm_registry.default().ok())
            .ok_or_else(|| AgentError::Config("No LLM available for evaluation".into()))?;

        let criteria = &config.criteria;
        let criteria_list = criteria
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
            .map(|(i, c)| format!("{}. {}", i + 1, c))
            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
            .join("\n");

        let prompt = format!(
            r#"Evaluate this response against the criteria.

User query: "{}"

Response to evaluate: "{}"

Criteria:
{}

For each criterion, respond with:
- criterion number
- PASS or FAIL
- brief reason

Then provide overall confidence (0.0 to 1.0) and whether it passes overall.

Format:
1. PASS/FAIL - reason
2. PASS/FAIL - reason
...
CONFIDENCE: 0.X
OVERALL: PASS/FAIL"#,
            input, response, criteria_list
        );

        let messages = vec![ChatMessage::user(&prompt)];
        let eval_response = self
            .observe_purpose(
                ObservationPurpose::ReflectionEvaluation,
                evaluator_llm.complete(&messages, None),
            )
            .await
            .map_err(|e| AgentError::LLM(format!("Evaluation failed: {}", e)))?;

        let content = eval_response.content.to_uppercase();
        let llm_pass = content.contains("OVERALL: PASS");

        let confidence = content
            .lines()
            .find(|l| l.contains("CONFIDENCE:"))
            .and_then(|l| {
                l.split(':')
                    .nth(1)
                    .and_then(|v| v.trim().parse::<f32>().ok())
            })
            .unwrap_or(if llm_pass { 0.8 } else { 0.4 });

        // Gate pass against confidence threshold.
        // LLM may say PASS but with low confidence - the threshold catches this.
        let overall_pass = llm_pass && confidence >= config.pass_threshold;

        let mut criteria_results = Vec::new();
        for (i, criterion) in criteria.iter().enumerate() {
            let line_marker = format!("{}.", i + 1);
            let passed = eval_response
                .content
                .lines()
                .find(|l| l.contains(&line_marker))
                .map(|l| l.to_uppercase().contains("PASS"))
                .unwrap_or(overall_pass);

            if passed {
                criteria_results.push(CriterionResult::pass(criterion));
            } else {
                criteria_results.push(CriterionResult::fail(criterion, "Did not meet criterion"));
            }
        }

        Ok(EvaluationResult::new(overall_pass, confidence).with_criteria(criteria_results))
    }

    /// Process input through the pipeline (state-level override or agent-level).
    async fn process_input(&self, input: &str) -> Result<ProcessData> {
        if let Some(processor) = self.get_state_process_processor() {
            let purpose = observation_purpose_for_process(processor.input_purpose_hint());
            return self
                .observe_purpose(purpose, processor.process_input(input))
                .await;
        }
        if let Some(ref processor) = self.process_processor {
            let purpose = observation_purpose_for_process(processor.input_purpose_hint());
            self.observe_purpose(purpose, processor.process_input(input))
                .await
        } else {
            Ok(ProcessData::new(input))
        }
    }

    /// Process output through the pipeline (state-level override or agent-level).
    async fn process_output(
        &self,
        output: &str,
        input_context: &std::collections::HashMap<String, serde_json::Value>,
    ) -> Result<ProcessData> {
        if let Some(processor) = self.get_state_process_processor() {
            let purpose = observation_purpose_for_process(processor.output_purpose_hint());
            return self
                .observe_purpose(purpose, processor.process_output(output, input_context))
                .await;
        }
        if let Some(ref processor) = self.process_processor {
            let purpose = observation_purpose_for_process(processor.output_purpose_hint());
            self.observe_purpose(purpose, processor.process_output(output, input_context))
                .await
        } else {
            Ok(ProcessData::new(output))
        }
    }

    /// Build a ProcessProcessor from the current state's process config, if any.
    fn get_state_process_processor(&self) -> Option<ProcessProcessor> {
        let sm = self.state_machine.as_ref()?;
        let def = sm.current_definition()?;
        let config = def.process.as_ref()?;
        let mut processor = ProcessProcessor::new(config.clone());
        if let Some(ref registry) = Some(self.llm_registry.clone()) {
            processor = processor.with_llm_registry(registry.clone());
        }
        processor = processor.with_stage_observer(Arc::new(ObservabilityProcessStageObserver));
        Some(processor)
    }

    // Timeout transitions reserve exit actions before committing ownership changes under the short write lock.
    async fn check_turn_timeout(&self) -> Result<()> {
        let Some(ref sm) = self.state_machine else {
            return Ok(());
        };
        let Some(timeout_state) = sm.check_timeout() else {
            return Ok(());
        };
        let claim_admission = self.disambiguation_admission.write().await;
        if sm.check_timeout().as_deref() != Some(timeout_state.as_str()) {
            return Ok(());
        }
        let Some(reservation) = self.reserve_state_transition() else {
            return Ok(());
        };
        let from_state = sm.current();
        let expected_state_generation = sm.generation();
        let expected_disambiguation_epoch = self.disambiguation_epoch.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
        let history_before = sm.history();
        drop(claim_admission);

        self.execute_state_exit_actions(&from_state).await;

        let admission = self.disambiguation_admission.write().await;
        if sm.current() != from_state
            || sm.generation() != expected_state_generation
            || self.disambiguation_epoch.load(Ordering::SeqCst) != expected_disambiguation_epoch
            || sm.check_timeout().as_deref() != Some(timeout_state.as_str())
        {
            return Ok(());
        }
        sm.transition_to(&timeout_state, "max_turns exceeded")?;
        self.invalidate_pending_confirmation("state_timeout").await;
        let entered = sm.current();
        let is_reentry = Self::state_was_previously_entered(&entered, &from_state, &history_before);
        drop(admission);

        self.execute_state_enter_actions(&entered, is_reentry).await;
        drop(reservation);
        info!(to = %entered, "Timeout transition");
        Ok(())
    }

    fn increment_turn(&self) {
        if let Some(ref sm) = self.state_machine {
            sm.increment_turn();
        }
    }

    fn transitions_available_for_commit(&self) -> Option<(Vec<Transition>, String)> {
        let sm = self.state_machine.as_ref()?;
        let current = sm.current();
        let transitions: Vec<_> = sm
            .auto_transitions()
            .into_iter()
            .filter(|t| match t.cooldown_turns {
                Some(cd) if cd > 0 => {
                    let resolved = sm.config().resolve_full_path(&current, &t.to);
                    !sm.is_on_cooldown(&resolved, cd)
                }
                _ => true,
            })
            .collect();
        Some((transitions, current))
    }

    fn transition_reason(transition: &Transition) -> String {
        if transition.when.is_empty() {
            "guard condition met".to_string()
        } else {
            transition.when.clone()
        }
    }

    /// Builds transition context with optional staged writes overlaid.
    fn build_transition_context(
        &self,
        user_message: &str,
        response: &str,
        current_state: &str,
        staged: Option<&HashMap<String, Value>>,
    ) -> TransitionContext {
        let context_map = staged
            .map(|writes| self.build_context_with_staged(writes))
            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.build_context_with_overlays());
        TransitionContext::new(user_message, response, current_state).with_context(context_map)
    }

    /// Selects a post-response transition without committing side effects.
    async fn select_transition_candidate(
        &self,
        user_message: &str,
        response: &str,
    ) -> Result<Option<TransitionCandidate>> {
        let Some((transitions, current_state)) = self.transitions_available_for_commit() else {
            return Ok(None);
        };
        let transitions: Vec<Transition> = transitions
            .into_iter()
            .filter(|transition| matches!(transition.timing, TransitionTiming::PostResponse))
            .collect();
        if transitions.is_empty() {
            return Ok(None);
        }
        let Some(evaluator) = self.transition_evaluator.as_ref() else {
            return Ok(None);
        };
        let context = self.build_transition_context(user_message, response, &current_state, None);
        let selected = self
            .observe_purpose(
                ObservationPurpose::StateTransitionEvaluation,
                evaluator.select_transition(&transitions, &context),
            )
            .await?;
        Ok(selected.map(|index| {
            let transition = transitions[index].clone();
            TransitionCandidate::new(
                current_state,
                transition.clone(),
                Self::transition_reason(&transition),
            )
        }))
    }

    /// Selects a guard or resolved-intent transition without an LLM call.
    fn select_deterministic_transition_candidate(
        &self,
        user_message: &str,
        current_state: &str,
        transitions: &[Transition],
        staged: &HashMap<String, Value>,
    ) -> Option<TransitionCandidate> {
        let context = self.build_transition_context(user_message, "", current_state, Some(staged));

        for transition in transitions {
            if let Some(guard) = transition.guard.as_ref()
                && evaluate_guard(guard, &context)
            {
                return Some(TransitionCandidate::new(
                    current_state,
                    transition.clone(),
                    Self::transition_reason(transition),
                ));
            }
        }

        let resolved_intent = context
            .context
            .get("resolved_intent")
            .and_then(Value::as_str)
            .filter(|value| !value.is_empty());
        if let Some(resolved_intent) = resolved_intent {
            for transition in transitions {
                if transition.intent.as_deref() == Some(resolved_intent) {
                    return Some(TransitionCandidate::new(
                        current_state,
                        transition.clone(),
                        Self::transition_reason(transition),
                    ));
                }
            }
        }

        None
    }

    /// Commits a selected transition through the shared post-response path.
    async fn commit_transition_candidate(&self, candidate: &TransitionCandidate) -> Result<bool> {
        self.commit_transition_target(&candidate.from_state, candidate.target(), &candidate.reason)
            .await
    }

    /// Runs state transition approval before any transition side effects.
    async fn approve_transition_target(&self, from_state: &str, target: &str) -> Result<bool> {
        let approved = self.check_state_hitl(Some(from_state), target).await?;
        if !approved {
            info!(to = %target, "State transition rejected by HITL");
        }
        Ok(approved)
    }

    /// Applies an approved transition after reserving exit actions and keeping async hooks outside the commit lock.
    async fn apply_transition_target(
        &self,
        from_state: &str,
        target: &str,
        reason: &str,
        staged: Option<&HashMap<String, Value>>,
    ) -> Result<bool> {
        let Some(ref sm) = self.state_machine else {
            return Ok(false);
        };
        let claim_admission = self.disambiguation_admission.write().await;
        if sm.current() != from_state {
            return Ok(false);
        }
        let Some(reservation) = self.reserve_state_transition() else {
            return Ok(false);
        };
        let expected_state_generation = sm.generation();
        let expected_disambiguation_epoch = self.disambiguation_epoch.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
        let history_before = sm.history();
        drop(claim_admission);

        self.execute_state_exit_actions(from_state).await;

        let admission = self.disambiguation_admission.write().await;
        if sm.current() != from_state
            || sm.generation() != expected_state_generation
            || self.disambiguation_epoch.load(Ordering::SeqCst) != expected_disambiguation_epoch
        {
            return Ok(false);
        }
        sm.transition_to(target, reason)?;
        self.invalidate_pending_confirmation("state_transition")
            .await;
        sm.reset_no_transition();
        if let Some(staged) = staged {
            self.commit_staged_context_writes(staged);
        }
        let entered = sm.current();
        let is_reentry = Self::state_was_previously_entered(&entered, from_state, &history_before);
        drop(admission);

        self.execute_state_enter_actions(&entered, is_reentry).await;
        drop(reservation);
        self.hooks
            .on_state_transition(Some(from_state), &entered, reason)
            .await;
        info!(from = %from_state, to = %entered, "State transition");
        Ok(true)
    }

    /// Approves and applies a transition without staged context writes.
    async fn commit_transition_target(
        &self,
        from_state: &str,
        target: &str,
        reason: &str,
    ) -> Result<bool> {
        if !self.approve_transition_target(from_state, target).await? {
            return Ok(false);
        }
        self.apply_transition_target(from_state, target, reason, None)
            .await
    }

    /// Applies an approved pre-response transition before redispatch.
    async fn apply_pre_response_transition_candidate(
        &self,
        candidate: &TransitionCandidate,
        staged: &HashMap<String, Value>,
        processed_input: &str,
    ) -> Result<bool> {
        self.commit_root_user_message(processed_input).await?;
        self.apply_transition_target(
            &candidate.from_state,
            candidate.target(),
            &candidate.reason,
            Some(staged),
        )
        .await
    }

    /// Commits a pre-response transition after approval and before redispatch.
    async fn commit_pre_response_transition_candidate(
        &self,
        candidate: &TransitionCandidate,
        staged: &HashMap<String, Value>,
        processed_input: &str,
    ) -> Result<bool> {
        if !self
            .approve_transition_target(&candidate.from_state, candidate.target())
            .await?
        {
            return Ok(false);
        }
        self.apply_pre_response_transition_candidate(candidate, staged, processed_input)
            .await
    }

    /// Handles post-response transition misses with fallback counters.
    async fn handle_transition_miss(&self, current_state: &str) -> Result<bool> {
        let Some(ref sm) = self.state_machine else {
            return Ok(false);
        };
        sm.increment_no_transition();
        let Some(fallback) = sm.check_fallback() else {
            return Ok(false);
        };
        self.commit_transition_target(current_state, &fallback, "fallback after no transitions")
            .await
    }

    /// Evaluates and commits post-response transitions for the committed response path.
    async fn evaluate_transitions(&self, user_message: &str, response: &str) -> Result<bool> {
        let Some((transitions, current_state)) = self.transitions_available_for_commit() else {
            return Ok(false);
        };
        if transitions.is_empty() {
            return Ok(false);
        }
        if let Some(candidate) = self
            .select_transition_candidate(user_message, response)
            .await?
        {
            return self.commit_transition_candidate(&candidate).await;
        }
        self.handle_transition_miss(&current_state).await
    }

    /// Attempts deterministic pre-response routing before old-state response generation.
    async fn try_pre_response_transition(
        &self,
        processed_input: &str,
    ) -> Result<Option<AgentResponse>> {
        let optimization = &self.runtime_config.optimization;
        if !optimization.enabled || !optimization.pre_response_deterministic_transitions {
            return Ok(None);
        }
        let Some((transitions, current_state)) = self.transitions_available_for_commit() else {
            return Ok(None);
        };
        let eligible: Vec<Transition> = transitions
            .into_iter()
            .filter(|transition| !transition.requires_response)
            .filter(|transition| matches!(transition.timing, TransitionTiming::PreResponse))
            .collect();
        if eligible.is_empty() {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        let empty_staged = HashMap::new();
        let mut extracted_staged: Option<HashMap<String, Value>> = None;
        let mut selected: Option<(TransitionCandidate, HashMap<String, Value>)> = None;

        for transition in &eligible {
            let use_extractors = optimization.pre_response_extractors || transition.run_extractors;
            let staged_for_eval = if use_extractors {
                if extracted_staged.is_none() {
                    extracted_staged =
                        Some(self.run_context_extractors_staged(processed_input).await);
                }
                extracted_staged.as_ref().unwrap_or(&empty_staged)
            } else {
                &empty_staged
            };

            if let Some(candidate) = self.select_deterministic_transition_candidate(
                processed_input,
                &current_state,
                std::slice::from_ref(transition),
                staged_for_eval,
            ) {
                let staged_for_commit = if use_extractors {
                    staged_for_eval.clone()
                } else {
                    HashMap::new()
                };
                selected = Some((candidate, staged_for_commit));
                break;
            }
        }

        let Some((candidate, staged)) = selected else {
            return Ok(None);
        };

        if !self
            .commit_pre_response_transition_candidate(&candidate, &staged, processed_input)
            .await?
        {
            return Ok(None);
        }
        self.redispatch_current_state(processed_input)
            .await
            .map(Some)
    }

    //
    // Speculative branches overlap independent decisions but still commit exactly one path.
    // Losing branches must remain data only and must not write memory, run tools, or emit output.
    //
    async fn try_speculative_branches(
        &self,
        processed_input: &str,
        input_context: &HashMap<String, Value>,
    ) -> Result<Option<AgentResponse>> {
        let optimization = &self.runtime_config.optimization;
        if !optimization.enabled {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        let effective_reasoning_mode = self.get_effective_reasoning_config().mode.clone();
        if !matches!(
            effective_reasoning_mode,
            ReasoningMode::None | ReasoningMode::Auto
        ) {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        let mut transition_enabled =
            optimization.speculative_state_transitions && self.has_parallel_transition_candidates();
        let mut skill_enabled = optimization.speculative_skill_routing
            && self.skill_router.is_some()
            && self.pending_skill_id.read().is_none();
        let mut reasoning_enabled = optimization.speculative_reasoning_auto
            && matches!(effective_reasoning_mode, ReasoningMode::Auto);

        if matches!(effective_reasoning_mode, ReasoningMode::Auto)
            && (!reasoning_enabled || optimization.max_speculative_llm_calls_per_turn < 2)
        {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        if !transition_enabled && !skill_enabled && !reasoning_enabled {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        let mut optional_slots = optimization.max_parallel_runtime_tasks.saturating_sub(1);
        let mut speculative_call_slots = optimization
            .max_speculative_llm_calls_per_turn
            .saturating_sub(1);
        if reasoning_enabled {
            if optional_slots == 0 || speculative_call_slots == 0 {
                return Ok(None);
            }
            optional_slots -= 1;
            speculative_call_slots -= 1;
        }
        if transition_enabled {
            if optional_slots == 0 {
                transition_enabled = false;
            } else {
                optional_slots -= 1;
            }
        }
        if skill_enabled && (optional_slots == 0 || speculative_call_slots == 0) {
            skill_enabled = false;
        }

        if !transition_enabled && !skill_enabled && !reasoning_enabled {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        let main_kind = if transition_enabled {
            RuntimeOptimizationKind::ParallelStateTransition
        } else if skill_enabled {
            RuntimeOptimizationKind::SpeculativeSkillRouting
        } else {
            RuntimeOptimizationKind::SpeculativeReasoningAuto
        };
        if !self.reserve_active_speculative_llm_call(main_kind) {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        let mut branch_set = ScheduledBranchSet::new(optimization.max_parallel_runtime_tasks)?;
        let main_branch = RuntimeBranch::new(
            RuntimeTaskPurpose::MainResponse,
            main_kind,
            RuntimeTaskPriority::Normal,
            RuntimeCommitBehavior::FinalResponse,
        );
        let transition_branch = RuntimeBranch::new(
            RuntimeTaskPurpose::StateTransition,
            RuntimeOptimizationKind::ParallelStateTransition,
            RuntimeTaskPriority::Critical,
            RuntimeCommitBehavior::TransitionDecision,
        );
        let skill_branch = RuntimeBranch::new(
            RuntimeTaskPurpose::SkillRouting,
            RuntimeOptimizationKind::SpeculativeSkillRouting,
            RuntimeTaskPriority::High,
            RuntimeCommitBehavior::SkillSelection,
        );
        let reasoning_branch = RuntimeBranch::new(
            RuntimeTaskPurpose::ReasoningJudge,
            RuntimeOptimizationKind::SpeculativeReasoningAuto,
            RuntimeTaskPriority::Normal,
            RuntimeCommitBehavior::ReasoningDecision,
        );
        let main_id = main_branch.branch_id();
        let transition_id = transition_branch.branch_id();
        let skill_id = skill_branch.branch_id();
        let reasoning_id = reasoning_branch.branch_id();

        let main_id_for_future = main_id.clone();
        if !branch_set.schedule(
            main_branch,
            Box::pin(async move {
                match crate::optimization::observability::with_branch_observation(
                    &main_id_for_future,
                    main_kind,
                    RuntimeCommitBehavior::FinalResponse,
                    self.generate_main_response_draft(processed_input, &ReasoningMode::None),
                )
                .await
                {
                    Ok(draft) => RuntimeBranchResult::MainDraft(draft),
                    Err(error) => RuntimeBranchResult::Failed(error),
                }
            }),
        ) {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        if transition_enabled {
            let transition_id_for_future = transition_id.clone();
            if !branch_set.schedule(
                transition_branch,
                Box::pin(async move {
                    match crate::optimization::observability::with_branch_observation(
                        &transition_id_for_future,
                        RuntimeOptimizationKind::ParallelStateTransition,
                        RuntimeCommitBehavior::TransitionDecision,
                        self.select_parallel_transition_candidate(processed_input),
                    )
                    .await
                    {
                        Ok(ParallelTransitionSelection::Candidate(candidate)) => {
                            RuntimeBranchResult::Transition(Some(candidate))
                        }
                        Ok(ParallelTransitionSelection::NoMatch) => {
                            RuntimeBranchResult::Transition(None)
                        }
                        Ok(ParallelTransitionSelection::ReservationExhausted) => {
                            RuntimeBranchResult::Cancelled
                        }
                        Err(error) => RuntimeBranchResult::Failed(error),
                    }
                }),
            ) {
                transition_enabled = false;
            }
        }

        if skill_enabled {
            let skill_id_for_future = skill_id.clone();
            if !branch_set.schedule(
                skill_branch,
                Box::pin(async move {
                    if !self.reserve_active_speculative_llm_call(
                        RuntimeOptimizationKind::SpeculativeSkillRouting,
                    ) {
                        return RuntimeBranchResult::Cancelled;
                    }
                    match crate::optimization::observability::with_branch_observation(
                        &skill_id_for_future,
                        RuntimeOptimizationKind::SpeculativeSkillRouting,
                        RuntimeCommitBehavior::SkillSelection,
                        self.select_skill_candidate(processed_input),
                    )
                    .await
                    {
                        Ok(candidate) => RuntimeBranchResult::Skill(candidate),
                        Err(error) => RuntimeBranchResult::Failed(error),
                    }
                }),
            ) {
                skill_enabled = false;
            }
        }

        if reasoning_enabled {
            let reasoning_id_for_future = reasoning_id.clone();
            if !branch_set.schedule(
                reasoning_branch,
                Box::pin(async move {
                    if !self.reserve_active_speculative_llm_call(
                        RuntimeOptimizationKind::SpeculativeReasoningAuto,
                    ) {
                        return RuntimeBranchResult::Cancelled;
                    }
                    match crate::optimization::observability::with_branch_observation(
                        &reasoning_id_for_future,
                        RuntimeOptimizationKind::SpeculativeReasoningAuto,
                        RuntimeCommitBehavior::ReasoningDecision,
                        self.determine_reasoning_mode_strict(processed_input),
                    )
                    .await
                    {
                        Ok(mode) => RuntimeBranchResult::Reasoning(mode),
                        Err(error) => RuntimeBranchResult::Failed(error),
                    }
                }),
            ) {
                reasoning_enabled = false;
            }
        }

        if matches!(effective_reasoning_mode, ReasoningMode::Auto) && !reasoning_enabled {
            self.finalize_pending_branches(branch_set.cancel_pending());
            return Ok(None);
        }

        if !transition_enabled && !skill_enabled && !reasoning_enabled {
            self.finalize_pending_branches(branch_set.cancel_pending());
            return Ok(None);
        }

        let mut main_pending = true;
        let mut skill_pending = skill_enabled;
        let mut reasoning_pending = reasoning_enabled;
        let mut transition_finalized = !transition_enabled;
        let mut skill_finalized = !skill_enabled;
        let mut reasoning_finalized = !reasoning_enabled;
        let mut main_result: Option<Result<MainResponseDraft>> = None;
        let mut transition_candidate: Option<TransitionCandidate> = None;
        let mut skill_candidate: Option<SkillCandidate> = None;
        let mut reasoning_decision: Option<ReasoningMode> = None;
        let mut transition_fallback_required = false;
        let mut skill_fallback_required = false;
        let mut reasoning_fallback_required = false;

        loop {
            if let Some(candidate) = transition_candidate.take() {
                if self
                    .approve_transition_target(&candidate.from_state, candidate.target())
                    .await?
                {
                    // Drop losing provider futures before transition side effects can reuse their shared resources.
                    self.finalize_pending_branches(branch_set.cancel_pending());
                    if !main_pending {
                        self.finalize_branch_loss(
                            &main_id,
                            main_kind,
                            RuntimeCommitBehavior::FinalResponse,
                            false,
                            main_result.as_ref().map(|result| result.is_err()),
                        );
                    }
                    if skill_enabled && !skill_pending {
                        self.finalize_branch_loss(
                            &skill_id,
                            RuntimeOptimizationKind::SpeculativeSkillRouting,
                            RuntimeCommitBehavior::SkillSelection,
                            false,
                            Some(false),
                        );
                    }
                    if reasoning_enabled && !reasoning_pending {
                        self.finalize_branch_loss(
                            &reasoning_id,
                            RuntimeOptimizationKind::SpeculativeReasoningAuto,
                            RuntimeCommitBehavior::ReasoningDecision,
                            false,
                            Some(false),
                        );
                    }
                    if !self
                        .apply_pre_response_transition_candidate(
                            &candidate,
                            &HashMap::new(),
                            processed_input,
                        )
                        .await?
                    {
                        self.finalize_optional_branch(
                            &transition_id,
                            RuntimeOptimizationKind::ParallelStateTransition,
                            RuntimeCommitBehavior::TransitionDecision,
                            "discarded",
                            false,
                        );
                        return Ok(None);
                    }
                    self.finalize_optional_branch(
                        &transition_id,
                        RuntimeOptimizationKind::ParallelStateTransition,
                        RuntimeCommitBehavior::TransitionDecision,
                        "committed",
                        true,
                    );
                    return self
                        .redispatch_current_state(processed_input)
                        .await
                        .map(Some);
                }
                self.finalize_optional_branch(
                    &transition_id,
                    RuntimeOptimizationKind::ParallelStateTransition,
                    RuntimeCommitBehavior::TransitionDecision,
                    "discarded",
                    false,
                );
                transition_finalized = true;
            }

            if transition_finalized && skill_candidate.is_some() {
                let candidate = skill_candidate.take().unwrap();
                self.finalize_optional_branch(
                    &skill_id,
                    RuntimeOptimizationKind::SpeculativeSkillRouting,
                    RuntimeCommitBehavior::SkillSelection,
                    "committed",
                    true,
                );
                if !main_pending {
                    self.finalize_branch_loss(
                        &main_id,
                        main_kind,
                        RuntimeCommitBehavior::FinalResponse,
                        false,
                        main_result.as_ref().map(|result| result.is_err()),
                    );
                }
                if reasoning_enabled && !reasoning_pending {
                    self.finalize_branch_loss(
                        &reasoning_id,
                        RuntimeOptimizationKind::SpeculativeReasoningAuto,
                        RuntimeCommitBehavior::ReasoningDecision,
                        false,
                        Some(false),
                    );
                }
                self.finalize_pending_branches(branch_set.cancel_pending());
                self.commit_root_user_message(processed_input).await?;
                return match self
                    .commit_skill_candidate_route_result(candidate, processed_input)
                    .await?
                {
                    SkillRouteResult::Response { skill_id, content } => self
                        .handle_skill_response(processed_input, &skill_id, content, input_context)
                        .await
                        .map(Some),
                    SkillRouteResult::NeedsClarification {
                        response,
                        ownership,
                    } => {
                        let admission = self
                            .admit_optional_disambiguation_ownership(ownership)
                            .await?;
                        if response
                            .metadata
                            .as_ref()
                            .and_then(|m| m.get("disambiguation"))
                            .and_then(|d| d.get("status"))
                            .and_then(|s| s.as_str())
                            == Some("awaiting_clarification")
                        {
                            self.memory
                                .add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(&response.content))
                                .await?;
                        }
                        drop(admission);
                        self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await?;
                        Ok(Some(response))
                    }
                    SkillRouteResult::NoMatch => Ok(None),
                };
            }

            if transition_finalized
                && skill_finalized
                && let Some(reasoning_mode) = reasoning_decision.take()
            {
                if !matches!(reasoning_mode, ReasoningMode::None) {
                    self.finalize_optional_branch(
                        &reasoning_id,
                        RuntimeOptimizationKind::SpeculativeReasoningAuto,
                        RuntimeCommitBehavior::ReasoningDecision,
                        "committed",
                        true,
                    );
                    if !main_pending {
                        self.finalize_branch_loss(
                            &main_id,
                            main_kind,
                            RuntimeCommitBehavior::FinalResponse,
                            false,
                            main_result.as_ref().map(|result| result.is_err()),
                        );
                    }
                    self.finalize_pending_branches(branch_set.cancel_pending());
                    self.commit_root_user_message(processed_input).await?;
                    return if matches!(reasoning_mode, ReasoningMode::PlanAndExecute) {
                        self.handle_plan_and_execute(processed_input, input_context, true)
                            .await
                            .map(Some)
                    } else {
                        self.run_committed_response_loop_with_reasoning(
                            processed_input,
                            input_context,
                            reasoning_mode,
                            true,
                        )
                        .await
                        .map(Some)
                    };
                }
                self.finalize_optional_branch(
                    &reasoning_id,
                    RuntimeOptimizationKind::SpeculativeReasoningAuto,
                    RuntimeCommitBehavior::ReasoningDecision,
                    "committed",
                    true,
                );
                reasoning_finalized = true;
            }

            if transition_finalized && skill_finalized && reasoning_finalized {
                if transition_fallback_required
                    || skill_fallback_required
                    || reasoning_fallback_required
                {
                    if !main_pending {
                        self.finalize_branch_loss(
                            &main_id,
                            main_kind,
                            RuntimeCommitBehavior::FinalResponse,
                            false,
                            main_result.as_ref().map(|result| result.is_err()),
                        );
                    }
                    self.finalize_pending_branches(branch_set.cancel_pending());
                    return Ok(None);
                }

                if let Some(result) = main_result.take() {
                    let draft = match result {
                        Ok(draft) => draft,
                        Err(error) => {
                            self.finalize_optional_branch(
                                &main_id,
                                main_kind,
                                RuntimeCommitBehavior::FinalResponse,
                                "failed",
                                false,
                            );
                            self.finalize_pending_branches(branch_set.cancel_pending());
                            return Err(error);
                        }
                    };
                    self.finalize_optional_branch(
                        &main_id,
                        main_kind,
                        RuntimeCommitBehavior::FinalResponse,
                        "committed",
                        true,
                    );
                    self.finalize_pending_branches(branch_set.cancel_pending());
                    return self
                        .commit_main_response_draft(
                            processed_input,
                            input_context,
                            draft,
                            ReasoningMode::None,
                            reasoning_enabled,
                        )
                        .await
                        .map(Some);
                }
            }

            if branch_set.is_empty() {
                return Ok(None);
            }

            let Some(outcome) = branch_set.next_completed().await else {
                return Ok(None);
            };
            let branch_id = outcome.branch.branch_id();
            match outcome.result {
                RuntimeBranchResult::MainDraft(draft) => {
                    main_pending = false;
                    main_result = Some(Ok(draft));
                }
                RuntimeBranchResult::Transition(candidate) => {
                    if let Some(candidate) = candidate {
                        transition_candidate = Some(candidate);
                    } else {
                        self.finalize_optional_branch(
                            &transition_id,
                            RuntimeOptimizationKind::ParallelStateTransition,
                            RuntimeCommitBehavior::TransitionDecision,
                            "discarded",
                            false,
                        );
                        transition_finalized = true;
                    }
                }
                RuntimeBranchResult::Skill(candidate) => {
                    skill_pending = false;
                    if let Some(candidate) = candidate {
                        skill_candidate = Some(candidate);
                    } else {
                        self.finalize_optional_branch(
                            &skill_id,
                            RuntimeOptimizationKind::SpeculativeSkillRouting,
                            RuntimeCommitBehavior::SkillSelection,
                            "discarded",
                            false,
                        );
                        skill_finalized = true;
                    }
                }
                RuntimeBranchResult::Reasoning(mode) => {
                    reasoning_pending = false;
                    reasoning_decision = Some(mode);
                }
                RuntimeBranchResult::Failed(error) => {
                    if branch_id == main_id {
                        main_pending = false;
                        main_result = Some(Err(error));
                    } else if branch_id == transition_id {
                        self.finalize_optional_branch(
                            &transition_id,
                            RuntimeOptimizationKind::ParallelStateTransition,
                            RuntimeCommitBehavior::TransitionDecision,
                            "failed",
                            false,
                        );
                        transition_finalized = true;
                    } else if branch_id == skill_id {
                        skill_pending = false;
                        self.finalize_optional_branch(
                            &skill_id,
                            RuntimeOptimizationKind::SpeculativeSkillRouting,
                            RuntimeCommitBehavior::SkillSelection,
                            "failed",
                            false,
                        );
                        skill_finalized = true;
                    } else if branch_id == reasoning_id {
                        reasoning_pending = false;
                        self.finalize_optional_branch(
                            &reasoning_id,
                            RuntimeOptimizationKind::SpeculativeReasoningAuto,
                            RuntimeCommitBehavior::ReasoningDecision,
                            "failed",
                            false,
                        );
                        reasoning_finalized = true;
                    }
                }
                RuntimeBranchResult::Cancelled => {
                    self.finalize_optional_branch(
                        &branch_id,
                        outcome.branch.optimization,
                        outcome.branch.commit_behavior,
                        "cancelled",
                        false,
                    );
                    if branch_id == main_id {
                        main_pending = false;
                        main_result =
                            Some(Err(AgentError::Other("main branch cancelled".to_string())));
                    } else if branch_id == transition_id {
                        transition_finalized = true;
                        transition_fallback_required = true;
                    } else if branch_id == skill_id {
                        skill_pending = false;
                        skill_finalized = true;
                        skill_fallback_required = true;
                    } else if branch_id == reasoning_id {
                        reasoning_pending = false;
                        reasoning_finalized = true;
                        reasoning_fallback_required = true;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    fn finalize_pending_branches(&self, branches: Vec<RuntimeBranch>) {
        for branch in branches {
            self.finalize_optional_branch(
                &branch.branch_id(),
                branch.optimization,
                branch.commit_behavior,
                "cancelled",
                false,
            );
        }
    }

    //
    // Pending losers are reported as cancelled because their futures are dropped before completion.
    // Completed losers keep failed or discarded status based on their recorded result.
    //
    fn finalize_branch_loss(
        &self,
        branch_id: &str,
        optimization: RuntimeOptimizationKind,
        commit_behavior: RuntimeCommitBehavior,
        pending: bool,
        completed_failed: Option<bool>,
    ) {
        let status = if pending {
            "cancelled"
        } else if completed_failed.unwrap_or(false) {
            "failed"
        } else {
            "discarded"
        };
        self.finalize_optional_branch(branch_id, optimization, commit_behavior, status, false);
    }

    //
    // Finalization is separated from commit so losing branches remain observable.
    // This helper must not mutate runtime state other than observability.
    //
    fn finalize_optional_branch(
        &self,
        branch_id: &str,
        optimization: RuntimeOptimizationKind,
        commit_behavior: RuntimeCommitBehavior,
        status: &str,
        winner: bool,
    ) {
        crate::optimization::observability::finalize_branch(
            self.observability_manager.as_ref(),
            branch_id,
            status,
            winner,
            optimization,
            commit_behavior,
        );
    }

    //
    // This is only an eligibility check.
    // Actual transition selection happens in select_parallel_transition_candidate.
    //
    fn has_parallel_transition_candidates(&self) -> bool {
        self.transitions_available_for_commit()
            .map(|(transitions, _)| {
                transitions
                    .iter()
                    .any(|transition| matches!(transition.timing, TransitionTiming::Parallel))
            })
            .unwrap_or(false)
    }

    //
    // Parallel transition prompts must not depend on assistant response text.
    // Keep this branch response-independent or it can race against invalid context.
    //
    async fn select_parallel_transition_candidate(
        &self,
        processed_input: &str,
    ) -> Result<ParallelTransitionSelection> {
        let Some((transitions, current_state)) = self.transitions_available_for_commit() else {
            return Ok(ParallelTransitionSelection::NoMatch);
        };
        let parallel: Vec<Transition> = transitions
            .into_iter()
            .filter(|transition| matches!(transition.timing, TransitionTiming::Parallel))
            .filter(|transition| !transition.requires_response)
            .collect();
        if parallel.is_empty() {
            return Ok(ParallelTransitionSelection::NoMatch);
        }
        let empty_staged = HashMap::new();
        if let Some(candidate) = self.select_deterministic_transition_candidate(
            processed_input,
            &current_state,
            &parallel,
            &empty_staged,
        ) {
            return Ok(ParallelTransitionSelection::Candidate(candidate));
        }
        let when_transitions: Vec<(usize, &Transition)> = parallel
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
            .filter(|(_, transition)| !transition.when.trim().is_empty())
            .collect();
        if when_transitions.is_empty() {
            return Ok(ParallelTransitionSelection::NoMatch);
        }
        let llm = self
            .llm_registry
            .router()
            .or_else(|_| self.llm_registry.default())
            .map_err(|e| AgentError::Config(e.to_string()))?;
        let conditions = when_transitions
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
            .map(|(display_idx, (_, transition))| {
                format!("{}. {}", display_idx + 1, transition.when)
            })
            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
            .join("\n");
        if !self
            .reserve_active_speculative_llm_call(RuntimeOptimizationKind::ParallelStateTransition)
        {
            return Ok(ParallelTransitionSelection::ReservationExhausted);
        }
        let context_preview = self.branch_context_preview();
        let prompt = format!(
            "Based only on the current user message and context, which transition condition is met?\n\nCurrent state: {}\nUser message: {}\nContext:\n{}\n\nConditions:\n{}\n0. None of the above\n\nReply with ONLY the number (0-{}).",
            current_state,
            processed_input,
            context_preview,
            conditions,
            when_transitions.len()
        );
        let response = self
            .observe_purpose(
                ObservationPurpose::StateTransitionEvaluation,
                llm.complete(&[ChatMessage::user(prompt)], None),
            )
            .await
            .map_err(|e| AgentError::LLM(e.to_string()))?;
        let choice = response.content.trim().parse::<usize>().unwrap_or(0);
        if choice == 0 || choice > when_transitions.len() {
            return Ok(ParallelTransitionSelection::NoMatch);
        }
        let transition = when_transitions[choice - 1].1.clone();
        Ok(ParallelTransitionSelection::Candidate(
            TransitionCandidate::new(
                current_state,
                transition.clone(),
                Self::transition_reason(&transition),
            ),
        ))
    }

    /// Re-enters the runtime loop after an optimized transition commits.
    async fn redispatch_current_state(&self, processed_input: &str) -> Result<AgentResponse> {
        const MAX_REDISPATCH_DEPTH: u32 = 3;
        let current_depth = *self.redispatch_depth.read();
        if current_depth >= MAX_REDISPATCH_DEPTH {
            warn!(depth = current_depth, "Re-dispatch depth limit reached");
            let response = AgentResponse::new("");
            self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await?;
            return Ok(response);
        }
        *self.redispatch_depth.write() += 1;
        if let Some(context) = self.active_turn_context.write().as_mut() {
            context.enter_redispatch();
        }
        let result = Box::pin(self.run_loop_internal(processed_input)).await;
        *self.redispatch_depth.write() -= 1;
        if let Some(context) = self.active_turn_context.write().as_mut() {
            context.exit_redispatch();
        }
        let response = result?;
        self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await?;
        Ok(response)
    }

    /// Runs final response hooks and maintenance only for the root dispatch.
    async fn finish_turn_if_root(&self, response: &AgentResponse) -> Result<()> {
        if *self.redispatch_depth.read() == 0 {
            self.post_turn_session_lifecycle().await?;
            if let Some(context) = self.active_turn_context.write().as_mut() {
                context.mark_post_turn_lifecycle_completed();
            }
            self.hooks.on_response(response).await;
            self.end_root_turn();
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Execute on_exit actions for a state being left.
    async fn execute_state_exit_actions(&self, state_path: &str) {
        if let Some(ref sm) = self.state_machine
            && let Some(def) = sm.get_definition(state_path)
            && !def.on_exit.is_empty()
        {
            debug!(state = %state_path, count = def.on_exit.len(), "Executing on_exit actions");
            self.execute_state_actions(&def.on_exit).await;
        }
    }

    /// Returns whether a transition target had already been entered before this transition.
    fn state_was_previously_entered(
        state_path: &str,
        from_state: &str,
        history_before: &[StateTransitionEvent],
    ) -> bool {
        state_path == from_state
            || history_before
                .iter()
                .any(|event| event.from == state_path || event.to == state_path)
    }

    /// Execute on_enter (or on_reenter) actions for a state being entered.
    async fn execute_state_enter_actions(&self, state_path: &str, is_reentry: bool) {
        if let Some(ref sm) = self.state_machine
            && let Some(def) = sm.get_definition(state_path)
        {
            if is_reentry && !def.on_reenter.is_empty() {
                debug!(state = %state_path, count = def.on_reenter.len(), "Executing on_reenter actions");
                self.execute_state_actions(&def.on_reenter).await;
            } else if !def.on_enter.is_empty() {
                debug!(state = %state_path, count = def.on_enter.len(), "Executing on_enter actions");
                self.execute_state_actions(&def.on_enter).await;
            }
        }
    }

    /// Execute a list of state actions (tool calls, skill invocations, context updates, LLM prompts).
    async fn execute_state_actions(&self, actions: &[StateAction]) {
        for (action_index, action) in actions.iter().enumerate() {
            match action {
                StateAction::Tool { tool, args } => {
                    let raw_args = args.clone().unwrap_or(Value::Object(Default::default()));
                    let args_value = self.render_action_args(&raw_args);
                    let state = self.state_machine.as_ref().map(|sm| sm.current());
                    let request = ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                        uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
                        tool.clone(),
                        args_value,
                        ToolCallSource::StateAction {
                            state,
                            action_index,
                        },
                    );
                    match self.execute_tool_record(request).await {
                        Ok(record) if record.success => {
                            debug!(tool = %record.canonical_id, "State action: tool executed");
                            let _ = self.context_manager.set(
                                "last_tool_result",
                                serde_json::Value::String(record.model_output_string()),
                            );
                            let _ = self.context_manager.set(
                                "last_tool_record",
                                serde_json::to_value(record).unwrap_or(Value::Null),
                            );
                        }
                        Ok(record) => {
                            warn!(tool = %record.canonical_id, error = %record.output, "State action: tool failed");
                        }
                        Err(e) => {
                            warn!(tool = %tool, error = %e, "State action: tool failed")
                        }
                    }
                }
                StateAction::Skill { skill } => {
                    if let Some(ref executor) = self.skill_executor {
                        if let Some(def) = self.skills.iter().find(|s| s.id == *skill) {
                            match executor
                                .execute_with_invoker(def, "", serde_json::json!({}), self)
                                .await
                            {
                                Ok(_) => debug!(skill = %skill, "State action: skill executed"),
                                Err(e) => {
                                    warn!(skill = %skill, error = %e, "State action: skill failed")
                                }
                            }
                        } else {
                            warn!(skill = %skill, "State action: skill not found");
                        }
                    }
                }
                StateAction::SetContext { set_context } => {
                    for (key, value) in set_context {
                        if let Err(e) = self.context_manager.set(key, value.clone()) {
                            warn!(key = %key, error = %e, "State action: set_context failed");
                        } else {
                            debug!(key = %key, "State action: context set");
                        }
                    }
                }
                StateAction::Prompt {
                    prompt,
                    llm,
                    store_as,
                } => {
                    let llm_result = if let Some(alias) = llm {
                        self.llm_registry.get(alias)
                    } else {
                        self.llm_registry.default()
                    };
                    match llm_result {
                        Ok(llm_provider) => {
                            // Render template variables and include conversation context
                            let context = self.build_context_with_overlays();
                            let rendered_prompt = self
                                .template_renderer
                                .render(prompt, &context)
                                .unwrap_or_else(|_| prompt.clone());
                            let recent =
                                self.memory.get_messages(Some(5)).await.unwrap_or_default();
                            let mut messages: Vec<ChatMessage> = recent;
                            messages.push(ChatMessage::user(&rendered_prompt));
                            match self
                                .observe_purpose(
                                    ObservationPurpose::StateAction,
                                    llm_provider.complete(&messages, None),
                                )
                                .await
                            {
                                Ok(response) => {
                                    if let Some(key) = store_as {
                                        let _ = self
                                            .context_manager
                                            .set(key, Value::String(response.content));
                                        debug!(key = %key, "State action: prompt result stored");
                                    }
                                }
                                Err(e) => {
                                    warn!(error = %e, "State action: prompt LLM call failed");
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        Err(e) => {
                            warn!(error = %e, "State action: LLM not found for prompt");
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    async fn run_context_extractors_staged(&self, user_message: &str) -> HashMap<String, Value> {
        let extractors = match &self.state_machine {
            Some(sm) => match sm.current_definition() {
                Some(def) if !def.extract.is_empty() => def.extract.clone(),
                _ => return HashMap::new(),
            },
            None => return HashMap::new(),
        };

        let mut staged = HashMap::new();
        for extractor in &extractors {
            let prompt = if let Some(ref custom) = extractor.llm_extract {
                format!(
                    "User message:\n\"{}\"\n\nInstruction:\n{}",
                    user_message, custom
                )
            } else if let Some(ref desc) = extractor.description {
                format!(
                    "From the following message, extract: {}\n\n\
                     Message: \"{}\"\n\n\
                     If the information is present, return ONLY the extracted value.\n\
                     If NOT present, return exactly: __NONE__",
                    desc, user_message
                )
            } else {
                continue;
            };

            let llm = match self
                .llm_registry
                .get(&extractor.llm)
                .or_else(|_| self.llm_registry.get("router"))
                .or_else(|_| self.llm_registry.get("default"))
            {
                Ok(llm) => llm,
                Err(e) => {
                    warn!(key = %extractor.key, error = %e, "Extractor LLM not found");
                    continue;
                }
            };

            let messages = vec![ChatMessage::user(&prompt)];
            match self
                .observe_purpose(
                    ObservationPurpose::ContextExtraction,
                    llm.complete(&messages, None),
                )
                .await
            {
                Ok(response) => {
                    let value = response.content.trim().to_string();
                    if value != "__NONE__" && !value.is_empty() {
                        staged.insert(
                            extractor.key.clone(),
                            serde_json::Value::String(value.clone()),
                        );
                        debug!(key = %extractor.key, value = %value, "Context extracted");
                    } else if extractor.required {
                        warn!(key = %extractor.key, "Required extraction returned no value");
                    }
                }
                Err(e) => {
                    warn!(key = %extractor.key, error = %e, "Context extraction LLM call failed");
                }
            }
        }
        staged
    }

    fn commit_staged_context_writes(&self, staged: &HashMap<String, Value>) {
        for (key, value) in staged {
            if let Err(error) = self.context_manager.update(key, value.clone()) {
                warn!(key = %key, error = %error, "staged context write failed");
            }
        }
    }

    /// Run context extractors for the current state on the user's input.
    async fn run_context_extractors(&self, user_message: &str) {
        let staged = self.run_context_extractors_staged(user_message).await;
        self.commit_staged_context_writes(&staged);
    }

    async fn check_memory_compression(&self) -> Result<()> {
        if self.memory.needs_compression() {
            let result = self.memory.compress(None).await?;
            if let CompressResult::Compressed {
                messages_summarized,
                new_summary_length,
                tokens_saved,
            } = result
            {
                let event = MemoryCompressEvent::new(
                    messages_summarized,
                    tokens_saved,
                    new_summary_length as u32,
                );
                self.hooks.on_memory_compress(&event).await;
                debug!(
                    messages = messages_summarized,
                    tokens_saved = tokens_saved,
                    "Memory compressed"
                );
            }
        }

        // Handle overflow AFTER compression, then check warning threshold
        self.handle_memory_overflow().await?;
        self.check_memory_budget().await;

        Ok(())
    }

    async fn check_memory_budget(&self) {
        let Some(ref budget) = self.memory_token_budget else {
            return;
        };

        let context = match self.memory.get_context().await {
            Ok(ctx) => ctx,
            Err(_) => return,
        };

        // Overall budget warning
        let used_tokens = context.estimated_tokens();
        if budget.is_over_warn_threshold(used_tokens) {
            let event = MemoryBudgetEvent::new("memory", used_tokens, budget.total);
            self.hooks.on_memory_budget_warning(&event).await;
            debug!(
                used = used_tokens,
                total = budget.total,
                percent = event.usage_percent,
                "Memory budget warning"
            );
        }

        // Per-component warning: summary
        if let Some(ref summary) = context.summary {
            let summary_tokens = ai_agents_memory::estimate_tokens(summary);
            let summary_budget = budget.allocation.summary;
            if summary_budget > 0 {
                let warn_threshold =
                    (summary_budget as f64 * budget.warn_at_percent as f64 / 100.0) as u32;
                if summary_tokens >= warn_threshold {
                    let event = MemoryBudgetEvent::new("summary", summary_tokens, summary_budget);
                    self.hooks.on_memory_budget_warning(&event).await;
                }
            }
        }

        // Per-component warning: recent_messages
        let recent_tokens: u32 = context
            .messages
            .iter()
            .map(ai_agents_memory::estimate_message_tokens)
            .sum();
        let recent_budget = budget.allocation.recent_messages;
        if recent_budget > 0 {
            let warn_threshold =
                (recent_budget as f64 * budget.warn_at_percent as f64 / 100.0) as u32;
            if recent_tokens >= warn_threshold {
                let event = MemoryBudgetEvent::new("recent_messages", recent_tokens, recent_budget);
                self.hooks.on_memory_budget_warning(&event).await;
            }
        }

        let relationship_budget = budget.allocation.relationships;
        if relationship_budget > 0 {
            let relationship_tokens = self
                .relationship_memory_text()
                .map(|text| ai_agents_memory::estimate_tokens(&text))
                .unwrap_or(0);
            let warn_threshold =
                (relationship_budget as f64 * budget.warn_at_percent as f64 / 100.0) as u32;
            if relationship_tokens >= warn_threshold {
                let event = MemoryBudgetEvent::new(
                    "relationships",
                    relationship_tokens,
                    relationship_budget,
                );
                self.hooks.on_memory_budget_warning(&event).await;
            }
        }
    }

    async fn handle_memory_overflow(&self) -> Result<()> {
        let Some(ref budget) = self.memory_token_budget else {
            return Ok(());
        };

        let context = self.memory.get_context().await?;
        let used_tokens = context.estimated_tokens();

        if used_tokens <= budget.total {
            return Ok(());
        }

        match budget.overflow_strategy {
            OverflowStrategy::TruncateOldest => {
                let tokens_to_free = used_tokens - budget.total;
                let messages_to_evict = self.calculate_eviction_count(tokens_to_free);
                if messages_to_evict > 0 {
                    self.evict_messages(messages_to_evict, EvictionReason::TokenBudgetExceeded)
                        .await?;
                }
            }
            OverflowStrategy::SummarizeMore => {
                let max_attempts = context.total_messages.max(1);
                for _ in 0..max_attempts {
                    match self.memory.compress(None).await? {
                        CompressResult::Compressed {
                            messages_summarized,
                            ..
                        } if messages_summarized > 0 => {
                            let context = self.memory.get_context().await?;
                            if context.estimated_tokens() <= budget.total {
                                return Ok(());
                            }
                        }
                        _ => break,
                    }
                }
                let context = self.memory.get_context().await?;
                let used_tokens = context.estimated_tokens();
                if used_tokens > budget.total {
                    return Err(AgentError::MemoryBudgetExceeded {
                        used: used_tokens,
                        budget: budget.total,
                    });
                }
            }
            OverflowStrategy::Error => {
                return Err(AgentError::MemoryBudgetExceeded {
                    used: used_tokens,
                    budget: budget.total,
                });
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn calculate_eviction_count(&self, tokens_to_free: u32) -> usize {
        // Estimate ~50 tokens per message on average
        ((tokens_to_free as f64 / 50.0).ceil() as usize).max(1)
    }

    async fn evict_messages(&self, count: usize, reason: EvictionReason) -> Result<()> {
        let evicted = self.memory.evict_oldest(count).await?;
        if !evicted.is_empty() {
            let event = MemoryEvictEvent {
                reason,
                messages_evicted: evicted.len(),
                importance_scores: vec![],
            };
            self.hooks.on_memory_evict(&event).await;
            debug!(count = evicted.len(), "Messages evicted from memory");
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    #[instrument(skip(self, input), fields(agent = %self.info.name))]
    async fn determine_reasoning_mode(&self, input: &str) -> Result<ReasoningMode> {
        match self.determine_reasoning_mode_strict(input).await {
            Ok(mode) => Ok(mode),
            Err(_) => Ok(ReasoningMode::None),
        }
    }

    async fn determine_reasoning_mode_strict(&self, input: &str) -> Result<ReasoningMode> {
        let effective_config = self.get_effective_reasoning_config();

        if !matches!(effective_config.mode, ReasoningMode::Auto) {
            return Ok(effective_config.mode.clone());
        }

        let judge_llm = effective_config
            .judge_llm
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|alias| self.llm_registry.get(alias).ok())
            .or_else(|| self.llm_registry.router().ok())
            .or_else(|| self.llm_registry.default().ok());

        let Some(llm) = judge_llm else {
            return Ok(ReasoningMode::None);
        };

        let prompt = format!(
            r#"Analyze this user request and determine the appropriate reasoning mode.

User request: "{}"

Choose ONE of these modes:
- none: Simple queries, greetings, direct answers (fastest)
- cot: Complex analysis, multi-step reasoning, math problems
- react: Tasks requiring multiple tool calls with observation
- plan_and_execute: Complex multi-step tasks requiring coordination

Respond with ONLY the mode name (none, cot, react, or plan_and_execute)."#,
            input
        );

        let messages = vec![ChatMessage::user(&prompt)];
        let response = self
            .observe_purpose(
                ObservationPurpose::ReflectionDecision,
                llm.complete(&messages, None),
            )
            .await
            .map_err(|e| AgentError::LLM(e.to_string()))?;

        let mode_str = response.content.trim().to_lowercase();
        Ok(match mode_str.as_str() {
            "cot" => ReasoningMode::CoT,
            "react" => ReasoningMode::React,
            "plan_and_execute" => ReasoningMode::PlanAndExecute,
            _ => ReasoningMode::None,
        })
    }

    async fn should_reflect(&self, input: &str, response: &str) -> Result<bool> {
        let effective_config = self.get_effective_reflection_config();

        if !effective_config.requires_evaluation() {
            return Ok(false);
        }

        if effective_config.is_enabled() {
            return Ok(true);
        }

        let evaluator_llm = effective_config
            .evaluator_llm
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|alias| self.llm_registry.get(alias).ok())
            .or_else(|| self.llm_registry.router().ok())
            .or_else(|| self.llm_registry.default().ok());

        let Some(llm) = evaluator_llm else {
            return Ok(false);
        };

        let response_preview: String = response.chars().take(500).collect();
        let prompt = format!(
            r#"Should this response be evaluated for quality? Consider if it's a complex or important response.

User query: "{}"
Response: "{}"

Answer YES or NO only."#,
            input, response_preview
        );

        let messages = vec![ChatMessage::user(&prompt)];
        let result = self
            .observe_purpose(
                ObservationPurpose::ReflectionDecision,
                llm.complete(&messages, None),
            )
            .await;

        match result {
            Ok(resp) => Ok(resp.content.trim().to_uppercase().contains("YES")),
            Err(_) => Ok(false),
        }
    }

    fn build_cot_system_prompt(&self, base_prompt: &str) -> String {
        format!(
            "{}\n\n<instruction>\nThink through this step by step before answering:\n1. Understand what is being asked\n2. Break down the problem\n3. Work through each part\n4. Provide your final answer\n\nShow your thinking process, then give your final answer.\n</instruction>",
            base_prompt
        )
    }

    fn build_react_system_prompt(&self, base_prompt: &str) -> String {
        format!(
            "{}\n\n<instruction>\nUse the Reason-Act-Observe pattern:\n1. Thought: Think about what to do\n2. Action: Use a tool if needed\n3. Observation: Analyze the result\n4. Repeat until you have the answer\n\nFormat your response showing Thought/Action/Observation steps.\n</instruction>",
            base_prompt
        )
    }

    async fn generate_plan(&self, input: &str) -> Result<Plan> {
        let effective = self.get_effective_reasoning_config();
        let planning_config = effective.get_planning();

        let planner_llm = planning_config
            .and_then(|c| c.planner_llm.as_ref())
            .and_then(|alias| self.llm_registry.get(alias).ok())
            .or_else(|| self.llm_registry.router().ok())
            .or_else(|| self.llm_registry.default().ok())
            .ok_or_else(|| AgentError::Config("No LLM available for planning".into()))?;

        let mut available_tool_ids: Vec<String> = self
            .get_available_tool_ids()
            .await
            .unwrap_or_else(|_| self.tools.list_ids());
        let mut available_skills: Vec<String> = self.skills.iter().map(|s| s.id.clone()).collect();

        // Apply planning-level tool and skill filters.
        if let Some(config) = planning_config {
            if !config.available.tools.is_all() {
                available_tool_ids.retain(|t| config.available.tools.allows(t));
            }
            if !config.available.skills.is_all() {
                available_skills.retain(|s| config.available.skills.allows(s));
            }
        }

        // Build tool descriptions with argument schemas so the planner
        // knows how to construct valid args for each step.
        let tool_descriptions: Vec<String> = available_tool_ids
            .iter()
            .filter_map(|id| {
                self.tools.get(id).map(|tool| {
                    let schema = tool.input_schema();
                    let args_desc = schema
                        .get("properties")
                        .and_then(|p| serde_json::to_string(p).ok())
                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "{}".to_string());
                    format!(
                        "- {} ({}): {}\n  Arguments: {}",
                        id,
                        tool.name(),
                        tool.description(),
                        args_desc
                    )
                })
            })
            .collect();

        let tools_section = if tool_descriptions.is_empty() {
            "Available tools: none".to_string()
        } else {
            format!("Available tools:\n{}", tool_descriptions.join("\n"))
        };

        let skills_section = if available_skills.is_empty() {
            "Available skills: none".to_string()
        } else {
            format!("Available skills: {}", available_skills.join(", "))
        };

        let prompt = format!(
            r#"Create a step-by-step plan to accomplish this goal.

Goal: "{}"

{}

{}

Create a plan with clear steps. For each step, specify:
- description: What this step accomplishes
- action_type: "tool", "skill", "think", or "respond"
- action_target: The tool/skill id (if applicable)
- args: The arguments object matching the tool's schema (if action_type is "tool")
- dependencies: List of step IDs this depends on (empty if none)

Respond in JSON format:
{{
  "steps": [
    {{"id": "step1", "description": "...", "action_type": "tool", "action_target": "tool_id", "args": {{"required_field": "value"}}, "dependencies": []}},
    {{"id": "step2", "description": "...", "action_type": "think", "action_target": "...", "dependencies": ["step1"]}}
  ]
}}"#,
            input, tools_section, skills_section,
        );

        let messages = vec![ChatMessage::user(&prompt)];
        let response = self
            .observe_purpose(
                ObservationPurpose::PlanGeneration,
                planner_llm.complete(&messages, None),
            )
            .await
            .map_err(|e| AgentError::LLM(format!("Planning failed: {}", e)))?;

        let mut plan = Plan::new(input);

        if let Some(json_start) = response.content.find('{')
            && let Some(json_end) = response.content.rfind('}')
        {
            let json_str = &response.content[json_start..=json_end];
            if let Ok(parsed) = serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(json_str)
                && let Some(steps) = parsed.get("steps").and_then(|s| s.as_array())
            {
                for step_value in steps {
                    let id = step_value
                        .get("id")
                        .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
                        .unwrap_or("step");
                    let desc = step_value
                        .get("description")
                        .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
                        .unwrap_or("");
                    let action_type = step_value
                        .get("action_type")
                        .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
                        .unwrap_or("think");
                    let action_target = step_value
                        .get("action_target")
                        .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
                        .unwrap_or("");
                    let args = step_value
                        .get("args")
                        .cloned()
                        .unwrap_or(serde_json::json!({}));
                    let deps: Vec<String> = step_value
                        .get("dependencies")
                        .and_then(|v| v.as_array())
                        .map(|arr| {
                            arr.iter()
                                .filter_map(|v| v.as_str().map(String::from))
                                .collect()
                        })
                        .unwrap_or_default();

                    let action = match action_type {
                        "tool" => PlanAction::tool(action_target, args),
                        "skill" => PlanAction::skill(action_target),
                        "respond" => PlanAction::respond(action_target),
                        _ => PlanAction::think(desc),
                    };

                    let step = PlanStep::new(desc, action)
                        .with_id(id)
                        .with_dependencies(deps);
                    plan.add_step(step);
                }
            }
        }

        if plan.steps.is_empty() {
            plan.add_step(PlanStep::new(
                "Process the request",
                PlanAction::think(input),
            ));
            plan.add_step(PlanStep::new(
                "Provide response",
                PlanAction::respond("Answer based on analysis"),
            ));
        }

        Ok(plan)
    }

    async fn execute_plan(&self, plan: &mut Plan) -> Result<String> {
        let llm = self.get_state_llm()?;
        let mut results: HashMap<String, serde_json::Value> = HashMap::new();
        let effective = self.get_effective_reasoning_config();
        let max_steps = effective.get_planning().map(|c| c.max_steps).unwrap_or(10);

        plan.status = PlanStatus::InProgress;

        for step_idx in 0..plan.steps.len().min(max_steps as usize) {
            let step = &plan.steps[step_idx];

            let deps_satisfied = step.dependencies.iter().all(|dep| {
                plan.steps
                    .iter()
                    .find(|s| &s.id == dep)
                    .map(|s| s.status.is_completed())
                    .unwrap_or(false)
            });

            if !deps_satisfied {
                continue;
            }

            plan.steps[step_idx].mark_running();

            let result = match &plan.steps[step_idx].action {
                PlanAction::Tool { tool, args } => {
                    // When a tool step has dependency results, ask the LLM to
                    // produce the correct arguments given the context and tool schema.
                    // This avoids brittle {{stepN}} template substitution and lets
                    // the LLM handle type adaptation (e.g. picking the iso field
                    // from a datetime result for a downstream format call).
                    let has_dep_results = plan.steps[step_idx]
                        .dependencies
                        .iter()
                        .any(|dep| results.contains_key(dep));

                    let final_args = if has_dep_results {
                        let dep_context: String = plan.steps[step_idx]
                            .dependencies
                            .iter()
                            .filter_map(|dep| results.get(dep).map(|r| format!("{}: {}", dep, r)))
                            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                            .join("\n");

                        let tool_schema = self
                            .tools
                            .get(tool)
                            .map(|t| {
                                let schema = t.input_schema();
                                let props = schema
                                    .get("properties")
                                    .and_then(|p| serde_json::to_string(p).ok())
                                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "{}".to_string());
                                format!(
                                    "{}: {}\nArguments schema: {}",
                                    t.id(),
                                    t.description(),
                                    props
                                )
                            })
                            .unwrap_or_default();

                        let step_desc = &plan.steps[step_idx].description;
                        let arg_prompt = format!(
                            "Generate the JSON arguments for a tool call.\n\n\
                             Tool: {}\n\n\
                             Task: {}\n\n\
                             Previous step results:\n{}\n\n\
                             Planner's draft arguments: {}\n\n\
                             Produce ONLY a valid JSON object with the correct argument values.\n\
                             Use actual values from the previous step results, not template references.",
                            tool_schema,
                            step_desc,
                            dep_context,
                            serde_json::to_string(args).unwrap_or_default()
                        );
                        let messages = vec![ChatMessage::user(&arg_prompt)];
                        match self
                            .observe_purpose(
                                ObservationPurpose::PlanStep,
                                llm.complete(&messages, None),
                            )
                            .await
                        {
                            Ok(resp) => {
                                let content = resp.content.trim();
                                // Parse the LLM's JSON response, fall back to planner args.
                                let json_start = content.find('{');
                                let json_end = content.rfind('}');
                                if let (Some(start), Some(end)) = (json_start, json_end) {
                                    serde_json::from_str(&content[start..=end])
                                        .unwrap_or_else(|_| args.clone())
                                } else {
                                    args.clone()
                                }
                            }
                            Err(_) => args.clone(),
                        }
                    } else {
                        args.clone()
                    };

                    let request = ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                        uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
                        tool.clone(),
                        final_args,
                        ToolCallSource::Plan {
                            step_index: step_idx,
                        },
                    );
                    match self.execute_tool_record(request).await {
                        Ok(record) if record.success => {
                            serde_json::json!({ "output": record.model_output_string() })
                        }
                        Ok(record) => {
                            plan.steps[step_idx].mark_failed(record.model_output_string());
                            continue;
                        }
                        Err(e) => {
                            plan.steps[step_idx].mark_failed(e.to_string());
                            continue;
                        }
                    }
                }
                PlanAction::Skill { skill } => {
                    if let Some(skill_def) = self.skills.iter().find(|s| &s.id == skill) {
                        if let Some(ref executor) = self.skill_executor {
                            match executor
                                .execute_with_invoker(skill_def, "", serde_json::json!({}), self)
                                .await
                            {
                                Ok(output) => serde_json::json!({ "output": output }),
                                Err(e) => {
                                    plan.steps[step_idx].mark_failed(e.to_string());
                                    continue;
                                }
                            }
                        } else {
                            serde_json::json!({ "output": "Skill executor not available" })
                        }
                    } else {
                        plan.steps[step_idx].mark_failed("Skill not found");
                        continue;
                    }
                }
                PlanAction::Think { prompt } => {
                    let context: String = results
                        .iter()
                        .map(|(k, v)| format!("{}: {}", k, v))
                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                        .join("\n");

                    let think_prompt = format!("Context:\n{}\n\nTask: {}", context, prompt);
                    let messages = vec![ChatMessage::user(&think_prompt)];

                    match self
                        .observe_purpose(
                            ObservationPurpose::PlanStep,
                            llm.complete(&messages, None),
                        )
                        .await
                    {
                        Ok(resp) => serde_json::json!({ "output": resp.content }),
                        Err(e) => {
                            plan.steps[step_idx].mark_failed(e.to_string());
                            continue;
                        }
                    }
                }
                PlanAction::Respond { template } => {
                    let context: String = results
                        .iter()
                        .map(|(k, v)| format!("{}: {}", k, v))
                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                        .join("\n");

                    let respond_prompt = format!(
                        "Based on this context:\n{}\n\nGenerate a response following this template/instruction: {}",
                        context, template
                    );
                    let messages = vec![ChatMessage::user(&respond_prompt)];

                    match self
                        .observe_purpose(
                            ObservationPurpose::PlanStep,
                            llm.complete(&messages, None),
                        )
                        .await
                    {
                        Ok(resp) => serde_json::json!({ "output": resp.content }),
                        Err(e) => {
                            plan.steps[step_idx].mark_failed(e.to_string());
                            continue;
                        }
                    }
                }
            };

            results.insert(plan.steps[step_idx].id.clone(), result.clone());
            plan.steps[step_idx].mark_completed(Some(result));
        }

        // Set plan status based on whether any steps actually failed.
        let has_failures = plan.steps.iter().any(|s| s.status.is_failed());
        if has_failures {
            let failed_ids: Vec<String> = plan
                .steps
                .iter()
                .filter(|s| s.status.is_failed())
                .map(|s| s.id.clone())
                .collect();
            plan.status = PlanStatus::Failed {
                error: format!("Steps failed: {}", failed_ids.join(", ")),
            };
        } else {
            plan.status = PlanStatus::Completed;
        }

        // Synthesize final output from all completed step results.
        let all_outputs: Vec<String> = plan
            .steps
            .iter()
            .filter(|s| s.status.is_completed())
            .filter_map(|s| {
                s.result
                    .as_ref()
                    .and_then(|r| r.get("output"))
                    .and_then(|o| o.as_str())
                    .map(|o| format!("{}: {}", s.description, o))
            })
            .collect();

        if all_outputs.is_empty() {
            return Ok("Plan execution completed but produced no results.".to_string());
        }

        if all_outputs.len() == 1 {
            return Ok(all_outputs.into_iter().next().unwrap());
        }

        // Synthesize a coherent summary from multiple step results via LLM.
        let context = all_outputs.join("\n\n");
        let prompt = format!(
            "You completed a multi-step plan for: \"{}\"\n\nStep results:\n{}\n\nProvide a coherent final response that synthesizes these results.",
            plan.goal, context
        );
        let messages = vec![ChatMessage::user(&prompt)];
        match self
            .observe_purpose(ObservationPurpose::PlanStep, llm.complete(&messages, None))
            .await
        {
            Ok(resp) => Ok(resp.content.trim().to_string()),
            Err(_) => Ok(context),
        }
    }

    async fn evaluate_response(&self, input: &str, response: &str) -> Result<EvaluationResult> {
        let effective_config = self.get_effective_reflection_config();
        self.evaluate_response_with_config(input, response, &effective_config)
            .await
    }

    fn extract_thinking(&self, content: &str) -> (Option<String>, String) {
        if let Some(start) = content.find("<thinking>")
            && let Some(end) = content.find("</thinking>")
        {
            let thinking = content[start + 10..end].trim().to_string();
            let answer = content[end + 11..].trim().to_string();
            return (Some(thinking), answer);
        }
        (None, content.to_string())
    }

    fn format_response_with_thinking(&self, thinking: Option<&str>, answer: &str) -> String {
        match self.get_effective_reasoning_config().output {
            ReasoningOutput::Hidden => answer.to_string(),
            ReasoningOutput::Visible => {
                if let Some(t) = thinking {
                    format!("Thinking:\n{}\n\nAnswer:\n{}", t, answer)
                } else {
                    answer.to_string()
                }
            }
            ReasoningOutput::Tagged => {
                if let Some(t) = thinking {
                    format!("<thinking>{}</thinking>\n{}", t, answer)
                } else {
                    answer.to_string()
                }
            }
        }
    }

    //
    // Blocking disambiguation returns every clarification or required confirmation as its own root response before redispatch.
    // The manager retains resolved input and pending skill ownership until a later turn explicitly confirms it.
    //
    async fn run_loop(&self, input: &str) -> Result<AgentResponse> {
        //
        // Blocking execution must fail before a turn starts when required persistence is unavailable.
        //
        self.init_storage().await?;
        self.begin_root_turn();
        let _root_cleanup = RootTurnCleanup::new(self);
        info!(input_len = input.len(), "Starting chat");

        self.hooks.on_message_received(input).await;

        // One-shot context initialization: load runtime defaults, resolve env vars,
        // populate builtin sources (session, agent), etc.  This must happen before
        // the first template render so that {{ context.* }} variables are available.
        if !self.context_initialized.swap(true, Ordering::SeqCst) {
            self.context_manager.initialize().await?;
            debug!("Context manager initialized (defaults, env, builtins)");
        }

        self.check_turn_timeout().await?;
        self.context_manager.refresh_per_turn().await?;

        // Clear stale disambiguation context from previous turns.
        // This prevents resolved_intent from leaking across turns and causing incorrect deterministic routing on subsequent inputs.
        self.clear_disambiguation_context();

        // Disambiguation check (before input processing)
        if let Some(ref disambiguator) = self.disambiguation_manager {
            let disambiguation_context = self.build_disambiguation_context().await?;

            // Get state-level disambiguation override
            let state_override = self
                .state_machine
                .as_ref()
                .and_then(|sm| sm.current_definition())
                .and_then(|def| def.disambiguation.clone());

            let state_generation = self
                .state_machine
                .as_ref()
                .map(|state_machine| state_machine.generation());
            let disambiguation_epoch = self.disambiguation_epoch.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
            let mut disambiguation_result = self
                .observe_purpose(
                    ObservationPurpose::DisambiguationDetection,
                    disambiguator.process_input_with_override(
                        input,
                        &disambiguation_context,
                        state_override.as_ref(),
                        None,
                    ),
                )
                .await?;
            let current_state_generation = self
                .state_machine
                .as_ref()
                .map(|state_machine| state_machine.generation());
            if current_state_generation != state_generation
                || self.disambiguation_epoch.load(Ordering::SeqCst) != disambiguation_epoch
            {
                disambiguator.clear_pending().await;
                *self.pending_skill_id.write() = None;
                disambiguation_result = DisambiguationResult::Abandoned { new_input: None };
                info!(
                    confirmation_event = "invalidated",
                    invalidation_reason = "state_generation_changed",
                    "Disambiguation result invalidated before redispatch"
                );
            }
            match disambiguation_result {
                DisambiguationResult::Clear => {
                    debug!("Input is clear, proceeding normally");
                }
                DisambiguationResult::NeedsClarification {
                    question,
                    detection,
                } => {
                    let admission = self
                        .admit_disambiguation_redispatch(disambiguation_epoch, state_generation)
                        .await?;
                    let awaiting_confirmation = disambiguator.has_pending_confirmation().await;
                    info!(
                        ambiguity_type = ?detection.ambiguity_type,
                        confidence = detection.confidence,
                        "Input requires clarification"
                    );

                    // This branch also owns post-resolution confirmation questions.
                    // Do not clear pending_skill_id or redispatch until the manager returns Clarified on a later turn.
                    self.commit_root_user_message(input).await?;
                    self.memory
                        .add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(&question.question))
                        .await?;

                    let status = if awaiting_confirmation {
                        "awaiting_confirmation"
                    } else {
                        "awaiting_clarification"
                    };
                    let response = AgentResponse::new(&question.question).with_metadata(
                        "disambiguation",
                        serde_json::json!({
                            "status": status,
                            "options": question.options,
                            "clarifying": question.clarifying,
                            "detection": {
                                "type": detection.ambiguity_type,
                                "confidence": detection.confidence,
                                "what_is_unclear": detection.what_is_unclear,
                            }
                        }),
                    );
                    drop(admission);
                    self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await?;
                    return Ok(response);
                }
                DisambiguationResult::Clarified {
                    enriched_input,
                    resolved,
                    ..
                } => {
                    let admission = match self
                        .admit_disambiguation_redispatch(disambiguation_epoch, state_generation)
                        .await
                    {
                        Ok(admission) => admission,
                        Err(error) => {
                            *self.pending_skill_id.write() = None;
                            return Err(error);
                        }
                    };
                    info!(
                        resolved_count = resolved.len(),
                        enriched = %enriched_input,
                        "Input clarified, injecting resolved intent into context"
                    );

                    // Routing uses `resolved` (structured, deterministic)
                    // This is what makes post-disambiguation routing DETERMINISTIC
                    for (key, value) in &resolved {
                        let context_key = format!("disambiguation.{}", key);
                        let _ = self.context_manager.set(&context_key, value.clone());
                    }

                    if let Some(intent) = resolved.get("intent") {
                        let _ = self.context_manager.set("resolved_intent", intent.clone());
                    }

                    let _ = self
                        .context_manager
                        .set("disambiguation.resolved", serde_json::Value::Bool(true));

                    // Check if this clarification was triggered by a skill-level override.
                    // If so, route directly to the matched skill instead of going through
                    // skill routing again (which might match a different skill).
                    let skill_id = self.pending_skill_id.read().clone();
                    if let Some(skill_id) = skill_id {
                        info!(skill_id = %skill_id, "Re-checking skill disambiguation on clarified input");
                        drop(admission);
                        return self
                            .recheck_skill_disambiguation(
                                &skill_id,
                                &enriched_input,
                                disambiguation_epoch,
                                state_generation,
                            )
                            .await;
                    }

                    drop(admission);
                    return self.run_loop_internal(&enriched_input).await;
                }
                DisambiguationResult::ProceedWithBestGuess { enriched_input } => {
                    info!("Proceeding with best guess interpretation");

                    // Same skill-id re-check for best-guess path
                    let skill_id = self.pending_skill_id.read().clone();
                    if let Some(skill_id) = skill_id {
                        info!(skill_id = %skill_id, "Re-checking skill disambiguation on best-guess input");
                        return self
                            .recheck_skill_disambiguation(
                                &skill_id,
                                &enriched_input,
                                disambiguation_epoch,
                                state_generation,
                            )
                            .await;
                    }

                    return self.run_loop_internal(&enriched_input).await;
                }
                DisambiguationResult::GiveUp { reason } => {
                    *self.pending_skill_id.write() = None;
                    warn!(reason = %reason, "Disambiguation gave up");
                    let apology = self
                        .generate_localized_apology(
                            "Generate a brief, polite apology saying you couldn't understand the request. Be concise.",
                            &reason,
                        )
                        .await
                        .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
                            format!("I'm sorry, I couldn't understand your request: {}", reason)
                        });
                    let response = AgentResponse::new(&apology);
                    self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await?;
                    return Ok(response);
                }
                DisambiguationResult::Escalate { reason } => {
                    *self.pending_skill_id.write() = None;
                    info!(reason = %reason, "Escalating to human");
                    if let Some(ref hitl) = self.hitl_engine {
                        let trigger =
                            ApprovalTrigger::condition("disambiguation_escalation", reason.clone());
                        let mut context_map = HashMap::new();
                        context_map.insert("original_input".to_string(), serde_json::json!(input));
                        context_map.insert("reason".to_string(), serde_json::json!(&reason));
                        let check_result = HITLCheckResult::required(
                            trigger,
                            context_map,
                            format!("User request needs human assistance: {}", reason),
                            Some(hitl.config().default_timeout_seconds),
                        );
                        let result = self.request_hitl_approval(check_result).await?;
                        if matches!(
                            result,
                            ApprovalResult::Approved | ApprovalResult::Modified { .. }
                        ) {
                            return self.run_loop_internal(input).await;
                        }
                    }
                    let apology = self
                        .generate_localized_apology(
                            "Explain briefly that you're transferring the user to a human agent for help.",
                            &reason,
                        )
                        .await
                        .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
                            format!("I need human assistance to help with your request: {}", reason)
                        });
                    let response = AgentResponse::new(&apology);
                    self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await?;
                    return Ok(response);
                }
                DisambiguationResult::Abandoned { new_input } => {
                    *self.pending_skill_id.write() = None;

                    info!(
                        has_new_input = new_input.is_some(),
                        "Clarification abandoned by user"
                    );

                    self.commit_root_user_message(input).await?;

                    match new_input {
                        Some(fresh_input) => {
                            // Topic switch: process the user's new input from scratch.
                            // The LLM sees full conversation context including the abandoned exchange.
                            return self.run_loop_internal(&fresh_input).await;
                        }
                        None => {
                            // Pure abandonment: generate a brief acknowledgment.
                            let ack = self
                                .generate_localized_apology(
                                    "The user changed their mind about their previous request. \
                                     Generate a brief, friendly acknowledgment (e.g. 'OK, no problem. What else can I help with?'). \
                                     Do NOT apologize excessively. Be concise.",
                                    "User abandoned clarification",
                                )
                                .await
                                .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
                                    "OK, no problem. What else can I help with?".to_string()
                                });

                            self.memory
                                .add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(&ack))
                                .await?;

                            let response = AgentResponse::new(&ack);
                            self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await?;
                            return Ok(response);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        self.run_loop_internal(input).await
    }

    /// Generate a localized response using the router LLM
    async fn generate_localized_apology(&self, instruction: &str, reason: &str) -> Result<String> {
        let llm = self.llm_registry.router().map_err(|e| {
            AgentError::LLM(format!(
                "Router LLM not available for localized response: {}",
                e
            ))
        })?;

        let recent: Vec<String> = self
            .memory
            .get_messages(Some(3))
            .await?
            .iter()
            .map(|m| m.content.clone())
            .collect();

        let context_hint = if recent.is_empty() {
            String::new()
        } else {
            format!(
                "\nRecent conversation (detect the user's language from this):\n{}\n",
                recent.join("\n")
            )
        };

        let prompt = format!(
            "{}\nReason: {}\n{}Respond in the same language as the user. Output ONLY the message, nothing else.",
            instruction, reason, context_hint
        );

        let messages = vec![ChatMessage::user(&prompt)];
        let response = self
            .observe_purpose(
                ObservationPurpose::DisambiguationClarification,
                llm.complete(&messages, None),
            )
            .await
            .map_err(|e| AgentError::LLM(format!("Localized response generation failed: {}", e)))?;

        Ok(response.content.trim().to_string())
    }

    /// Clear disambiguation-related keys from the context manager.
    ///
    /// Render template variables in state action args using the context manager.
    fn render_action_args(&self, args: &Value) -> Value {
        let context = self.build_context_with_overlays();
        match args {
            Value::Object(map) => {
                let mut rendered = serde_json::Map::new();
                for (k, v) in map {
                    match v {
                        Value::String(s) if s.contains("{{") => {
                            match self.template_renderer.render(s, &context) {
                                Ok(rendered_str) => {
                                    rendered.insert(k.clone(), Value::String(rendered_str));
                                }
                                Err(_) => {
                                    rendered.insert(k.clone(), v.clone());
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        _ => {
                            rendered.insert(k.clone(), v.clone());
                        }
                    }
                }
                Value::Object(rendered)
            }
            _ => args.clone(),
        }
    }

    /// Called at the start of each turn to prevent stale `resolved_intent` from leaking across turns.
    fn clear_disambiguation_context(&self) {
        let _ = self
            .context_manager
            .set("resolved_intent", serde_json::Value::Null);

        let all = self.context_manager.get_all();
        for key in all.keys() {
            if key.starts_with("disambiguation.") {
                let _ = self.context_manager.set(key, serde_json::Value::Null);
            }
        }
    }

    /// Re-run skill disambiguation on enriched input before executing the skill.
    /// After clarification resolves, the enriched input may still be missing required_clarity fields (e.g. "Transfer money to Jane." still lacks amount).
    /// This method re-runs the skill's disambiguation pass.
    /// If fields are still missing, it returns the new clarification question and keeps pending_skill_id set.
    /// If all fields are present (Clear), it executes the skill and returns the response.
    async fn recheck_skill_disambiguation(
        &self,
        skill_id: &str,
        enriched_input: &str,
        expected_disambiguation_epoch: u64,
        expected_state_generation: Option<u64>,
    ) -> Result<AgentResponse> {
        let skill = self
            .skill_router
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|r| r.get_skill(skill_id).cloned());

        // If the skill has disambiguation enabled, re-run it on the enriched input.
        if let Some(ref skill) = skill
            && let Some(ref skill_disambig) = skill.disambiguation
            && skill_disambig.enabled.unwrap_or(false)
            && let Some(ref disambiguator) = self.disambiguation_manager
        {
            let context = self.build_disambiguation_context().await?;
            let state_override = self
                .state_machine
                .as_ref()
                .and_then(|sm| sm.current_definition())
                .and_then(|def| def.disambiguation.clone());

            let disambiguation_result = self
                .observe_purpose(
                    ObservationPurpose::DisambiguationDetection,
                    disambiguator.process_input_with_override(
                        enriched_input,
                        &context,
                        state_override.as_ref(),
                        Some(skill_disambig),
                    ),
                )
                .await?;
            let current_state_generation = self
                .state_machine
                .as_ref()
                .map(|state_machine| state_machine.generation());
            if current_state_generation != expected_state_generation
                || self.disambiguation_epoch.load(Ordering::SeqCst) != expected_disambiguation_epoch
            {
                disambiguator.clear_pending().await;
                *self.pending_skill_id.write() = None;
                return Err(AgentError::Other(
                    "State or reset ownership changed during skill disambiguation recheck"
                        .to_string(),
                ));
            }
            match disambiguation_result {
                DisambiguationResult::Clear => {
                    debug!(skill_id = %skill_id, "Skill re-check: all fields present");
                }
                DisambiguationResult::NeedsClarification {
                    question,
                    detection,
                } => {
                    let admission = self
                        .admit_disambiguation_redispatch(
                            expected_disambiguation_epoch,
                            expected_state_generation,
                        )
                        .await?;
                    let awaiting_confirmation = disambiguator.has_pending_confirmation().await;
                    info!(
                        skill_id = %skill_id,
                        ambiguity_type = ?detection.ambiguity_type,
                        what_is_unclear = ?detection.what_is_unclear,
                        "Skill re-check: still missing fields, asking again"
                    );
                    // Keep pending_skill_id set (do NOT clear it).
                    // The next turn will resolve this new clarification and
                    // re-enter this method until all fields are present.
                    self.memory
                        .add_message(ChatMessage::user(enriched_input))
                        .await?;
                    self.memory
                        .add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(&question.question))
                        .await?;

                    let response = AgentResponse::new(&question.question).with_metadata(
                        "disambiguation",
                        serde_json::json!({
                            "status": if awaiting_confirmation { "awaiting_confirmation" } else { "awaiting_clarification" },
                            "skill_id": skill_id,
                            "options": question.options,
                            "clarifying": question.clarifying,
                            "detection": {
                                "type": detection.ambiguity_type,
                                "confidence": detection.confidence,
                                "what_is_unclear": detection.what_is_unclear,
                            }
                        }),
                    );
                    drop(admission);
                    self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await?;
                    return Ok(response);
                }
                DisambiguationResult::Clarified {
                    enriched_input: re_enriched,
                    ..
                } => {
                    debug!(skill_id = %skill_id, "Skill re-check: clarified immediately, executing");
                    let admission = self
                        .admit_disambiguation_redispatch(
                            expected_disambiguation_epoch,
                            expected_state_generation,
                        )
                        .await?;
                    *self.pending_skill_id.write() = None;
                    drop(admission);
                    let skill_response = self.execute_skill_by_id(skill_id, &re_enriched).await?;
                    self.memory
                        .add_message(ChatMessage::user(&re_enriched))
                        .await?;
                    return self
                        .handle_skill_response(
                            &re_enriched,
                            skill_id,
                            skill_response,
                            &HashMap::new(),
                        )
                        .await;
                }
                DisambiguationResult::ProceedWithBestGuess {
                    enriched_input: re_enriched,
                } => {
                    debug!(skill_id = %skill_id, "Skill re-check: proceeding with best guess");
                    let admission = self
                        .admit_disambiguation_redispatch(
                            expected_disambiguation_epoch,
                            expected_state_generation,
                        )
                        .await?;
                    *self.pending_skill_id.write() = None;
                    drop(admission);
                    let skill_response = self.execute_skill_by_id(skill_id, &re_enriched).await?;
                    self.memory
                        .add_message(ChatMessage::user(&re_enriched))
                        .await?;
                    return self
                        .handle_skill_response(
                            &re_enriched,
                            skill_id,
                            skill_response,
                            &HashMap::new(),
                        )
                        .await;
                }
                DisambiguationResult::GiveUp { reason } => {
                    *self.pending_skill_id.write() = None;
                    let apology = self
                                    .generate_localized_apology(
                                        "Generate a brief, polite apology saying you couldn't understand the request. Be concise.",
                                        &reason,
                                    )
                                    .await
                                    .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
                                        format!("I'm sorry, I couldn't understand your request: {}", reason)
                                    });
                    let response = AgentResponse::new(&apology);
                    self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await?;
                    return Ok(response);
                }
                DisambiguationResult::Escalate { reason } => {
                    *self.pending_skill_id.write() = None;
                    let apology = self
                                    .generate_localized_apology(
                                        "Explain briefly that you're transferring the user to a human agent for help.",
                                        &reason,
                                    )
                                    .await
                                    .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
                                        format!("I need human assistance to help with your request: {}", reason)
                                    });
                    let response = AgentResponse::new(&apology);
                    self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await?;
                    return Ok(response);
                }
                DisambiguationResult::Abandoned { new_input } => {
                    // User abandoned during skill re-check.
                    // Clear skill routing state and fall through to normal execution.
                    *self.pending_skill_id.write() = None;
                    debug!(skill_id = %skill_id, "Skill re-check: abandoned by user");
                    if let Some(fresh) = new_input {
                        return self.run_loop_internal(&fresh).await;
                    }
                    let ack = self
                                    .generate_localized_apology(
                                        "The user changed their mind about their previous request. \
                                         Generate a brief, friendly acknowledgment (e.g. 'OK, no problem. What else can I help with?'). \
                                         Do NOT apologize excessively. Be concise.",
                                        "User abandoned clarification",
                                    )
                                    .await
                                    .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
                                        "OK, no problem. What else can I help with?".to_string()
                                    });
                    self.memory
                        .add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(&ack))
                        .await?;
                    let response = AgentResponse::new(&ack);
                    self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await?;
                    return Ok(response);
                }
            }
        }

        // Skill execution is admitted before the read guard is released so later invalidation cannot retroactively cancel it.
        let admission = self
            .admit_disambiguation_redispatch(
                expected_disambiguation_epoch,
                expected_state_generation,
            )
            .await?;
        *self.pending_skill_id.write() = None;
        drop(admission);
        let skill_response = self.execute_skill_by_id(skill_id, enriched_input).await?;
        self.memory
            .add_message(ChatMessage::user(enriched_input))
            .await?;
        self.handle_skill_response(enriched_input, skill_id, skill_response, &HashMap::new())
            .await
    }

    /// Handle skill routing result: output processing, memory, transitions.
    /// Returns a fully formed AgentResponse for skill-routed requests.
    async fn handle_skill_response(
        &self,
        processed_input: &str,
        skill_id: &str,
        skill_response: String,
        input_context: &HashMap<String, Value>,
    ) -> Result<AgentResponse> {
        let output_data = self.process_output(&skill_response, input_context).await?;
        let final_response = output_data.content;

        self.memory
            .add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(&final_response))
            .await?;

        self.check_memory_compression().await?;

        self.increment_turn();
        self.evaluate_transitions(processed_input, &final_response)
            .await?;

        let response = AgentResponse::new(final_response)
            .with_metadata("skill_id", serde_json::json!(skill_id));
        self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await?;
        Ok(response)
    }

    /// Run the Plan-and-Execute flow: generate plan, execute steps, finalize.
    /// Supports plan-level reflection with replan loop when configured.
    async fn handle_plan_and_execute(
        &self,
        processed_input: &str,
        input_context: &HashMap<String, Value>,
        auto_detected: bool,
    ) -> Result<AgentResponse> {
        let effective = self.get_effective_reasoning_config();
        let plan_reflection = effective
            .get_planning()
            .map(|c| c.reflection.clone())
            .unwrap_or_default();

        let max_attempts = if plan_reflection.enabled {
            1 + plan_reflection.max_replans
        } else {
            1
        };

        let mut plan = self.generate_plan(processed_input).await?;
        info!(
            plan_id = %plan.id,
            steps = plan.steps.len(),
            "Plan generated"
        );

        let mut plan_result = String::new();

        for attempt in 0..max_attempts {
            *self.current_plan.write() = Some(plan.clone());
            plan_result = self.execute_plan(&mut plan).await?;

            info!(
                plan_status = ?plan.status,
                completed_steps = plan.completed_steps().count(),
                attempt = attempt + 1,
                "Plan execution completed"
            );

            if !plan_reflection.enabled {
                break;
            }

            let has_failures = plan.steps.iter().any(|s| s.status.is_failed());
            if !has_failures {
                break;
            }

            if attempt + 1 >= max_attempts {
                break;
            }

            match plan_reflection.on_step_failure {
                StepFailureAction::Replan => {
                    info!(attempt = attempt + 1, "Plan had failures, replanning");
                    plan = self.generate_plan(processed_input).await?;
                }
                StepFailureAction::Abort => {
                    warn!("Plan step failed, aborting");
                    break;
                }
                StepFailureAction::Skip | StepFailureAction::Continue => {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        *self.current_plan.write() = Some(plan);

        let output_data = self.process_output(&plan_result, input_context).await?;
        let final_content = output_data.content;

        self.memory
            .add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(&final_content))
            .await?;

        self.check_memory_compression().await?;
        self.increment_turn();
        self.evaluate_transitions(processed_input, &final_content)
            .await?;

        let reasoning_metadata =
            ReasoningMetadata::new(ReasoningMode::PlanAndExecute).with_auto_detected(auto_detected);

        let response = AgentResponse::new(&final_content).with_metadata(
            "reasoning",
            serde_json::to_value(&reasoning_metadata).unwrap_or_default(),
        );

        self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await?;
        Ok(response)
    }

    /// Inject CoT/ReAct reasoning prompt into the system message (first iteration only).
    fn inject_reasoning_prompt(
        &self,
        messages: &mut [ChatMessage],
        reasoning_mode: &ReasoningMode,
        is_first_iteration: bool,
    ) {
        if !is_first_iteration {
            return;
        }
        match reasoning_mode {
            ReasoningMode::CoT => {
                if let Some(msg) = messages.first_mut()
                    && matches!(msg.role, ai_agents_core::Role::System)
                {
                    msg.content = self.build_cot_system_prompt(&msg.content);
                    debug!("Applied Chain-of-Thought system prompt");
                }
            }
            ReasoningMode::React => {
                if let Some(msg) = messages.first_mut()
                    && matches!(msg.role, ai_agents_core::Role::System)
                {
                    msg.content = self.build_react_system_prompt(&msg.content);
                    debug!("Applied ReAct system prompt");
                }
            }
            _ => {}
        }
    }

    //
    // Draft generation must not commit user memory or run tools.
    // The current user input is added only as an ephemeral message for this LLM call.
    //
    async fn generate_main_response_draft(
        &self,
        processed_input: &str,
        reasoning_mode: &ReasoningMode,
    ) -> Result<MainResponseDraft> {
        let llm = self.get_state_llm()?;
        let protocol = self.main_tool_protocol(llm.as_ref(), true).await?;
        let mut messages = self
            .build_messages_internal(false, Some(processed_input), protocol.choice.is_none())
            .await?;
        self.inject_reasoning_prompt(&mut messages, reasoning_mode, true);
        let response = self
            .complete_main_llm_with_recovery(llm, &messages, &protocol)
            .await?;
        let content = response.content.trim().to_string();
        let (thinking, answer) = self.extract_thinking(&content);
        if let Some(calls) = self.parse_main_tool_calls(&content, &protocol) {
            return Ok(MainResponseDraft::ToolCalls {
                raw_content: content,
                calls,
                thinking,
            });
        }
        Ok(MainResponseDraft::Text {
            raw_content: answer,
            thinking,
        })
    }

    //
    // This is the only place where a winning draft is allowed to become runtime state.
    // Prompt and native tool calls remain inert until this method commits the draft into the shared executor path.
    //
    async fn commit_main_response_draft(
        &self,
        processed_input: &str,
        input_context: &HashMap<String, Value>,
        draft: MainResponseDraft,
        reasoning_mode: ReasoningMode,
        auto_detected: bool,
    ) -> Result<AgentResponse> {
        self.commit_root_user_message(processed_input).await?;
        match draft {
            MainResponseDraft::Text {
                raw_content,
                thinking,
            } => {
                self.finish_text_response_from_model(CommittedTextResponse {
                    processed_input,
                    input_context,
                    answer: raw_content,
                    reasoning_mode,
                    auto_detected,
                    iterations: 1,
                    thinking_content: thinking,
                    all_tool_calls: Vec::new(),
                })
                .await
            }
            MainResponseDraft::ToolCalls {
                raw_content,
                calls,
                thinking: _,
            } => {
                let mut all_tool_calls = Vec::new();
                match self
                    .handle_tool_calls(processed_input, &raw_content, calls, &mut all_tool_calls)
                    .await?
                {
                    ToolCallOutcome::Rejected(response) => {
                        self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await?;
                        Ok(response)
                    }
                    ToolCallOutcome::Continue | ToolCallOutcome::TransitionFired => {
                        self.continue_after_committed_tool_draft(processed_input)
                            .await
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    //
    // Tool drafts need a committed continuation after function results are written.
    // Redispatch depth suppresses duplicate root lifecycle work during that continuation.
    //
    async fn continue_after_committed_tool_draft(
        &self,
        processed_input: &str,
    ) -> Result<AgentResponse> {
        *self.redispatch_depth.write() += 1;
        if let Some(context) = self.active_turn_context.write().as_mut() {
            context.enter_redispatch();
        }
        let result = Box::pin(self.run_loop_internal(processed_input)).await;
        *self.redispatch_depth.write() -= 1;
        if let Some(context) = self.active_turn_context.write().as_mut() {
            context.exit_redispatch();
        }
        let response = result?;
        self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await?;
        Ok(response)
    }

    //
    // Shared committed text finalization for normal responses and winning text drafts.
    // Keep output processing, reflection, transitions, hooks, and maintenance behind this commit boundary.
    //
    async fn finish_text_response_from_model(
        &self,
        response: CommittedTextResponse<'_>,
    ) -> Result<AgentResponse> {
        let CommittedTextResponse {
            processed_input,
            input_context,
            answer,
            reasoning_mode,
            auto_detected,
            iterations,
            thinking_content,
            all_tool_calls,
        } = response;
        let output_data = self.process_output(&answer, input_context).await?;
        let mut final_content = if output_data.metadata.rejected {
            output_data
                .metadata
                .rejection_reason
                .unwrap_or_else(|| answer.to_string())
        } else {
            output_data.content
        };
        let llm = self.get_state_llm()?;
        let reflection_metadata;
        (final_content, reflection_metadata) = self
            .run_reflection(&*llm, processed_input, final_content)
            .await?;
        final_content =
            self.format_response_with_thinking(thinking_content.as_deref(), &final_content);
        let final_content = {
            let result = self
                .post_loop_processing(processed_input, final_content)
                .await?;
            self.apply_post_loop_result(processed_input, result).await?
        };
        let response = self.build_agent_response(AgentResponseParts {
            content: final_content,
            all_tool_calls,
            reasoning_mode,
            auto_detected,
            iterations,
            thinking: thinking_content,
            reflection_metadata,
        });
        self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await?;
        Ok(response)
    }

    //
    // Auto reasoning uses this path after the judge wins with a deeper mode.
    // It intentionally uses committed message building instead of the draft overlay.
    //
    async fn run_committed_response_loop_with_reasoning(
        &self,
        processed_input: &str,
        input_context: &HashMap<String, Value>,
        reasoning_mode: ReasoningMode,
        auto_detected: bool,
    ) -> Result<AgentResponse> {
        self.commit_root_user_message(processed_input).await?;
        let llm = self.get_state_llm()?;
        let mut iterations = 0u32;
        let mut all_tool_calls = Vec::new();
        let mut thinking_content = None;
        loop {
            let effective_max = if reasoning_mode != ReasoningMode::None {
                let rc = self.get_effective_reasoning_config();
                self.max_iterations.min(rc.max_iterations)
            } else {
                self.max_iterations
            };
            if iterations >= effective_max {
                return Err(AgentError::Other(format!(
                    "Max iterations ({}) exceeded",
                    effective_max
                )));
            }
            iterations += 1;
            *self.iteration_count.write() = iterations;
            let protocol = self.main_tool_protocol(llm.as_ref(), false).await?;
            let mut messages = self
                .build_messages_internal(true, None, protocol.choice.is_none())
                .await?;
            self.inject_reasoning_prompt(&mut messages, &reasoning_mode, iterations == 1);
            self.hooks.on_llm_start(&messages).await;
            let llm_start = Instant::now();
            let response = self
                .complete_main_llm_with_recovery(Arc::clone(&llm), &messages, &protocol)
                .await?;
            let llm_duration_ms = llm_start.elapsed().as_millis() as u64;
            self.hooks.on_llm_complete(&response, llm_duration_ms).await;
            let content = response.content.trim();
            if let Some(tool_calls) = self.parse_main_tool_calls(content, &protocol) {
                match self
                    .handle_tool_calls(processed_input, content, tool_calls, &mut all_tool_calls)
                    .await?
                {
                    ToolCallOutcome::Continue | ToolCallOutcome::TransitionFired => continue,
                    ToolCallOutcome::Rejected(resp) => {
                        self.finish_turn_if_root(&resp).await?;
                        return Ok(resp);
                    }
                }
            }
            let (extracted_thinking, answer) = self.extract_thinking(content);
            if extracted_thinking.is_some() {
                thinking_content = extracted_thinking;
            }
            return self
                .finish_text_response_from_model(CommittedTextResponse {
                    processed_input,
                    input_context,
                    answer,
                    reasoning_mode,
                    auto_detected,
                    iterations,
                    thinking_content,
                    all_tool_calls,
                })
                .await;
        }
    }

    /// Handle tool calls: check transitions, execute tools in parallel, handle HITL rejection.
    async fn handle_tool_calls(
        &self,
        processed_input: &str,
        content: &str,
        tool_calls: Vec<ToolCall>,
        all_tool_calls: &mut Vec<ToolCall>,
    ) -> Result<ToolCallOutcome> {
        // Check if a transition should fire before executing the LLM's tool call.
        // If a transition fires, on_enter actions handle the tool call correctly
        // (with proper URLs from YAML), so skip the LLM's tool call.
        let transition_fired = self.evaluate_transitions(processed_input, content).await?;
        if transition_fired {
            self.memory
                .add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(
                    "(Transitioned to new state — tool call handled by workflow)",
                ))
                .await?;
            return Ok(ToolCallOutcome::TransitionFired);
        }

        // Store the assistant's tool-call message so the LLM sees its own decision in conversation history. Without this, the model only sees the tool result and may repeat the same call.
        self.memory
            .add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(content))
            .await?;
        let native_tool_call = Self::is_native_tool_call_content(content);

        let results = self.execute_tools_parallel(&tool_calls).await;

        for ((_id, result), tool_call) in results.into_iter().zip(tool_calls.iter()) {
            match result {
                Ok(output) => {
                    self.memory
                        .add_message(Self::tool_result_message(
                            tool_call,
                            &output,
                            native_tool_call,
                        ))
                        .await?;
                }
                Err(e) => {
                    // Check if this is a HITL rejection - if so, break the loop
                    if matches!(e, AgentError::HITLRejected(_)) {
                        self.memory
                            .add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(format!(
                                "The operation was rejected by the approver: {}",
                                e
                            )))
                            .await?;
                        // Return the rejection message to user, don't continue loop
                        return Ok(ToolCallOutcome::Rejected(AgentResponse {
                            content: format!("Operation cancelled: {}", e),
                            metadata: None,
                            tool_calls: Some(all_tool_calls.clone()),
                        }));
                    }
                    self.memory
                        .add_message(Self::tool_result_message(
                            tool_call,
                            &format!("Error: {}", e),
                            native_tool_call,
                        ))
                        .await?;
                }
            }
            all_tool_calls.push(tool_call.clone());
        }
        Ok(ToolCallOutcome::Continue)
    }

    /// Run the reflection loop on a response, returning (improved_content, reflection_metadata).
    async fn run_reflection(
        &self,
        llm: &dyn LLMProvider,
        processed_input: &str,
        mut content: String,
    ) -> Result<(String, Option<ReflectionMetadata>)> {
        let should_reflect = self.should_reflect(processed_input, &content).await?;
        if !should_reflect {
            return Ok((content, None));
        }

        info!("Starting response reflection evaluation");
        let mut attempts = 0u32;
        let max_retries = self.reflection_config.max_retries;
        let mut history: Vec<ReflectionAttempt> = Vec::new();

        loop {
            let evaluation = self.evaluate_response(processed_input, &content).await?;

            if evaluation.passed || attempts >= max_retries {
                info!(
                    passed = evaluation.passed,
                    confidence = evaluation.confidence,
                    attempts = attempts + 1,
                    "Reflection evaluation complete"
                );
                let reflection_metadata = Some(
                    ReflectionMetadata::new(evaluation)
                        .with_attempts(attempts + 1)
                        .with_history(history),
                );
                return Ok((content, reflection_metadata));
            }

            debug!(
                attempt = attempts + 1,
                failed_criteria = evaluation.failed_criteria().count(),
                "Response did not meet criteria, retrying"
            );

            history.push(
                ReflectionAttempt::new(&content, evaluation.clone())
                    .with_feedback("Response did not meet quality criteria"),
            );

            let feedback: Vec<String> = evaluation
                .failed_criteria()
                .map(|c| format!("- {}", c.criterion))
                .collect();

            let retry_prompt = format!(
                "Your previous response did not meet these criteria:\n{}\n\nPlease provide an improved response.",
                feedback.join("\n")
            );

            self.memory
                .add_message(ChatMessage::user(&retry_prompt))
                .await?;

            let retry_messages = self.build_messages().await?;
            let retry_response = self
                .observe_purpose(
                    ObservationPurpose::ReflectionEvaluation,
                    llm.complete(&retry_messages, None),
                )
                .await
                .map_err(|e| AgentError::LLM(e.to_string()))?;

            content = retry_response.content.trim().to_string();
            attempts += 1;
        }
    }

    /// Record the assistant turn, evaluate transitions, and decide what to do next.
    /// Returns PostLoopResult so callers can apply_post_loop_result for re-dispatch.
    async fn post_loop_processing(
        &self,
        processed_input: &str,
        content: String,
    ) -> Result<PostLoopResult> {
        // Do NOT add the assistant message to memory yet.
        // evaluate_transitions receives content as a direct parameter, so the message does not need to be in memory for transitions to evaluate correctly.
        // For NeedsRedispatch we skip adding the stale old-state response entirely, keeping memory clean for the re-dispatched handler.

        self.increment_turn();

        // Run context extractors so guards can check freshly-extracted values.
        self.run_context_extractors(processed_input).await;

        let transitioned = self.evaluate_transitions(processed_input, &content).await?;

        if !transitioned {
            self.memory
                .add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(&content))
                .await?;
            self.check_memory_compression().await?;
            return Ok(PostLoopResult::NoTransition(content));
        }

        // Check if we should skip re-generation after this transition.
        if !self.should_regenerate_after_transition() {
            self.memory
                .add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(&content))
                .await?;
            self.check_memory_compression().await?;
            return Ok(PostLoopResult::Transitioned(content));
        }

        // Check if the new state needs full dispatch.
        // Orchestration states (concurrent, group_chat, pipeline, handoff, delegate) need their dedicated handlers.
        // Any non-None effective reasoning mode needs CoT/ReAct prompt injection, the plan-and-execute handler, or Auto re-determination - all of which live in run_loop_internal, not here.
        if self.needs_redispatch_for_new_state() {
            info!("Post-transition NeedsRedispatch: new state requires full dispatch");
            // Stale old-state content is NOT added to memory.
            // apply_post_loop_result will increment redispatch_depth and call run_loop_internal, which produces the correct response and adds it.
            return Ok(PostLoopResult::NeedsRedispatch);
        }

        // Normal post-transition re-generation (plain LLM with optional tool calls).
        // Add the stale response to history so the new LLM sees the conversation.
        self.memory
            .add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(&content))
            .await?;
        self.check_memory_compression().await?;

        // If a transition fired, on_enter actions already executed (e.g., HTTP calls).
        // The current content was generated in the OLD state context and is stale.
        // Re-generate in the new state context so the LLM can reference on_enter results.
        // If the LLM responds with a tool call, execute it in a mini-loop so the
        // result is not returned as raw JSON text.
        let new_llm = self.get_state_llm()?;
        let mut final_content;

        for post_iter in 0..self.max_iterations {
            let protocol = self.main_tool_protocol(new_llm.as_ref(), false).await?;
            let new_messages = self
                .build_messages_internal(true, None, protocol.choice.is_none())
                .await?;
            if post_iter == 0
                && let Some(system_msg) = new_messages.first()
                && system_msg.role == ai_agents_core::Role::System
            {
                debug!(
                    prompt_preview =
                        &system_msg.content[system_msg.content.len().saturating_sub(200)..],
                    "Post-transition system prompt (last 200 chars)"
                );
            }

            let new_response = self
                .complete_main_llm_with_recovery(Arc::clone(&new_llm), &new_messages, &protocol)
                .await?;
            final_content = new_response.content.trim().to_string();

            // Check if the post-transition response contains tool calls.
            // If so, execute them and loop so the LLM can summarize the result.
            if let Some(tool_calls) = self.parse_main_tool_calls(&final_content, &protocol) {
                let native_tool_call = Self::is_native_tool_call_content(&final_content);
                debug!(
                    post_iter = post_iter,
                    tools = tool_calls.len(),
                    "Post-transition tool call detected, executing"
                );

                self.memory
                    .add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(&final_content))
                    .await?;

                let results = self.execute_tools_parallel(&tool_calls).await;
                for ((_id, result), tool_call) in results.into_iter().zip(tool_calls.iter()) {
                    match result {
                        Ok(output) => {
                            self.memory
                                .add_message(Self::tool_result_message(
                                    tool_call,
                                    &output,
                                    native_tool_call,
                                ))
                                .await?;
                        }
                        Err(e) => {
                            self.memory
                                .add_message(Self::tool_result_message(
                                    tool_call,
                                    &format!("Error: {}", e),
                                    native_tool_call,
                                ))
                                .await?;
                        }
                    }
                }
                // Loop to let the LLM see the tool result and produce a text response.
                continue;
            }

            // No tool call - this is the final text response.
            self.memory
                .add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(&final_content))
                .await?;
            return Ok(PostLoopResult::Transitioned(final_content));
        }

        // Exhausted post-transition iterations (unlikely). Return last content.
        final_content = "Post-transition processing completed.".to_string();
        self.memory
            .add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(&final_content))
            .await?;

        Ok(PostLoopResult::Transitioned(final_content))
    }

    /// Build the final AgentResponse with all metadata.
    /// Check whether to re-generate a response after a state transition.
    fn should_regenerate_after_transition(&self) -> bool {
        if let Some(ref sm) = self.state_machine {
            // Global setting
            if !sm.config().regenerate_on_transition {
                return false;
            }
            // Per-state override on the new (current) state
            if let Some(def) = sm.current_definition()
                && let Some(regen) = def.regenerate_on_enter
            {
                return regen;
            }
        }
        true
    }

    /// Return true when the new state requires full dispatch via run_loop_internal.
    /// Covers orchestration states and any non-None effective reasoning mode.
    fn needs_redispatch_for_new_state(&self) -> bool {
        if let Some(ref sm) = self.state_machine
            && let Some(def) = sm.current_definition()
        {
            if def.concurrent.is_some()
                || def.group_chat.is_some()
                || def.pipeline.is_some()
                || def.handoff.is_some()
                || def.delegate.is_some()
            {
                return true;
            }
            // Any non-None effective reasoning mode requires the main dispatch loop.
            let effective = self.get_effective_reasoning_config();
            if !matches!(effective.mode, ReasoningMode::None) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        false
    }

    /// Consume a PostLoopResult. NeedsRedispatch re-enters run_loop_internal.
    /// The user message is already in memory - redispatch_depth suppresses re-adding it.
    async fn apply_post_loop_result(
        &self,
        processed_input: &str,
        result: PostLoopResult,
    ) -> Result<String> {
        match result {
            PostLoopResult::NoTransition(content) | PostLoopResult::Transitioned(content) => {
                Ok(content)
            }
            PostLoopResult::NeedsRedispatch => {
                const MAX_REDISPATCH_DEPTH: u32 = 3;
                let current_depth = *self.redispatch_depth.read();
                if current_depth >= MAX_REDISPATCH_DEPTH {
                    warn!(
                        depth = current_depth,
                        "Post-transition re-dispatch depth limit reached, returning empty response"
                    );
                    let content = String::new();
                    self.memory
                        .add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(&content))
                        .await?;
                    return Ok(content);
                }
                *self.redispatch_depth.write() += 1;
                if let Some(context) = self.active_turn_context.write().as_mut() {
                    context.enter_redispatch();
                }
                info!(
                    depth = current_depth + 1,
                    "Re-dispatching for new state after transition"
                );
                let resp = Box::pin(self.run_loop_internal(processed_input)).await;
                *self.redispatch_depth.write() -= 1;
                if let Some(context) = self.active_turn_context.write().as_mut() {
                    context.exit_redispatch();
                }
                resp.map(|r| r.content)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Builds the final response metadata after committed output and transition handling complete.
    fn build_agent_response(&self, parts: AgentResponseParts) -> AgentResponse {
        let AgentResponseParts {
            content,
            all_tool_calls,
            reasoning_mode,
            auto_detected,
            iterations,
            thinking,
            reflection_metadata,
        } = parts;
        let reasoning_metadata = ReasoningMetadata::new(reasoning_mode.clone())
            .with_thinking(thinking.clone().unwrap_or_default())
            .with_iterations(iterations)
            .with_auto_detected(auto_detected);

        let mut response = AgentResponse::new(&content);
        if !all_tool_calls.is_empty() {
            response = response.with_tool_calls(all_tool_calls);
        }

        if let Some(state) = self.current_state() {
            response = response.with_metadata("current_state", serde_json::json!(state));
        }

        response = response.with_metadata(
            "reasoning",
            serde_json::to_value(&reasoning_metadata).unwrap_or_default(),
        );

        if let Some(ref refl_meta) = reflection_metadata {
            response = response.with_metadata(
                "reflection",
                serde_json::to_value(refl_meta).unwrap_or_default(),
            );
        }

        response
    }

    // Handle delegation: forward user input to a registry agent.
    async fn handle_delegated_state(
        &self,
        input: &str,
        delegate_id: &str,
        state_def: &ai_agents_state::StateDefinition,
    ) -> Result<AgentResponse> {
        use std::time::Instant;

        let registry = self.spawner_registry.as_ref().ok_or_else(|| {
            AgentError::Config(format!(
                "State delegates to '{}' but no agent registry is configured. \
                 Add a spawner section with auto_spawn to your YAML.",
                delegate_id
            ))
        })?;

        let state_name = self
            .state_machine
            .as_ref()
            .map(|sm| sm.current())
            .unwrap_or_else(|| "unknown".to_string());

        self.hooks.on_delegate_start(delegate_id, &state_name).await;
        let start = Instant::now();

        let delegate = registry.get(delegate_id).ok_or_else(|| {
            AgentError::Other(format!(
                "State '{}' delegates to '{}' but no agent with that ID exists in the registry.",
                state_name, delegate_id
            ))
        })?;

        // Prepare input based on delegate_context mode.
        let context_mode = state_def.delegate_context.clone().unwrap_or_default();
        let effective_input = self
            .observe_purpose(
                ObservationPurpose::OrchestrationRouting,
                crate::orchestration::context::prepare_delegate_input(
                    input,
                    &context_mode,
                    &*self.memory,
                    self.llm_registry.get("router").ok().as_deref(),
                ),
            )
            .await?;

        let response = delegate
            .chat_with_actor_context(&effective_input, self.outbound_actor_context())
            .await?;

        let duration_ms = start.elapsed().as_millis() as u64;
        self.hooks
            .on_delegate_complete(delegate_id, &state_name, duration_ms)
            .await;

        // Backward-compatible context key.
        let ctx_key = format!("delegation.{}.last_response", delegate_id);
        let _ = self.context_manager.set(
            &ctx_key,
            serde_json::Value::String(response.content.clone()),
        );

        // Structured orchestration context.
        let _ = self.context_manager.set(
            "orchestration",
            serde_json::json!({
                "type": "delegate",
                "agent": delegate_id,
                "state": state_name,
                "response": response.content,
                "duration_ms": duration_ms,
            }),
        );

        self.commit_root_user_message(input).await?;

        // post_loop_processing records the assistant turn and evaluates transitions.
        // apply_post_loop_result handles NeedsRedispatch by re-entering run_loop_internal.
        let post_result = self
            .post_loop_processing(
                input,
                format!("[Delegated to {}]: {}", delegate_id, response.content),
            )
            .await?;
        let final_content = self.apply_post_loop_result(input, post_result).await?;

        let mut result = AgentResponse::new(final_content);

        let metadata = serde_json::json!({
            "orchestration": {
                "type": "delegate",
                "agent": delegate_id,
                "state": state_name,
                "response": response.content,
                "duration_ms": duration_ms,
            }
        });
        result.metadata = Some(
            serde_json::from_value::<std::collections::HashMap<String, serde_json::Value>>(
                metadata,
            )
            .unwrap_or_default(),
        );

        self.finish_turn_if_root(&result).await?;
        Ok(result)
    }

    // Handle concurrent execution: run multiple registry agents in parallel and aggregate.
    async fn handle_concurrent_state(
        &self,
        input: &str,
        config: &ai_agents_state::ConcurrentStateConfig,
    ) -> Result<AgentResponse> {
        use std::time::Instant;

        let registry = self.spawner_registry.as_ref().ok_or_else(|| {
            AgentError::Config(
                "Concurrent state requires an agent registry. Add a spawner section.".into(),
            )
        })?;

        // Render input template if provided, otherwise use the raw input.
        // Uses direct minijinja rendering (same approach as pipeline) so variables
        // are top-level: {{ user_input }}, not {{ context.user_input }}.
        // Enrich input with parent conversation history when context_mode is set.
        let context_mode = config.context_mode.clone().unwrap_or_default();
        let context_input = self
            .observe_purpose(
                ObservationPurpose::OrchestrationRouting,
                crate::orchestration::context::prepare_delegate_input(
                    input,
                    &context_mode,
                    &*self.memory,
                    self.llm_registry.get("router").ok().as_deref(),
                ),
            )
            .await?;

        let effective_input = if let Some(ref tmpl) = config.input {
            render_concurrent_template(tmpl, &context_input, &self.build_context_with_overlays())
                .unwrap_or_else(|_| context_input.clone())
        } else {
            context_input
        };

        let start = Instant::now();

        let llm_name = config
            .aggregation
            .synthesizer_llm
            .as_deref()
            .unwrap_or("router");
        let llm_provider = self.llm_registry.get(llm_name).ok();

        let vote_parallelism = if self.runtime_config.optimization.enabled
            && self
                .runtime_config
                .optimization
                .parallel_orchestration_vote_extraction
        {
            Some(self.runtime_config.optimization.max_parallel_runtime_tasks)
        } else {
            None
        };

        let result = self
            .observe_purpose(
                ObservationPurpose::OrchestrationAggregation,
                scope_actor_context(
                    self.outbound_actor_context(),
                    crate::orchestration::concurrent(
                        registry,
                        &effective_input,
                        &config.agents,
                        &config.aggregation,
                        llm_provider.as_deref(),
                        config.min_required,
                        config.timeout_ms,
                        config.on_partial_failure.clone(),
                        vote_parallelism,
                    ),
                ),
            )
            .await?;

        let duration_ms = start.elapsed().as_millis() as u64;
        let agent_ids: Vec<String> = config.agents.iter().map(|a| a.id().to_string()).collect();
        let strategy = format!("{:?}", config.aggregation.strategy);
        self.hooks
            .on_concurrent_complete(&agent_ids, &strategy, duration_ms)
            .await;

        // Backward-compatible context key.
        let _ = self.context_manager.set(
            "concurrent.result",
            serde_json::Value::String(result.response.content.clone()),
        );

        // Build per-agent result data for context and metadata.
        let agents_json: Vec<serde_json::Value> = result
            .agent_results
            .iter()
            .map(|ar| {
                serde_json::json!({
                    "id": ar.agent_id,
                    "response": ar.response.as_ref().map(|r| r.content.as_str()),
                    "success": ar.success,
                    "error": ar.error,
                    "duration_ms": ar.duration_ms,
                })
            })
            .collect();

        // Structured orchestration context with per-agent results.
        let _ = self.context_manager.set(
            "orchestration",
            serde_json::json!({
                "type": "concurrent",
                "result": result.response.content,
                "strategy": strategy,
                "agents": agents_json,
                "duration_ms": duration_ms,
            }),
        );

        self.commit_root_user_message(input).await?;

        let post_result = self
            .post_loop_processing(input, result.response.content.clone())
            .await?;
        let final_content = self.apply_post_loop_result(input, post_result).await?;

        let mut response = AgentResponse::new(final_content);
        let metadata = serde_json::json!({
            "orchestration": {
                "type": "concurrent",
                "result": result.response.content,
                "strategy": strategy,
                "agents": agents_json,
                "duration_ms": duration_ms,
            }
        });
        response.metadata = Some(
            serde_json::from_value::<std::collections::HashMap<String, serde_json::Value>>(
                metadata,
            )
            .unwrap_or_default(),
        );

        self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await?;
        Ok(response)
    }

    // Handle group chat: run a multi-turn multi-agent conversation.
    async fn handle_group_chat_state(
        &self,
        input: &str,
        config: &ai_agents_state::GroupChatStateConfig,
    ) -> Result<AgentResponse> {
        use std::time::Instant;

        let registry = self.spawner_registry.as_ref().ok_or_else(|| {
            AgentError::Config(
                "Group chat state requires an agent registry. Add a spawner section.".into(),
            )
        })?;

        let start = Instant::now();

        let llm_provider = self.llm_registry.get("router").ok();

        // Enrich input with parent conversation history when context_mode is set.
        let context_mode = config.context_mode.clone().unwrap_or_default();
        let context_input = self
            .observe_purpose(
                ObservationPurpose::OrchestrationRouting,
                crate::orchestration::context::prepare_delegate_input(
                    input,
                    &context_mode,
                    &*self.memory,
                    self.llm_registry.get("router").ok().as_deref(),
                ),
            )
            .await?;

        // Render input template if provided, otherwise use the raw user message as topic.
        let effective_topic = if let Some(ref tmpl) = config.input {
            render_concurrent_template(tmpl, &context_input, &self.build_context_with_overlays())
                .unwrap_or_else(|_| context_input.clone())
        } else {
            context_input
        };

        let result = self
            .observe_purpose(
                ObservationPurpose::OrchestrationConversation,
                scope_actor_context(
                    self.outbound_actor_context(),
                    crate::orchestration::group_chat(
                        registry,
                        &effective_topic,
                        config,
                        llm_provider.as_deref(),
                        Some(&*self.hooks),
                    ),
                ),
            )
            .await?;

        let duration_ms = start.elapsed().as_millis() as u64;

        // Backward-compatible context key.
        let _ = self.context_manager.set(
            "group_chat.conclusion",
            serde_json::Value::String(result.response.content.clone()),
        );

        // Build transcript data for context and metadata.
        let transcript_json: Vec<serde_json::Value> = result
            .transcript
            .iter()
            .map(|t| {
                serde_json::json!({
                    "speaker": t.speaker,
                    "round": t.round,
                    "content": t.content,
                })
            })
            .collect();

        // Structured orchestration context with full transcript.
        let _ = self.context_manager.set(
            "orchestration",
            serde_json::json!({
                "type": "group_chat",
                "conclusion": result.response.content,
                "transcript": transcript_json,
                "rounds": result.rounds_completed,
                "termination": result.termination_reason,
                "duration_ms": duration_ms,
            }),
        );

        self.commit_root_user_message(input).await?;

        let post_result = self
            .post_loop_processing(input, result.response.content.clone())
            .await?;
        let final_content = self.apply_post_loop_result(input, post_result).await?;

        let mut response = AgentResponse::new(final_content);
        let metadata = serde_json::json!({
            "orchestration": {
                "type": "group_chat",
                "conclusion": result.response.content,
                "transcript": transcript_json,
                "rounds": result.rounds_completed,
                "termination": result.termination_reason,
                "duration_ms": duration_ms,
            }
        });
        response.metadata = Some(
            serde_json::from_value::<std::collections::HashMap<String, serde_json::Value>>(
                metadata,
            )
            .unwrap_or_default(),
        );

        self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await?;
        Ok(response)
    }

    // Handle pipeline: run agents sequentially with per-stage input templates.
    async fn handle_pipeline_state(
        &self,
        input: &str,
        config: &ai_agents_state::PipelineStateConfig,
    ) -> Result<AgentResponse> {
        use std::time::Instant;

        let registry = self.spawner_registry.as_ref().ok_or_else(|| {
            AgentError::Config(
                "Pipeline state requires an agent registry. Add a spawner section.".into(),
            )
        })?;

        let start = Instant::now();

        let stages: Vec<crate::orchestration::PipelineStage> = config
            .stages
            .iter()
            .map(|entry| {
                let mut stage = crate::orchestration::PipelineStage::id(entry.id());
                if let Some(tmpl) = entry.input() {
                    stage = stage.with_input(tmpl);
                }
                stage
            })
            .collect();

        // Enrich input with parent conversation history when context_mode is set.
        let context_mode = config.context_mode.clone().unwrap_or_default();
        let context_input = self
            .observe_purpose(
                ObservationPurpose::OrchestrationRouting,
                crate::orchestration::context::prepare_delegate_input(
                    input,
                    &context_mode,
                    &*self.memory,
                    self.llm_registry.get("router").ok().as_deref(),
                ),
            )
            .await?;

        let context_values = self.build_context_with_overlays();
        let result = self
            .observe_purpose(
                ObservationPurpose::OrchestrationRouting,
                scope_actor_context(
                    self.outbound_actor_context(),
                    crate::orchestration::pipeline(
                        registry,
                        &context_input,
                        &stages,
                        config.timeout_ms,
                        Some(&*self.hooks),
                        Some(&context_values),
                    ),
                ),
            )
            .await?;

        let duration_ms = start.elapsed().as_millis() as u64;

        // Backward-compatible context key.
        let _ = self.context_manager.set(
            "pipeline.result",
            serde_json::Value::String(result.response.content.clone()),
        );

        // Build per-stage data for context and metadata.
        let stages_json: Vec<serde_json::Value> = result
            .stage_outputs
            .iter()
            .map(|s| {
                serde_json::json!({
                    "agent_id": s.agent_id,
                    "output": s.output,
                    "duration_ms": s.duration_ms,
                    "skipped": s.skipped,
                })
            })
            .collect();

        // Structured orchestration context.
        let _ = self.context_manager.set(
            "orchestration",
            serde_json::json!({
                "type": "pipeline",
                "result": result.response.content,
                "stages": stages_json,
                "duration_ms": duration_ms,
            }),
        );

        self.commit_root_user_message(input).await?;

        let post_result = self
            .post_loop_processing(input, result.response.content.clone())
            .await?;
        let final_content = self.apply_post_loop_result(input, post_result).await?;

        let mut response = AgentResponse::new(final_content);
        let metadata = serde_json::json!({
            "orchestration": {
                "type": "pipeline",
                "result": result.response.content,
                "stages": stages_json,
                "duration_ms": duration_ms,
            }
        });
        response.metadata = Some(
            serde_json::from_value::<std::collections::HashMap<String, serde_json::Value>>(
                metadata,
            )
            .unwrap_or_default(),
        );

        self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await?;
        Ok(response)
    }

    // Handle handoff: LLM-directed agent-to-agent control transfer.
    async fn handle_handoff_state(
        &self,
        input: &str,
        config: &ai_agents_state::HandoffStateConfig,
    ) -> Result<AgentResponse> {
        use std::time::Instant;

        let registry = self.spawner_registry.as_ref().ok_or_else(|| {
            AgentError::Config(
                "Handoff state requires an agent registry. Add a spawner section.".into(),
            )
        })?;

        let llm = self
            .llm_registry
            .get("router")
            .map_err(|_| AgentError::Config("Handoff state requires a router LLM.".into()))?;

        let start = Instant::now();

        // Enrich input with parent conversation history when context_mode is set.
        let context_mode = config.context_mode.clone().unwrap_or_default();
        let context_input = self
            .observe_purpose(
                ObservationPurpose::OrchestrationRouting,
                crate::orchestration::context::prepare_delegate_input(
                    input,
                    &context_mode,
                    &*self.memory,
                    self.llm_registry.get("router").ok().as_deref(),
                ),
            )
            .await?;

        // Render input template if provided, otherwise forward the raw user message.
        let effective_input = if let Some(ref tmpl) = config.input {
            render_concurrent_template(tmpl, &context_input, &self.build_context_with_overlays())
                .unwrap_or_else(|_| context_input.clone())
        } else {
            context_input
        };

        let result = self
            .observe_purpose(
                ObservationPurpose::OrchestrationRouting,
                scope_actor_context(
                    self.outbound_actor_context(),
                    crate::orchestration::handoff(
                        registry,
                        &effective_input,
                        &config.initial_agent,
                        &config.available_agents,
                        config.max_handoffs,
                        llm.as_ref(),
                        Some(&*self.hooks),
                    ),
                ),
            )
            .await?;

        let duration_ms = start.elapsed().as_millis() as u64;

        // Backward-compatible context key.
        let _ = self.context_manager.set(
            "handoff.result",
            serde_json::Value::String(result.response.content.clone()),
        );

        // Build handoff chain data for context and metadata.
        let chain_json: Vec<serde_json::Value> = result
            .handoff_chain
            .iter()
            .map(|h| {
                serde_json::json!({
                    "from": h.from_agent,
                    "to": h.to_agent,
                    "reason": h.reason,
                })
            })
            .collect();

        // Structured orchestration context.
        let _ = self.context_manager.set(
            "orchestration",
            serde_json::json!({
                "type": "handoff",
                "result": result.response.content,
                "final_agent": result.final_agent,
                "handoff_chain": chain_json,
                "duration_ms": duration_ms,
            }),
        );

        self.commit_root_user_message(input).await?;

        let post_result = self
            .post_loop_processing(input, result.response.content.clone())
            .await?;
        let final_content = self.apply_post_loop_result(input, post_result).await?;

        let mut response = AgentResponse::new(final_content);
        let metadata = serde_json::json!({
            "orchestration": {
                "type": "handoff",
                "result": result.response.content,
                "final_agent": result.final_agent,
                "handoff_chain": chain_json,
                "duration_ms": duration_ms,
            }
        });
        response.metadata = Some(
            serde_json::from_value::<std::collections::HashMap<String, serde_json::Value>>(
                metadata,
            )
            .unwrap_or_default(),
        );

        self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await?;
        Ok(response)
    }

    // run_loop_internal: blocking (non-streaming) agent pipeline.
    async fn run_loop_internal(&self, input: &str) -> Result<AgentResponse> {
        self.begin_root_turn();
        // Resolve actor_id from context, reload facts if actor changed, bump counter.
        self.pre_turn_session_lifecycle().await;

        let input_data = self.process_input(input).await?;
        self.update_active_turn_context(&input_data.content, input_data.context.clone());

        // Inject process context (detect/extract results) into agent context
        // so system prompt templates can use {{ context.detected_language }} etc.
        for (key, value) in &input_data.context {
            let _ = self.context_manager.set(key, value.clone());
        }

        if input_data.metadata.rejected {
            let reason = input_data
                .metadata
                .rejection_reason
                .unwrap_or_else(|| "Input rejected".to_string());
            warn!(reason = %reason, "Input rejected");
            let response = AgentResponse::new(reason);
            self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await?;
            return Ok(response);
        }

        let processed_input = &input_data.content;

        if let Some(response) = self.try_pre_response_transition(processed_input).await? {
            return Ok(response);
        }

        // Handle orchestration states (delegate, concurrent, group_chat, pipeline, handoff).
        if let Some(ref sm) = self.state_machine
            && let Some(def) = sm.current_definition()
        {
            if let Some(ref delegate_id) = def.delegate {
                return self
                    .handle_delegated_state(processed_input, delegate_id, &def)
                    .await;
            }
            if let Some(ref concurrent_config) = def.concurrent {
                return self
                    .handle_concurrent_state(processed_input, concurrent_config)
                    .await;
            }
            if let Some(ref group_chat_config) = def.group_chat {
                return self
                    .handle_group_chat_state(processed_input, group_chat_config)
                    .await;
            }
            if let Some(ref pipeline_config) = def.pipeline {
                return self
                    .handle_pipeline_state(processed_input, pipeline_config)
                    .await;
            }
            if let Some(ref handoff_config) = def.handoff {
                return self
                    .handle_handoff_state(processed_input, handoff_config)
                    .await;
            }
        }

        //
        // The speculative future is boxed to keep the runtime future size manageable.
        // Removing the box can overflow small test stacks because this function is recursive through redispatch.
        //
        if let Some(response) =
            Box::pin(self.try_speculative_branches(processed_input, &input_data.context)).await?
        {
            return Ok(response);
        }

        match self.try_skill_route(processed_input).await? {
            SkillRouteResult::Response { skill_id, content } => {
                self.commit_root_user_message(processed_input).await?;
                return self
                    .handle_skill_response(processed_input, &skill_id, content, &input_data.context)
                    .await;
            }
            SkillRouteResult::NeedsClarification {
                response,
                ownership,
            } => {
                let admission = self
                    .admit_optional_disambiguation_ownership(ownership)
                    .await?;
                self.commit_root_user_message(processed_input).await?;
                if let Some(q) = response
                    .metadata
                    .as_ref()
                    .and_then(|m| m.get("disambiguation"))
                    .and_then(|d| d.get("status"))
                    .and_then(|s| s.as_str())
                    && q == "awaiting_clarification"
                {
                    // Store the clarification question in memory so the next turn
                    // can be handled as a clarification response.
                    self.memory
                        .add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(&response.content))
                        .await?;
                }
                drop(admission);
                self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await?;
                return Ok(response);
            }
            SkillRouteResult::NoMatch => {} // continue to normal LLM chat
        }

        let effective_reasoning = self.get_effective_reasoning_config();
        let reasoning_mode = self.determine_reasoning_mode(processed_input).await?;
        let auto_detected = matches!(effective_reasoning.mode, ReasoningMode::Auto);

        info!(
            reasoning_mode = ?reasoning_mode,
            auto_detected = auto_detected,
            reflection_enabled = ?self.reflection_config.enabled,
            "Reasoning mode determined"
        );

        if matches!(reasoning_mode, ReasoningMode::PlanAndExecute) {
            self.commit_root_user_message(processed_input).await?;
            return self
                .handle_plan_and_execute(processed_input, &input_data.context, auto_detected)
                .await;
        }

        self.commit_root_user_message(processed_input).await?;

        let mut iterations = 0u32;
        let mut all_tool_calls: Vec<ToolCall> = Vec::new();
        let mut thinking_content: Option<String> = None;

        let llm = self.get_state_llm()?;

        loop {
            // When reasoning is active, cap iterations at the reasoning-specific limit.
            let effective_max = if reasoning_mode != ReasoningMode::None {
                let rc = self.get_effective_reasoning_config();
                self.max_iterations.min(rc.max_iterations)
            } else {
                self.max_iterations
            };

            if iterations >= effective_max {
                let err = AgentError::Other(format!("Max iterations ({}) exceeded", effective_max));
                self.hooks.on_error(&err).await;
                error!(iterations = iterations, "Max iterations exceeded");
                return Err(err);
            }
            iterations += 1;
            *self.iteration_count.write() = iterations;

            debug!(iteration = iterations, max = effective_max, "LLM call");

            let protocol = self.main_tool_protocol(llm.as_ref(), false).await?;
            let mut messages = self
                .build_messages_internal(true, None, protocol.choice.is_none())
                .await?;
            self.inject_reasoning_prompt(&mut messages, &reasoning_mode, iterations == 1);

            self.hooks.on_llm_start(&messages).await;
            let llm_start = Instant::now();
            let response = self
                .complete_main_llm_with_recovery(Arc::clone(&llm), &messages, &protocol)
                .await?;

            let llm_duration_ms = llm_start.elapsed().as_millis() as u64;
            self.hooks.on_llm_complete(&response, llm_duration_ms).await;

            let content = response.content.trim();

            if let Some(tool_calls) = self.parse_main_tool_calls(content, &protocol) {
                match self
                    .handle_tool_calls(processed_input, content, tool_calls, &mut all_tool_calls)
                    .await?
                {
                    ToolCallOutcome::Continue | ToolCallOutcome::TransitionFired => continue,
                    ToolCallOutcome::Rejected(resp) => {
                        self.finish_turn_if_root(&resp).await?;
                        return Ok(resp);
                    }
                }
            }

            let (extracted_thinking, answer) = self.extract_thinking(content);
            if extracted_thinking.is_some() {
                thinking_content = extracted_thinking;
            }

            let output_data = self.process_output(&answer, &input_data.context).await?;

            let mut final_content = if output_data.metadata.rejected {
                output_data
                    .metadata
                    .rejection_reason
                    .unwrap_or_else(|| answer.to_string())
            } else {
                output_data.content
            };

            // Run reflection (blocking LLM calls for retries)
            let reflection_metadata;
            (final_content, reflection_metadata) = self
                .run_reflection(&*llm, processed_input, final_content)
                .await?;

            final_content =
                self.format_response_with_thinking(thinking_content.as_deref(), &final_content);

            // Post-loop: memory, transitions, post-transition re-generation.
            // apply_post_loop_result handles NeedsRedispatch by re-entering
            // run_loop_internal so the new state's full dispatch activates.
            let final_content = {
                let result = self
                    .post_loop_processing(processed_input, final_content)
                    .await?;
                self.apply_post_loop_result(processed_input, result).await?
            };

            let reflected = reflection_metadata.is_some();
            let reasoning_mode_debug = format!("{:?}", reasoning_mode);

            let response = self.build_agent_response(AgentResponseParts {
                content: final_content,
                all_tool_calls,
                reasoning_mode,
                auto_detected,
                iterations,
                thinking: thinking_content,
                reflection_metadata,
            });

            self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await?;

            let tool_call_count = response.tool_calls.as_ref().map(|tc| tc.len()).unwrap_or(0);
            info!(
                tool_calls = tool_call_count,
                response_len = response.content.len(),
                reasoning_mode = %reasoning_mode_debug,
                reflected = reflected,
                "Chat completed"
            );
            return Ok(response);
        }
    }

    async fn generate_buffered_streaming_draft(
        &self,
        processed_input: &str,
        routing_resolved: Arc<AtomicBool>,
    ) -> Result<StreamingDraftResult> {
        let llm = self.get_state_llm()?;
        if llm.configured_tool_choice().is_some() {
            let draft = self
                .generate_main_response_draft(processed_input, &ReasoningMode::None)
                .await?;
            return Ok(StreamingDraftResult::new(draft, Vec::new()));
        }
        let messages = self.build_messages_for_draft(processed_input).await?;
        let mut stream = self
            .observe_purpose(
                ObservationPurpose::MainResponse,
                llm.complete_stream(&messages, None),
            )
            .await
            .map_err(|e| AgentError::LLM(e.to_string()))?;
        let mut buffer = crate::optimization::StreamBranchBuffer::new(self.streaming.buffer_size)?;
        let mut chunks = Vec::new();
        let mut accumulated = String::new();
        while let Some(chunk_result) = stream.next().await {
            let chunk = chunk_result.map_err(|e| AgentError::LLM(e.to_string()))?;
            accumulated.push_str(&chunk.delta);
            let stream_chunk = StreamChunk::content(chunk.delta);
            if routing_resolved.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                chunks.push(stream_chunk);
            } else {
                buffer.push(stream_chunk)?;
            }
        }
        chunks.splice(0..0, buffer.drain());
        let content = accumulated.trim().to_string();
        let draft = if let Some(calls) = self.parse_tool_calls(&content) {
            MainResponseDraft::ToolCalls {
                raw_content: content,
                calls,
                thinking: None,
            }
        } else {
            MainResponseDraft::Text {
                raw_content: content,
                thinking: None,
            }
        };
        Ok(StreamingDraftResult::new(draft, chunks))
    }

    async fn try_buffered_streaming_branches(
        &self,
        processed_input: &str,
        input_context: &HashMap<String, Value>,
    ) -> Result<Option<(AgentResponse, Vec<StreamChunk>)>> {
        let optimization = &self.runtime_config.optimization;
        if !optimization.enabled {
            return Ok(None);
        }
        let transition_enabled =
            optimization.speculative_state_transitions && self.has_parallel_transition_candidates();
        if !transition_enabled {
            return Ok(None);
        }
        let mut branch_scheduler =
            TurnBranchScheduler::new(optimization.max_parallel_runtime_tasks)?;
        if !branch_scheduler.reserve_task() {
            return Ok(None);
        }
        if !self
            .reserve_active_speculative_llm_call(RuntimeOptimizationKind::BufferedStreamingRouting)
        {
            branch_scheduler.release_task();
            return Ok(None);
        }
        if !branch_scheduler.reserve_task() {
            branch_scheduler.release_task();
            return Ok(None);
        }
        let mut main_branch = RuntimeBranch::new(
            RuntimeTaskPurpose::MainResponse,
            RuntimeOptimizationKind::BufferedStreamingRouting,
            RuntimeTaskPriority::Normal,
            RuntimeCommitBehavior::FinalResponse,
        );
        let mut transition_branch = RuntimeBranch::new(
            RuntimeTaskPurpose::StateTransition,
            RuntimeOptimizationKind::ParallelStateTransition,
            RuntimeTaskPriority::Critical,
            RuntimeCommitBehavior::TransitionDecision,
        );
        let main_id = main_branch.branch_id();
        let transition_id = transition_branch.branch_id();
        let routing_resolved = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
        let mut main_future =
            Box::pin(crate::optimization::observability::with_branch_observation(
                &main_id,
                RuntimeOptimizationKind::BufferedStreamingRouting,
                RuntimeCommitBehavior::FinalResponse,
                self.generate_buffered_streaming_draft(
                    processed_input,
                    Arc::clone(&routing_resolved),
                ),
            ));
        let mut transition_future =
            Box::pin(crate::optimization::observability::with_branch_observation(
                &transition_id,
                RuntimeOptimizationKind::ParallelStateTransition,
                RuntimeCommitBehavior::TransitionDecision,
                self.select_parallel_transition_candidate(processed_input),
            ));
        let mut main_pending = true;
        let mut transition_pending = true;
        let mut main_result: Option<Result<StreamingDraftResult>> = None;
        let mut transition_finalized = false;
        let mut transition_candidate: Option<TransitionCandidate> = None;
        loop {
            if let Some(candidate) = transition_candidate.take() {
                if self
                    .approve_transition_target(&candidate.from_state, candidate.target())
                    .await?
                {
                    // Drop the stale stream future before transition side effects or redispatch reuse the provider.
                    drop(main_future);
                    drop(transition_future);
                    self.finalize_branch_loss(
                        &main_id,
                        RuntimeOptimizationKind::BufferedStreamingRouting,
                        RuntimeCommitBehavior::FinalResponse,
                        main_pending,
                        main_result.as_ref().map(|result| result.is_err()),
                    );
                    if !self
                        .apply_pre_response_transition_candidate(
                            &candidate,
                            &HashMap::new(),
                            processed_input,
                        )
                        .await?
                    {
                        self.finalize_optional_branch(
                            &transition_id,
                            RuntimeOptimizationKind::ParallelStateTransition,
                            RuntimeCommitBehavior::TransitionDecision,
                            "discarded",
                            false,
                        );
                        return Ok(None);
                    }
                    self.finalize_optional_branch(
                        &transition_id,
                        RuntimeOptimizationKind::ParallelStateTransition,
                        RuntimeCommitBehavior::TransitionDecision,
                        "committed",
                        true,
                    );
                    let response = self.redispatch_current_state(processed_input).await?;
                    return Ok(Some((
                        response.clone(),
                        vec![StreamChunk::content(response.content)],
                    )));
                }
                self.finalize_optional_branch(
                    &transition_id,
                    RuntimeOptimizationKind::ParallelStateTransition,
                    RuntimeCommitBehavior::TransitionDecision,
                    "discarded",
                    false,
                );
                routing_resolved.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
                transition_finalized = true;
            }
            if transition_finalized && let Some(result) = main_result.take() {
                let stream_draft = match result {
                    Ok(stream_draft) => stream_draft,
                    Err(error) => {
                        self.finalize_optional_branch(
                            &main_id,
                            RuntimeOptimizationKind::BufferedStreamingRouting,
                            RuntimeCommitBehavior::FinalResponse,
                            "failed",
                            false,
                        );
                        return Err(error);
                    }
                };
                let raw_draft_content = stream_draft.draft.raw_content().to_string();
                let buffered_chunks = stream_draft.chunks;
                self.finalize_optional_branch(
                    &main_id,
                    RuntimeOptimizationKind::BufferedStreamingRouting,
                    RuntimeCommitBehavior::FinalResponse,
                    "committed",
                    true,
                );
                let response = self
                    .commit_main_response_draft(
                        processed_input,
                        input_context,
                        stream_draft.draft,
                        ReasoningMode::None,
                        false,
                    )
                    .await?;
                let chunks = if response.content == raw_draft_content {
                    buffered_chunks
                } else {
                    vec![StreamChunk::content(response.content.clone())]
                };
                return Ok(Some((response, chunks)));
            }
            tokio::select! {
                result = &mut main_future, if main_pending => {
                    main_pending = false;
                    main_branch.transition_to(RuntimeBranchStatus::Completed)?;
                    main_result = Some(result);
                }
                result = &mut transition_future, if transition_pending => {
                    transition_pending = false;
                    transition_branch.transition_to(RuntimeBranchStatus::Completed)?;
                    match result {
                        Ok(ParallelTransitionSelection::Candidate(candidate)) => {
                            transition_candidate = Some(candidate)
                        }
                        Ok(ParallelTransitionSelection::NoMatch) => {
                            self.finalize_optional_branch(
                                &transition_id,
                                RuntimeOptimizationKind::ParallelStateTransition,
                                RuntimeCommitBehavior::TransitionDecision,
                                "discarded",
                                false,
                            );
                            routing_resolved.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
                            transition_finalized = true;
                        }
                        Ok(ParallelTransitionSelection::ReservationExhausted) => {
                            self.finalize_optional_branch(
                                &transition_id,
                                RuntimeOptimizationKind::ParallelStateTransition,
                                RuntimeCommitBehavior::TransitionDecision,
                                "cancelled",
                                false,
                            );
                            routing_resolved.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
                            self.finalize_branch_loss(
                                &main_id,
                                RuntimeOptimizationKind::BufferedStreamingRouting,
                                RuntimeCommitBehavior::FinalResponse,
                                main_pending,
                                main_result.as_ref().map(|result| result.is_err()),
                            );
                            return Ok(None);
                        }
                        Err(_) => {
                            self.finalize_optional_branch(
                                &transition_id,
                                RuntimeOptimizationKind::ParallelStateTransition,
                                RuntimeCommitBehavior::TransitionDecision,
                                "failed",
                                false,
                            );
                            routing_resolved.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
                            transition_finalized = true;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Streaming agent pipeline
    /// Uses all the same shared helpers as run_loop_internal.
    /// The ONLY difference: LLM calls use complete_stream() + yield deltas.
    fn run_loop_internal_stream<'a>(
        &'a self,
        input: &'a str,
        terminal: RuntimeStreamTerminalSlot,
    ) -> Pin<Box<dyn Stream<Item = StreamChunk> + Send + 'a>> {
        let include_tool_events = self.streaming.include_tool_events;
        let include_state_events = self.streaming.include_state_events;

        Box::pin(async_stream::stream! {
            self.begin_root_turn();
            // Parity with non-stream: resolve actor from context and load facts if changed.
            self.pre_turn_session_lifecycle().await;

            let input_data = match self.process_input(input).await {
                Ok(data) => data,
                Err(e) => {
                    yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                    return;
                }
            };
            self.update_active_turn_context(&input_data.content, input_data.context.clone());

            // Inject process context (detect/extract results) into agent context
            for (key, value) in &input_data.context {
                let _ = self.context_manager.set(key, value.clone());
            }

            if input_data.metadata.rejected {
                let reason = input_data
                    .metadata
                    .rejection_reason
                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Input rejected".to_string());
                warn!(reason = %reason, "Input rejected (stream)");
                yield StreamChunk::error(reason);
                return;
            }

            let processed_input = &input_data.content;

            if self.runtime_config.optimization.enabled
                && matches!(
                    self.runtime_config.optimization.streaming_policy,
                    crate::optimization::StreamingOptimizationPolicy::BufferUntilRoutingDone
                )
            {
                //
                // Buffered routing keeps stale stream output hidden until a branch winner is known.
                // The boxed future prevents this stream state machine from becoming too large.
                //
                match Box::pin(self.try_buffered_streaming_branches(processed_input, &input_data.context)).await {
                    Ok(Some((response, chunks))) => {
                        for chunk in chunks {
                            yield chunk;
                        }
                        record_runtime_stream_final(&terminal, response);
                        yield StreamChunk::Done {};
                        return;
                    }
                    Ok(None) => {}
                    Err(e) => {
                        yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                        return;
                    }
                }
            }

            if self.runtime_config.optimization.enabled
                && matches!(
                    self.runtime_config.optimization.streaming_policy,
                    crate::optimization::StreamingOptimizationPolicy::PreflightOnly
                )
            {
                match self.try_pre_response_transition(processed_input).await {
                    Ok(Some(response)) => {
                        yield StreamChunk::content(&response.content);
                        record_runtime_stream_final(&terminal, response);
                        yield StreamChunk::Done {};
                        return;
                    }
                    Ok(None) => {}
                    Err(e) => {
                        yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                        return;
                    }
                }
            }

            // Handle orchestration states in streaming mode.
            if let Some(ref sm) = self.state_machine
                && let Some(def) = sm.current_definition()
            {
                    let orchestration_result = if let Some(ref delegate_id) = def.delegate {
                        Some(self.handle_delegated_state(processed_input, delegate_id, &def).await)
                    } else if let Some(ref concurrent_config) = def.concurrent {
                        Some(self.handle_concurrent_state(processed_input, concurrent_config).await)
                    } else if let Some(ref group_chat_config) = def.group_chat {
                        Some(self.handle_group_chat_state(processed_input, group_chat_config).await)
                    } else if let Some(ref pipeline_config) = def.pipeline {
                        Some(self.handle_pipeline_state(processed_input, pipeline_config).await)
                    } else if let Some(ref handoff_config) = def.handoff {
                        Some(self.handle_handoff_state(processed_input, handoff_config).await)
                    } else {
                        None
                    };

                    if let Some(result) = orchestration_result {
                        match result {
                            Ok(response) => {
                                yield StreamChunk::content(&response.content);
                                record_runtime_stream_final(&terminal, response);
                                yield StreamChunk::Done {};
                            }
                            Err(e) => {
                                yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                            }
                        }
                        return;
                    }
                }

            // Skill routing
            match self.try_skill_route(processed_input).await {
                Ok(SkillRouteResult::Response { skill_id, content }) => {
                    if let Err(e) = self.commit_root_user_message(processed_input).await {
                        yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                        return;
                    }
                    match self.handle_skill_response(processed_input, &skill_id, content, &input_data.context).await {
                        Ok(resp) => {
                            yield StreamChunk::content(&resp.content);
                            record_runtime_stream_final(&terminal, resp);
                            yield StreamChunk::Done {};
                            return;
                        }
                        Err(e) => {
                            yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                            return;
                        }
                    }
                }
                Ok(SkillRouteResult::NeedsClarification {
                    response,
                    ownership,
                }) => {
                    let admission = match self
                        .admit_optional_disambiguation_ownership(ownership)
                        .await
                    {
                        Ok(admission) => admission,
                        Err(e) => {
                            yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                            return;
                        }
                    };
                    if let Err(e) = self.commit_root_user_message(processed_input).await {
                        yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                        return;
                    }
                    let _ = self.memory.add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(&response.content)).await;
                    drop(admission);
                    if let Err(e) = self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await {
                        yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                        return;
                    }
                    yield StreamChunk::content(&response.content);
                    record_runtime_stream_final(&terminal, response);
                    yield StreamChunk::Done {};
                    return;
                }
                Ok(SkillRouteResult::NoMatch) => {} // no skill matched, continue
                Err(e) => {
                    yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                    return;
                }
            }

            // Reasoning mode determination
            let effective_reasoning = self.get_effective_reasoning_config();
            let reasoning_mode = match self.determine_reasoning_mode(processed_input).await {
                Ok(mode) => mode,
                Err(e) => {
                    yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                    return;
                }
            };
            let auto_detected = matches!(effective_reasoning.mode, ReasoningMode::Auto);

            info!(
                reasoning_mode = ?reasoning_mode,
                auto_detected = auto_detected,
                "Reasoning mode determined (stream)"
            );

            // Plan-and-Execute: yield final result as single chunk (not token-by-token)
            if matches!(reasoning_mode, ReasoningMode::PlanAndExecute) {
                if let Err(e) = self.commit_root_user_message(processed_input).await {
                    yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                    return;
                }
                match self.handle_plan_and_execute(processed_input, &input_data.context, auto_detected).await {
                    Ok(resp) => {
                        yield StreamChunk::content(&resp.content);
                        record_runtime_stream_final(&terminal, resp);
                        yield StreamChunk::Done {};
                        return;
                    }
                    Err(e) => {
                        yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                        return;
                    }
                }
            }

            if let Err(e) = self.commit_root_user_message(processed_input).await {
                yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                return;
            }

            let llm = match self.get_state_llm() {
                Ok(llm) => llm,
                Err(e) => {
                    yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                    return;
                }
            };

            let mut iterations = 0u32;
            let mut all_tool_calls: Vec<ToolCall> = Vec::new();
            let mut thinking_content: Option<String> = None;

            loop {
                // When reasoning is active, cap iterations at the reasoning-specific limit.
                let effective_max = if reasoning_mode != ReasoningMode::None {
                    let rc = self.get_effective_reasoning_config();
                    self.max_iterations.min(rc.max_iterations)
                } else {
                    self.max_iterations
                };

                if iterations >= effective_max {
                    let err_msg = format!("Max iterations ({}) exceeded", effective_max);
                    let err = AgentError::Other(err_msg.clone());
                    self.hooks.on_error(&err).await;
                    error!(iterations = iterations, "Max iterations exceeded (stream)");
                    yield StreamChunk::error(err_msg);
                    return;
                }
                iterations += 1;
                *self.iteration_count.write() = iterations;

                debug!(iteration = iterations, max = effective_max, "LLM call (stream)");

                let protocol = match self.main_tool_protocol(llm.as_ref(), false).await {
                    Ok(protocol) => protocol,
                    Err(e) => {
                        yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                        return;
                    }
                };
                let mut messages = match self
                    .build_messages_internal(true, None, protocol.choice.is_none())
                    .await
                {
                    Ok(m) => m,
                    Err(e) => {
                        yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                        return;
                    }
                };
                self.inject_reasoning_prompt(&mut messages, &reasoning_mode, iterations == 1);

                self.hooks.on_llm_start(&messages).await;
                let llm_start = Instant::now();

                // Check if reflection is active — if so, suppress streaming for this LLM call
                // because we may need to retry and the user would see a stale first attempt.
                let reflection_active = self
                    .should_reflect(processed_input, "")
                    .await
                    .unwrap_or_default();

                let buffered_decision = reflection_active || protocol.choice.is_some();
                let content = if buffered_decision {
                    //
                    // Explicit tool choice buffers the provider decision so no text or tool call is visible before the runtime validates and commits it.
                    //
                    let response = match self
                        .complete_main_llm_with_recovery(
                            Arc::clone(&llm),
                            &messages,
                            &protocol,
                        )
                        .await
                    {
                        Ok(r) => r,
                        Err(e) => {
                            yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                            return;
                        }
                    };
                    let llm_duration_ms = llm_start.elapsed().as_millis() as u64;
                    self.hooks.on_llm_complete(&response, llm_duration_ms).await;
                    response.content.trim().to_string()
                } else {
                    // Streaming LLM call
                    let llm_stream = match self
                        .observe_purpose(
                            ObservationPurpose::MainResponse,
                            llm.complete_stream(&messages, None),
                        )
                        .await
                    {
                        Ok(s) => s,
                        Err(e) => {
                            yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                            return;
                        }
                    };
                    let mut accumulated = String::new();
                    let mut stream_inner = llm_stream;
                    while let Some(chunk_result) = stream_inner.next().await {
                        match chunk_result {
                            Ok(chunk) => {
                                accumulated.push_str(&chunk.delta);
                                yield StreamChunk::content(chunk.delta);
                            }
                            Err(e) => {
                                yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                                return;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    let llm_duration_ms = llm_start.elapsed().as_millis() as u64;
                    // Construct LLMResponse for hooks
                    let llm_response = ai_agents_core::LLMResponse::new(
                        accumulated.trim(),
                        ai_agents_core::FinishReason::Stop,
                    );
                    self.hooks.on_llm_complete(&llm_response, llm_duration_ms).await;
                    accumulated.trim().to_string()
                };

                // Tool call handling
                if let Some(tool_calls) = self.parse_main_tool_calls(&content, &protocol) {
                    let native_tool_call = Self::is_native_tool_call_content(&content);
                    // Emit tool events for streaming
                    // First check transitions (same as blocking path)
                    let transition_fired = match self.evaluate_transitions(processed_input, &content).await {
                        Ok(v) => v,
                        Err(e) => {
                            yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                            return;
                        }
                    };
                    if transition_fired {
                        let _ = self.memory.add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(
                            "(Transitioned to new state — tool call handled by workflow)",
                        )).await;

                        if include_state_events
                            && let Some(state) = self.current_state()
                        {
                                yield StreamChunk::state_transition(None, state);
                            }
                        continue;
                    }

                    // Store the assistant's tool-call message (same as blocking path)
                    let _ = self.memory.add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(&content)).await;

                    // Execute tools with streaming events
                    let results = self.execute_tools_parallel(&tool_calls).await;

                    for ((_id, result), tool_call) in results.into_iter().zip(tool_calls.iter()) {
                        if include_tool_events {
                            yield StreamChunk::tool_start(&tool_call.id, &tool_call.name);
                        }

                        match result {
                            Ok(output) => {
                                if include_tool_events {
                                    yield StreamChunk::tool_result(
                                        &tool_call.id,
                                        &tool_call.name,
                                        &output,
                                        true,
                                    );
                                }
                                let _ = self.memory
                                    .add_message(Self::tool_result_message(
                                        tool_call,
                                        &output,
                                        native_tool_call,
                                    ))
                                    .await;
                            }
                            Err(e) => {
                                if matches!(e, AgentError::HITLRejected(_)) {
                                    let _ = self.memory.add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(
                                        format!("The operation was rejected by the approver: {}", e),
                                    )).await;
                                    let response = AgentResponse {
                                        content: format!("Operation cancelled: {}", e),
                                        metadata: None,
                                        tool_calls: Some(all_tool_calls.clone()),
                                    };
                                    if let Err(finalize_error) = self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await {
                                        yield StreamChunk::error(finalize_error.to_string());
                                        return;
                                    }
                                    let legacy_error = response.content.clone();
                                    record_runtime_stream_final(&terminal, response);
                                    yield StreamChunk::error(legacy_error);
                                    yield StreamChunk::Done {};
                                    return;
                                }
                                if include_tool_events {
                                    yield StreamChunk::tool_result(
                                        &tool_call.id,
                                        &tool_call.name,
                                        e.to_string(),
                                        false,
                                    );
                                }
                                let _ = self.memory
                                    .add_message(Self::tool_result_message(
                                        tool_call,
                                        &format!("Error: {}", e),
                                        native_tool_call,
                                    ))
                                    .await;
                            }
                        }
                        all_tool_calls.push(tool_call.clone());

                        if include_tool_events {
                            yield StreamChunk::tool_end(&tool_call.id);
                        }
                    }
                    continue;
                }

                // Extract thinking, process output
                let (extracted_thinking, answer) = self.extract_thinking(&content);
                if extracted_thinking.is_some() {
                    thinking_content = extracted_thinking;
                }

                let output_data = match self.process_output(&answer, &input_data.context).await {
                    Ok(d) => d,
                    Err(e) => {
                        yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                        return;
                    }
                };

                let final_content = if output_data.metadata.rejected {
                    output_data
                        .metadata
                        .rejection_reason
                        .unwrap_or_else(|| answer.to_string())
                } else {
                    output_data.content
                };

                // Reflection (uses blocking LLM calls for retries)
                let (final_content, reflection_metadata) = match self
                    .run_reflection(&*llm, processed_input, final_content)
                    .await
                {
                    Ok(r) => r,
                    Err(e) => {
                        yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                        return;
                    }
                };

                let final_content = self.format_response_with_thinking(
                    thinking_content.as_deref(),
                    &final_content,
                );

                // Buffered decisions emit only the accepted final text.
                if buffered_decision {
                    yield StreamChunk::content(&final_content);
                }

                // Post-loop: memory, transitions, post-transition re-generation.
                // For NeedsRedispatch, run_loop_internal handles the new state's full
                // dispatch and its result is yielded as a single non-streamed chunk.
                let post_result = match self
                    .post_loop_processing(processed_input, final_content)
                    .await
                {
                    Ok(r) => r,
                    Err(e) => {
                        yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                        return;
                    }
                };

                let (final_content, transitioned) = match post_result {
                    PostLoopResult::NoTransition(content) => (content, false),
                    PostLoopResult::Transitioned(content) => (content, true),
                    PostLoopResult::NeedsRedispatch => {
                        const MAX_REDISPATCH_DEPTH: u32 = 3;
                        let current_depth = *self.redispatch_depth.read();
                        let content = if current_depth >= MAX_REDISPATCH_DEPTH {
                            warn!(
                                depth = current_depth,
                                "Post-transition re-dispatch depth limit reached (stream)"
                            );
                            let c = String::new();
                            let _ = self.memory.add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(&c)).await;
                            c
                        } else {
                            *self.redispatch_depth.write() += 1;
                            if let Some(context) = self.active_turn_context.write().as_mut() {
                                context.enter_redispatch();
                            }
                            info!(
                                depth = current_depth + 1,
                                "Re-dispatching for new state after transition (stream)"
                            );
                            let result = self.run_loop_internal(processed_input).await;
                            *self.redispatch_depth.write() -= 1;
                            if let Some(context) = self.active_turn_context.write().as_mut() {
                                context.exit_redispatch();
                            }
                            match result {
                                Ok(resp) => resp.content,
                                Err(e) => {
                                    yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                                    return;
                                }
                            }
                        };
                        (content, true)
                    }
                };

                if transitioned {
                    if include_state_events
                        && let Some(state) = self.current_state()
                    {
                            yield StreamChunk::state_transition(None, state);
                        }
                    // Yield the post-transition re-generated or re-dispatched content.
                    yield StreamChunk::content(&final_content);
                }

                // Build and finalize the same authoritative response shape before exposing the terminal event.
                let final_response = self.build_agent_response(AgentResponseParts {
                    content: final_content,
                    all_tool_calls,
                    reasoning_mode,
                    auto_detected,
                    iterations,
                    thinking: thinking_content,
                    reflection_metadata,
                });
                if let Err(e) = self.finish_turn_if_root(&final_response).await {
                    yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                    return;
                }

                record_runtime_stream_final(&terminal, final_response);
                yield StreamChunk::Done {};
                return;
            }
        })
    }

    /// Streams the root turn while keeping clarification and confirmation questions as terminal responses for their turn.
    /// Pending manager and skill ownership must survive until explicit confirmation returns a resolved result for redispatch.
    fn run_loop_stream<'a>(
        &'a self,
        input: &'a str,
        terminal: RuntimeStreamTerminalSlot,
    ) -> Pin<Box<dyn Stream<Item = StreamChunk> + Send + 'a>> {
        Box::pin(async_stream::stream! {
            self.begin_root_turn();
            let _root_cleanup = RootTurnCleanup::new(self);
            self.hooks.on_message_received(input).await;

            // One-shot context initialization (mirrors run_loop)
            if !self.context_initialized.swap(true, Ordering::SeqCst) {
                if let Err(e) = self.context_manager.initialize().await {
                    yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                    return;
                }
                debug!("Context manager initialized (defaults, env, builtins)");
            }

            if let Err(e) = self.check_turn_timeout().await {
                yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                return;
            }
            if let Err(e) = self.context_manager.refresh_per_turn().await {
                yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                return;
            }

            // Clear stale disambiguation context from previous turns.
            self.clear_disambiguation_context();

            // Disambiguation check (before input processing)
            if let Some(ref disambiguator) = self.disambiguation_manager {
                let disambiguation_context = match self.build_disambiguation_context().await {
                    Ok(ctx) => ctx,
                    Err(e) => {
                        yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                        return;
                    }
                };

                let state_override = self
                    .state_machine
                    .as_ref()
                    .and_then(|sm| sm.current_definition())
                    .and_then(|def| def.disambiguation.clone());

                let state_generation = self
                    .state_machine
                    .as_ref()
                    .map(|state_machine| state_machine.generation());
                let disambiguation_epoch = self.disambiguation_epoch.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
                let mut result = match self
                    .observe_purpose(
                        ObservationPurpose::DisambiguationDetection,
                        disambiguator.process_input_with_override(
                            input,
                            &disambiguation_context,
                            state_override.as_ref(),
                            None,
                        ),
                    )
                    .await
                {
                    Ok(r) => r,
                    Err(e) => {
                        yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                        return;
                    }
                };
                let current_state_generation = self
                    .state_machine
                    .as_ref()
                    .map(|state_machine| state_machine.generation());
                if current_state_generation != state_generation
                    || self.disambiguation_epoch.load(Ordering::SeqCst) != disambiguation_epoch
                {
                    disambiguator.clear_pending().await;
                    *self.pending_skill_id.write() = None;
                    result = DisambiguationResult::Abandoned { new_input: None };
                    info!(
                        confirmation_event = "invalidated",
                        invalidation_reason = "state_generation_changed",
                        "Streaming disambiguation result invalidated before redispatch"
                    );
                }
                match result {
                    DisambiguationResult::Clear => {
                        debug!("Input is clear, proceeding normally (stream)");
                    }
                    DisambiguationResult::NeedsClarification {
                        question,
                        detection,
                    } => {
                        let admission = match self
                            .admit_disambiguation_redispatch(
                                disambiguation_epoch,
                                state_generation,
                            )
                            .await
                        {
                            Ok(admission) => admission,
                            Err(error) => {
                                *self.pending_skill_id.write() = None;
                                yield StreamChunk::error(error.to_string());
                                return;
                            }
                        };
                        let awaiting_confirmation = disambiguator.has_pending_confirmation().await;
                        info!(
                            ambiguity_type = ?detection.ambiguity_type,
                            confidence = detection.confidence,
                            "Input requires clarification (stream)"
                        );
                        // Confirmation uses the same terminal branch so enriched input cannot stream before explicit agreement.
                        // Keep pending_skill_id intact for the later confirmed redispatch.
                        if let Err(e) = self.commit_root_user_message(input).await {
                            yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                            return;
                        }
                        let _ = self
                            .memory
                            .add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(&question.question))
                            .await;
                        let status = if awaiting_confirmation {
                            "awaiting_confirmation"
                        } else {
                            "awaiting_clarification"
                        };
                        let response = AgentResponse::new(&question.question).with_metadata(
                            "disambiguation",
                            serde_json::json!({ "status": status }),
                        );
                        drop(admission);
                        if let Err(e) = self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await {
                            yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                            return;
                        }
                        yield StreamChunk::content(&question.question);
                        record_runtime_stream_final(&terminal, response);
                        yield StreamChunk::Done {};
                        return;
                    }
                    DisambiguationResult::Clarified {
                        enriched_input,
                        resolved,
                        ..
                    } => {
                        let admission = match self
                            .admit_disambiguation_redispatch(
                                disambiguation_epoch,
                                state_generation,
                            )
                            .await
                        {
                            Ok(admission) => admission,
                            Err(error) => {
                                *self.pending_skill_id.write() = None;
                                yield StreamChunk::error(error.to_string());
                                return;
                            }
                        };
                        info!(
                            resolved_count = resolved.len(),
                            enriched = %enriched_input,
                            "Input clarified (stream)"
                        );
                        for (key, value) in &resolved {
                            let context_key = format!("disambiguation.{}", key);
                            let _ = self.context_manager.set(&context_key, value.clone());
                        }
                        if let Some(intent) = resolved.get("intent") {
                            let _ = self.context_manager.set("resolved_intent", intent.clone());
                        }
                        let _ = self
                            .context_manager
                            .set("disambiguation.resolved", serde_json::Value::Bool(true));

                        // Check if this clarification was triggered by a skill-level override.
                        // Re-run skill disambiguation to verify all required_clarity fields
                        // are present before executing.
                        let skill_id = self.pending_skill_id.read().clone();
                        if let Some(skill_id) = skill_id {
                            info!(skill_id = %skill_id, "Re-checking skill disambiguation on clarified input (stream)");
                            drop(admission);
                            match self
                                .recheck_skill_disambiguation(
                                    &skill_id,
                                    &enriched_input,
                                    disambiguation_epoch,
                                    state_generation,
                                )
                                .await
                            {
                                Ok(resp) => {
                                    yield StreamChunk::content(&resp.content);
                                    record_runtime_stream_final(&terminal, resp);
                                    yield StreamChunk::Done {};
                                    return;
                                }
                                Err(e) => {
                                    yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                                    return;
                                }
                            }
                        }

                        // Forward to internal stream with enriched input.
                        drop(admission);
                        let mut inner = self.run_loop_internal_stream(
                            &enriched_input,
                            Arc::clone(&terminal),
                        );
                        while let Some(chunk) = inner.next().await {
                            yield chunk;
                        }
                        return;
                    }
                    DisambiguationResult::ProceedWithBestGuess { enriched_input } => {
                        info!("Proceeding with best guess (stream)");

                        // Same skill-id re-check for best-guess path
                        let skill_id = self.pending_skill_id.read().clone();
                        if let Some(skill_id) = skill_id {
                            info!(skill_id = %skill_id, "Re-checking skill disambiguation on best-guess input (stream)");
                            match self
                                .recheck_skill_disambiguation(
                                    &skill_id,
                                    &enriched_input,
                                    disambiguation_epoch,
                                    state_generation,
                                )
                                .await
                            {
                                Ok(resp) => {
                                    yield StreamChunk::content(&resp.content);
                                    record_runtime_stream_final(&terminal, resp);
                                    yield StreamChunk::Done {};
                                    return;
                                }
                                Err(e) => {
                                    yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                                    return;
                                }
                            }
                        }

                        let mut inner = self.run_loop_internal_stream(
                            &enriched_input,
                            Arc::clone(&terminal),
                        );
                        while let Some(chunk) = inner.next().await {
                            yield chunk;
                        }
                        return;
                    }
                    DisambiguationResult::GiveUp { reason } => {
                        *self.pending_skill_id.write() = None;
                        warn!(reason = %reason, "Disambiguation gave up (stream)");
                        let apology = self
                            .generate_localized_apology(
                                "Generate a brief, polite apology saying you couldn't understand the request. Be concise.",
                                &reason,
                            )
                            .await
                            .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
                                format!("I'm sorry, I couldn't understand your request: {}", reason)
                            });
                        let response = AgentResponse::new(&apology);
                        if let Err(e) = self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await {
                            yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                            return;
                        }
                        yield StreamChunk::content(&apology);
                        record_runtime_stream_final(&terminal, response);
                        yield StreamChunk::Done {};
                        return;
                    }
                    DisambiguationResult::Escalate { reason } => {
                        *self.pending_skill_id.write() = None;
                        info!(reason = %reason, "Escalating to human (stream)");
                        if let Some(ref hitl) = self.hitl_engine {
                            let trigger =
                                ApprovalTrigger::condition("disambiguation_escalation", reason.clone());
                            let mut context_map = HashMap::new();
                            context_map.insert("original_input".to_string(), serde_json::json!(input));
                            context_map.insert("reason".to_string(), serde_json::json!(&reason));
                            let check_result = HITLCheckResult::required(
                                trigger,
                                context_map,
                                format!("User request needs human assistance: {}", reason),
                                Some(hitl.config().default_timeout_seconds),
                            );
                            match self.request_hitl_approval(check_result).await {
                                Ok(ApprovalResult::Approved | ApprovalResult::Modified { .. }) => {
                                    let mut inner = self.run_loop_internal_stream(
                                        input,
                                        Arc::clone(&terminal),
                                    );
                                    while let Some(chunk) = inner.next().await {
                                        yield chunk;
                                    }
                                    return;
                                }
                                Ok(_) => {}
                                Err(e) => {
                                    yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                                    return;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        let apology = self
                            .generate_localized_apology(
                                "Explain briefly that you're transferring the user to a human agent for help.",
                                &reason,
                            )
                            .await
                            .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
                                format!("I need human assistance to help with your request: {}", reason)
                            });
                        let response = AgentResponse::new(&apology);
                        if let Err(e) = self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await {
                            yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                            return;
                        }
                        yield StreamChunk::content(&apology);
                        record_runtime_stream_final(&terminal, response);
                        yield StreamChunk::Done {};
                        return;
                    }
                    DisambiguationResult::Abandoned { new_input } => {
                        *self.pending_skill_id.write() = None;

                        info!(
                            has_new_input = new_input.is_some(),
                            "Clarification abandoned by user (stream)"
                        );

                        if let Err(e) = self.commit_root_user_message(input).await {
                            yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                            return;
                        }

                        match new_input {
                            Some(fresh_input) => {
                                // Topic switch: forward to internal stream with fresh input.
                                let mut inner = self.run_loop_internal_stream(
                                    &fresh_input,
                                    Arc::clone(&terminal),
                                );
                                while let Some(chunk) = inner.next().await {
                                    yield chunk;
                                }
                                return;
                            }
                            None => {
                                // Pure abandonment: generate a brief acknowledgment.
                                let ack = self
                                    .generate_localized_apology(
                                        "The user changed their mind about their previous request. \
                                         Generate a brief, friendly acknowledgment (e.g. 'OK, no problem. What else can I help with?'). \
                                         Do NOT apologize excessively. Be concise.",
                                        "User abandoned clarification",
                                    )
                                    .await
                                    .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
                                        "OK, no problem. What else can I help with?".to_string()
                                    });

                                let _ = self
                                    .memory
                                    .add_message(ChatMessage::assistant(&ack))
                                    .await;

                                let response = AgentResponse::new(&ack);
                                if let Err(e) = self.finish_turn_if_root(&response).await {
                                    yield StreamChunk::error(e.to_string());
                                    return;
                                }
                                yield StreamChunk::content(&ack);
                                record_runtime_stream_final(&terminal, response);
                                yield StreamChunk::Done {};
                                return;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            // No disambiguation or Clear result — proceed with internal stream
            let mut inner = self.run_loop_internal_stream(input, Arc::clone(&terminal));
            while let Some(chunk) = inner.next().await {
                yield chunk;
            }
        })
    }

    pub fn info(&self) -> AgentInfo {
        self.info.clone()
    }

    pub fn skills(&self) -> &[SkillDefinition] {
        &self.skills
    }

    /// Clears conversation and pending runtime ownership through one reset contract.
    async fn reset_runtime_state(&self) -> Result<()> {
        let _admission = self.disambiguation_admission.write().await;
        if self.state_transition_reserved.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
            return Err(AgentError::Other(
                "Cannot reset while a state transition is in progress".to_string(),
            ));
        }
        self.disambiguation_epoch.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
        *self.pending_skill_id.write() = None;
        if let Some(disambiguator) = self.disambiguation_manager.as_ref() {
            disambiguator.clear_pending().await;
        }
        self.memory.clear().await?;
        *self.iteration_count.write() = 0;
        self.tool_call_history.write().clear();
        if let Some(ref sm) = self.state_machine {
            sm.reset();
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Resets the runtime using the same cleanup path as the Agent trait.
    pub async fn reset(&self) -> Result<()> {
        self.reset_runtime_state().await
    }

    pub fn max_context_tokens(&self) -> u32 {
        self.max_context_tokens
    }

    pub fn llm_registry(&self) -> &Arc<LLMRegistry> {
        &self.llm_registry
    }

    pub fn state_machine(&self) -> Option<&Arc<StateMachine>> {
        self.state_machine.as_ref()
    }

    pub fn context_manager(&self) -> &Arc<ContextManager> {
        &self.context_manager
    }

    pub fn tool_call_history(&self) -> Vec<ToolCallRecord> {
        self.tool_call_history.read().clone()
    }

    pub fn memory_token_budget(&self) -> Option<&MemoryTokenBudget> {
        self.memory_token_budget.as_ref()
    }

    pub fn parallel_tools_config(&self) -> &ParallelToolsConfig {
        &self.parallel_tools
    }

    pub fn streaming_config(&self) -> &StreamingConfig {
        &self.streaming
    }

    pub fn hooks(&self) -> &Arc<dyn AgentHooks> {
        &self.hooks
    }

    pub fn hitl_engine(&self) -> Option<&HITLEngine> {
        self.hitl_engine.as_ref()
    }

    pub fn approval_handler(&self) -> &Arc<dyn ApprovalHandler> {
        &self.approval_handler
    }

    /// Build a context map with language hints from context_manager for HITL message localization.
    fn build_hitl_language_context(&self) -> HashMap<String, Value> {
        let mut ctx = HashMap::new();
        for key in &["user.language", "input.detected.language", "language"] {
            if let Some(val) = self.context_manager.get(key) {
                ctx.insert(key.to_string(), val);
            }
        }
        ctx
    }

    /// Send a HITL check result through the approval flow and return the full ApprovalResult.
    async fn request_hitl_approval(&self, check_result: HITLCheckResult) -> Result<ApprovalResult> {
        let Some(request) = check_result.into_request() else {
            return Ok(ApprovalResult::Approved);
        };

        self.hooks.on_approval_requested(&request).await;

        let timeout = request.timeout;

        let raw_result = if let Some(duration) = timeout {
            match tokio::time::timeout(
                duration,
                self.approval_handler.request_approval(request.clone()),
            )
            .await
            {
                Ok(result) => result,
                Err(_) => ApprovalResult::timeout(),
            }
        } else {
            self.approval_handler
                .request_approval(request.clone())
                .await
        };

        self.hooks
            .on_approval_result(&request.id, &raw_result)
            .await;

        let (outcome, effective_result): (ApprovalResolvedOutcome, Result<ApprovalResult>) =
            match &raw_result {
                ApprovalResult::Approved => (
                    ApprovalResolvedOutcome::Approved,
                    Ok(ApprovalResult::Approved),
                ),
                ApprovalResult::Rejected { reason } => (
                    ApprovalResolvedOutcome::Rejected {
                        reason: reason.clone(),
                    },
                    Ok(ApprovalResult::Rejected {
                        reason: reason.clone(),
                    }),
                ),
                ApprovalResult::Modified { changes } => (
                    ApprovalResolvedOutcome::Modified {
                        changes: changes.clone(),
                    },
                    Ok(ApprovalResult::Modified {
                        changes: changes.clone(),
                    }),
                ),
                ApprovalResult::Timeout => {
                    if let Some(ref engine) = self.hitl_engine {
                        match engine.config().on_timeout {
                            TimeoutAction::Approve => (
                                ApprovalResolvedOutcome::Approved,
                                Ok(ApprovalResult::Approved),
                            ),
                            TimeoutAction::Reject => {
                                let reason = Some("Timeout".to_string());
                                (
                                    ApprovalResolvedOutcome::Rejected {
                                        reason: reason.clone(),
                                    },
                                    Ok(ApprovalResult::Rejected { reason }),
                                )
                            }
                            TimeoutAction::Error => {
                                let message = "HITL approval timeout".to_string();
                                (
                                    ApprovalResolvedOutcome::Error {
                                        message: message.clone(),
                                    },
                                    Err(AgentError::Other(message)),
                                )
                            }
                        }
                    } else {
                        let reason = Some("Timeout (no engine)".to_string());
                        (
                            ApprovalResolvedOutcome::Rejected {
                                reason: reason.clone(),
                            },
                            Ok(ApprovalResult::Rejected { reason }),
                        )
                    }
                }
            };

        self.hooks
            .on_approval_resolved(&request, &raw_result, &outcome)
            .await;

        effective_result
    }

    pub async fn check_state_hitl(&self, from: Option<&str>, to: &str) -> Result<bool> {
        if let Some(ref hitl_engine) = self.hitl_engine {
            let hitl_lang_ctx = self.build_hitl_language_context();
            let check_result = self
                .observe_purpose(
                    ObservationPurpose::HitlLocalization,
                    hitl_engine.check_state_transition_with_localization(
                        from,
                        to,
                        &hitl_lang_ctx,
                        self.approval_handler.as_ref(),
                        Some(&self.llm_registry),
                    ),
                )
                .await?;
            if check_result.is_required() {
                let result = self.request_hitl_approval(check_result).await?;
                return Ok(matches!(
                    result,
                    ApprovalResult::Approved | ApprovalResult::Modified { .. }
                ));
            }
        }
        Ok(true)
    }

    /// Execute multiple tools in parallel
    async fn execute_tools_parallel(
        &self,
        tool_calls: &[ToolCall],
    ) -> Vec<(String, Result<String>)> {
        let can_run_parallel = tool_calls.iter().all(|tc| {
            self.tools
                .resolve(&tc.name)
                .map(|resolved| resolved.tool.classify_call(&tc.arguments).concurrency_safe)
                .unwrap_or(false)
        });

        if !self.parallel_tools.enabled || tool_calls.len() <= 1 || !can_run_parallel {
            let mut results = Vec::new();
            for tc in tool_calls {
                let result = self
                    .observe_purpose(
                        current_observation_context()
                            .map(|context| context.purpose)
                            .unwrap_or_default(),
                        self.execute_tool_smart(tc),
                    )
                    .await;
                results.push((tc.id.clone(), result));
            }
            return results;
        }

        let chunks: Vec<_> = tool_calls
            .chunks(self.parallel_tools.max_parallel)
            .collect();

        let mut all_results = Vec::new();

        for chunk in chunks {
            let futures: Vec<_> = chunk
                .iter()
                .map(|tc| {
                    let tc = tc.clone();
                    async move {
                        let result = self.execute_tool_smart(&tc).await;
                        (tc.id.clone(), result)
                    }
                })
                .collect();

            let results = futures::future::join_all(futures).await;
            all_results.extend(results);
        }

        all_results
    }

    /// Streams one serialized root turn and releases its owned gate guard at Done or when the stream is dropped.
    ///
    /// The captured immutable identity stack is restored for every inner poll and export with an `Arc` clone, so nested hooks and orchestration calls detect same-runtime reentry without rebuilding ancestry. The inner stream is drained after Done before ownership is released.
    pub async fn chat_stream<'a>(
        &'a self,
        input: &'a str,
    ) -> Result<Pin<Box<dyn Stream<Item = StreamChunk> + Send + 'a>>> {
        let RootTurnAdmission {
            guard: root_turn_guard,
            identity_stack,
        } = self.acquire_root_turn().await?;
        //
        // Streaming readiness runs inside the captured ownership stack while the gate is held so initialization cannot overlap or recursively enter another turn.
        //
        scope_runtime_gate_identity_stack(&identity_stack, self.init_storage()).await?;
        info!(input_len = input.len(), "Starting streaming chat");
        let terminal = new_runtime_stream_terminal_slot();
        let inner = self.run_loop_stream(input, terminal);
        let observation_context = self.build_observation_context(None);
        let stream: Pin<Box<dyn Stream<Item = StreamChunk> + Send + 'a>> =
            Box::pin(async_stream::stream! {
                let mut root_turn_guard = Some(root_turn_guard);
                let mut inner = inner;
                loop {
                    let next = scope_runtime_gate_identity_stack(&identity_stack, async {
                        if let Some(context) = observation_context.as_ref() {
                            with_observation_context(context.clone(), inner.next()).await
                        } else {
                            inner.next().await
                        }
                    })
                    .await;
                    match next {
                        Some(StreamChunk::Done {}) => {
                            while scope_runtime_gate_identity_stack(&identity_stack, async {
                                if let Some(context) = observation_context.as_ref() {
                                    with_observation_context(context.clone(), inner.next())
                                        .await
                                        .is_some()
                                } else {
                                    inner.next().await.is_some()
                                }
                            })
                            .await
                            {}
                            if observation_context.is_some() {
                                scope_runtime_gate_identity_stack(
                                    &identity_stack,
                                    self.export_observability_if_configured(),
                                )
                                .await;
                            }
                            drop(root_turn_guard.take());
                            yield StreamChunk::Done {};
                            return;
                        }
                        Some(chunk) => yield chunk,
                        None => {
                            if observation_context.is_some() {
                                scope_runtime_gate_identity_stack(
                                    &identity_stack,
                                    self.export_observability_if_configured(),
                                )
                                .await;
                            }
                            drop(root_turn_guard.take());
                            return;
                        }
                    }
                }
            });
        Ok(stream)
    }

    /// Streams one serialized root turn and releases its owned gate guard at the authoritative terminal event or on drop.
    ///
    /// The captured immutable identity stack is restored for every inner poll and export with an `Arc` clone. The event API shares and drains the legacy execution stream so cleanup, nested-call detection, cancellation, and side effects cannot diverge before the gate is released.
    pub async fn chat_stream_events<'a>(
        &'a self,
        input: &'a str,
    ) -> Result<Pin<Box<dyn Stream<Item = AgentStreamEvent> + Send + 'a>>> {
        let RootTurnAdmission {
            guard: root_turn_guard,
            identity_stack,
        } = self.acquire_root_turn().await?;
        //
        // Streaming readiness runs inside the captured ownership stack while the gate is held so initialization cannot overlap or recursively enter another turn.
        //
        scope_runtime_gate_identity_stack(&identity_stack, self.init_storage()).await?;
        info!(input_len = input.len(), "Starting streaming chat events");
        let terminal = new_runtime_stream_terminal_slot();
        let mut inner = self.run_loop_stream(input, Arc::clone(&terminal));
        let observation_context = self.build_observation_context(None);
        let stream: Pin<Box<dyn Stream<Item = AgentStreamEvent> + Send + 'a>> =
            Box::pin(async_stream::stream! {
                let mut root_turn_guard = Some(root_turn_guard);
                loop {
                    let next = scope_runtime_gate_identity_stack(&identity_stack, async {
                        if let Some(context) = observation_context.as_ref() {
                            with_observation_context(context.clone(), inner.next()).await
                        } else {
                            inner.next().await
                        }
                    })
                    .await;
                    match next {
                        Some(StreamChunk::Done {}) => {
                            let terminal_event = { terminal.write().take() };
                            if let Some(response) = terminal_event {
                                while scope_runtime_gate_identity_stack(&identity_stack, async {
                                    if let Some(context) = observation_context.as_ref() {
                                        with_observation_context(context.clone(), inner.next())
                                            .await
                                            .is_some()
                                    } else {
                                        inner.next().await.is_some()
                                    }
                                })
                                .await
                                {}
                                if observation_context.is_some() {
                                    scope_runtime_gate_identity_stack(
                                        &identity_stack,
                                        self.export_observability_if_configured(),
                                    )
                                    .await;
                                }
                                drop(root_turn_guard.take());
                                yield AgentStreamEvent::Final(response);
                                return;
                            }
                        }
                        Some(StreamChunk::Error { message }) => {
                            let finalized = { terminal.read().is_some() };
                            if finalized {
                                continue;
                            }
                            while scope_runtime_gate_identity_stack(&identity_stack, async {
                                if let Some(context) = observation_context.as_ref() {
                                    with_observation_context(context.clone(), inner.next())
                                        .await
                                        .is_some()
                                } else {
                                    inner.next().await.is_some()
                                }
                            })
                            .await
                            {}
                            if observation_context.is_some() {
                                scope_runtime_gate_identity_stack(
                                    &identity_stack,
                                    self.export_observability_if_configured(),
                                )
                                .await;
                            }
                            drop(root_turn_guard.take());
                            yield AgentStreamEvent::Chunk(StreamChunk::Error { message });
                            return;
                        }
                        Some(chunk) => yield AgentStreamEvent::Chunk(chunk),
                        None => {
                            if observation_context.is_some() {
                                scope_runtime_gate_identity_stack(
                                    &identity_stack,
                                    self.export_observability_if_configured(),
                                )
                                .await;
                            }
                            drop(root_turn_guard.take());
                            return;
                        }
                    }
                }
            });
        Ok(stream)
    }
}

#[async_trait]
impl ToolInvoker for RuntimeAgent {
    async fn invoke_tool(&self, request: ToolExecutionRequest) -> Result<ToolExecutionRecord> {
        self.execute_tool_record(request).await
    }
}

#[async_trait]
impl Agent for RuntimeAgent {
    /// Runs one blocking external root turn with task-local ownership visible through finalization, hooks, orchestration, and export.
    async fn chat(&self, input: &str) -> Result<AgentResponse> {
        let RootTurnAdmission {
            guard,
            identity_stack,
        } = self.acquire_root_turn().await?;
        let result = scope_runtime_gate_identity_stack(&identity_stack, async {
            let result = if let Some(context) = self.build_observation_context(None) {
                with_observation_context(context, self.run_loop(input)).await
            } else {
                self.run_loop(input).await
            };
            self.export_observability_if_configured().await;
            result
        })
        .await;
        drop(guard);
        result
    }

    fn info(&self) -> AgentInfo {
        self.info.clone()
    }

    /// Resets the runtime without leaving clarification or skill ownership behind.
    async fn reset(&self) -> Result<()> {
        self.reset_runtime_state().await
    }
}

//
// Render a concurrent input template using direct minijinja.
// Same approach as pipeline's render_stage_template so variables are top-level.
//
// Available variables:
//   {{ user_input }}    - the user's actual message
//   {{ context.<key> }} - values from the context manager
//
/// Builds safe runtime tags for background maintenance lifecycle events.
fn background_maintenance_tags(
    label: &str,
    stage: &str,
    reason: Option<&str>,
    policy: Option<&crate::optimization::config::MaintenanceTaskPolicy>,
) -> HashMap<String, String> {
    let mut tags = HashMap::new();
    tags.insert("runtime.background".to_string(), "true".to_string());
    tags.insert("runtime.maintenance".to_string(), label.to_string());
    tags.insert("runtime.maintenance_stage".to_string(), stage.to_string());
    if let Some(policy) = policy {
        tags.insert(
            "runtime.await_before_next_turn".to_string(),
            await_before_next_turn_label(policy.await_before_next_turn).to_string(),
        );
        tags.insert(
            "runtime.maintenance_mode".to_string(),
            maintenance_mode_label(policy.mode).to_string(),
        );
    }
    if let Some(reason) = reason {
        tags.insert("runtime.reason".to_string(), reason.to_string());
    }
    tags
}

fn await_before_next_turn_label(policy: AwaitBeforeNextTurn) -> &'static str {
    match policy {
        AwaitBeforeNextTurn::Never => "never",
        AwaitBeforeNextTurn::SameActor => "same_actor",
        AwaitBeforeNextTurn::Always => "always",
    }
}

fn maintenance_mode_label(mode: MaintenanceMode) -> &'static str {
    match mode {
        MaintenanceMode::InlineSerial => "inline_serial",
        MaintenanceMode::InlineParallel => "inline_parallel",
        MaintenanceMode::Background => "background",
    }
}

/// Records a background maintenance lifecycle event when observability is enabled.
fn record_background_maintenance_event(
    manager: Option<&Arc<ObservabilityManager>>,
    label: &str,
    status: EventStatus,
    duration_ms: u64,
    stage: &str,
    reason: Option<String>,
    policy: Option<&crate::optimization::config::MaintenanceTaskPolicy>,
) {
    if let Some(manager) = manager {
        manager.record_lifecycle_event(
            EventType::MemoryOperation {
                operation: format!("{}_background_{}", label, stage),
            },
            ObservationPurpose::Other(format!("{}_maintenance", label)),
            status,
            duration_ms,
            background_maintenance_tags(label, stage, reason.as_deref(), policy),
            None,
        );
    }
}

fn effective_maintenance_mode(mode: MaintenanceMode, force_parallel: bool) -> MaintenanceMode {
    if force_parallel && matches!(mode, MaintenanceMode::InlineSerial) {
        MaintenanceMode::InlineParallel
    } else {
        mode
    }
}

fn observation_purpose_for_process(hint: ProcessPurposeHint) -> ObservationPurpose {
    match hint {
        ProcessPurposeHint::Detect => ObservationPurpose::ProcessDetect,
        ProcessPurposeHint::Extract => ObservationPurpose::ProcessExtract,
        ProcessPurposeHint::Validate => ObservationPurpose::ProcessValidate,
        ProcessPurposeHint::Transform | ProcessPurposeHint::Other => {
            ObservationPurpose::ProcessTransform
        }
    }
}

fn new_tool_resource_locks() -> ToolResourceLocks {
    Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashMap::new()))
}

//
// Path-bound mutations share one conservative lock so aliases and parent-child paths cannot bypass serialization.
// Exact domain keys remain available for non-path side effects, and unbound effects share one fallback lock.
//
fn tool_resource_lock_keys(
    _canonical_id: &str,
    args: &Value,
    bindings: &ai_agents_core::ToolPolicyBindings,
    classification: &ai_agents_core::ToolCallClassification,
) -> Vec<String> {
    if classification.concurrency_safe {
        return Vec::new();
    }

    let mut keys = Vec::new();
    let mut has_path_resource = false;
    for binding in &bindings.path_fields {
        let value = value_at_argument_path(args, &binding.field)
            .cloned()
            .or_else(|| {
                binding
                    .default_path
                    .as_ref()
                    .map(|path| Value::String(path.clone()))
            });
        if let Some(value) = value {
            collect_resource_strings(&value, |_| {
                has_path_resource = true;
            });
        }
    }
    for binding in &bindings.domain_fields {
        if let Some(value) = value_at_argument_path(args, &binding.field) {
            collect_resource_strings(value, |domain| {
                let normalized = if binding.is_url {
                    normalized_url_resource_key(domain)
                } else {
                    domain.trim().trim_end_matches('.').to_ascii_lowercase()
                };
                keys.push(format!("domain:{}", normalized));
            });
        }
    }
    for binding in &bindings.command_fields {
        if !matches!(binding.kind, ai_agents_core::CommandBindingKind::Cwd) {
            continue;
        }
        if let Some(value) = value_at_argument_path(args, &binding.field) {
            collect_resource_strings(value, |_| {
                has_path_resource = true;
            });
        }
    }
    if has_path_resource {
        keys.push("path-mutation:global".to_string());
    }
    if keys.is_empty() {
        keys.push("side-effect:unbound".to_string());
    }
    keys.sort();
    keys.dedup();
    keys
}

fn value_at_argument_path<'a>(value: &'a Value, field: &str) -> Option<&'a Value> {
    let mut current = value;
    for segment in field.split('.') {
        if segment.is_empty() {
            return None;
        }
        current = current.get(segment)?;
    }
    Some(current)
}

fn collect_resource_strings(value: &Value, mut collect: impl FnMut(&str)) {
    match value {
        Value::String(value) => collect(value),
        Value::Array(values) => {
            for value in values {
                if let Some(value) = value.as_str() {
                    collect(value);
                }
            }
        }
        _ => {}
    }
}

fn normalized_url_resource_key(value: &str) -> String {
    let value = value.trim();
    let Some((scheme, remainder)) = value.split_once("://") else {
        return value.to_ascii_lowercase();
    };
    let authority_end = remainder.find(['/', '?', '#']).unwrap_or(remainder.len());
    let (authority, suffix) = remainder.split_at(authority_end);
    format!(
        "{}://{}{}",
        scheme.to_ascii_lowercase(),
        authority.to_ascii_lowercase(),
        suffix
    )
}

fn render_concurrent_template(
    template: &str,
    user_input: &str,
    context_values: &std::collections::HashMap<String, serde_json::Value>,
) -> Result<String> {
    let mut env = minijinja::Environment::new();
    env.add_template("concurrent", template)
        .map_err(|e| AgentError::Other(format!("Concurrent template parse error: {}", e)))?;

    let mut ctx = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
    ctx.insert("user_input".to_string(), minijinja::Value::from(user_input));

    // Expose context manager values under {{ context.<key> }}.
    let context_obj = minijinja::Value::from_serialize(context_values);
    ctx.insert("context".to_string(), context_obj);

    let tmpl = env
        .get_template("concurrent")
        .map_err(|e| AgentError::Other(format!("Concurrent template error: {}", e)))?;

    tmpl.render(minijinja::Value::from_serialize(&ctx))
        .map_err(|e| AgentError::Other(format!("Concurrent template render error: {}", e)))
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::AgentBuilder;
    use ai_agents_core::{LLMChunk, LLMConfig, LLMError, LLMFeature, Tool};
    use ai_agents_llm::mock::MockLLMProvider;
    use ai_agents_skills::{SkillDefinition, SkillStep};
    use ai_agents_tools::{
        CalculatorTool, CopyPathTool, DeletePathTool, FileWriteTool, MovePathTool, ToolAliases,
        ToolDescriptor, ToolProvider, ToolProviderError, ToolProviderType, WebFetchResolver,
        WebFetchTool, WebFetchTransport, WebFetchTransportRequest, WebFetchTransportResponse,
    };

    fn mock_with_response(response: &str) -> MockLLMProvider {
        let mut mock = MockLLMProvider::new("test");
        mock.set_response(response);
        mock
    }

    fn mock_with_responses(responses: Vec<&str>) -> MockLLMProvider {
        let mut mock = MockLLMProvider::new("test");
        mock.set_responses(responses.into_iter().map(String::from).collect(), true);
        mock
    }

    /// Builds a two-state fixture so confirmation ownership can be invalidated by transition.
    fn disambiguation_state_machine(
        state_enabled: Option<bool>,
        require_confirmation: bool,
    ) -> Arc<StateMachine> {
        let definition = ai_agents_state::StateDefinition {
            prompt: Some("Handle the resolved request.".to_string()),
            disambiguation: Some(ai_agents_disambiguation::StateDisambiguationOverride {
                enabled: state_enabled,
                require_confirmation,
                ..Default::default()
            }),
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let review = ai_agents_state::StateDefinition {
            prompt: Some("Review a fresh request.".to_string()),
            ..Default::default()
        };
        Arc::new(
            StateMachine::new(ai_agents_state::StateConfig {
                initial: "active".to_string(),
                states: std::collections::HashMap::from([
                    ("active".to_string(), definition),
                    ("review".to_string(), review),
                ]),
                global_transitions: Vec::new(),
                fallback: None,
                max_no_transition: None,
                regenerate_on_transition: true,
            })
            .unwrap(),
        )
    }

    /// Builds a state-aware disambiguation fixture without skills.
    fn state_disambiguation_agent(
        responses: Vec<&str>,
        manager_enabled: bool,
        state_enabled: Option<bool>,
        require_confirmation: bool,
    ) -> (RuntimeAgent, MockLLMProvider) {
        state_disambiguation_agent_with_skills(
            responses,
            manager_enabled,
            state_enabled,
            require_confirmation,
            Vec::new(),
        )
    }

    /// Builds a state-aware disambiguation fixture with optional real skill routing.
    fn state_disambiguation_agent_with_skills(
        responses: Vec<&str>,
        manager_enabled: bool,
        state_enabled: Option<bool>,
        require_confirmation: bool,
        skills: Vec<SkillDefinition>,
    ) -> (RuntimeAgent, MockLLMProvider) {
        let mut mock = MockLLMProvider::new("state-confirmation");
        mock.set_responses(responses.into_iter().map(String::from).collect(), false);
        let observed = mock.clone();
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Handle requests.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock.clone()))
            .llm_alias("router", Arc::new(mock))
            .state_machine(disambiguation_state_machine(
                state_enabled,
                require_confirmation,
            ))
            .skills(skills)
            .build()
            .unwrap()
            .with_disambiguation(DisambiguationConfig {
                enabled: manager_enabled,
                ..Default::default()
            });
        (agent, observed)
    }

    /// Defines a prompt skill whose provider call proves committed execution.
    fn confirmation_skill() -> SkillDefinition {
        SkillDefinition {
            id: "send_report".to_string(),
            description: "Send a report after clarification".to_string(),
            trigger: "When the user asks to send a report".to_string(),
            steps: vec![SkillStep::Prompt {
                prompt: "Execute confirmed report skill for: {{ input }}".to_string(),
                llm: None,
            }],
            reasoning: None,
            reflection: None,
            disambiguation: Some(ai_agents_disambiguation::SkillDisambiguationOverride {
                enabled: Some(true),
                ..Default::default()
            }),
        }
    }

    /// Counts committed skill prompt calls without relying on final response wording.
    fn confirmation_skill_call_count(observed: &MockLLMProvider) -> usize {
        observed
            .call_history()
            .iter()
            .filter(|call| {
                call.messages
                    .iter()
                    .any(|message| message.content.contains("Execute confirmed report skill"))
            })
            .count()
    }

    struct BlockingRuntimeConfirmationObserver {
        entered: tokio::sync::Barrier,
        release: tokio::sync::Notify,
    }

    impl BlockingRuntimeConfirmationObserver {
        fn new() -> Self {
            Self {
                entered: tokio::sync::Barrier::new(2),
                release: tokio::sync::Notify::new(),
            }
        }
    }

    struct ResetOnTransitionHooks {
        agent: parking_lot::Mutex<Option<Weak<RuntimeAgent>>>,
        invoked: AtomicBool,
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl AgentHooks for ResetOnTransitionHooks {
        async fn on_state_transition(&self, _from: Option<&str>, _to: &str, _reason: &str) {
            if self.invoked.swap(true, Ordering::SeqCst) {
                return;
            }
            let agent = self.agent.lock().as_ref().and_then(Weak::upgrade);
            if let Some(agent) = agent {
                agent.reset().await.unwrap();
            }
        }
    }

    impl ClarificationObserver for BlockingRuntimeConfirmationObserver {
        fn observe_question<'a>(
            &'a self,
            future: ClarificationQuestionFuture<'a>,
        ) -> ClarificationQuestionFuture<'a> {
            future
        }

        fn observe_parse<'a>(
            &'a self,
            future: ClarificationParseFuture<'a>,
        ) -> ClarificationParseFuture<'a> {
            future
        }

        fn observe_confirmation_parse<'a>(
            &'a self,
            future: ConfirmationParseFuture<'a>,
        ) -> ConfirmationParseFuture<'a> {
            Box::pin(async move {
                self.entered.wait().await;
                self.release.notified().await;
                future.await
            })
        }
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn state_confirmation_blocks_redispatch_until_explicit_agreement() {
        let (agent, observed) = state_disambiguation_agent(
            vec![
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":true,"confidence":0.2,"ambiguity_type":"missing_target","reasoning":"target missing","what_is_unclear":["target"],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                r#"{"question":"What should I send?","options":null}"#,
                r#"{"status":"answered","selected_option":null,"enriched_input":"Send the report to Ada","resolved":{"intent":"send_report"}}"#,
                r#"{"question":"Should I send the report to Ada?"}"#,
                r#"{"status":"confirmed"}"#,
                "Request executed.",
            ],
            true,
            None,
            true,
        );

        let clarification = agent.chat("Send it").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(clarification.content, "What should I send?");
        assert_eq!(observed.call_count(), 2);

        let confirmation = agent.chat("The report to Ada").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(confirmation.content, "Should I send the report to Ada?");
        assert_eq!(
            confirmation
                .metadata
                .as_ref()
                .and_then(|metadata| metadata.get("disambiguation"))
                .and_then(|metadata| metadata.get("status"))
                .and_then(Value::as_str),
            Some("awaiting_confirmation")
        );
        assert_eq!(observed.call_count(), 4);

        let completed = agent.chat("Yes").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(completed.content, "Request executed.");
        assert_eq!(observed.call_count(), 6);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn streaming_state_confirmation_ends_the_turn_before_redispatch() {
        let (agent, observed) = state_disambiguation_agent(
            vec![
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":true,"confidence":0.2,"ambiguity_type":"missing_target","reasoning":"target missing","what_is_unclear":["target"],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                r#"{"question":"What should I send?","options":null}"#,
                r#"{"status":"answered","selected_option":null,"enriched_input":"Send the report to Ada","resolved":{"intent":"send_report"}}"#,
                r#"{"question":"Should I send the report to Ada?"}"#,
                r#"{"status":"confirmed"}"#,
                "Request executed.",
            ],
            true,
            None,
            true,
        );

        let mut clarification_stream = agent.chat_stream("Send it").await.unwrap();
        let mut clarification = String::new();
        while let Some(chunk) = clarification_stream.next().await {
            match chunk {
                StreamChunk::Content { text } => clarification.push_str(&text),
                StreamChunk::Done {} => break,
                StreamChunk::Error { message } => panic!("unexpected stream error: {message}"),
                _ => {}
            }
        }
        assert_eq!(clarification, "What should I send?");
        assert_eq!(observed.call_count(), 2);

        let mut confirmation_stream = agent.chat_stream_events("The report to Ada").await.unwrap();
        let mut confirmation = None;
        while let Some(event) = confirmation_stream.next().await {
            match event {
                AgentStreamEvent::Final(response) => confirmation = Some(response),
                AgentStreamEvent::Chunk(StreamChunk::Error { message }) => {
                    panic!("unexpected stream error: {message}")
                }
                AgentStreamEvent::Chunk(_) => {}
            }
        }
        let confirmation = confirmation.expect("confirmation must finalize");
        assert_eq!(confirmation.content, "Should I send the report to Ada?");
        assert_eq!(
            confirmation
                .metadata
                .as_ref()
                .and_then(|metadata| metadata.get("disambiguation"))
                .and_then(|metadata| metadata.get("status"))
                .and_then(Value::as_str),
            Some("awaiting_confirmation")
        );
        assert_eq!(observed.call_count(), 4);

        let mut completed_stream = agent.chat_stream("Yes").await.unwrap();
        let mut completed = String::new();
        while let Some(chunk) = completed_stream.next().await {
            match chunk {
                StreamChunk::Content { text } => completed.push_str(&text),
                StreamChunk::Done {} => break,
                StreamChunk::Error { message } => panic!("unexpected stream error: {message}"),
                _ => {}
            }
        }
        assert_eq!(completed, "Request executed.");
        assert_eq!(observed.call_count(), 6);
    }

    /// Confirms a returned legacy stream blocks a blocking turn until drop and the event terminal releases the same gate.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn root_turn_gate_serializes_blocking_and_streaming_entry_points() {
        let (complete_entered, mut complete_events) = tokio::sync::mpsc::unbounded_channel();
        let agent = Arc::new(
            AgentBuilder::new()
                .system_prompt("Serialize root turns.")
                .llm(Arc::new(RootTurnProbeProvider { complete_entered }))
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        );
        let blocking_agent = Arc::clone(&agent);

        let legacy_stream = agent.chat_stream("stream owner").await.unwrap();
        assert!(agent.root_turn_gate.try_lock().is_err());
        let blocking = tokio::spawn(async move { blocking_agent.chat("blocked").await.unwrap() });
        assert!(
            tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_millis(50), complete_events.recv())
                .await
                .is_err(),
            "blocking turn reached the provider while the legacy stream owned the root gate"
        );

        drop(legacy_stream);
        assert_eq!(
            tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2), complete_events.recv())
                .await
                .expect("blocking turn did not enter after stream drop"),
            Some(())
        );
        let response = tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2), blocking)
            .await
            .expect("blocking turn did not finish after stream drop")
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(response.content, "blocking complete");

        let mut event_stream = agent.chat_stream_events("event terminal").await.unwrap();
        assert!(agent.root_turn_gate.try_lock().is_err());
        let mut saw_final = false;
        while let Some(event) = event_stream.next().await {
            if matches!(event, AgentStreamEvent::Final(_)) {
                saw_final = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        assert!(saw_final);
        assert!(
            agent.root_turn_gate.try_lock().is_ok(),
            "authoritative terminal event retained the root gate"
        );
    }

    /// Confirms on_response receives a fail-fast error instead of deadlocking on the same runtime gate.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn response_hook_rejects_same_runtime_chat_reentry() {
        let hooks = Arc::new(ResponseChatHooks {
            target: parking_lot::Mutex::new(None),
            invoked: AtomicBool::new(false),
            nested_result: parking_lot::Mutex::new(None),
        });
        let agent = Arc::new(
            AgentBuilder::new()
                .system_prompt("Reject response hook reentry.")
                .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("outer response")))
                .hooks(hooks.clone())
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        );
        *hooks.target.lock() = Some(Arc::downgrade(&agent));

        let response = tokio::time::timeout(
            std::time::Duration::from_secs(2),
            agent.chat("outer request"),
        )
        .await
        .expect("same-runtime response hook reentry must fail without deadlocking")
        .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(response.content, "outer response");
        let nested_result = hooks
            .nested_result
            .lock()
            .clone()
            .expect("response hook must record its nested call");
        let error = nested_result.expect_err("same-runtime nested chat must be rejected");
        assert!(error.contains("reentrant root turn ownership"));
    }

    /// Confirms a different runtime gate can nest while an A to B to A ownership cycle is rejected at A.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn root_turn_gate_allows_nested_runtime_and_rejects_cycles() {
        let agent_a = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Runtime A.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("response A")))
            .build()
            .unwrap();
        let agent_b = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Runtime B.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("response B")))
            .build()
            .unwrap();
        let RootTurnAdmission {
            guard: guard_a,
            identity_stack: stack_a,
        } = agent_a.acquire_root_turn().await.unwrap();

        let cycle_error = scope_runtime_gate_identity_stack(&stack_a, async {
            let RootTurnAdmission {
                guard: guard_b,
                identity_stack: stack_b,
            } = agent_b
                .acquire_root_turn()
                .await
                .expect("runtime B must acquire a different gate");
            let result =
                scope_runtime_gate_identity_stack(&stack_b, agent_a.acquire_root_turn()).await;
            drop(guard_b);
            match result {
                Err(error) => error,
                Ok(_) => panic!("runtime A accepted a repeated gate identity"),
            }
        })
        .await;
        drop(guard_a);

        assert!(
            cycle_error
                .to_string()
                .contains("reentrant root turn ownership")
        );
    }

    /// Confirms concurrent orchestration propagates root ancestry so an A to B to A cycle fails before waiting on A.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn concurrent_orchestration_propagates_root_gate_ancestry() {
        let registry = Arc::new(crate::spawner::AgentRegistry::new());
        let hooks_a = Arc::new(ConcurrentResponseHooks {
            registry: Arc::downgrade(&registry),
            child_id: "runtime-b".to_string(),
            invoked: AtomicBool::new(false),
            nested_result: parking_lot::Mutex::new(None),
        });
        let hooks_b = Arc::new(ResponseChatHooks {
            target: parking_lot::Mutex::new(None),
            invoked: AtomicBool::new(false),
            nested_result: parking_lot::Mutex::new(None),
        });
        let agent_a = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Runtime A dispatches runtime B concurrently.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("response A")))
            .hooks(hooks_a.clone())
            .build()
            .unwrap();
        let agent_b = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Runtime B attempts to re-enter runtime A.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("response B")))
            .hooks(hooks_b.clone())
            .build()
            .unwrap();
        let spec_a = crate::spec::AgentSpec {
            name: "runtime-a".to_string(),
            system_prompt: "Runtime A dispatches runtime B concurrently.".to_string(),
            ..crate::spec::AgentSpec::default()
        };
        let spec_b = crate::spec::AgentSpec {
            name: "runtime-b".to_string(),
            system_prompt: "Runtime B attempts to re-enter runtime A.".to_string(),
            ..crate::spec::AgentSpec::default()
        };
        registry
            .register(crate::spawner::SpawnedAgent::from_runtime(
                "runtime-a".to_string(),
                agent_a,
                spec_a,
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();
        registry
            .register(crate::spawner::SpawnedAgent::from_runtime(
                "runtime-b".to_string(),
                agent_b,
                spec_b,
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();
        let runtime_a = registry.get("runtime-a").unwrap();
        *hooks_b.target.lock() = Some(Arc::downgrade(&runtime_a));

        let response = tokio::time::timeout(
            std::time::Duration::from_secs(2),
            runtime_a.chat("outer concurrent request"),
        )
        .await
        .expect("concurrent orchestration cycle must fail without deadlocking")
        .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(response.content, "response A");
        let child_result = hooks_a
            .nested_result
            .lock()
            .clone()
            .expect("runtime A hook must record runtime B completion");
        assert_eq!(child_result.unwrap(), "response B");
        let cycle_result = hooks_b
            .nested_result
            .lock()
            .clone()
            .expect("runtime B hook must record runtime A reentry");
        assert!(
            cycle_result
                .expect_err("runtime A accepted a repeated gate identity")
                .contains("reentrant root turn ownership")
        );
    }

    /// Confirms that a pending skill remains inert until confirmation and then runs once.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn confirmed_skill_route_executes_exactly_once() {
        let (agent, observed) = state_disambiguation_agent_with_skills(
            vec![
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":false,"confidence":0.99,"ambiguity_type":null,"reasoning":"top-level clear","what_is_unclear":[],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                "send_report",
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":true,"confidence":0.2,"ambiguity_type":"missing_target","reasoning":"target missing","what_is_unclear":["target"],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                r#"{"question":"What should I send?","options":null}"#,
                r#"{"status":"answered","selected_option":null,"enriched_input":"Send the report to Ada","resolved":{"intent":"send_report"}}"#,
                r#"{"question":"Should I send the report to Ada?"}"#,
                r#"{"status":"confirmed"}"#,
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":false,"confidence":0.99,"ambiguity_type":null,"reasoning":"resolved","what_is_unclear":[],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                "Report skill executed.",
            ],
            true,
            None,
            true,
            vec![confirmation_skill()],
        );

        let clarification = agent.chat("Send it").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(clarification.content, "What should I send?");
        assert_eq!(confirmation_skill_call_count(&observed), 0);

        let confirmation = agent.chat("The report to Ada").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(confirmation.content, "Should I send the report to Ada?");
        assert_eq!(
            confirmation
                .metadata
                .as_ref()
                .and_then(|metadata| metadata.get("disambiguation"))
                .and_then(|metadata| metadata.get("status"))
                .and_then(Value::as_str),
            Some("awaiting_confirmation")
        );
        assert_eq!(confirmation_skill_call_count(&observed), 0);

        let completed = agent.chat("Yes").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(completed.content, "Report skill executed.");
        assert_eq!(confirmation_skill_call_count(&observed), 1);
        assert!(agent.pending_skill_id.read().is_none());
        let messages = agent.memory.get_messages(None).await.unwrap();
        assert!(!messages.iter().any(|message| message.content == "Yes"));
    }

    /// Preserves a second clarification response after confirmation instead of overwriting its metadata.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn confirmed_skill_recheck_preserves_new_clarification_metadata() {
        let (agent, observed) = state_disambiguation_agent_with_skills(
            vec![
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":false,"confidence":0.99,"ambiguity_type":null,"reasoning":"top-level clear","what_is_unclear":[],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                "send_report",
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":true,"confidence":0.2,"ambiguity_type":"missing_target","reasoning":"target missing","what_is_unclear":["target"],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                r#"{"question":"What should I send?","options":null}"#,
                r#"{"status":"answered","selected_option":null,"enriched_input":"Send the report to Ada","resolved":{"intent":"send_report"}}"#,
                r#"{"question":"Should I send the report to Ada?"}"#,
                r#"{"status":"confirmed"}"#,
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":true,"confidence":0.3,"ambiguity_type":"missing_parameters","reasoning":"timing missing","what_is_unclear":["timing"],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                r#"{"question":"When should I send it?","options":null}"#,
            ],
            true,
            None,
            true,
            vec![confirmation_skill()],
        );

        agent.chat("Send it").await.unwrap();
        agent.chat("The report to Ada").await.unwrap();
        let follow_up = agent.chat("Yes").await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(follow_up.content, "When should I send it?");
        let metadata = follow_up
            .metadata
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|metadata| metadata.get("disambiguation"))
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            metadata.get("status").and_then(Value::as_str),
            Some("awaiting_clarification")
        );
        assert_eq!(
            metadata.get("skill_id").and_then(Value::as_str),
            Some("send_report")
        );
        assert!(metadata.get("detection").is_some());
        assert_eq!(confirmation_skill_call_count(&observed), 0);
    }

    /// Confirms rejection clears a pending skill without executing its prompt.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn rejected_skill_confirmation_never_executes() {
        let (agent, observed) = state_disambiguation_agent_with_skills(
            vec![
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":false,"confidence":0.99,"ambiguity_type":null,"reasoning":"top-level clear","what_is_unclear":[],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                "send_report",
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":true,"confidence":0.2,"ambiguity_type":"missing_target","reasoning":"target missing","what_is_unclear":["target"],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                r#"{"question":"What should I send?","options":null}"#,
                r#"{"status":"answered","selected_option":null,"enriched_input":"Send the report to Ada","resolved":{"intent":"send_report"}}"#,
                r#"{"question":"Should I send the report to Ada?"}"#,
                r#"{"status":"rejected"}"#,
                "Confirmation rejected.",
            ],
            true,
            None,
            true,
            vec![confirmation_skill()],
        );

        agent.chat("Send it").await.unwrap();
        agent.chat("The report to Ada").await.unwrap();
        let rejected = agent.chat("No").await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(rejected.content, "Confirmation rejected.");
        assert_eq!(confirmation_skill_call_count(&observed), 0);
        assert!(agent.pending_skill_id.read().is_none());
    }

    /// Confirms reset clears manager and skill ownership before a later streaming turn.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn reset_invalidates_pending_skill_confirmation_before_streaming_input() {
        let (agent, observed) = state_disambiguation_agent_with_skills(
            vec![
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":false,"confidence":0.99,"ambiguity_type":null,"reasoning":"top-level clear","what_is_unclear":[],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                "send_report",
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":true,"confidence":0.2,"ambiguity_type":"missing_target","reasoning":"target missing","what_is_unclear":["target"],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                r#"{"question":"What should I send?","options":null}"#,
                r#"{"status":"answered","selected_option":null,"enriched_input":"Send the report to Ada","resolved":{"intent":"send_report"}}"#,
                r#"{"question":"Should I send the report to Ada?"}"#,
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":false,"confidence":0.99,"ambiguity_type":null,"reasoning":"fresh input","what_is_unclear":[],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                "none",
                "Fresh response.",
            ],
            true,
            None,
            true,
            vec![confirmation_skill()],
        );

        agent.chat("Send it").await.unwrap();
        agent.chat("The report to Ada").await.unwrap();
        agent.reset().await.unwrap();
        assert!(agent.pending_skill_id.read().is_none());
        assert!(
            !agent
                .disambiguation_manager()
                .unwrap()
                .has_pending_clarification()
                .await
        );

        let mut stream = agent.chat_stream("Yes").await.unwrap();
        let mut content = String::new();
        while let Some(chunk) = stream.next().await {
            match chunk {
                StreamChunk::Content { text } => content.push_str(&text),
                StreamChunk::Done {} => break,
                StreamChunk::Error { message } => panic!("unexpected stream error: {message}"),
                _ => {}
            }
        }

        assert_eq!(content, "Fresh response.");
        assert_eq!(confirmation_skill_call_count(&observed), 0);
    }

    /// Confirms the Agent trait reset uses the same pending ownership cleanup.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn trait_reset_clears_pending_skill_confirmation() {
        let (agent, _) = state_disambiguation_agent_with_skills(
            vec![
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":false,"confidence":0.99,"ambiguity_type":null,"reasoning":"top-level clear","what_is_unclear":[],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                "send_report",
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":true,"confidence":0.2,"ambiguity_type":"missing_target","reasoning":"target missing","what_is_unclear":["target"],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                r#"{"question":"What should I send?","options":null}"#,
                r#"{"status":"answered","selected_option":null,"enriched_input":"Send the report to Ada","resolved":{"intent":"send_report"}}"#,
                r#"{"question":"Should I send the report to Ada?"}"#,
            ],
            true,
            None,
            true,
            vec![confirmation_skill()],
        );

        agent.chat("Send it").await.unwrap();
        agent.chat("The report to Ada").await.unwrap();
        <RuntimeAgent as Agent>::reset(&agent).await.unwrap();

        assert!(agent.pending_skill_id.read().is_none());
        assert!(
            !agent
                .disambiguation_manager()
                .unwrap()
                .has_pending_clarification()
                .await
        );
    }

    /// Confirms a state transition cancels stale skill execution before confirmation parsing.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn state_change_invalidates_pending_skill_confirmation() {
        let (agent, observed) = state_disambiguation_agent_with_skills(
            vec![
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":false,"confidence":0.99,"ambiguity_type":null,"reasoning":"top-level clear","what_is_unclear":[],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                "send_report",
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":true,"confidence":0.2,"ambiguity_type":"missing_target","reasoning":"target missing","what_is_unclear":["target"],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                r#"{"question":"What should I send?","options":null}"#,
                r#"{"status":"answered","selected_option":null,"enriched_input":"Send the report to Ada","resolved":{"intent":"send_report"}}"#,
                r#"{"question":"Should I send the report to Ada?"}"#,
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":false,"confidence":0.99,"ambiguity_type":null,"reasoning":"fresh input","what_is_unclear":[],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                "none",
                "Fresh response.",
            ],
            true,
            None,
            true,
            vec![confirmation_skill()],
        );

        agent.chat("Send it").await.unwrap();
        agent.chat("The report to Ada").await.unwrap();
        agent.transition_to("review").await.unwrap();
        let cancelled = agent.chat("Yes").await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(cancelled.content, "Fresh response.");
        assert_eq!(confirmation_skill_call_count(&observed), 0);
        assert!(agent.pending_skill_id.read().is_none());
    }

    /// Confirms reset wins over a confirmation result that was already being parsed.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn in_flight_confirmation_cannot_redispatch_after_reset() {
        let (mut agent, observed) = state_disambiguation_agent_with_skills(
            vec![
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":false,"confidence":0.99,"ambiguity_type":null,"reasoning":"top-level clear","what_is_unclear":[],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                "send_report",
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":true,"confidence":0.2,"ambiguity_type":"missing_target","reasoning":"target missing","what_is_unclear":["target"],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                r#"{"question":"What should I send?","options":null}"#,
                r#"{"status":"answered","selected_option":null,"enriched_input":"Send the report to Ada","resolved":{"intent":"send_report"}}"#,
                r#"{"question":"Should I send the report to Ada?"}"#,
                r#"{"status":"confirmed"}"#,
                "Confirmation cancelled.",
            ],
            true,
            None,
            true,
            vec![confirmation_skill()],
        );
        let observer = Arc::new(BlockingRuntimeConfirmationObserver::new());
        let manager = agent
            .disambiguation_manager
            .take()
            .unwrap()
            .with_clarification_observer(observer.clone());
        agent.disambiguation_manager = Some(manager);
        let agent = Arc::new(agent);

        agent.chat("Send it").await.unwrap();
        agent.chat("The report to Ada").await.unwrap();

        let confirming_agent = Arc::clone(&agent);
        let confirmation = tokio::spawn(async move { confirming_agent.chat("Yes").await });
        observer.entered.wait().await;
        agent.reset().await.unwrap();
        observer.release.notify_one();

        let response = confirmation.await.unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(response.content, "Confirmation cancelled.");
        assert_eq!(confirmation_skill_call_count(&observed), 0);
        assert!(agent.pending_skill_id.read().is_none());
    }

    /// Confirms a queued reset prevents an older terminal question from being published afterward.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn queued_reset_prevents_stale_confirmation_question_publication() {
        let (agent, observed) = state_disambiguation_agent(
            vec![
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":true,"confidence":0.2,"ambiguity_type":"missing_target","reasoning":"target missing","what_is_unclear":["target"],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                r#"{"question":"What should I send?","options":null}"#,
                r#"{"status":"answered","selected_option":null,"enriched_input":"Send the report to Ada","resolved":{"intent":"send_report"}}"#,
                r#"{"question":"Should I send the report to Ada?"}"#,
            ],
            true,
            None,
            true,
        );
        let agent = Arc::new(agent);
        agent.chat("Send it").await.unwrap();

        let admission = agent.disambiguation_admission.write().await;
        let (started_tx, started_rx) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
        let resetting_agent = Arc::clone(&agent);
        let reset = tokio::spawn(async move {
            let _ = started_tx.send(());
            resetting_agent.reset().await
        });
        started_rx.await.unwrap();
        tokio::task::yield_now().await;

        let responding_agent = Arc::clone(&agent);
        let response =
            tokio::spawn(async move { responding_agent.chat("The report to Ada").await });
        tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2), async {
            while observed.call_count() < 4 {
                tokio::task::yield_now().await;
            }
        })
        .await
        .expect("clarification processing must reach terminal publication");
        drop(admission);

        reset.await.unwrap().unwrap();
        let error = response.await.unwrap().unwrap_err();
        assert!(error.to_string().contains("ownership changed"));
        assert!(
            !agent
                .disambiguation_manager()
                .unwrap()
                .has_pending_clarification()
                .await
        );
        assert!(agent.memory.get_messages(None).await.unwrap().is_empty());
    }

    /// Confirms skill clarification consumers recheck ownership before publishing returned responses.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn queued_reset_prevents_stale_skill_clarification_publication() {
        let (agent, observed) = state_disambiguation_agent_with_skills(
            vec![
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":false,"confidence":0.99,"ambiguity_type":null,"reasoning":"top-level clear","what_is_unclear":[],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                "send_report",
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":true,"confidence":0.2,"ambiguity_type":"missing_target","reasoning":"target missing","what_is_unclear":["target"],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                r#"{"question":"What should I send?","options":null}"#,
            ],
            true,
            None,
            true,
            vec![confirmation_skill()],
        );
        let agent = Arc::new(agent);
        let admission = agent.disambiguation_admission.write().await;
        let (started_tx, started_rx) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
        let resetting_agent = Arc::clone(&agent);
        let reset = tokio::spawn(async move {
            let _ = started_tx.send(());
            resetting_agent.reset().await
        });
        started_rx.await.unwrap();
        tokio::task::yield_now().await;

        let responding_agent = Arc::clone(&agent);
        let response = tokio::spawn(async move { responding_agent.chat("Send it").await });
        tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2), async {
            while observed.call_count() < 4 {
                tokio::task::yield_now().await;
            }
        })
        .await
        .expect("skill clarification must reach terminal publication");
        drop(admission);

        reset.await.unwrap().unwrap();
        let error = response.await.unwrap().unwrap_err();
        assert!(error.to_string().contains("ownership changed"));
        assert_eq!(confirmation_skill_call_count(&observed), 0);
        assert!(agent.pending_skill_id.read().is_none());
        assert!(agent.memory.get_messages(None).await.unwrap().is_empty());
    }

    /// Confirms transition hooks can reenter reset after the state commit lock is released.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn transition_hook_can_reset_without_admission_deadlock() {
        let hooks = Arc::new(ResetOnTransitionHooks {
            agent: parking_lot::Mutex::new(None),
            invoked: AtomicBool::new(false),
        });
        let agent = Arc::new(
            AgentBuilder::new()
                .system_prompt("Test transition hook reentrancy.")
                .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
                .state_machine(disambiguation_state_machine(None, false))
                .build()
                .unwrap()
                .with_hooks(hooks.clone()),
        );
        *hooks.agent.lock() = Some(Arc::downgrade(&agent));

        let transitioned = tokio::time::timeout(
            std::time::Duration::from_secs(2),
            agent.apply_transition_target("active", "review", "test transition", None),
        )
        .await
        .expect("transition hook reset must not deadlock")
        .unwrap();

        assert!(transitioned);
        assert!(hooks.invoked.load(Ordering::SeqCst));
        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("active"));
    }

    /// Confirms only the reserved transition can run source-state exit side effects.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn concurrent_transition_cannot_duplicate_exit_actions() {
        let gate = PathMutationGate::new();
        let active = ai_agents_state::StateDefinition {
            on_exit: vec![StateAction::Tool {
                tool: "transition_exit".to_string(),
                args: Some(serde_json::json!({"path": "./transition-exit.txt"})),
            }],
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let state_machine = Arc::new(
            StateMachine::new(ai_agents_state::StateConfig {
                initial: "active".to_string(),
                states: HashMap::from([
                    ("active".to_string(), active),
                    (
                        "review".to_string(),
                        ai_agents_state::StateDefinition::default(),
                    ),
                ]),
                global_transitions: Vec::new(),
                fallback: None,
                max_no_transition: None,
                regenerate_on_transition: true,
            })
            .unwrap(),
        );
        let agent = Arc::new(
            AgentBuilder::new()
                .system_prompt("Test transition reservation.")
                .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
                .tool(Arc::new(BlockingPathMutationTool {
                    id: "transition_exit",
                    path_fields: vec![ai_agents_core::PathPolicyBinding::write("path")],
                    gate: gate.clone(),
                }))
                .state_machine(state_machine)
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        );

        let first_agent = Arc::clone(&agent);
        let first = tokio::spawn(async move { first_agent.transition_to("review").await });
        tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2), gate.wait_until_entered())
            .await
            .expect("reserved transition must enter its exit action");

        let second = tokio::time::timeout(
            std::time::Duration::from_secs(2),
            agent.transition_to("review"),
        )
        .await
        .expect("competing transition must fail without waiting for the exit action")
        .unwrap_err();
        assert!(second.to_string().contains("already in progress"));

        gate.release();
        first.await.unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("review"));
    }

    /// Confirms a later transition cannot overtake the committed state's enter actions.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn concurrent_transition_cannot_overtake_enter_actions() {
        let gate = PathMutationGate::new();
        let review = ai_agents_state::StateDefinition {
            on_enter: vec![StateAction::Tool {
                tool: "transition_enter".to_string(),
                args: Some(serde_json::json!({"path": "./transition-enter.txt"})),
            }],
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let state_machine = Arc::new(
            StateMachine::new(ai_agents_state::StateConfig {
                initial: "active".to_string(),
                states: HashMap::from([
                    (
                        "active".to_string(),
                        ai_agents_state::StateDefinition::default(),
                    ),
                    ("review".to_string(), review),
                ]),
                global_transitions: Vec::new(),
                fallback: None,
                max_no_transition: None,
                regenerate_on_transition: true,
            })
            .unwrap(),
        );
        let agent = Arc::new(
            AgentBuilder::new()
                .system_prompt("Test transition lifecycle reservation.")
                .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
                .tool(Arc::new(BlockingPathMutationTool {
                    id: "transition_enter",
                    path_fields: vec![ai_agents_core::PathPolicyBinding::write("path")],
                    gate: gate.clone(),
                }))
                .state_machine(state_machine)
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        );

        let first_agent = Arc::clone(&agent);
        let first = tokio::spawn(async move { first_agent.transition_to("review").await });
        tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2), gate.wait_until_entered())
            .await
            .expect("committed transition must enter its destination action");

        let second = agent.transition_to("active").await.unwrap_err();
        assert!(second.to_string().contains("already in progress"));
        assert!(agent.reset().await.is_err());

        gate.release();
        first.await.unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("review"));
    }

    /// Confirms even a same-state restore invalidates manager and skill ownership.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn same_state_restore_invalidates_pending_skill_confirmation() {
        let (agent, observed) = state_disambiguation_agent_with_skills(
            vec![
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":false,"confidence":0.99,"ambiguity_type":null,"reasoning":"top-level clear","what_is_unclear":[],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                "send_report",
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":true,"confidence":0.2,"ambiguity_type":"missing_target","reasoning":"target missing","what_is_unclear":["target"],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                r#"{"question":"What should I send?","options":null}"#,
                r#"{"status":"answered","selected_option":null,"enriched_input":"Send the report to Ada","resolved":{"intent":"send_report"}}"#,
                r#"{"question":"Should I send the report to Ada?"}"#,
            ],
            true,
            None,
            true,
            vec![confirmation_skill()],
        );

        agent.chat("Send it").await.unwrap();
        agent.chat("The report to Ada").await.unwrap();
        let snapshot = agent.save_state().await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("active"));

        agent.restore_state(snapshot).await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("active"));
        assert!(agent.pending_skill_id.read().is_none());
        assert!(
            !agent
                .disambiguation_manager()
                .unwrap()
                .has_pending_clarification()
                .await
        );
        assert_eq!(confirmation_skill_call_count(&observed), 0);
    }

    /// Confirms direct state mutation cannot hide behind a return to the same state path.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn direct_state_generation_change_invalidates_confirmation() {
        let (agent, observed) = state_disambiguation_agent_with_skills(
            vec![
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":false,"confidence":0.99,"ambiguity_type":null,"reasoning":"top-level clear","what_is_unclear":[],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                "send_report",
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":true,"confidence":0.2,"ambiguity_type":"missing_target","reasoning":"target missing","what_is_unclear":["target"],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                r#"{"question":"What should I send?","options":null}"#,
                r#"{"status":"answered","selected_option":null,"enriched_input":"Send the report to Ada","resolved":{"intent":"send_report"}}"#,
                r#"{"question":"Should I send the report to Ada?"}"#,
                "Confirmation cancelled.",
            ],
            true,
            None,
            true,
            vec![confirmation_skill()],
        );

        agent.chat("Send it").await.unwrap();
        agent.chat("The report to Ada").await.unwrap();
        let state_machine = agent.state_machine().unwrap();
        state_machine
            .transition_to("review", "external test")
            .unwrap();
        state_machine
            .transition_to("active", "external test")
            .unwrap();

        let response = agent.chat("Yes").await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(response.content, "Confirmation cancelled.");
        assert_eq!(confirmation_skill_call_count(&observed), 0);
        assert!(agent.pending_skill_id.read().is_none());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn state_confirmation_does_not_add_a_question_for_clear_input() {
        let (agent, observed) = state_disambiguation_agent(
            vec![
                r#"{"is_ambiguous":false,"confidence":0.99,"ambiguity_type":null,"reasoning":"clear","what_is_unclear":[],"detected_language":"en"}"#,
                "Request executed.",
            ],
            true,
            None,
            true,
        );

        let response = agent.chat("Send the report to Ada").await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(response.content, "Request executed.");
        assert_eq!(observed.call_count(), 2);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn state_override_cannot_activate_a_disabled_top_level_manager() {
        let (agent, observed) =
            state_disambiguation_agent(vec!["Request executed."], false, Some(true), true);

        assert!(!agent.has_disambiguation());
        let response = agent.chat("Send it").await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(response.content, "Request executed.");
        assert_eq!(observed.call_count(), 1);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn native_required_choice_executes_through_the_shared_tool_path() {
        let mut mock = MockLLMProvider::new("native-required");
        mock.set_tool_choice(Some(ToolChoice::Required));
        mock.add_response(
            LLMResponse::new("", FinishReason::ToolCall)
                .with_tool_calls(vec![ToolCall {
                    id: "provider-call-1".to_string(),
                    name: "calculator".to_string(),
                    arguments: serde_json::json!({"expression": "2 + 2"}),
                }])
                .unwrap(),
        );
        mock.add_response(LLMResponse::new("The answer is 4.", FinishReason::Stop));
        let observed = mock.clone();
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Use the calculator when needed.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .tool(Arc::new(CalculatorTool::new()))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let response = agent.chat("What is 2 + 2?").await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(response.content, "The answer is 4.");
        assert_eq!(
            response.tool_calls.as_ref().unwrap()[0].id,
            "provider-call-1"
        );
        let calls = observed.call_history();
        assert_eq!(calls.len(), 2);
        assert!(matches!(
            calls[0].request.as_ref().map(|request| &request.choice),
            Some(ToolChoice::Required)
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            calls[1].request.as_ref().map(|request| &request.choice),
            Some(ToolChoice::Auto)
        ));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn prompt_fallback_uses_one_corrective_retry() {
        let mut mock = MockLLMProvider::new("prompt-required");
        mock.set_tool_choice(Some(ToolChoice::Required));
        mock.set_native_tool_support(false);
        mock.set_responses(
            vec![
                "I can calculate that.".to_string(),
                r#"{"tool":"calculator","arguments":{"expression":"2 + 2"}}"#.to_string(),
                "The answer is 4.".to_string(),
            ],
            false,
        );
        let observed = mock.clone();
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Use tools.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .tool(Arc::new(CalculatorTool::new()))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let response = agent.chat("What is 2 + 2?").await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(response.content, "The answer is 4.");
        assert_eq!(observed.call_count(), 3);
        let corrective = &observed.call_history()[1].messages;
        assert!(
            corrective
                .last()
                .unwrap()
                .content
                .contains("previous response")
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn prompt_fallback_fails_after_one_noncompliant_retry() {
        let mut mock = MockLLMProvider::new("prompt-required-failure");
        mock.set_tool_choice(Some(ToolChoice::Required));
        mock.set_native_tool_support(false);
        mock.set_responses(
            vec!["No tool.".to_string(), "Still no tool.".to_string()],
            false,
        );
        let observed = mock.clone();
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Use tools.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .tool(Arc::new(CalculatorTool::new()))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let error = agent.chat("What is 2 + 2?").await.unwrap_err();

        assert!(error.to_string().contains("one corrective retry"));
        assert_eq!(observed.call_count(), 2);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn specific_choice_cannot_widen_the_effective_grant() {
        let mut mock = MockLLMProvider::new("specific-outside-grant");
        mock.set_tool_choice(Some(ToolChoice::Specific("random".to_string())));
        let observed = mock.clone();
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Use tools.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .tool(Arc::new(CalculatorTool::new()))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let error = agent.chat("Generate a value.").await.unwrap_err();

        assert!(error.to_string().contains("is not registered"));
        assert_eq!(observed.call_count(), 0);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn none_choice_exposes_no_tool_protocol() {
        let mut mock = MockLLMProvider::new("no-tools");
        mock.set_tool_choice(Some(ToolChoice::None));
        mock.set_response(r#"{"tool":"calculator","arguments":{"expression":"2 + 2"}}"#);
        let observed = mock.clone();
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Answer directly.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .tool(Arc::new(CalculatorTool::new()))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let response = agent.chat("Hello").await.unwrap();

        assert!(response.tool_calls.is_none());
        assert_eq!(observed.call_count(), 1);
        let call = observed.last_call().unwrap();
        assert!(call.request.is_none());
        assert!(
            call.messages
                .iter()
                .all(|message| !message.content.contains("Available tools:"))
        );
    }

    struct RuntimeStorage {
        capabilities: Box<[StorageCapability]>,
        snapshots: RwLock<HashMap<String, AgentSnapshot>>,
        metadata: RwLock<HashMap<String, ai_agents_core::SessionMetadata>>,
        metadata_save_calls: AtomicU64,
        metadata_load_calls: AtomicU64,
        fail_metadata_save: AtomicBool,
        fail_metadata_load: AtomicBool,
    }

    impl RuntimeStorage {
        fn new(capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = StorageCapability>) -> Self {
            Self {
                capabilities: capabilities.into_iter().collect(),
                snapshots: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
                metadata: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
                metadata_save_calls: AtomicU64::new(0),
                metadata_load_calls: AtomicU64::new(0),
                fail_metadata_save: AtomicBool::new(false),
                fail_metadata_load: AtomicBool::new(false),
            }
        }
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl AgentStorage for RuntimeStorage {
        fn supports(&self, capability: StorageCapability) -> bool {
            self.capabilities.contains(&capability)
        }

        async fn save(&self, session_id: &str, snapshot: &AgentSnapshot) -> Result<()> {
            self.snapshots
                .write()
                .insert(session_id.to_string(), snapshot.clone());
            Ok(())
        }

        async fn load(&self, session_id: &str) -> Result<Option<AgentSnapshot>> {
            Ok(self.snapshots.read().get(session_id).cloned())
        }

        async fn delete(&self, session_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
            self.snapshots.write().remove(session_id);
            Ok(())
        }

        async fn list_sessions(&self) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
            Ok(self.snapshots.read().keys().cloned().collect())
        }

        async fn save_snapshot_with_metadata(
            &self,
            session_id: &str,
            snapshot: &AgentSnapshot,
            metadata: &ai_agents_core::SessionMetadata,
        ) -> Result<()> {
            self.metadata_save_calls.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
            if self.fail_metadata_save.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                return Err(AgentError::Persistence("metadata save failed".into()));
            }
            self.snapshots
                .write()
                .insert(session_id.to_string(), snapshot.clone());
            self.metadata
                .write()
                .insert(session_id.to_string(), metadata.clone());
            Ok(())
        }

        async fn save_metadata(
            &self,
            session_id: &str,
            metadata: &ai_agents_core::SessionMetadata,
        ) -> Result<()> {
            self.metadata_save_calls.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
            if self.fail_metadata_save.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                return Err(AgentError::Persistence("metadata save failed".into()));
            }
            self.metadata
                .write()
                .insert(session_id.to_string(), metadata.clone());
            Ok(())
        }

        async fn load_metadata(
            &self,
            session_id: &str,
        ) -> Result<Option<ai_agents_core::SessionMetadata>> {
            self.metadata_load_calls.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
            if self.fail_metadata_load.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                return Err(AgentError::Persistence("metadata load failed".into()));
            }
            Ok(self.metadata.read().get(session_id).cloned())
        }
    }

    fn runtime_storage_agent() -> RuntimeAgent {
        AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Test runtime storage integration.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .build()
            .unwrap()
    }

    fn restore_spec(id: &str) -> crate::spec::AgentSpec {
        crate::spec::AgentSpec {
            name: id.to_string(),
            system_prompt: format!("Restore child {id}."),
            ..crate::spec::AgentSpec::default()
        }
    }

    fn restore_entry(id: &str) -> ai_agents_core::SpawnedAgentEntry {
        ai_agents_core::SpawnedAgentEntry {
            id: id.to_string(),
            name: id.to_string(),
            spec_yaml: serde_yaml::to_string(&restore_spec(id)).unwrap(),
        }
    }

    fn restore_spawner(
        storage: Arc<RuntimeStorage>,
        max_agents: usize,
    ) -> (
        Arc<crate::spawner::AgentSpawner>,
        Arc<crate::spawner::AgentRegistry>,
    ) {
        let mut llms = LLMRegistry::new();
        llms.register("default", Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")));
        (
            Arc::new(
                crate::spawner::AgentSpawner::new()
                    .with_shared_llms(llms)
                    .with_shared_storage(storage)
                    .with_max_agents(max_agents),
            ),
            Arc::new(crate::spawner::AgentRegistry::new()),
        )
    }

    async fn save_restore_target(
        parent: &RuntimeAgent,
        storage: &RuntimeStorage,
        session_id: &str,
        entries: Vec<ai_agents_core::SpawnedAgentEntry>,
    ) {
        let mut snapshot = parent.save_state().await.unwrap();
        snapshot.spawned_agents = Some(entries);
        storage.save(session_id, &snapshot).await.unwrap();
        storage
            .save_metadata(session_id, &ai_agents_core::SessionMetadata::default())
            .await
            .unwrap();
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn storage_init_requires_storage_for_actor_facts() {
        let facts = ai_agents_facts::FactsConfig {
            enabled: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let agent = runtime_storage_agent().with_facts_config(None, Some(facts));

        let error = agent.init_storage().await.unwrap_err();
        assert!(matches!(
            error,
            AgentError::Config(message)
                if message.contains("actor facts or actor memory")
                    && message.contains("none is configured or injected")
        ));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn storage_init_validates_actor_facts_capability() {
        let storage = Arc::new(RuntimeStorage::new([StorageCapability::Snapshot]));
        let actor_memory = ai_agents_facts::ActorMemoryConfig {
            enabled: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let agent = runtime_storage_agent()
            .with_storage(storage)
            .with_facts_config(Some(actor_memory), None);

        assert!(matches!(
            agent.init_storage().await,
            Err(AgentError::UnsupportedStorageCapability(
                StorageCapability::ActorFacts
            ))
        ));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn blocking_chat_rejects_unsupported_required_storage() {
        let storage = Arc::new(RuntimeStorage::new([StorageCapability::Snapshot]));
        let facts = ai_agents_facts::FactsConfig {
            enabled: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let agent = runtime_storage_agent()
            .with_storage(storage)
            .with_facts_config(None, Some(facts));

        assert!(matches!(
            agent.chat("hello").await,
            Err(AgentError::UnsupportedStorageCapability(
                StorageCapability::ActorFacts
            ))
        ));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn streaming_chat_rejects_unsupported_required_storage_before_stream_creation() {
        let storage = Arc::new(RuntimeStorage::new([StorageCapability::Snapshot]));
        let config = ai_agents_relationships::RelationshipConfig {
            enabled: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let manager = Arc::new(RelationshipManager::from_config(config).unwrap());
        let agent = runtime_storage_agent()
            .with_storage(storage)
            .with_relationships(manager);

        assert!(matches!(
            agent.chat_stream("hello").await,
            Err(AgentError::UnsupportedStorageCapability(
                StorageCapability::ActorRelationships
            ))
        ));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn storage_init_completes_facts_for_injected_storage() {
        let storage = Arc::new(RuntimeStorage::new([
            StorageCapability::Snapshot,
            StorageCapability::ActorFacts,
        ]));
        let facts = ai_agents_facts::FactsConfig {
            enabled: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let agent = runtime_storage_agent()
            .with_storage(storage)
            .with_facts_config(None, Some(facts));

        agent.init_storage().await.unwrap();
        assert!(agent.fact_store().is_some());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn storage_init_requires_storage_for_persistent_relationships() {
        let config = ai_agents_relationships::RelationshipConfig {
            enabled: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let manager = Arc::new(RelationshipManager::from_config(config).unwrap());
        let agent = runtime_storage_agent().with_relationships(manager);

        let error = agent.init_storage().await.unwrap_err();
        assert!(matches!(
            error,
            AgentError::Config(message)
                if message.contains("persistent relationships")
                    && message.contains("none is configured or injected")
        ));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn storage_init_validates_persistent_relationships_capability() {
        let storage = Arc::new(RuntimeStorage::new([StorageCapability::Snapshot]));
        let config = ai_agents_relationships::RelationshipConfig {
            enabled: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let manager = Arc::new(RelationshipManager::from_config(config).unwrap());
        let agent = runtime_storage_agent()
            .with_storage(storage)
            .with_relationships(manager);

        assert!(matches!(
            agent.init_storage().await,
            Err(AgentError::UnsupportedStorageCapability(
                StorageCapability::ActorRelationships
            ))
        ));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn session_restore_updates_identity_and_clears_stale_actor_binding() {
        let storage = Arc::new(RuntimeStorage::new([
            StorageCapability::Snapshot,
            StorageCapability::SessionMetadata,
        ]));
        let agent = runtime_storage_agent().with_storage(storage.clone());
        agent.set_actor_id("old-actor").unwrap();
        agent.save_session("old").await.unwrap();
        storage
            .save("target", &agent.save_state().await.unwrap())
            .await
            .unwrap();
        storage
            .save_metadata("target", &ai_agents_core::SessionMetadata::default())
            .await
            .unwrap();

        assert!(agent.load_session("target").await.unwrap());

        assert_eq!(agent.current_session_id.read().as_deref(), Some("target"));
        assert_eq!(agent.actor_id(), None);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn complete_restore_reconciles_growth_shrink_and_empty_topologies() {
        let storage = Arc::new(RuntimeStorage::new([
            StorageCapability::Snapshot,
            StorageCapability::SessionMetadata,
        ]));
        let (spawner, registry) = restore_spawner(storage.clone(), 3);
        let parent = runtime_storage_agent()
            .with_storage(storage.clone())
            .with_spawner_handles(Arc::clone(&spawner), Arc::clone(&registry));

        for id in ["a", "b"] {
            let spawned = spawner
                .spawn_with_id(id.to_string(), restore_spec(id))
                .await
                .unwrap();
            spawned.agent.save_session("grow").await.unwrap();
            registry.register(spawned).await.unwrap();
        }
        let staged_c = crate::spawner::storage::NamespacedStorage::new(storage.clone(), "c");
        staged_c
            .save("grow", &AgentSnapshot::new("c".into()))
            .await
            .unwrap();
        staged_c
            .save_metadata("grow", &ai_agents_core::SessionMetadata::default())
            .await
            .unwrap();
        save_restore_target(
            &parent,
            storage.as_ref(),
            "grow",
            vec![restore_entry("a"), restore_entry("b"), restore_entry("c")],
        )
        .await;

        assert_eq!(parent.restore_session_full("grow").await.unwrap(), 3);
        assert_eq!(registry.count(), 3);
        assert!(registry.contains("c"));
        assert_eq!(spawner.spawned_count(), 3);

        for id in ["a", "b"] {
            registry
                .get(id)
                .unwrap()
                .save_session("shrink")
                .await
                .unwrap();
        }
        save_restore_target(
            &parent,
            storage.as_ref(),
            "shrink",
            vec![restore_entry("a"), restore_entry("b")],
        )
        .await;

        assert_eq!(parent.restore_session_full("shrink").await.unwrap(), 2);
        assert_eq!(registry.count(), 2);
        assert!(!registry.contains("c"));
        assert_eq!(spawner.spawned_count(), 2);

        save_restore_target(&parent, storage.as_ref(), "empty", Vec::new()).await;

        assert_eq!(parent.restore_session_full("empty").await.unwrap(), 0);
        assert_eq!(registry.count(), 0);
        assert_eq!(spawner.spawned_count(), 0);
        assert_eq!(parent.current_session_id.read().as_deref(), Some("empty"));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn storage_session_metadata_is_called_only_when_advertised() {
        let storage = Arc::new(RuntimeStorage::new([StorageCapability::Snapshot]));
        storage.fail_metadata_save.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
        storage.fail_metadata_load.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
        let agent = runtime_storage_agent().with_storage(storage.clone());

        agent.save_session("session").await.unwrap();
        assert!(agent.load_session("session").await.unwrap());
        assert_eq!(storage.metadata_save_calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
        assert_eq!(storage.metadata_load_calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "sqlite")]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn sqlite_runtime_save_filter_reopen_and_reload_stay_consistent() {
        let directory =
            std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("ai-agents-runtime-sqlite-{}", uuid::Uuid::new_v4()));
        let path = directory.join("sessions.sqlite");
        let path_string = path.to_string_lossy().into_owned();
        let storage = Arc::new(
            ai_agents_storage::SqliteStorage::new(&path_string)
                .await
                .unwrap(),
        );
        let agent = runtime_storage_agent().with_storage(storage.clone());
        agent.set_session_metadata(ai_agents_core::SessionMetadata {
            tags: vec!["initial".into()],
            ..Default::default()
        });
        agent.chat("persist this turn").await.unwrap();
        agent.save_session("session").await.unwrap();

        agent.set_session_metadata(ai_agents_core::SessionMetadata {
            tags: vec!["updated".into()],
            ..Default::default()
        });
        agent.save_session("session").await.unwrap();
        assert!(
            agent
                .list_sessions_filtered(&ai_agents_core::SessionFilter {
                    tags: Some(vec!["initial".into()]),
                    ..Default::default()
                })
                .await
                .unwrap()
                .is_empty()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            agent
                .list_sessions_filtered(&ai_agents_core::SessionFilter {
                    tags: Some(vec!["updated".into()]),
                    ..Default::default()
                })
                .await
                .unwrap()
                .len(),
            1
        );
        drop(agent);
        storage.close().await;
        drop(storage);

        let reopened_storage = Arc::new(
            ai_agents_storage::SqliteStorage::new(&path_string)
                .await
                .unwrap(),
        );
        let restored = runtime_storage_agent().with_storage(reopened_storage.clone());
        assert!(restored.load_session("session").await.unwrap());
        assert_eq!(restored.session_metadata().tags, vec!["updated"]);
        assert_eq!(
            restored.current_session_id.read().as_deref(),
            Some("session")
        );
        assert!(restored.save_state().await.unwrap().memory.messages.len() >= 2);
        assert_eq!(
            restored
                .list_sessions_filtered(&ai_agents_core::SessionFilter {
                    tags: Some(vec!["updated".into()]),
                    ..Default::default()
                })
                .await
                .unwrap()
                .len(),
            1
        );

        drop(restored);
        reopened_storage.close().await;
        drop(reopened_storage);
        crate::remove_sqlite_test_directory(&directory)
            .await
            .unwrap();
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn storage_session_metadata_backend_failures_propagate() {
        let storage = Arc::new(RuntimeStorage::new([
            StorageCapability::Snapshot,
            StorageCapability::SessionMetadata,
        ]));
        let agent = runtime_storage_agent().with_storage(storage.clone());

        agent.save_session("session").await.unwrap();
        storage
            .save("target", &agent.save_state().await.unwrap())
            .await
            .unwrap();
        storage.fail_metadata_load.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
        assert!(matches!(
            agent.load_session("target").await,
            Err(AgentError::Persistence(message)) if message == "metadata load failed"
        ));
        assert_eq!(agent.current_session_id.read().as_deref(), Some("session"));

        storage.fail_metadata_save.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
        assert!(matches!(
            agent.save_session("session").await,
            Err(AgentError::Persistence(message)) if message == "metadata save failed"
        ));
    }

    struct ProviderFutureDropSignal {
        dropped: Arc<AtomicBool>,
    }

    impl Drop for ProviderFutureDropSignal {
        fn drop(&mut self) {
            self.dropped.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
        }
    }

    struct BufferedLockingProvider {
        lock: Arc<tokio::sync::Mutex<()>>,
        stream_started: Arc<tokio::sync::Notify>,
        stream_dropped: Arc<AtomicBool>,
        committed_after_drop: Arc<AtomicBool>,
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl LLMProvider for BufferedLockingProvider {
        async fn complete(
            &self,
            _messages: &[ChatMessage],
            _config: Option<&LLMConfig>,
        ) -> std::result::Result<LLMResponse, LLMError> {
            let _guard = self.lock.lock().await;
            self.committed_after_drop
                .store(self.stream_dropped.load(Ordering::SeqCst), Ordering::SeqCst);
            Ok(LLMResponse::new(
                "Committed technical response.",
                FinishReason::Stop,
            ))
        }

        async fn complete_stream(
            &self,
            _messages: &[ChatMessage],
            _config: Option<&LLMConfig>,
        ) -> std::result::Result<
            Box<dyn Stream<Item = std::result::Result<LLMChunk, LLMError>> + Unpin + Send>,
            LLMError,
        > {
            let _guard = self.lock.lock().await;
            let _drop_signal = ProviderFutureDropSignal {
                dropped: Arc::clone(&self.stream_dropped),
            };
            self.stream_started.notify_one();
            std::future::pending().await
        }

        fn provider_name(&self) -> &str {
            "buffered-locking"
        }

        fn supports(&self, _feature: LLMFeature) -> bool {
            false
        }
    }

    struct PendingDropStream {
        dropped: Arc<AtomicBool>,
        dropped_notify: Arc<tokio::sync::Notify>,
    }

    impl Stream for PendingDropStream {
        type Item = std::result::Result<LLMChunk, LLMError>;

        fn poll_next(
            self: Pin<&mut Self>,
            _cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>,
        ) -> std::task::Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
            std::task::Poll::Pending
        }
    }

    impl Drop for PendingDropStream {
        fn drop(&mut self) {
            self.dropped.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
            self.dropped_notify.notify_one();
        }
    }

    struct EstablishedStreamProvider {
        stream_started: Arc<tokio::sync::Notify>,
        stream_dropped: Arc<AtomicBool>,
        stream_dropped_notify: Arc<tokio::sync::Notify>,
        committed_after_drop: Arc<AtomicBool>,
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl LLMProvider for EstablishedStreamProvider {
        async fn complete(
            &self,
            _messages: &[ChatMessage],
            _config: Option<&LLMConfig>,
        ) -> std::result::Result<LLMResponse, LLMError> {
            if !self.stream_dropped.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                self.stream_dropped_notify.notified().await;
            }
            self.committed_after_drop
                .store(self.stream_dropped.load(Ordering::SeqCst), Ordering::SeqCst);
            Ok(LLMResponse::new(
                "Committed technical response.",
                FinishReason::Stop,
            ))
        }

        async fn complete_stream(
            &self,
            _messages: &[ChatMessage],
            _config: Option<&LLMConfig>,
        ) -> std::result::Result<
            Box<dyn Stream<Item = std::result::Result<LLMChunk, LLMError>> + Unpin + Send>,
            LLMError,
        > {
            self.stream_started.notify_one();
            Ok(Box::new(PendingDropStream {
                dropped: Arc::clone(&self.stream_dropped),
                dropped_notify: Arc::clone(&self.stream_dropped_notify),
            }))
        }

        fn provider_name(&self) -> &str {
            "established-stream"
        }

        fn supports(&self, _feature: LLMFeature) -> bool {
            false
        }
    }

    struct FirstCallLockingProvider {
        lock: Arc<tokio::sync::Mutex<()>>,
        first_started: Arc<tokio::sync::Notify>,
        first_dropped: Arc<AtomicBool>,
        committed_after_drop: Arc<AtomicBool>,
        calls: AtomicU64,
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl LLMProvider for FirstCallLockingProvider {
        async fn complete(
            &self,
            _messages: &[ChatMessage],
            _config: Option<&LLMConfig>,
        ) -> std::result::Result<LLMResponse, LLMError> {
            let _guard = self.lock.lock().await;
            let call = self.calls.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
            if call == 0 {
                let _drop_signal = ProviderFutureDropSignal {
                    dropped: Arc::clone(&self.first_dropped),
                };
                self.first_started.notify_one();
                return std::future::pending().await;
            }
            self.committed_after_drop
                .store(self.first_dropped.load(Ordering::SeqCst), Ordering::SeqCst);
            Ok(LLMResponse::new(
                "Committed technical response.",
                FinishReason::Stop,
            ))
        }

        async fn complete_stream(
            &self,
            _messages: &[ChatMessage],
            _config: Option<&LLMConfig>,
        ) -> std::result::Result<
            Box<dyn Stream<Item = std::result::Result<LLMChunk, LLMError>> + Unpin + Send>,
            LLMError,
        > {
            Err(LLMError::Other(
                "streaming is not used in this test".to_string(),
            ))
        }

        fn provider_name(&self) -> &str {
            "first-call-locking"
        }

        fn supports(&self, _feature: LLMFeature) -> bool {
            false
        }
    }

    struct RoutingAfterProviderStart {
        provider_started: Arc<tokio::sync::Notify>,
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl LLMProvider for RoutingAfterProviderStart {
        async fn complete(
            &self,
            _messages: &[ChatMessage],
            _config: Option<&LLMConfig>,
        ) -> std::result::Result<LLMResponse, LLMError> {
            self.provider_started.notified().await;
            Ok(LLMResponse::new("1", FinishReason::Stop))
        }

        async fn complete_stream(
            &self,
            _messages: &[ChatMessage],
            _config: Option<&LLMConfig>,
        ) -> std::result::Result<
            Box<dyn Stream<Item = std::result::Result<LLMChunk, LLMError>> + Unpin + Send>,
            LLMError,
        > {
            Err(LLMError::Other(
                "streaming is not used in this test".to_string(),
            ))
        }

        fn provider_name(&self) -> &str {
            "routing-after-start"
        }

        fn supports(&self, _feature: LLMFeature) -> bool {
            false
        }
    }

    /// Test hook that counts completed responses.
    struct ResponseCountingHooks {
        responses: Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize>,
    }

    /// Test provider that reports blocking entry and emits a deterministic event stream.
    struct RootTurnProbeProvider {
        complete_entered: tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedSender<()>,
    }

    /// Calls a configured runtime from on_response and records whether nested root admission succeeded.
    struct ResponseChatHooks {
        target: parking_lot::Mutex<Option<Weak<RuntimeAgent>>>,
        invoked: AtomicBool,
        nested_result: parking_lot::Mutex<Option<std::result::Result<String, String>>>,
    }

    /// Dispatches one concurrent child from on_response and records the spawned orchestration result.
    struct ConcurrentResponseHooks {
        registry: Weak<crate::spawner::AgentRegistry>,
        child_id: String,
        invoked: AtomicBool,
        nested_result: parking_lot::Mutex<Option<std::result::Result<String, String>>>,
    }

    /// Test tool that fails once and records the deadline observed by each invocation attempt.
    struct RetryDeadlineTool {
        calls: Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize>,
        deadlines: Arc<parking_lot::Mutex<Vec<chrono::DateTime<chrono::Utc>>>>,
        remaining_ms: Arc<parking_lot::Mutex<Vec<i64>>>,
    }

    /// Test hook that records shared-executor lifecycle order and authoritative records.
    struct ToolLifecycleRecordingHooks {
        events: parking_lot::Mutex<Vec<String>>,
        records: parking_lot::Mutex<Vec<ToolExecutionRecord>>,
    }

    impl ToolLifecycleRecordingHooks {
        /// Creates an empty lifecycle recorder.
        fn new() -> Self {
            Self {
                events: parking_lot::Mutex::new(Vec::new()),
                records: parking_lot::Mutex::new(Vec::new()),
            }
        }

        /// Returns a stable snapshot of recorded hook order.
        fn events(&self) -> Vec<String> {
            self.events.lock().clone()
        }

        /// Returns a stable snapshot of authoritative execution records.
        fn records(&self) -> Vec<ToolExecutionRecord> {
            self.records.lock().clone()
        }
    }

    /// Test tool that returns the execution context it received.
    struct ContextEchoTool;

    #[async_trait]
    impl LLMProvider for RootTurnProbeProvider {
        async fn complete(
            &self,
            _messages: &[ChatMessage],
            _config: Option<&LLMConfig>,
        ) -> std::result::Result<LLMResponse, LLMError> {
            let _ = self.complete_entered.send(());
            Ok(LLMResponse::new("blocking complete", FinishReason::Stop))
        }

        async fn complete_stream(
            &self,
            _messages: &[ChatMessage],
            _config: Option<&LLMConfig>,
        ) -> std::result::Result<
            Box<dyn Stream<Item = std::result::Result<LLMChunk, LLMError>> + Unpin + Send>,
            LLMError,
        > {
            Ok(Box::new(futures::stream::iter(vec![Ok(
                LLMChunk::final_chunk("stream complete", FinishReason::Stop, None),
            )])))
        }

        fn provider_name(&self) -> &str {
            "root-turn-probe"
        }

        fn supports(&self, feature: LLMFeature) -> bool {
            matches!(feature, LLMFeature::Streaming)
        }
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl ai_agents_core::Tool for ContextEchoTool {
        fn id(&self) -> &str {
            "context_echo"
        }

        fn name(&self) -> &str {
            "Context Echo"
        }

        fn description(&self) -> &str {
            "Returns selected execution context fields."
        }

        fn input_schema(&self) -> Value {
            serde_json::json!({"type": "object"})
        }

        fn policy_bindings(&self) -> ai_agents_core::ToolPolicyBindings {
            ai_agents_core::ToolPolicyBindings {
                path_fields: vec![ai_agents_core::PathPolicyBinding::read("path")],
                result_limit_fields: vec![ai_agents_core::ResultLimitBinding::new(
                    "max_results",
                    ai_agents_core::ResultLimitKind::MaxResults,
                )],
                ..Default::default()
            }
        }

        async fn execute(
            &self,
            _args: Value,
            ctx: ai_agents_core::ToolExecutionContext,
        ) -> ToolResult {
            ToolResult::ok(
                serde_json::json!({
                    "requested_name": ctx.requested_name,
                    "canonical_id": ctx.canonical_id,
                    "display_name": ctx.display_name,
                    "max_results": ctx.limits.max_results,
                    "custom_config": ctx.custom_config,
                })
                .to_string(),
            )
        }
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl ai_agents_core::Tool for RetryDeadlineTool {
        fn id(&self) -> &str {
            "retry_deadline"
        }

        fn name(&self) -> &str {
            "Retry Deadline"
        }

        fn description(&self) -> &str {
            "Records one deadline per retry invocation."
        }

        fn input_schema(&self) -> Value {
            serde_json::json!({"type": "object"})
        }

        fn safety_metadata(&self) -> ai_agents_core::ToolSafetyMetadata {
            ai_agents_core::ToolSafetyMetadata::compute()
        }

        fn classify_call(&self, _args: &Value) -> ai_agents_core::ToolCallClassification {
            let mut classification =
                ai_agents_core::ToolCallClassification::from_metadata(&self.safety_metadata());
            classification.timeout_ms = Some(1_000);
            classification.safely_retryable = true;
            classification
        }

        // Records each fresh retry deadline and its initial remaining budget before deciding whether to retry.
        async fn execute(
            &self,
            _args: Value,
            ctx: ai_agents_core::ToolExecutionContext,
        ) -> ToolResult {
            let deadline = ctx
                .deadline
                .expect("each invocation must receive a deadline");
            self.remaining_ms.lock().push(
                deadline
                    .signed_duration_since(chrono::Utc::now())
                    .num_milliseconds(),
            );
            self.deadlines.lock().push(deadline);
            let call = self.calls.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
            if call == 0 {
                tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(20)).await;
                ToolResult::error("retry")
            } else {
                ToolResult::ok("done")
            }
        }
    }

    /// Test tool that exposes one call-level timeout and waits long enough to observe the selected timer.
    struct ClassifiedTimeoutTool {
        id: &'static str,
        calls: Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize>,
        timeout_ms: u64,
        sleep_ms: u64,
        requires_approval: bool,
        remaining_ms: Arc<parking_lot::Mutex<Vec<i64>>>,
    }

    /// Test tool that changes timeout classification after approval and can hold a shared path lock.
    struct ApprovalModifiedTimeoutTool {
        calls: Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize>,
    }

    /// Test tool that stays active long enough for runtime cancellation.
    struct SlowTool;

    /// Test tool that fails once and must not be retried for writes.
    struct FlakyWriteTool {
        calls: Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize>,
    }

    /// Test tool that tracks concurrent execution on one path.
    struct LockedWriteTool {
        active: Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize>,
        max_active: Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize>,
    }

    struct MultiResourceWriteTool {
        active: Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize>,
        max_active: Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize>,
    }

    #[derive(Clone)]
    struct PathMutationGate {
        entered: Arc<AtomicBool>,
        entered_notify: Arc<tokio::sync::Notify>,
        release: Arc<tokio::sync::Notify>,
    }

    impl PathMutationGate {
        fn new() -> Self {
            Self {
                entered: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
                entered_notify: Arc::new(tokio::sync::Notify::new()),
                release: Arc::new(tokio::sync::Notify::new()),
            }
        }

        async fn wait_until_entered(&self) {
            if !self.entered.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                self.entered_notify.notified().await;
            }
        }

        fn release(&self) {
            self.release.notify_one();
        }
    }

    struct BlockingPathMutationTool {
        id: &'static str,
        path_fields: Vec<ai_agents_core::PathPolicyBinding>,
        gate: PathMutationGate,
    }

    struct NoBindingWriteTool {
        active: Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize>,
        max_active: Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize>,
    }

    struct RecoveryTestTool {
        id: String,
        succeeds: bool,
        calls: Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize>,
        max_output_chars: Option<usize>,
    }

    struct BlockingApprovalHandler {
        entered: Arc<tokio::sync::Barrier>,
        release: Arc<tokio::sync::Notify>,
        result: ApprovalResult,
    }

    struct CountingApprovalHandler {
        calls: Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize>,
    }

    /// Test provider that moves one fallback alias to an ancestor canonical ID during refresh.
    struct DriftingFallbackProvider {
        refreshed: AtomicBool,
        primary_calls: Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize>,
        secondary_calls: Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize>,
    }

    /// Test hook that records fallback lifecycle evidence and refreshes the provider after initial canonical admission.
    struct RefreshFallbackProviderHooks {
        agent: parking_lot::Mutex<Option<Weak<RuntimeAgent>>>,
        lifecycle: Arc<ToolLifecycleRecordingHooks>,
    }

    struct RuntimeWebFetchTransport {
        calls: Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize>,
    }

    struct RuntimeWebFetchResolver;

    struct ReentrantToolHooks {
        agent: parking_lot::Mutex<Option<Weak<RuntimeAgent>>>,
        invoked: AtomicBool,
        nested_success: AtomicBool,
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl ai_agents_core::Tool for ClassifiedTimeoutTool {
        // Returns the configurable ID used to select timeout policy in each test.
        fn id(&self) -> &str {
            self.id
        }

        // Provides a stable display name for the test registry.
        fn name(&self) -> &str {
            "Classified Timeout"
        }

        // Describes the test tool's deadline observation behavior.
        fn description(&self) -> &str {
            "Records and waits under one call-level timeout."
        }

        // Accepts empty object arguments so timeout tests isolate execution limits.
        fn input_schema(&self) -> Value {
            serde_json::json!({"type": "object"})
        }

        // Exposes the configured call-level cap and approval requirement to the runtime.
        fn classify_call(&self, _args: &Value) -> ai_agents_core::ToolCallClassification {
            let mut classification =
                ai_agents_core::ToolCallClassification::from_metadata(&self.safety_metadata());
            classification.timeout_ms = Some(self.timeout_ms);
            classification.requires_approval = self.requires_approval;
            classification
        }

        // Records the visible deadline and sleeps past the selected cap so the runtime timer must terminate execution.
        async fn execute(
            &self,
            _args: Value,
            ctx: ai_agents_core::ToolExecutionContext,
        ) -> ToolResult {
            self.calls.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
            let deadline = ctx
                .deadline
                .expect("each invocation must receive a deadline");
            self.remaining_ms.lock().push(
                deadline
                    .signed_duration_since(chrono::Utc::now())
                    .num_milliseconds(),
            );
            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(self.sleep_ms)).await;
            ToolResult::ok("done")
        }
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl ai_agents_core::Tool for ApprovalModifiedTimeoutTool {
        // Returns the canonical ID used by the approval-modification timeout test.
        fn id(&self) -> &str {
            "approval_modified_timeout"
        }

        // Provides a stable display name for approval requests.
        fn name(&self) -> &str {
            "Approval Modified Timeout"
        }

        // Describes the argument-dependent timeout behavior under test.
        fn description(&self) -> &str {
            "Becomes invalid only after approval modifies its arguments."
        }

        // Accepts the path and approval-controlled invalid-timeout switch.
        fn input_schema(&self) -> Value {
            serde_json::json!({"type": "object"})
        }

        // Binds one path so a misplaced final validation would wait for a resource lock.
        fn policy_bindings(&self) -> ai_agents_core::ToolPolicyBindings {
            ai_agents_core::ToolPolicyBindings {
                path_fields: vec![ai_agents_core::PathPolicyBinding::write("path")],
                ..Default::default()
            }
        }

        // Keeps the test call non-concurrent so final timeout validation must precede its path lock.
        fn safety_metadata(&self) -> ai_agents_core::ToolSafetyMetadata {
            ai_agents_core::ToolSafetyMetadata {
                read_only: false,
                concurrency_safe: false,
                operation: ai_agents_core::ToolOperationKind::Write,
                side_effect_level: ai_agents_core::ToolSideEffectLevel::LocalWrite,
                requires_network: false,
                destructive: false,
                open_world: false,
                host_dependent: false,
                requires_user_interaction: false,
                supports_cancellation: true,
                default_requires_approval: true,
                should_defer_schema: false,
                max_output_chars: Some(1024),
                max_result_size_chars: Some(1024),
            }
        }

        // Produces an invalid cap only from the arguments returned by the approval handler.
        fn classify_call(&self, args: &Value) -> ai_agents_core::ToolCallClassification {
            let mut classification =
                ai_agents_core::ToolCallClassification::from_metadata(&self.safety_metadata());
            classification.timeout_ms = Some(if args["invalid_timeout"].as_bool() == Some(true) {
                u64::MAX
            } else {
                1_000
            });
            classification
        }

        // Records any incorrect invocation after final classification should have failed.
        async fn execute(
            &self,
            _args: Value,
            _ctx: ai_agents_core::ToolExecutionContext,
        ) -> ToolResult {
            self.calls.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
            ToolResult::ok("unexpected")
        }
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl ai_agents_core::Tool for SlowTool {
        fn id(&self) -> &str {
            "slow"
        }

        fn name(&self) -> &str {
            "Slow"
        }

        fn description(&self) -> &str {
            "Waits until cancelled or timed out."
        }

        fn input_schema(&self) -> Value {
            serde_json::json!({"type": "object"})
        }

        async fn execute(
            &self,
            _args: Value,
            _ctx: ai_agents_core::ToolExecutionContext,
        ) -> ToolResult {
            tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(5)).await;
            ToolResult::ok("done")
        }
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl ai_agents_core::Tool for FlakyWriteTool {
        fn id(&self) -> &str {
            "flaky_write"
        }

        fn name(&self) -> &str {
            "Flaky Write"
        }

        fn description(&self) -> &str {
            "Fails on the first write attempt."
        }

        fn input_schema(&self) -> Value {
            serde_json::json!({"type": "object", "properties": {"path": {"type": "string"}}})
        }

        fn policy_bindings(&self) -> ai_agents_core::ToolPolicyBindings {
            ai_agents_core::ToolPolicyBindings {
                path_fields: vec![ai_agents_core::PathPolicyBinding::write("path")],
                ..Default::default()
            }
        }

        fn safety_metadata(&self) -> ai_agents_core::ToolSafetyMetadata {
            ai_agents_core::ToolSafetyMetadata {
                read_only: false,
                concurrency_safe: false,
                operation: ai_agents_core::ToolOperationKind::Write,
                side_effect_level: ai_agents_core::ToolSideEffectLevel::LocalWrite,
                requires_network: false,
                destructive: false,
                open_world: false,
                host_dependent: false,
                requires_user_interaction: false,
                supports_cancellation: true,
                default_requires_approval: false,
                should_defer_schema: false,
                max_output_chars: Some(1024),
                max_result_size_chars: Some(1024),
            }
        }

        fn classify_call(&self, _args: &Value) -> ai_agents_core::ToolCallClassification {
            let mut classification =
                ai_agents_core::ToolCallClassification::from_metadata(&self.safety_metadata());
            classification.safely_retryable = false;
            classification
        }

        async fn execute(
            &self,
            _args: Value,
            _ctx: ai_agents_core::ToolExecutionContext,
        ) -> ToolResult {
            let call = self.calls.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
            if call == 0 {
                ToolResult::error("first failure")
            } else {
                ToolResult::ok("second success")
            }
        }
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl ai_agents_core::Tool for LockedWriteTool {
        fn id(&self) -> &str {
            "locked_write"
        }

        fn name(&self) -> &str {
            "Locked Write"
        }

        fn description(&self) -> &str {
            "Tracks concurrent execution on one resource."
        }

        fn input_schema(&self) -> Value {
            serde_json::json!({"type": "object", "properties": {"path": {"type": "string"}}})
        }

        fn policy_bindings(&self) -> ai_agents_core::ToolPolicyBindings {
            ai_agents_core::ToolPolicyBindings {
                path_fields: vec![ai_agents_core::PathPolicyBinding::write("path")],
                ..Default::default()
            }
        }

        fn safety_metadata(&self) -> ai_agents_core::ToolSafetyMetadata {
            ai_agents_core::ToolSafetyMetadata {
                read_only: false,
                concurrency_safe: false,
                operation: ai_agents_core::ToolOperationKind::Write,
                side_effect_level: ai_agents_core::ToolSideEffectLevel::LocalWrite,
                requires_network: false,
                destructive: false,
                open_world: false,
                host_dependent: false,
                requires_user_interaction: false,
                supports_cancellation: true,
                default_requires_approval: false,
                should_defer_schema: false,
                max_output_chars: Some(1024),
                max_result_size_chars: Some(1024),
            }
        }

        async fn execute(
            &self,
            _args: Value,
            _ctx: ai_agents_core::ToolExecutionContext,
        ) -> ToolResult {
            let active = self.active.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst) + 1;
            loop {
                let current_max = self.max_active.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
                if active <= current_max {
                    break;
                }
                if self
                    .max_active
                    .compare_exchange(current_max, active, Ordering::SeqCst, Ordering::SeqCst)
                    .is_ok()
                {
                    break;
                }
            }
            tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
            self.active.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
            ToolResult::ok("done")
        }
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl ai_agents_core::Tool for MultiResourceWriteTool {
        fn id(&self) -> &str {
            "multi_resource_write"
        }

        fn name(&self) -> &str {
            "Multi Resource Write"
        }

        fn description(&self) -> &str {
            "Tracks concurrent execution across source and destination resources."
        }

        fn input_schema(&self) -> Value {
            serde_json::json!({"type": "object"})
        }

        fn policy_bindings(&self) -> ai_agents_core::ToolPolicyBindings {
            ai_agents_core::ToolPolicyBindings {
                path_fields: vec![
                    ai_agents_core::PathPolicyBinding::read_write("source_path"),
                    ai_agents_core::PathPolicyBinding::write("destination_path"),
                ],
                ..Default::default()
            }
        }

        fn safety_metadata(&self) -> ai_agents_core::ToolSafetyMetadata {
            LockedWriteTool {
                active: Arc::clone(&self.active),
                max_active: Arc::clone(&self.max_active),
            }
            .safety_metadata()
        }

        async fn execute(
            &self,
            _args: Value,
            _ctx: ai_agents_core::ToolExecutionContext,
        ) -> ToolResult {
            let active = self.active.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst) + 1;
            self.max_active.fetch_max(active, Ordering::SeqCst);
            tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(75)).await;
            self.active.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
            ToolResult::ok("done")
        }
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl ai_agents_core::Tool for BlockingPathMutationTool {
        fn id(&self) -> &str {
            self.id
        }

        fn name(&self) -> &str {
            self.id
        }

        fn description(&self) -> &str {
            "Blocks a path mutation until the test releases it."
        }

        fn input_schema(&self) -> Value {
            serde_json::json!({"type": "object"})
        }

        fn policy_bindings(&self) -> ai_agents_core::ToolPolicyBindings {
            ai_agents_core::ToolPolicyBindings {
                path_fields: self.path_fields.clone(),
                ..Default::default()
            }
        }

        fn safety_metadata(&self) -> ai_agents_core::ToolSafetyMetadata {
            ai_agents_core::ToolSafetyMetadata {
                read_only: false,
                concurrency_safe: false,
                operation: ai_agents_core::ToolOperationKind::Write,
                side_effect_level: ai_agents_core::ToolSideEffectLevel::LocalWrite,
                requires_network: false,
                destructive: false,
                open_world: false,
                host_dependent: false,
                requires_user_interaction: false,
                supports_cancellation: true,
                default_requires_approval: false,
                should_defer_schema: false,
                max_output_chars: Some(1024),
                max_result_size_chars: Some(1024),
            }
        }

        async fn execute(
            &self,
            _args: Value,
            _ctx: ai_agents_core::ToolExecutionContext,
        ) -> ToolResult {
            self.gate.entered.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
            self.gate.entered_notify.notify_one();
            self.gate.release.notified().await;
            ToolResult::ok("done")
        }
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl ai_agents_core::Tool for NoBindingWriteTool {
        fn id(&self) -> &str {
            "no_binding_write"
        }

        fn name(&self) -> &str {
            "No Binding Write"
        }

        fn description(&self) -> &str {
            "Tracks concurrent execution without resource bindings."
        }

        fn input_schema(&self) -> Value {
            serde_json::json!({"type": "object"})
        }

        fn safety_metadata(&self) -> ai_agents_core::ToolSafetyMetadata {
            LockedWriteTool {
                active: Arc::clone(&self.active),
                max_active: Arc::clone(&self.max_active),
            }
            .safety_metadata()
        }

        async fn execute(
            &self,
            _args: Value,
            _ctx: ai_agents_core::ToolExecutionContext,
        ) -> ToolResult {
            let active = self.active.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst) + 1;
            self.max_active.fetch_max(active, Ordering::SeqCst);
            tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(75)).await;
            self.active.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
            ToolResult::ok("done")
        }
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl ai_agents_core::Tool for RecoveryTestTool {
        fn id(&self) -> &str {
            &self.id
        }

        fn name(&self) -> &str {
            &self.id
        }

        fn description(&self) -> &str {
            "Records recovery execution and returns a configured result."
        }

        fn input_schema(&self) -> Value {
            serde_json::json!({"type": "object"})
        }

        fn policy_bindings(&self) -> ai_agents_core::ToolPolicyBindings {
            ai_agents_core::ToolPolicyBindings {
                path_fields: vec![ai_agents_core::PathPolicyBinding::write("path")],
                ..Default::default()
            }
        }

        /// Supplies a configurable output cap while preserving non-concurrent path mutation behavior.
        fn safety_metadata(&self) -> ai_agents_core::ToolSafetyMetadata {
            ai_agents_core::ToolSafetyMetadata {
                read_only: false,
                concurrency_safe: false,
                operation: ai_agents_core::ToolOperationKind::Write,
                side_effect_level: ai_agents_core::ToolSideEffectLevel::LocalWrite,
                requires_network: false,
                destructive: false,
                open_world: false,
                host_dependent: false,
                requires_user_interaction: false,
                supports_cancellation: true,
                default_requires_approval: false,
                should_defer_schema: false,
                max_output_chars: Some(self.max_output_chars.unwrap_or(1024)),
                max_result_size_chars: Some(1024),
            }
        }

        /// Returns deterministic output and metadata for recovery lifecycle assertions.
        async fn execute(
            &self,
            _args: Value,
            _ctx: ai_agents_core::ToolExecutionContext,
        ) -> ToolResult {
            self.calls.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
            let mut result = if self.succeeds {
                ToolResult::ok(format!("{} succeeded", self.id))
            } else {
                ToolResult::error(format!("{} failed", self.id))
            };
            result.metadata = Some(HashMap::from([(
                "recovery_test_tool".to_string(),
                Value::String(self.id.clone()),
            )]));
            result
        }
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl WebFetchTransport for RuntimeWebFetchTransport {
        /// Rejects unvalidated transport calls in the shared-executor fixture.
        async fn send(
            &self,
            _request: WebFetchTransportRequest,
        ) -> std::result::Result<WebFetchTransportResponse, String> {
            Err("validated addresses are required".to_string())
        }

        /// Records transport only after runtime and tool policy validation complete.
        async fn send_validated(
            &self,
            _request: WebFetchTransportRequest,
            _addresses: &[std::net::SocketAddr],
        ) -> std::result::Result<WebFetchTransportResponse, String> {
            self.calls.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
            Ok(WebFetchTransportResponse {
                status: 200,
                content_type: Some("text/plain".to_string()),
                location: None,
                body: b"approved".to_vec(),
            })
        }
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl WebFetchResolver for RuntimeWebFetchResolver {
        /// Returns one public fixture address without external DNS.
        async fn resolve(
            &self,
            _host: &str,
            _port: u16,
        ) -> std::result::Result<Vec<std::net::IpAddr>, String> {
            Ok(vec![std::net::IpAddr::V4(std::net::Ipv4Addr::new(
                93, 184, 216, 34,
            ))])
        }
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl ToolProvider for DriftingFallbackProvider {
        // Returns the provider ID used by the registry refresh test.
        fn id(&self) -> &str {
            "drifting_fallback"
        }

        // Provides a stable test provider name.
        fn name(&self) -> &str {
            "Drifting Fallback"
        }

        // Marks the provider as a custom in-process fixture.
        fn provider_type(&self) -> ToolProviderType {
            ToolProviderType::Custom
        }

        // Moves the fallback alias from secondary to primary after refresh.
        async fn list_tools(&self) -> Vec<ToolDescriptor> {
            let alias = ToolAliases::new().with_name("en", "fallback alias");
            let mut primary = ToolDescriptor::new(
                "primary",
                "Primary",
                "Fails before fallback.",
                serde_json::json!({"type": "object"}),
            );
            let mut secondary = ToolDescriptor::new(
                "secondary",
                "Secondary",
                "Must not execute after final canonical drift.",
                serde_json::json!({"type": "object"}),
            );
            if self.refreshed.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                primary = primary.with_aliases(alias);
            } else {
                secondary = secondary.with_aliases(alias);
            }
            vec![primary, secondary]
        }

        // Returns deterministic failing tools so fallback ancestry is the only terminal control.
        async fn get_tool(&self, tool_id: &str) -> Option<Arc<dyn Tool>> {
            let calls = match tool_id {
                "primary" => Arc::clone(&self.primary_calls),
                "secondary" => Arc::clone(&self.secondary_calls),
                _ => return None,
            };
            Some(Arc::new(RecoveryTestTool {
                id: tool_id.to_string(),
                succeeds: false,
                calls,
                max_output_chars: None,
            }))
        }

        // Allows the registry to rebuild canonical and alias indexes during the test hook.
        fn supports_refresh(&self) -> bool {
            true
        }

        // Switches the alias mapping before the registry recreates its provider snapshot.
        async fn refresh(&self) -> std::result::Result<(), ToolProviderError> {
            self.refreshed.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl AgentHooks for RefreshFallbackProviderHooks {
        // Records the admitted lifecycle identity before refreshing the fallback provider at the intended async boundary.
        async fn on_tool_start(&self, tool: &str, args: &Value) {
            self.lifecycle.on_tool_start(tool, args).await;
            if tool != "secondary" {
                return;
            }
            let agent = self.agent.lock().as_ref().and_then(Weak::upgrade);
            if let Some(agent) = agent {
                agent
                    .tools
                    .refresh_provider("drifting_fallback")
                    .await
                    .unwrap();
            }
        }

        async fn on_tool_complete(&self, tool: &str, result: &ToolResult, duration_ms: u64) {
            self.lifecycle
                .on_tool_complete(tool, result, duration_ms)
                .await;
        }

        async fn on_tool_execution_record(&self, record: &ToolExecutionRecord) {
            self.lifecycle.on_tool_execution_record(record).await;
        }

        async fn on_error(&self, error: &AgentError) {
            self.lifecycle.on_error(error).await;
        }
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl ApprovalHandler for BlockingApprovalHandler {
        async fn request_approval(
            &self,
            _request: ai_agents_hitl::ApprovalRequest,
        ) -> ApprovalResult {
            self.entered.wait().await;
            self.release.notified().await;
            self.result.clone()
        }
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl ApprovalHandler for CountingApprovalHandler {
        async fn request_approval(
            &self,
            _request: ai_agents_hitl::ApprovalRequest,
        ) -> ApprovalResult {
            self.calls.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
            ApprovalResult::Approved
        }
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl AgentHooks for ReentrantToolHooks {
        async fn on_tool_complete(&self, tool: &str, _result: &ToolResult, _duration_ms: u64) {
            if tool != "reentrant_write" || self.invoked.swap(true, Ordering::SeqCst) {
                return;
            }
            let agent = self.agent.lock().as_ref().and_then(Weak::upgrade);
            if let Some(agent) = agent {
                let result = agent
                    .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                        "nested-hook-call",
                        "reentrant_write",
                        serde_json::json!({"path": "./hook.txt"}),
                        ToolCallSource::Manual,
                    ))
                    .await;
                self.nested_success
                    .store(result.is_ok_and(|record| record.success), Ordering::SeqCst);
            }
        }
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl AgentHooks for ResponseCountingHooks {
        async fn on_response(&self, _response: &AgentResponse) {
            self.responses.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
        }
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl AgentHooks for ResponseChatHooks {
        /// Attempts one nested blocking turn without retaining the target mutex across the await.
        async fn on_response(&self, _response: &AgentResponse) {
            if self.invoked.swap(true, Ordering::SeqCst) {
                return;
            }
            let target = self.target.lock().as_ref().and_then(Weak::upgrade);
            let result = if let Some(target) = target {
                target
                    .chat("nested response hook call")
                    .await
                    .map(|response| response.content)
                    .map_err(|error| error.to_string())
            } else {
                Err("response hook target is unavailable".to_string())
            };
            *self.nested_result.lock() = Some(result);
        }
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl AgentHooks for ConcurrentResponseHooks {
        /// Runs one child through the real concurrent JoinSet boundary without retaining registry state across the await.
        async fn on_response(&self, _response: &AgentResponse) {
            if self.invoked.swap(true, Ordering::SeqCst) {
                return;
            }
            let Some(registry) = self.registry.upgrade() else {
                *self.nested_result.lock() =
                    Some(Err("concurrent registry is unavailable".to_string()));
                return;
            };
            let agents = [ai_agents_state::ConcurrentAgentRef::Id(
                self.child_id.clone(),
            )];
            let aggregation = ai_agents_state::AggregationConfig {
                strategy: ai_agents_state::AggregationStrategy::FirstWins,
                synthesizer_llm: None,
                synthesizer_prompt: None,
                vote: None,
            };
            let result = crate::orchestration::concurrent(
                &registry,
                "nested concurrent response hook call",
                &agents,
                &aggregation,
                None,
                Some(1),
                None,
                ai_agents_state::PartialFailureAction::Abort,
                None,
            )
            .await
            .map(|result| result.response.content)
            .map_err(|error| error.to_string());
            *self.nested_result.lock() = Some(result);
        }
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl AgentHooks for ToolLifecycleRecordingHooks {
        async fn on_tool_start(&self, tool: &str, _args: &Value) {
            self.events.lock().push(format!("start:{tool}"));
        }

        async fn on_tool_complete(&self, tool: &str, result: &ToolResult, _duration_ms: u64) {
            self.events
                .lock()
                .push(format!("complete:{tool}:{}", result.success));
        }

        async fn on_tool_execution_record(&self, record: &ToolExecutionRecord) {
            self.events.lock().push(format!(
                "record:{}:{}",
                record.canonical_id, record.executed
            ));
            self.records.lock().push(record.clone());
        }

        /// Records error reporting so fallback cannot overtake the failed original lifecycle.
        async fn on_error(&self, _error: &AgentError) {
            self.events.lock().push("error".to_string());
        }
    }

    struct ApprovalRecordingHooks {
        events: parking_lot::Mutex<Vec<String>>,
    }

    impl ApprovalRecordingHooks {
        fn new() -> Self {
            Self {
                events: parking_lot::Mutex::new(Vec::new()),
            }
        }

        fn events(&self) -> Vec<String> {
            self.events.lock().clone()
        }
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl AgentHooks for ApprovalRecordingHooks {
        async fn on_approval_result(&self, request_id: &str, result: &ApprovalResult) {
            self.events.lock().push(format!(
                "raw:{}:{}",
                request_id,
                approval_result_name(result)
            ));
        }

        async fn on_approval_resolved(
            &self,
            request: &ai_agents_hitl::ApprovalRequest,
            raw_result: &ApprovalResult,
            outcome: &ApprovalResolvedOutcome,
        ) {
            self.events.lock().push(format!(
                "resolved:{}:{}:{}",
                request.id,
                approval_result_name(raw_result),
                approval_outcome_name(outcome)
            ));
        }
    }

    fn approval_result_name(result: &ApprovalResult) -> &'static str {
        match result {
            ApprovalResult::Approved => "approved",
            ApprovalResult::Rejected { .. } => "rejected",
            ApprovalResult::Modified { .. } => "modified",
            ApprovalResult::Timeout => "timeout",
        }
    }

    fn approval_outcome_name(outcome: &ApprovalResolvedOutcome) -> &'static str {
        match outcome {
            ApprovalResolvedOutcome::Approved => "approved",
            ApprovalResolvedOutcome::Rejected { .. } => "rejected",
            ApprovalResolvedOutcome::Modified { .. } => "modified",
            ApprovalResolvedOutcome::Error { .. } => "error",
        }
    }

    fn assert_correlated_approval_events(
        events: &[String],
        raw_status: &str,
        outcome_status: &str,
    ) {
        assert_eq!(events.len(), 2);
        let raw: Vec<_> = events[0].split(':').collect();
        let resolved: Vec<_> = events[1].split(':').collect();
        assert_eq!(raw[0], "raw");
        assert_eq!(resolved[0], "resolved");
        assert_eq!(raw[1], resolved[1]);
        assert_eq!(raw[2], raw_status);
        assert_eq!(resolved[2], raw_status);
        assert_eq!(resolved[3], outcome_status);
    }

    fn approval_security_config(policy_enabled: bool) -> ToolSecurityConfig {
        let mut security = ToolSecurityConfig {
            enabled: true,
            fail_closed: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let policy = ai_agents_tools::ToolPolicyConfig {
            enabled: policy_enabled,
            write_paths: vec![".".to_string()],
            require_confirmation: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        security.tools.insert("locked_write".to_string(), policy);
        security
    }

    struct MutationTestWorkspace {
        root: std::path::PathBuf,
    }

    impl MutationTestWorkspace {
        fn new() -> Self {
            let root = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(
                "ai-agents-runtime-mutation-{}",
                uuid::Uuid::new_v4()
            ));
            std::fs::create_dir_all(&root).unwrap();
            Self { root }
        }
    }

    impl Drop for MutationTestWorkspace {
        fn drop(&mut self) {
            let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&self.root);
        }
    }

    async fn wait_for_resource_lock_strong_count(locks: &ToolResourceLocks, minimum: usize) {
        tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2), async {
            loop {
                let strong_count = locks
                    .read()
                    .get("path-mutation:global")
                    .map_or(0, |lock| lock.strong_count());
                if strong_count >= minimum {
                    break;
                }
                tokio::task::yield_now().await;
            }
        })
        .await
        .expect("path mutation call did not reach the shared lock");
    }

    async fn assert_path_mutation_pair_serialized(
        first_id: &'static str,
        first_fields: Vec<ai_agents_core::PathPolicyBinding>,
        first_args: Value,
        second_id: &'static str,
        second_fields: Vec<ai_agents_core::PathPolicyBinding>,
        second_args: Value,
    ) {
        let locks = new_tool_resource_locks();
        let first_gate = PathMutationGate::new();
        let second_gate = PathMutationGate::new();
        second_gate.release();
        let agent = Arc::new(
            AgentBuilder::new()
                .system_prompt("Test global path mutation locking.")
                .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
                .tool(Arc::new(BlockingPathMutationTool {
                    id: first_id,
                    path_fields: first_fields,
                    gate: first_gate.clone(),
                }))
                .tool(Arc::new(BlockingPathMutationTool {
                    id: second_id,
                    path_fields: second_fields,
                    gate: second_gate.clone(),
                }))
                .build()
                .unwrap()
                .with_shared_resource_locks(Arc::clone(&locks)),
        );

        let first = {
            let agent = Arc::clone(&agent);
            tokio::spawn(async move {
                agent
                    .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                        format!("{}-first", first_id),
                        first_id,
                        first_args,
                        ToolCallSource::Manual,
                    ))
                    .await
                    .unwrap()
            })
        };
        first_gate.wait_until_entered().await;

        let second = {
            let agent = Arc::clone(&agent);
            tokio::spawn(async move {
                agent
                    .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                        format!("{}-second", second_id),
                        second_id,
                        second_args,
                        ToolCallSource::Manual,
                    ))
                    .await
                    .unwrap()
            })
        };
        wait_for_resource_lock_strong_count(&locks, 2).await;
        assert!(!second_gate.entered.load(Ordering::SeqCst));
        assert!(!second.is_finished());

        first_gate.release();
        let (first, second) = tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2), async {
            tokio::join!(first, second)
        })
        .await
        .expect("serialized path mutation calls did not finish");
        assert!(first.unwrap().success);
        assert!(second.unwrap().success);
        assert!(second_gate.entered.load(Ordering::SeqCst));
        assert!(locks.read().is_empty());
    }

    #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
    enum MutationDenial {
        Policy,
        Approval,
    }

    fn mutation_denial_security_config(
        tool_id: &str,
        workspace: &std::path::Path,
        denial: MutationDenial,
    ) -> ToolSecurityConfig {
        let workspace = workspace.to_string_lossy().into_owned();
        let mut policy = ai_agents_tools::ToolPolicyConfig {
            read_paths: vec![workspace.clone()],
            write_paths: vec![workspace.clone()],
            ..Default::default()
        };
        match denial {
            MutationDenial::Policy => policy.blocked_paths = vec![workspace],
            MutationDenial::Approval => policy.require_confirmation = true,
        }

        let mut security = ToolSecurityConfig {
            enabled: true,
            fail_closed: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        security.tools.insert(tool_id.to_string(), policy);
        security
    }

    async fn assert_path_mutation_denied(tool: Arc<dyn Tool>, denial: MutationDenial) {
        let workspace = MutationTestWorkspace::new();
        let tool_id = tool.id().to_string();
        let preserved = workspace.root.join(format!("{}-preserved.txt", tool_id));
        let destination = workspace.root.join(format!("{}-destination.txt", tool_id));
        std::fs::write(&preserved, "preserved").unwrap();
        let arguments = match tool_id.as_str() {
            "copy_path" | "move_path" => serde_json::json!({
                "source_path": preserved.to_string_lossy(),
                "destination_path": destination.to_string_lossy(),
                "dry_run": false
            }),
            "delete_path" => serde_json::json!({
                "path": preserved.to_string_lossy(),
                "recursive": false,
                "dry_run": false
            }),
            _ => panic!("unsupported mutation tool: {}", tool_id),
        };
        let security = mutation_denial_security_config(&tool_id, &workspace.root, denial);
        let builder = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Test mutation denial.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .tool(tool)
            .tool_security(ToolSecurityEngine::new(security));
        let builder = match denial {
            MutationDenial::Policy => builder,
            MutationDenial::Approval => builder
                .hitl_engine(HITLEngine::new(ai_agents_hitl::HITLConfig::default()))
                .approval_handler(Arc::new(RejectAllHandler::new())),
        };
        let agent = builder.build().unwrap();

        let record = agent
            .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                format!("{}-denied", tool_id),
                tool_id.clone(),
                arguments,
                ToolCallSource::Manual,
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        assert!(!record.executed, "{} must not be invoked", tool_id);
        assert!(!record.success);
        match denial {
            MutationDenial::Policy => {
                assert_eq!(record.policy.outcome, PermissionOutcome::Deny);
                assert!(record.approval.as_ref().is_some_and(|approval| matches!(
                    &approval.status,
                    ToolApprovalStatus::NotRequired
                )));
            }
            MutationDenial::Approval => {
                assert_eq!(record.policy.outcome, PermissionOutcome::RequiresApproval);
                assert!(record.approval.as_ref().is_some_and(|approval| matches!(
                    &approval.status,
                    ToolApprovalStatus::Rejected
                )));
            }
        }
        assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(&preserved).unwrap(), "preserved");
        assert!(!destination.exists());
    }

    fn recovery_manager_with_fallbacks(
        fallbacks: impl IntoIterator<Item = (String, String)>,
    ) -> RecoveryManager {
        use ai_agents_recovery::{ErrorRecoveryConfig, ToolRecoveryConfig, ToolRetryConfig};

        let per_tool = fallbacks
            .into_iter()
            .map(|(tool, fallback_tool)| {
                (
                    tool,
                    ToolRetryConfig {
                        max_retries: 0,
                        timeout_ms: Some(1_000),
                        on_failure: ToolFailureAction::Fallback { fallback_tool },
                    },
                )
            })
            .collect();
        RecoveryManager::new(ErrorRecoveryConfig {
            tools: ToolRecoveryConfig {
                per_tool,
                ..Default::default()
            },
            ..Default::default()
        })
    }

    fn approval_check() -> HITLCheckResult {
        HITLCheckResult::required(
            ApprovalTrigger::tool("test", serde_json::json!({})),
            HashMap::new(),
            "Approve?",
            None,
        )
    }

    fn agent_with_approval_result(
        raw_result: ApprovalResult,
        timeout_action: TimeoutAction,
        hooks: Arc<ApprovalRecordingHooks>,
    ) -> RuntimeAgent {
        use ai_agents_hitl::{CallbackHandler, HITLConfig};

        let config = HITLConfig {
            on_timeout: timeout_action,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let handler = CallbackHandler::new(move |_| raw_result.clone());
        AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Test HITL hooks.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .build()
            .unwrap()
            .with_hooks(hooks)
            .with_hitl(HITLEngine::new(config), Arc::new(handler))
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn approval_hooks_expose_direct_effective_decisions_after_raw_results() {
        let cases = vec![
            (ApprovalResult::Approved, "approved"),
            (
                ApprovalResult::Rejected {
                    reason: Some("denied".to_string()),
                },
                "rejected",
            ),
            (
                ApprovalResult::Modified {
                    changes: HashMap::from([("value".to_string(), serde_json::json!(2))]),
                },
                "modified",
            ),
        ];

        for (raw_result, expected) in cases {
            let hooks = Arc::new(ApprovalRecordingHooks::new());
            let agent =
                agent_with_approval_result(raw_result, TimeoutAction::Reject, hooks.clone());

            let result = agent.request_hitl_approval(approval_check()).await.unwrap();

            assert_eq!(approval_result_name(&result), expected);
            assert_correlated_approval_events(&hooks.events(), expected, expected);
        }
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn approval_hooks_expose_timeout_policy_decisions() {
        for (timeout_action, expected) in [
            (TimeoutAction::Approve, "approved"),
            (TimeoutAction::Reject, "rejected"),
        ] {
            let hooks = Arc::new(ApprovalRecordingHooks::new());
            let agent =
                agent_with_approval_result(ApprovalResult::Timeout, timeout_action, hooks.clone());

            let result = agent.request_hitl_approval(approval_check()).await.unwrap();

            assert_eq!(approval_result_name(&result), expected);
            assert_correlated_approval_events(&hooks.events(), "timeout", expected);
        }
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn timeout_error_fires_correlated_resolved_error_before_returning() {
        let hooks = Arc::new(ApprovalRecordingHooks::new());
        let agent = agent_with_approval_result(
            ApprovalResult::Timeout,
            TimeoutAction::Error,
            hooks.clone(),
        );

        let error = agent
            .request_hitl_approval(approval_check())
            .await
            .unwrap_err();

        assert!(error.to_string().contains("HITL approval timeout"));
        assert_correlated_approval_events(&hooks.events(), "timeout", "error");
    }

    // Basic YAML → Build → Chat flow
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_integration_yaml_to_chat_basic() {
        let mock = mock_with_response("Hello! How can I help you?");
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("You are a test assistant.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let response = agent.chat("Hi").await.unwrap();
        assert!(!response.content.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(response.content, "Hello! How can I help you?");
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn stream_events_emit_one_authoritative_final_without_legacy_done() {
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("You are a test assistant.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response(
                "Hello from the final response.",
            )))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let mut stream = agent.chat_stream_events("Hi").await.unwrap();
        let mut final_responses = Vec::new();
        let mut legacy_done = 0;
        while let Some(event) = stream.next().await {
            match event {
                AgentStreamEvent::Chunk(StreamChunk::Done {}) => legacy_done += 1,
                AgentStreamEvent::Chunk(StreamChunk::Error { message }) => {
                    panic!("unexpected stream error: {message}")
                }
                AgentStreamEvent::Final(response) => final_responses.push(response),
                AgentStreamEvent::Chunk(_) => {}
            }
        }

        assert_eq!(legacy_done, 0);
        assert_eq!(final_responses.len(), 1);
        let response = final_responses.pop().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(response.content, "Hello from the final response.");
        assert!(
            response
                .metadata
                .as_ref()
                .is_some_and(|metadata| { metadata.contains_key("reasoning") })
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn stream_final_content_includes_output_processing_after_provisional_chunks() {
        let yaml = r#"
name: ProcessedStreamAgent
system_prompt: "Answer directly."
process:
  output:
    - type: format
      config:
        template: "{{ response }} [finalized]"
streaming:
  enabled: true
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("provisional answer")))
            .auto_configure_features()
            .unwrap()
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let mut stream = agent.chat_stream_events("Hi").await.unwrap();
        let mut provisional = String::new();
        let mut final_content = None;
        while let Some(event) = stream.next().await {
            match event {
                AgentStreamEvent::Chunk(StreamChunk::Content { text }) => {
                    provisional.push_str(&text)
                }
                AgentStreamEvent::Chunk(StreamChunk::Error { message }) => {
                    panic!("unexpected stream error: {message}")
                }
                AgentStreamEvent::Final(response) => final_content = Some(response.content),
                AgentStreamEvent::Chunk(_) => {}
            }
        }

        assert_eq!(provisional, "provisional answer");
        assert_eq!(
            final_content.as_deref(),
            Some("provisional answer [finalized]")
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn stream_events_preserve_tool_progress_and_final_tool_calls() {
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Use the echo tool once, then answer.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_responses(vec![
                r#"{"tool":"echo","arguments":{"message":"hello"}}"#,
                "Echo completed.",
            ])))
            .tool(Arc::new(ai_agents_tools::EchoTool::new()))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let mut stream = agent.chat_stream_events("echo hello").await.unwrap();
        let mut starts = 0;
        let mut results = 0;
        let mut ends = 0;
        let mut final_response = None;
        while let Some(event) = stream.next().await {
            match event {
                AgentStreamEvent::Chunk(StreamChunk::ToolCallStart { name, .. }) => {
                    assert_eq!(name, "echo");
                    starts += 1;
                }
                AgentStreamEvent::Chunk(StreamChunk::ToolResult { name, success, .. }) => {
                    assert_eq!(name, "echo");
                    assert!(success);
                    results += 1;
                }
                AgentStreamEvent::Chunk(StreamChunk::ToolCallEnd { .. }) => ends += 1,
                AgentStreamEvent::Chunk(StreamChunk::Error { message }) => {
                    panic!("unexpected stream error: {message}")
                }
                AgentStreamEvent::Final(response) => final_response = Some(response),
                AgentStreamEvent::Chunk(_) => {}
            }
        }

        assert_eq!((starts, results, ends), (1, 1, 1));
        let response = final_response.expect("tool stream must finalize");
        assert_eq!(response.content, "Echo completed.");
        assert_eq!(
            response.tool_calls.as_ref().map(|calls| calls
                .iter()
                .map(|call| call.name.as_str())
                .collect::<Vec<_>>()),
            Some(vec!["echo"])
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn legacy_stream_still_emits_one_done_chunk() {
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("You are a test assistant.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response(
                "Hello from the legacy stream.",
            )))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let mut stream = agent.chat_stream("Hi").await.unwrap();
        let mut done = 0;
        while let Some(chunk) = stream.next().await {
            match chunk {
                StreamChunk::Done {} => done += 1,
                StreamChunk::Error { message } => panic!("unexpected stream error: {message}"),
                _ => {}
            }
        }

        assert_eq!(done, 1);
    }

    // Multi-turn conversation
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_integration_multi_turn_conversation() {
        let mock = mock_with_responses(vec![
            "Hello! I'm your assistant.",
            "The weather is sunny today.",
            "Goodbye!",
        ]);
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("You are helpful.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let r1 = agent.chat("Hi").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(r1.content, "Hello! I'm your assistant.");

        let r2 = agent.chat("What's the weather?").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(r2.content, "The weather is sunny today.");

        let r3 = agent.chat("Bye").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(r3.content, "Goodbye!");

        // Verify memory accumulated messages
        let messages = agent.memory.get_messages(None).await.unwrap();
        // 3 user + 3 assistant = 6 messages
        assert_eq!(messages.len(), 6);
    }

    #[test]
    fn later_approval_preserves_modified_evidence() {
        let arguments = serde_json::json!({"dry_run": true});
        let mut record = Some(ToolApprovalRecord {
            status: ToolApprovalStatus::Modified,
            reason: None,
            modified_arguments: Some(arguments.clone()),
        });

        merge_approved_record(&mut record);

        let record = record.unwrap();
        assert!(matches!(record.status, ToolApprovalStatus::Modified));
        assert_eq!(record.modified_arguments, Some(arguments));
    }

    #[test]
    fn approval_binding_rejects_replaced_tool_implementation() {
        let reviewed_tool: Arc<dyn ai_agents_core::Tool> = Arc::new(ContextEchoTool);
        let same_tool = Arc::clone(&reviewed_tool);
        let replacement_tool: Arc<dyn ai_agents_core::Tool> = Arc::new(ContextEchoTool);
        let arguments = serde_json::json!({"path": "."});
        let versions = ToolDecisionVersions {
            policy: 2,
            registry: 3,
            runtime_control: 4,
            state: Some(5),
        };
        let binding = ToolApprovalBinding {
            canonical_id: "context_echo".to_string(),
            arguments: arguments.clone(),
            confirmation_required: true,
            policy_version: versions.policy,
            runtime_control_version: versions.runtime_control,
            state_generation: versions.state,
            reviewed_tool,
        };

        assert!(!binding.is_stale("context_echo", &arguments, true, versions, &same_tool,));
        assert!(binding.is_stale(
            "context_echo",
            &arguments,
            true,
            versions,
            &replacement_tool,
        ));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn approved_mutation_to_dry_run_remains_executable() {
        use ai_agents_hitl::CallbackHandler;

        let handler = CallbackHandler::new(|_| ApprovalResult::Modified {
            changes: HashMap::from([("dry_run".to_string(), serde_json::json!(true))]),
        });
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Test safer approval modifications.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .tool(Arc::new(ai_agents_tools::FileWriteTool::new()))
            .hitl_engine(HITLEngine::new(ai_agents_hitl::HITLConfig::default()))
            .approval_handler(Arc::new(handler))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let record = agent
            .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                "approved-dry-run",
                "file_write",
                serde_json::json!({
                    "path": "./approval-dry-run.txt",
                    "content": "not written"
                }),
                ToolCallSource::Manual,
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        assert!(record.executed);
        assert!(record.success);
        assert_eq!(record.executed_arguments["dry_run"], true);
        assert!(matches!(
            record.approval.as_ref().map(|approval| &approval.status),
            Some(ToolApprovalStatus::Modified)
        ));
        let output: Value = serde_json::from_str(&record.output).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(output["mutation_performed"], false);
    }

    /// Proves shared HITL approval evidence reaches the web fetch implementation unchanged.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn shared_executor_approval_reaches_web_fetch_transport() {
        use ai_agents_hitl::{CallbackHandler, HITLConfig};
        use ai_agents_tools::{DomainPolicyConfig, ToolPolicyConfig};

        let calls = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let tool = WebFetchTool::with_transport_and_resolver(
            Arc::new(RuntimeWebFetchTransport {
                calls: Arc::clone(&calls),
            }),
            Arc::new(RuntimeWebFetchResolver),
        );
        let mut security = ToolSecurityConfig {
            enabled: true,
            fail_closed: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        security.tools.insert(
            "web_fetch".to_string(),
            ToolPolicyConfig {
                domains: DomainPolicyConfig {
                    requires_approval: vec!["approval.test".to_string()],
                    ..Default::default()
                },
                allowed_schemes: vec!["https".to_string()],
                allowed_ports: vec![443],
                ..Default::default()
            },
        );
        let handler = CallbackHandler::new(|_| ApprovalResult::Approved);
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Test approved web fetch execution.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .tool(Arc::new(tool))
            .tool_security(ToolSecurityEngine::new(security))
            .build()
            .unwrap()
            .with_hitl(HITLEngine::new(HITLConfig::default()), Arc::new(handler));

        let record = agent
            .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                "approved-web-fetch",
                "web_fetch",
                serde_json::json!({
                    "url": "https://approval.test/page",
                    "cache_ttl_seconds": 0
                }),
                ToolCallSource::Manual,
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        assert!(record.success);
        assert!(
            record
                .approval
                .as_ref()
                .is_some_and(|approval| matches!(approval.status, ToolApprovalStatus::Approved))
        );
        assert_eq!(calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn context_preserves_requested_and_canonical_identity() {
        let mock = mock_with_response("hello");
        let mut tools = ai_agents_tools::ToolRegistry::new();
        tools.register(Arc::new(ContextEchoTool)).unwrap();

        let mut security = ToolSecurityConfig {
            enabled: true,
            fail_closed: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let mut policy = ai_agents_tools::ToolPolicyConfig {
            read_paths: vec![".".to_string()],
            max_results: Some(7),
            ..Default::default()
        };
        policy
            .config
            .insert("backend".to_string(), serde_json::json!("memory"));
        security.tools.insert("context_echo".to_string(), policy);

        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("You are helpful.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .tools(tools)
            .tool_security(ToolSecurityEngine::new(security))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let record = agent
            .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                "ctx-call",
                "Context Echo",
                serde_json::json!({"path": ".", "max_results": 99}),
                ToolCallSource::Manual,
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        assert!(record.success);
        assert!(matches!(&record.source, ToolCallSource::Manual));
        assert_eq!(record.requested_name, "Context Echo");
        assert_eq!(record.canonical_id, "context_echo");
        assert_eq!(record.policy.outcome, PermissionOutcome::Allow);
        assert_eq!(record.executed_arguments["max_results"], 7);
        let output: Value = serde_json::from_str(&record.output).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(output["requested_name"], "Context Echo");
        assert_eq!(output["canonical_id"], "context_echo");
        assert_eq!(output["max_results"], 7);
        assert_eq!(output["custom_config"]["backend"], "memory");
        assert!(record.metadata.contains_key("effective_limits"));
        assert!(record.metadata.contains_key("policy_snapshot"));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_runtime_control_cancels_active_tool_call() {
        let mock = mock_with_response("hello");
        let agent = Arc::new(
            AgentBuilder::new()
                .system_prompt("You are helpful.")
                .llm(Arc::new(mock))
                .tool(Arc::new(SlowTool))
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        );
        let control = agent.runtime_control();
        let running_agent = Arc::clone(&agent);
        let handle = tokio::spawn(async move {
            running_agent
                .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                    "slow-call",
                    "slow",
                    serde_json::json!({}),
                    ToolCallSource::Manual,
                ))
                .await
                .unwrap()
        });

        tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
        control.cancel_all();
        let record = handle.await.unwrap();

        assert!(record.executed);
        assert!(record.cancelled);
        assert!(!record.success);
        assert!(record.cancellation_reason.is_some());
    }

    // Verifies runtime cancellation returns the original terminal record without starting configured fallback work.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn cancelled_tool_does_not_enter_fallback() {
        let fallback_calls = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let agent = Arc::new(
            AgentBuilder::new()
                .system_prompt("Test cancellation before fallback.")
                .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
                .tool(Arc::new(SlowTool))
                .tool(Arc::new(RecoveryTestTool {
                    id: "fallback".to_string(),
                    succeeds: true,
                    calls: Arc::clone(&fallback_calls),
                    max_output_chars: None,
                }))
                .recovery_manager(recovery_manager_with_fallbacks([(
                    "slow".to_string(),
                    "fallback".to_string(),
                )]))
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        );
        let control = agent.runtime_control();
        let running_agent = Arc::clone(&agent);
        let handle = tokio::spawn(async move {
            running_agent
                .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                    "cancelled-fallback-call",
                    "slow",
                    serde_json::json!({}),
                    ToolCallSource::Manual,
                ))
                .await
                .unwrap()
        });

        tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
        control.cancel_all();
        let record = handle.await.unwrap();

        assert!(record.executed);
        assert!(record.cancelled);
        assert!(!record.success);
        assert_eq!(record.canonical_id, "slow");
        assert_eq!(fallback_calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
        assert_eq!(agent.tool_call_history().len(), 1);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn non_idempotent_tool_calls_are_not_retried() {
        use ai_agents_recovery::{ErrorRecoveryConfig, ToolRecoveryConfig, ToolRetryConfig};

        let mock = mock_with_response("hello");
        let calls = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("You are helpful.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .tool(Arc::new(FlakyWriteTool {
                calls: Arc::clone(&calls),
            }))
            .recovery_manager(RecoveryManager::new(ErrorRecoveryConfig {
                tools: ToolRecoveryConfig {
                    default: ToolRetryConfig {
                        max_retries: 2,
                        ..Default::default()
                    },
                    ..Default::default()
                },
                ..Default::default()
            }))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let record = agent
            .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                "flaky-call",
                "flaky_write",
                serde_json::json!({"path": "./tmp.txt"}),
                ToolCallSource::Manual,
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        assert!(!record.success);
        assert_eq!(calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn safely_retryable_tool_receives_a_fresh_deadline_per_attempt() {
        use ai_agents_recovery::{ErrorRecoveryConfig, ToolRecoveryConfig, ToolRetryConfig};

        let calls = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let deadlines = Arc::new(parking_lot::Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
        let remaining_ms = Arc::new(parking_lot::Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Test retry deadlines.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .tool(Arc::new(RetryDeadlineTool {
                calls: Arc::clone(&calls),
                deadlines: Arc::clone(&deadlines),
                remaining_ms: Arc::clone(&remaining_ms),
            }))
            .recovery_manager(RecoveryManager::new(ErrorRecoveryConfig {
                tools: ToolRecoveryConfig {
                    per_tool: HashMap::from([(
                        "retry_deadline".to_string(),
                        ToolRetryConfig {
                            max_retries: 1,
                            ..Default::default()
                        },
                    )]),
                    ..Default::default()
                },
                ..Default::default()
            }))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let record = agent
            .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                "retry-deadline-call",
                "retry_deadline",
                serde_json::json!({}),
                ToolCallSource::Manual,
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        assert!(record.executed);
        assert!(record.success);
        assert_eq!(calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 2);
        let deadlines = deadlines.lock();
        assert_eq!(deadlines.len(), 2);
        assert!(
            deadlines[1] > deadlines[0],
            "retry inherited the first invocation deadline"
        );
        let remaining_ms = remaining_ms.lock();
        assert_eq!(remaining_ms.len(), 2);
        assert!(
            remaining_ms
                .iter()
                .all(|remaining| (800..=1_000).contains(remaining))
        );
    }

    // Verifies a call-level cap drives both the visible deadline and the executor timer.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn call_classification_timeout_controls_deadline_and_timer() {
        let calls = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let remaining_ms = Arc::new(parking_lot::Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Test call-level timeout.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .tool(Arc::new(ClassifiedTimeoutTool {
                id: "classified_timeout",
                calls: Arc::clone(&calls),
                timeout_ms: 100,
                sleep_ms: 150,
                requires_approval: false,
                remaining_ms: Arc::clone(&remaining_ms),
            }))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let started = Instant::now();
        let record = agent
            .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                "classified-timeout-call",
                "classified_timeout",
                serde_json::json!({}),
                ToolCallSource::Manual,
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        assert!(record.executed);
        assert!(record.timed_out);
        assert!(!record.success);
        assert_eq!(calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
        assert!(started.elapsed() < Duration::from_secs(1));
        let remaining_ms = remaining_ms.lock();
        assert_eq!(remaining_ms.len(), 1);
        assert!((1..=100).contains(&remaining_ms[0]));
    }

    // Verifies a per-tool recovery cap lowers broader call and security timeout values.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn recovery_timeout_only_lowers_call_and_policy_timeouts() {
        use ai_agents_recovery::{ErrorRecoveryConfig, ToolRecoveryConfig, ToolRetryConfig};

        let calls = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let remaining_ms = Arc::new(parking_lot::Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Test recovery timeout.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .tool(Arc::new(ClassifiedTimeoutTool {
                id: "recovery_timeout",
                calls: Arc::clone(&calls),
                timeout_ms: 1_000,
                sleep_ms: 150,
                requires_approval: false,
                remaining_ms: Arc::clone(&remaining_ms),
            }))
            .recovery_manager(RecoveryManager::new(ErrorRecoveryConfig {
                tools: ToolRecoveryConfig {
                    per_tool: HashMap::from([(
                        "recovery_timeout".to_string(),
                        ToolRetryConfig {
                            timeout_ms: Some(100),
                            ..Default::default()
                        },
                    )]),
                    ..Default::default()
                },
                ..Default::default()
            }))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let started = Instant::now();
        let record = agent
            .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                "recovery-timeout-call",
                "recovery_timeout",
                serde_json::json!({}),
                ToolCallSource::Manual,
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        assert!(record.executed);
        assert!(record.timed_out);
        assert!(!record.success);
        assert_eq!(calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
        assert!(started.elapsed() < Duration::from_secs(1));
        assert_eq!(record.metadata["effective_limits"]["timeout_ms"], 100);
        let remaining_ms = remaining_ms.lock();
        assert_eq!(remaining_ms.len(), 1);
        assert!((1..=100).contains(&remaining_ms[0]));
    }

    // Verifies the complete default recovery policy supplies the timeout when no per-tool policy exists.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn recovery_default_timeout_controls_deadline_and_timer() {
        use ai_agents_recovery::{ErrorRecoveryConfig, ToolRecoveryConfig, ToolRetryConfig};

        let calls = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let remaining_ms = Arc::new(parking_lot::Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Test default recovery timeout.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .tool(Arc::new(ClassifiedTimeoutTool {
                id: "default_recovery_timeout",
                calls: Arc::clone(&calls),
                timeout_ms: 1_000,
                sleep_ms: 150,
                requires_approval: false,
                remaining_ms: Arc::clone(&remaining_ms),
            }))
            .recovery_manager(RecoveryManager::new(ErrorRecoveryConfig {
                tools: ToolRecoveryConfig {
                    default: ToolRetryConfig {
                        timeout_ms: Some(100),
                        ..Default::default()
                    },
                    ..Default::default()
                },
                ..Default::default()
            }))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let started = Instant::now();
        let record = agent
            .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                "default-recovery-timeout-call",
                "default_recovery_timeout",
                serde_json::json!({}),
                ToolCallSource::Manual,
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        assert!(record.executed);
        assert!(record.timed_out);
        assert!(!record.success);
        assert_eq!(calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
        assert!(started.elapsed() < Duration::from_secs(1));
        assert_eq!(record.metadata["effective_limits"]["timeout_ms"], 100);
        let remaining_ms = remaining_ms.lock();
        assert_eq!(remaining_ms.len(), 1);
        assert!((1..=100).contains(&remaining_ms[0]));
    }

    // Verifies classification and recovery values cannot widen the security baseline.
    #[test]
    fn recovery_timeout_cannot_widen_security_baseline() {
        let security_engine = ToolSecurityEngine::new(ToolSecurityConfig {
            default_timeout_ms: 100,
            ..Default::default()
        });
        let safety = ToolSafetyMetadata::compute();
        let mut classification = ToolCallClassification::from_metadata(&safety);
        classification.timeout_ms = Some(500);

        let (limits, timeout) = RuntimeAgent::effective_tool_limits(
            &security_engine,
            "recovery_cannot_widen",
            &safety,
            &classification,
            Some(1_000),
        )
        .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(limits.timeout_ms, Some(100));
        assert_eq!(timeout.timer, Duration::from_millis(100));
    }

    // Verifies an invalid call-level cap fails before approval or invocation side effects.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn invalid_call_timeout_stops_before_approval_or_tool_invocation() {
        let tool_calls = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let approval_calls = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let remaining_ms = Arc::new(parking_lot::Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
        let mut security = ToolSecurityConfig {
            enabled: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        security.tools.insert(
            "invalid_call_timeout".to_string(),
            ai_agents_tools::ToolPolicyConfig {
                require_confirmation: true,
                ..Default::default()
            },
        );
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Test invalid call timeout.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .tool(Arc::new(ClassifiedTimeoutTool {
                id: "invalid_call_timeout",
                calls: Arc::clone(&tool_calls),
                timeout_ms: u64::MAX,
                sleep_ms: 0,
                requires_approval: false,
                remaining_ms,
            }))
            .tool_security(ToolSecurityEngine::new(security))
            .hitl_engine(HITLEngine::new(ai_agents_hitl::HITLConfig::default()))
            .approval_handler(Arc::new(CountingApprovalHandler {
                calls: Arc::clone(&approval_calls),
            }))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let error = agent
            .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                "invalid-call-timeout",
                "invalid_call_timeout",
                serde_json::json!({}),
                ToolCallSource::Manual,
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap_err();

        assert!(error.to_string().contains(
            "effective tool timeout_ms must be no greater than 3153600000000000 milliseconds"
        ));
        assert_eq!(approval_calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
        assert_eq!(tool_calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
    }

    // Verifies approval-modified arguments are reclassified before resource-lock waiting or implementation invocation.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn invalid_modified_call_timeout_stops_before_lock_or_invocation() {
        use ai_agents_hitl::CallbackHandler;

        let blocker_gate = PathMutationGate::new();
        let tool_calls = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let hooks = Arc::new(ToolLifecycleRecordingHooks::new());
        let handler = CallbackHandler::new(|_| ApprovalResult::Modified {
            changes: HashMap::from([("invalid_timeout".to_string(), Value::Bool(true))]),
        });
        let agent = Arc::new(
            AgentBuilder::new()
                .system_prompt("Test final call timeout validation.")
                .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
                .tool(Arc::new(BlockingPathMutationTool {
                    id: "timeout_lock_blocker",
                    path_fields: vec![ai_agents_core::PathPolicyBinding::write("path")],
                    gate: blocker_gate.clone(),
                }))
                .tool(Arc::new(ApprovalModifiedTimeoutTool {
                    calls: Arc::clone(&tool_calls),
                }))
                .hitl_engine(HITLEngine::new(ai_agents_hitl::HITLConfig::default()))
                .approval_handler(Arc::new(handler))
                .hooks(hooks.clone())
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        );
        let blocking_agent = Arc::clone(&agent);
        let blocker = tokio::spawn(async move {
            blocking_agent
                .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                    "timeout-lock-blocker",
                    "timeout_lock_blocker",
                    serde_json::json!({"path": "./shared-timeout.txt"}),
                    ToolCallSource::Manual,
                ))
                .await
                .unwrap()
        });
        blocker_gate.wait_until_entered().await;

        let record = tokio::time::timeout(
            Duration::from_millis(500),
            agent.invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                "invalid-modified-timeout",
                "approval_modified_timeout",
                serde_json::json!({
                    "path": "./shared-timeout.txt",
                    "invalid_timeout": false
                }),
                ToolCallSource::Manual,
            )),
        )
        .await
        .expect("final timeout validation must not wait for the held path lock")
        .unwrap();

        blocker_gate.release();
        assert!(blocker.await.unwrap().success);
        assert!(!record.executed);
        assert!(!record.success);
        assert_eq!(record.policy.outcome, PermissionOutcome::Deny);
        assert!(record.output.contains(
            "effective tool timeout_ms must be no greater than 3153600000000000 milliseconds"
        ));
        assert_eq!(tool_calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
        let invalid_request_events = hooks
            .events()
            .into_iter()
            .filter(|event| event.contains("approval_modified_timeout") || event == "error")
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        assert_eq!(
            invalid_request_events,
            vec![
                "start:approval_modified_timeout",
                "complete:approval_modified_timeout:false",
                "record:approval_modified_timeout:false",
                "error"
            ]
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn side_effecting_tools_are_serialized_per_resource() {
        let mock = mock_with_response("hello");
        let active = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let max_active = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let agent = Arc::new(
            AgentBuilder::new()
                .system_prompt("You are helpful.")
                .llm(Arc::new(mock))
                .tool(Arc::new(LockedWriteTool {
                    active: Arc::clone(&active),
                    max_active: Arc::clone(&max_active),
                }))
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        );

        let left = {
            let agent = Arc::clone(&agent);
            tokio::spawn(async move {
                agent
                    .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                        "lock-1",
                        "locked_write",
                        serde_json::json!({"path": "./same.txt"}),
                        ToolCallSource::Manual,
                    ))
                    .await
                    .unwrap()
            })
        };
        let right = {
            let agent = Arc::clone(&agent);
            tokio::spawn(async move {
                agent
                    .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                        "lock-2",
                        "locked_write",
                        serde_json::json!({"path": "./same.txt"}),
                        ToolCallSource::Manual,
                    ))
                    .await
                    .unwrap()
            })
        };

        let left = left.await.unwrap();
        let right = right.await.unwrap();
        assert!(left.success);
        assert!(right.success);
        assert_eq!(max_active.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn path_resources_use_shared_global_lock_and_cleanup() {
        let active = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let max_active = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let bindings = ai_agents_core::ToolPolicyBindings {
            path_fields: vec![
                ai_agents_core::PathPolicyBinding::read_write("source_path"),
                ai_agents_core::PathPolicyBinding::write("destination_path"),
            ],
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let classification = ai_agents_core::ToolCallClassification::from_metadata(
            &MultiResourceWriteTool {
                active: Arc::clone(&active),
                max_active: Arc::clone(&max_active),
            }
            .safety_metadata(),
        );
        let left_args = serde_json::json!({
            "source_path": "./a/../first.txt",
            "destination_path": "./second.txt"
        });
        let right_args = serde_json::json!({
            "source_path": "./second.txt",
            "destination_path": "./first.txt"
        });
        let left_keys = tool_resource_lock_keys(
            "multi_resource_write",
            &left_args,
            &bindings,
            &classification,
        );
        let right_keys = tool_resource_lock_keys(
            "multi_resource_write",
            &right_args,
            &bindings,
            &classification,
        );
        assert_eq!(left_keys, right_keys);
        assert_eq!(left_keys, vec!["path-mutation:global".to_string()]);

        let locks = new_tool_resource_locks();
        let build_agent = || {
            AgentBuilder::new()
                .system_prompt("Test shared resource locks.")
                .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
                .tool(Arc::new(MultiResourceWriteTool {
                    active: Arc::clone(&active),
                    max_active: Arc::clone(&max_active),
                }))
                .build()
                .unwrap()
                .with_shared_resource_locks(Arc::clone(&locks))
        };
        let left_agent = Arc::new(build_agent());
        let right_agent = Arc::new(build_agent());
        let left = tokio::spawn(async move {
            left_agent
                .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                    "multi-left",
                    "multi_resource_write",
                    left_args,
                    ToolCallSource::Manual,
                ))
                .await
                .unwrap()
        });
        let right = tokio::spawn(async move {
            right_agent
                .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                    "multi-right",
                    "multi_resource_write",
                    right_args,
                    ToolCallSource::Manual,
                ))
                .await
                .unwrap()
        });
        let (left, right) = tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2), async {
            tokio::join!(left, right)
        })
        .await
        .expect("reversed resource acquisition must not deadlock");

        assert!(left.unwrap().success);
        assert!(right.unwrap().success);
        assert_eq!(max_active.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
        assert!(locks.read().is_empty());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn global_path_lock_serializes_copy_destination_with_file_write() {
        assert_path_mutation_pair_serialized(
            "copy_path",
            CopyPathTool::new().policy_bindings().path_fields,
            serde_json::json!({
                "source_path": "./source.txt",
                "destination_path": "./shared.txt"
            }),
            "file_write",
            FileWriteTool::new().policy_bindings().path_fields,
            serde_json::json!({"path": "./shared.txt"}),
        )
        .await;
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn parent_and_spawned_runtime_share_global_path_lock() {
        let workspace = MutationTestWorkspace::new();
        let destination = workspace.root.join("spawned.txt");
        let parent_gate = PathMutationGate::new();
        let parent = Arc::new(
            AgentBuilder::from_yaml(
                r#"
name: LockParent
system_prompt: parent
llm:
  default: default
tools:
  - parent_path_write
spawner:
  shared_llms: true
"#,
            )
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .auto_configure_spawner()
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .tool(Arc::new(BlockingPathMutationTool {
                id: "parent_path_write",
                path_fields: vec![ai_agents_core::PathPolicyBinding::write("path")],
                gate: parent_gate.clone(),
            }))
            .build()
            .unwrap(),
        );

        let mut child_spec = crate::spec::AgentSpec {
            name: "LockChild".to_string(),
            system_prompt: "child".to_string(),
            tools: Some(vec![crate::spec::ToolEntry::Simple(
                "file_write".to_string(),
            )]),
            ..Default::default()
        };
        child_spec.tool_security.enabled = true;
        child_spec.tool_security.fail_closed = true;
        let file_write_policy = ai_agents_tools::ToolPolicyConfig {
            write_paths: vec![workspace.root.to_string_lossy().into_owned()],
            allow_without_confirmation: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        child_spec
            .tool_security
            .tools
            .insert("file_write".to_string(), file_write_policy);
        let spawned = parent
            .spawner()
            .unwrap()
            .spawn_from_spec(child_spec)
            .await
            .unwrap();
        assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(
            &parent.resource_locks,
            &spawned.agent.resource_locks
        ));
        assert!(!Arc::ptr_eq(
            &parent.runtime_control,
            &spawned.agent.runtime_control
        ));

        let parent_call = {
            let parent = Arc::clone(&parent);
            let destination = destination.clone();
            tokio::spawn(async move {
                parent
                    .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                        "parent-lock-holder",
                        "parent_path_write",
                        serde_json::json!({"path": destination}),
                        ToolCallSource::Manual,
                    ))
                    .await
                    .unwrap()
            })
        };
        parent_gate.wait_until_entered().await;

        let child_call = {
            let child = Arc::clone(&spawned.agent);
            let destination = destination.clone();
            tokio::spawn(async move {
                child
                    .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                        "spawned-file-write",
                        "file_write",
                        serde_json::json!({
                            "path": destination,
                            "content": "spawned",
                            "dry_run": false
                        }),
                        ToolCallSource::Manual,
                    ))
                    .await
                    .unwrap()
            })
        };
        wait_for_resource_lock_strong_count(&parent.resource_locks, 2).await;
        assert!(!child_call.is_finished());

        parent_gate.release();
        let (parent_record, child_record) =
            tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2), async {
                tokio::join!(parent_call, child_call)
            })
            .await
            .expect("parent and spawned path mutations did not finish");
        assert!(parent_record.unwrap().success);
        assert!(child_record.unwrap().success);
        assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(destination).unwrap(), "spawned");
        assert!(parent.resource_locks.read().is_empty());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn cancelled_global_path_lock_waiter_does_not_retain_weak_entry() {
        let locks = new_tool_resource_locks();
        let holder_gate = PathMutationGate::new();
        let waiter_gate = PathMutationGate::new();
        waiter_gate.release();
        let holder = Arc::new(
            AgentBuilder::new()
                .system_prompt("Hold the global path lock.")
                .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
                .tool(Arc::new(BlockingPathMutationTool {
                    id: "holder_write",
                    path_fields: vec![ai_agents_core::PathPolicyBinding::write("path")],
                    gate: holder_gate.clone(),
                }))
                .build()
                .unwrap()
                .with_shared_resource_locks(Arc::clone(&locks)),
        );
        let waiter = Arc::new(
            AgentBuilder::new()
                .system_prompt("Wait for the global path lock.")
                .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
                .tool(Arc::new(BlockingPathMutationTool {
                    id: "waiter_write",
                    path_fields: vec![ai_agents_core::PathPolicyBinding::write("path")],
                    gate: waiter_gate.clone(),
                }))
                .build()
                .unwrap()
                .with_shared_resource_locks(Arc::clone(&locks)),
        );

        let holder_call = {
            let holder = Arc::clone(&holder);
            tokio::spawn(async move {
                holder
                    .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                        "holder-call",
                        "holder_write",
                        serde_json::json!({"path": "./shared.txt"}),
                        ToolCallSource::Manual,
                    ))
                    .await
                    .unwrap()
            })
        };
        holder_gate.wait_until_entered().await;

        let waiter_call = {
            let waiter = Arc::clone(&waiter);
            tokio::spawn(async move {
                waiter
                    .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                        "waiter-call",
                        "waiter_write",
                        serde_json::json!({"path": "./shared.txt"}),
                        ToolCallSource::Manual,
                    ))
                    .await
                    .unwrap()
            })
        };
        wait_for_resource_lock_strong_count(&locks, 2).await;
        waiter.runtime_control().cancel_all();

        let waiter_record = tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2), waiter_call)
            .await
            .expect("cancelled lock waiter did not finish")
            .unwrap();
        assert!(!waiter_record.success);
        assert!(!waiter_record.executed);
        assert!(waiter_record.cancelled);
        assert_eq!(
            waiter_record.cancellation_reason.as_deref(),
            Some("runtime control cancellation")
        );
        assert!(!waiter_gate.entered.load(Ordering::SeqCst));
        assert_eq!(
            locks
                .read()
                .get("path-mutation:global")
                .map_or(0, |lock| lock.strong_count()),
            1
        );

        holder_gate.release();
        let holder_record = tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2), holder_call)
            .await
            .expect("lock holder did not finish")
            .unwrap();
        assert!(holder_record.success);
        assert!(locks.read().is_empty());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn path_mutation_policy_and_approval_denials_do_not_invoke_tools() {
        for denial in [MutationDenial::Policy, MutationDenial::Approval] {
            let tools: [Arc<dyn Tool>; 3] = [
                Arc::new(CopyPathTool::new()),
                Arc::new(MovePathTool::new()),
                Arc::new(DeletePathTool::new()),
            ];
            for tool in tools {
                assert_path_mutation_denied(tool, denial).await;
            }
        }
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn policy_denial_keeps_executor_hook_lifecycle_and_record_authority() {
        let workspace = MutationTestWorkspace::new();
        let target = workspace.root.join("denied.txt");
        let hooks = Arc::new(ToolLifecycleRecordingHooks::new());
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Test denied tool hooks.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .tool(Arc::new(FileWriteTool::new()))
            .tool_security(ToolSecurityEngine::new(mutation_denial_security_config(
                "file_write",
                &workspace.root,
                MutationDenial::Policy,
            )))
            .hooks(hooks.clone())
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let record = agent
            .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                "denied-hook-call",
                "file_write",
                serde_json::json!({
                    "path": target.to_string_lossy(),
                    "content": "blocked"
                }),
                ToolCallSource::Manual,
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        assert!(!record.executed);
        assert!(!record.success);
        assert_eq!(record.policy.outcome, PermissionOutcome::Deny);
        assert_eq!(
            hooks.events(),
            vec![
                "start:file_write",
                "complete:file_write:false",
                "record:file_write:false",
                "error"
            ]
        );
        assert!(!target.exists());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn approval_argument_changes_are_rechecked_against_final_scope() {
        let active = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let max_active = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let entered = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Barrier::new(2));
        let release = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Notify::new());
        let handler = Arc::new(BlockingApprovalHandler {
            entered: Arc::clone(&entered),
            release: Arc::clone(&release),
            result: ApprovalResult::Modified {
                changes: HashMap::from([(
                    "path".to_string(),
                    Value::String("./after-approval.txt".to_string()),
                )]),
            },
        });
        let agent = Arc::new(
            AgentBuilder::new()
                .system_prompt("Test final scope validation.")
                .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
                .tool(Arc::new(LockedWriteTool {
                    active: Arc::clone(&active),
                    max_active: Arc::clone(&max_active),
                }))
                .tool_security(ToolSecurityEngine::new(approval_security_config(true)))
                .hitl_engine(HITLEngine::new(ai_agents_hitl::HITLConfig::default()))
                .approval_handler(handler)
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        );
        let control = agent.runtime_control();
        let running = Arc::clone(&agent);
        let call = tokio::spawn(async move {
            running
                .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                    "approval-scope",
                    "locked_write",
                    serde_json::json!({"path": "./before-approval.txt"}),
                    ToolCallSource::Manual,
                ))
                .await
                .unwrap()
        });
        entered.wait().await;
        let expected_version = control.set_tool_scope(Vec::new());
        release.notify_one();
        let record = call.await.unwrap();

        assert!(!record.executed);
        assert!(!record.success);
        assert_eq!(record.runtime_config_version, expected_version);
        assert_eq!(record.executed_arguments["path"], "./after-approval.txt");
        assert_eq!(max_active.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
        assert_eq!(
            record.metadata["runtime_scope_snapshot"],
            serde_json::json!([])
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn approval_is_rechecked_against_final_policy_snapshot() {
        let active = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let max_active = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let entered = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Barrier::new(2));
        let release = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Notify::new());
        let handler = Arc::new(BlockingApprovalHandler {
            entered: Arc::clone(&entered),
            release: Arc::clone(&release),
            result: ApprovalResult::Approved,
        });
        let agent = Arc::new(
            AgentBuilder::new()
                .system_prompt("Test final policy validation.")
                .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
                .tool(Arc::new(LockedWriteTool {
                    active: Arc::clone(&active),
                    max_active: Arc::clone(&max_active),
                }))
                .tool_security(ToolSecurityEngine::new(approval_security_config(true)))
                .hitl_engine(HITLEngine::new(ai_agents_hitl::HITLConfig::default()))
                .approval_handler(handler)
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        );
        let control = agent.runtime_control();
        let running = Arc::clone(&agent);
        let call = tokio::spawn(async move {
            running
                .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                    "approval-policy",
                    "locked_write",
                    serde_json::json!({"path": "./policy.txt"}),
                    ToolCallSource::Manual,
                ))
                .await
                .unwrap()
        });
        entered.wait().await;
        let expected_version = control.set_tool_security(approval_security_config(false));
        release.notify_one();
        let record = call.await.unwrap();

        assert!(!record.executed);
        assert!(!record.success);
        assert_eq!(record.runtime_config_version, expected_version);
        assert_eq!(record.policy.outcome, PermissionOutcome::Unavailable);
        assert_eq!(max_active.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
        assert!(record.metadata.contains_key("policy_snapshot"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn invalid_live_policy_does_not_replace_snapshot_or_generation() {
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Test runtime policy validation.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .build()
            .unwrap();
        let control = agent.runtime_control();
        let mut valid = ToolSecurityConfig::default();
        valid.tools.insert(
            "web_search".to_string(),
            ai_agents_tools::ToolPolicyConfig {
                max_results: Some(5),
                ..Default::default()
            },
        );
        let generation = control.try_set_tool_security(valid).unwrap();

        let mut invalid = ToolSecurityConfig::default();
        invalid.tools.insert(
            "web_search".to_string(),
            ai_agents_tools::ToolPolicyConfig {
                max_results: Some(0),
                ..Default::default()
            },
        );
        let error = control.try_set_tool_security(invalid).unwrap_err();

        assert!(
            error
                .to_string()
                .contains("max_results must be greater than 0")
        );
        assert_eq!(control.version(), generation);
        assert_eq!(
            control
                .state
                .tool_security_override
                .read()
                .as_ref()
                .unwrap()
                .config()
                .tools["web_search"]
                .max_results,
            Some(5)
        );
    }

    // Verifies invalid security timeout configuration prevents agent construction and later side effects.
    #[test]
    fn invalid_timeout_config_stops_before_approval_or_tool_invocation() {
        let tool_calls = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let approval_calls = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let spec = crate::spec::AgentSpec {
            tool_security: ToolSecurityConfig {
                enabled: true,
                default_timeout_ms: u64::MAX,
                ..Default::default()
            },
            ..Default::default()
        };

        let result = AgentBuilder::from_spec(spec)
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .tool(Arc::new(FlakyWriteTool {
                calls: Arc::clone(&tool_calls),
            }))
            .hitl_engine(HITLEngine::new(ai_agents_hitl::HITLConfig::default()))
            .approval_handler(Arc::new(CountingApprovalHandler {
                calls: Arc::clone(&approval_calls),
            }))
            .build();

        assert!(result.is_err());
        assert_eq!(approval_calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
        assert_eq!(tool_calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
    }

    // Verifies invalid recovery timeout configuration prevents agent construction and later side effects.
    #[test]
    fn invalid_recovery_timeout_config_stops_before_approval_or_tool_invocation() {
        use ai_agents_recovery::{ErrorRecoveryConfig, ToolRecoveryConfig, ToolRetryConfig};

        let tool_calls = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let approval_calls = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let spec = crate::spec::AgentSpec {
            error_recovery: ErrorRecoveryConfig {
                tools: ToolRecoveryConfig {
                    default: ToolRetryConfig {
                        timeout_ms: Some(u64::MAX),
                        ..Default::default()
                    },
                    ..Default::default()
                },
                ..Default::default()
            },
            ..Default::default()
        };

        let result = AgentBuilder::from_spec(spec)
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .tool(Arc::new(FlakyWriteTool {
                calls: Arc::clone(&tool_calls),
            }))
            .hitl_engine(HITLEngine::new(ai_agents_hitl::HITLConfig::default()))
            .approval_handler(Arc::new(CountingApprovalHandler {
                calls: Arc::clone(&approval_calls),
            }))
            .build();

        assert!(result.is_err());
        assert_eq!(approval_calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
        assert_eq!(tool_calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
    }

    // Verifies rejected runtime policy replacement preserves both the valid snapshot and generation.
    #[test]
    fn invalid_timeout_policy_does_not_replace_snapshot_or_generation() {
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Test runtime timeout policy validation.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .build()
            .unwrap();
        let control = agent.runtime_control();
        let valid = ToolSecurityConfig {
            default_timeout_ms: 5_000,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let generation = control.try_set_tool_security(valid).unwrap();

        let invalid = ToolSecurityConfig {
            default_timeout_ms: MAX_TOOL_TIMEOUT_MS + 1,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let error = control.try_set_tool_security(invalid).unwrap_err();

        assert!(error.to_string().contains(&format!(
            "tool_security.default_timeout_ms must be no greater than {MAX_TOOL_TIMEOUT_MS} milliseconds"
        )));
        assert_eq!(control.version(), generation);
        assert_eq!(
            control
                .state
                .tool_security_override
                .read()
                .as_ref()
                .unwrap()
                .config()
                .default_timeout_ms,
            5_000
        );
    }

    // Verifies the shared maximum converts exactly while larger public u64 values fail closed.
    #[test]
    fn runtime_tool_timeout_conversion_enforces_the_stable_boundary() {
        let timeout = RuntimeAgent::validated_tool_timeout(MAX_TOOL_TIMEOUT_MS).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(timeout.timer, Duration::from_millis(MAX_TOOL_TIMEOUT_MS));
        assert_eq!(
            timeout.deadline_delta,
            chrono::Duration::milliseconds(MAX_TOOL_TIMEOUT_MS as i64)
        );

        for timeout_ms in [MAX_TOOL_TIMEOUT_MS + 1, u64::MAX] {
            let error = RuntimeAgent::validated_tool_timeout(timeout_ms).unwrap_err();
            assert!(error.to_string().contains(&format!(
                "effective tool timeout_ms must be no greater than {MAX_TOOL_TIMEOUT_MS} milliseconds"
            )));
        }
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn persistent_override_preserves_rate_history_within_generation() {
        let calls = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Test persistent policy overrides.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .tool(Arc::new(RecoveryTestTool {
                id: "limited_override".to_string(),
                succeeds: true,
                calls: Arc::clone(&calls),
                max_output_chars: None,
            }))
            .build()
            .unwrap();
        let mut security = ToolSecurityConfig {
            enabled: true,
            fail_closed: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let policy = ai_agents_tools::ToolPolicyConfig {
            write_paths: vec![".".to_string()],
            rate_limit: Some(1),
            ..Default::default()
        };
        security
            .tools
            .insert("limited_override".to_string(), policy);
        let generation = agent.runtime_control().set_tool_security(security);

        let first = agent
            .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                "limited-first",
                "limited_override",
                serde_json::json!({"path": "./limited.txt"}),
                ToolCallSource::Manual,
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();
        let second = agent
            .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                "limited-second",
                "limited_override",
                serde_json::json!({"path": "./limited.txt"}),
                ToolCallSource::Manual,
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        assert!(first.success);
        assert_eq!(first.policy_version, generation);
        assert!(!second.executed);
        assert!(second.output.contains("Rate limit exceeded"));
        assert_eq!(second.policy_version, generation);
        assert_eq!(calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn concurrent_rate_admission_consumes_capacity_atomically() {
        let calls = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let tool = Arc::new(RecoveryTestTool {
            id: "atomic_rate".to_string(),
            succeeds: true,
            calls: Arc::clone(&calls),
            max_output_chars: None,
        });
        let arguments = serde_json::json!({"path": "./atomic-rate.txt"});
        let bindings = tool.policy_bindings();
        let classification = tool.classify_call(&arguments);
        let resource_keys =
            tool_resource_lock_keys(tool.id(), &arguments, &bindings, &classification);
        let mut security = ToolSecurityConfig {
            enabled: true,
            fail_closed: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let policy = ai_agents_tools::ToolPolicyConfig {
            write_paths: vec![".".to_string()],
            rate_limit: Some(1),
            ..Default::default()
        };
        security.tools.insert(tool.id().to_string(), policy);
        let agent = Arc::new(
            AgentBuilder::new()
                .system_prompt("Test atomic rate admission.")
                .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
                .tool(tool)
                .tool_security(ToolSecurityEngine::new(security))
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        );
        let held = agent
            .acquire_tool_resource_locks(&resource_keys)
            .await
            .unwrap();
        let left = {
            let agent = Arc::clone(&agent);
            let arguments = arguments.clone();
            tokio::spawn(async move {
                agent
                    .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                        "atomic-rate-left",
                        "atomic_rate",
                        arguments,
                        ToolCallSource::Manual,
                    ))
                    .await
                    .unwrap()
            })
        };
        let right = {
            let agent = Arc::clone(&agent);
            tokio::spawn(async move {
                agent
                    .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                        "atomic-rate-right",
                        "atomic_rate",
                        arguments,
                        ToolCallSource::Manual,
                    ))
                    .await
                    .unwrap()
            })
        };
        tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(25)).await;
        drop(held);
        let (left, right) = tokio::join!(left, right);
        let records = [left.unwrap(), right.unwrap()];

        assert_eq!(records.iter().filter(|record| record.success).count(), 1);
        assert_eq!(records.iter().filter(|record| record.executed).count(), 1);
        assert!(
            records.iter().any(|record| {
                !record.executed && record.output.contains("Rate limit exceeded")
            })
        );
        assert_eq!(calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn changed_policy_generation_invalidates_pending_approval() {
        let active = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let max_active = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let entered = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Barrier::new(2));
        let release = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Notify::new());
        let handler = Arc::new(BlockingApprovalHandler {
            entered: Arc::clone(&entered),
            release: Arc::clone(&release),
            result: ApprovalResult::Approved,
        });
        let agent = Arc::new(
            AgentBuilder::new()
                .system_prompt("Test stale approval denial.")
                .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
                .tool(Arc::new(LockedWriteTool {
                    active: Arc::clone(&active),
                    max_active: Arc::clone(&max_active),
                }))
                .tool_security(ToolSecurityEngine::new(approval_security_config(true)))
                .hitl_engine(HITLEngine::new(ai_agents_hitl::HITLConfig::default()))
                .approval_handler(handler)
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        );
        let running = Arc::clone(&agent);
        let call = tokio::spawn(async move {
            running
                .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                    "stale-approval",
                    "locked_write",
                    serde_json::json!({"path": "./stale.txt"}),
                    ToolCallSource::Manual,
                ))
                .await
                .unwrap()
        });
        entered.wait().await;
        let generation = agent
            .runtime_control()
            .set_tool_security(approval_security_config(true));
        release.notify_one();
        let record = call.await.unwrap();

        assert!(!record.executed);
        assert!(record.output.contains("Approval became stale"));
        assert_eq!(record.policy_version, generation);
        assert_eq!(max_active.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn final_policy_reapplies_argument_caps_after_approval_changes() {
        use ai_agents_hitl::CallbackHandler;

        let mut security = ToolSecurityConfig {
            enabled: true,
            fail_closed: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let policy = ai_agents_tools::ToolPolicyConfig {
            read_paths: vec![".".to_string()],
            max_results: Some(5),
            require_confirmation: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        security.tools.insert("context_echo".to_string(), policy);
        let handler = CallbackHandler::new(|_| ApprovalResult::Modified {
            changes: HashMap::from([("max_results".to_string(), serde_json::json!(99))]),
        });
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Test final argument caps.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .tool(Arc::new(ContextEchoTool))
            .tool_security(ToolSecurityEngine::new(security))
            .hitl_engine(HITLEngine::new(ai_agents_hitl::HITLConfig::default()))
            .approval_handler(Arc::new(handler))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let record = agent
            .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                "final-cap",
                "context_echo",
                serde_json::json!({"path": ".", "max_results": 1}),
                ToolCallSource::Manual,
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        assert!(record.success);
        assert_eq!(record.executed_arguments["max_results"], 5);
        assert_eq!(
            record.approval.unwrap().modified_arguments.unwrap()["max_results"],
            5
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn no_binding_writes_use_canonical_fallback_lock() {
        let active = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let max_active = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let agent = Arc::new(
            AgentBuilder::new()
                .system_prompt("Test fallback resource locks.")
                .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
                .tool(Arc::new(NoBindingWriteTool {
                    active: Arc::clone(&active),
                    max_active: Arc::clone(&max_active),
                }))
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        );
        let left = {
            let agent = Arc::clone(&agent);
            tokio::spawn(async move {
                agent
                    .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                        "no-binding-left",
                        "no_binding_write",
                        serde_json::json!({}),
                        ToolCallSource::Manual,
                    ))
                    .await
                    .unwrap()
            })
        };
        let right = {
            let agent = Arc::clone(&agent);
            tokio::spawn(async move {
                agent
                    .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                        "no-binding-right",
                        "no_binding_write",
                        serde_json::json!({}),
                        ToolCallSource::Manual,
                    ))
                    .await
                    .unwrap()
            })
        };
        let (left, right) = tokio::join!(left, right);

        assert!(left.unwrap().success);
        assert!(right.unwrap().success);
        assert_eq!(max_active.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn parent_and_child_paths_share_a_resource_lock() {
        let active = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let max_active = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let agent = Arc::new(
            AgentBuilder::new()
                .system_prompt("Test parent child resource locks.")
                .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
                .tool(Arc::new(LockedWriteTool {
                    active: Arc::clone(&active),
                    max_active: Arc::clone(&max_active),
                }))
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        );
        let parent = format!("./lock-parent-{}", uuid::Uuid::new_v4());
        let child = format!("{}/child.txt", parent);
        let left = {
            let agent = Arc::clone(&agent);
            tokio::spawn(async move {
                agent
                    .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                        "parent-lock",
                        "locked_write",
                        serde_json::json!({"path": parent}),
                        ToolCallSource::Manual,
                    ))
                    .await
                    .unwrap()
            })
        };
        let right = {
            let agent = Arc::clone(&agent);
            tokio::spawn(async move {
                agent
                    .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                        "child-lock",
                        "locked_write",
                        serde_json::json!({"path": child}),
                        ToolCallSource::Manual,
                    ))
                    .await
                    .unwrap()
            })
        };
        let (left, right) = tokio::join!(left, right);

        assert!(left.unwrap().success);
        assert!(right.unwrap().success);
        assert_eq!(max_active.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn tool_hooks_can_reenter_after_resource_guards_are_dropped() {
        let calls = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let hooks = Arc::new(ReentrantToolHooks {
            agent: parking_lot::Mutex::new(None),
            invoked: AtomicBool::new(false),
            nested_success: AtomicBool::new(false),
        });
        let agent = Arc::new(
            AgentBuilder::new()
                .system_prompt("Test hook reentrancy.")
                .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
                .tool(Arc::new(RecoveryTestTool {
                    id: "reentrant_write".to_string(),
                    succeeds: true,
                    calls: Arc::clone(&calls),
                    max_output_chars: None,
                }))
                .hooks(hooks.clone())
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        );
        *hooks.agent.lock() = Some(Arc::downgrade(&agent));
        let record = tokio::time::timeout(
            std::time::Duration::from_secs(2),
            agent.invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                "outer-hook-call",
                "reentrant_write",
                serde_json::json!({"path": "./hook.txt"}),
                ToolCallSource::Manual,
            )),
        )
        .await
        .expect("tool completion hook must not retain resource guards")
        .unwrap();

        assert!(record.success);
        assert!(hooks.nested_success.load(Ordering::SeqCst));
        assert_eq!(calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 2);
    }

    /// Confirms fallback starts only after the failed original lifecycle and resource ownership complete.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn fallback_finalizes_original_record_before_shared_execution() {
        let primary_calls = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let fallback_calls = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let hooks = Arc::new(ToolLifecycleRecordingHooks::new());
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Test fallback execution.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .tool(Arc::new(RecoveryTestTool {
                id: "primary".to_string(),
                succeeds: false,
                calls: Arc::clone(&primary_calls),
                max_output_chars: None,
            }))
            .tool(Arc::new(RecoveryTestTool {
                id: "fallback".to_string(),
                succeeds: true,
                calls: Arc::clone(&fallback_calls),
                max_output_chars: None,
            }))
            .recovery_manager(recovery_manager_with_fallbacks([(
                "primary".to_string(),
                "fallback".to_string(),
            )]))
            .hooks(hooks.clone())
            .build()
            .unwrap();
        let record = tokio::time::timeout(
            std::time::Duration::from_secs(2),
            agent.invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                "fallback-call",
                "primary",
                serde_json::json!({"path": "./shared.txt"}),
                ToolCallSource::Manual,
            )),
        )
        .await
        .expect("fallback must not retain the primary resource guard")
        .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(
            hooks.events(),
            vec![
                "start:primary",
                "complete:primary:false",
                "record:primary:true",
                "error",
                "start:fallback",
                "complete:fallback:true",
                "record:fallback:true",
            ]
        );
        let records = hooks.records();
        assert_eq!(records.len(), 2);
        let original = &records[0];
        assert_eq!(original.canonical_id, "primary");
        assert!(matches!(original.source, ToolCallSource::Manual));
        assert!(original.executed);
        assert!(!original.success);

        let fallback = &records[1];
        assert_eq!(fallback.canonical_id, "fallback");
        assert_eq!(fallback.call_id, "fallback-call");
        assert!(matches!(
            &fallback.source,
            ToolCallSource::Fallback { original_tool } if original_tool == "primary"
        ));
        assert!(fallback.executed);
        assert!(fallback.success);
        assert_eq!(record.canonical_id, fallback.canonical_id);
        assert_eq!(record.output, fallback.output);

        let history = agent.tool_call_history();
        assert_eq!(
            history
                .iter()
                .map(|entry| entry.tool_id.as_str())
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec!["primary", "fallback"]
        );
        assert_eq!(history[0].result.get("success"), Some(&Value::Bool(false)));
        assert_eq!(primary_calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
        assert_eq!(fallback_calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
    }

    /// Confirms a self-referential fallback produces bounded non-execution evidence after the failed original lifecycle.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn self_fallback_cycle_is_denied_before_reinvocation() {
        let calls = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let hooks = Arc::new(ToolLifecycleRecordingHooks::new());
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Test self-fallback cycle admission.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .tool(Arc::new(RecoveryTestTool {
                id: "primary".to_string(),
                succeeds: false,
                calls: Arc::clone(&calls),
                max_output_chars: None,
            }))
            .recovery_manager(recovery_manager_with_fallbacks([(
                "primary".to_string(),
                "primary".to_string(),
            )]))
            .hooks(hooks.clone())
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let record = tokio::time::timeout(
            std::time::Duration::from_secs(2),
            agent.invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                "self-fallback-call",
                "primary",
                serde_json::json!({"path": "./shared.txt"}),
                ToolCallSource::Manual,
            )),
        )
        .await
        .expect("self fallback must terminate without recursive execution")
        .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
        assert_eq!(record.canonical_id, "primary");
        assert!(!record.executed);
        assert!(!record.success);
        assert_eq!(record.policy.outcome, PermissionOutcome::Deny);
        assert!(record.output.contains("fallback cycle"));
        assert!(matches!(
            record.source,
            ToolCallSource::Fallback { ref original_tool } if original_tool == "primary"
        ));
        assert_eq!(
            record.metadata.get("fallback_chain"),
            Some(&serde_json::json!(["primary"]))
        );
        assert_eq!(
            hooks.events(),
            vec![
                "start:primary",
                "complete:primary:false",
                "record:primary:true",
                "error",
                "complete:primary:false",
                "record:primary:false",
                "error",
            ]
        );
        assert_eq!(agent.tool_call_history().len(), 2);
    }

    /// Confirms fallback ancestry compares resolved canonical IDs so display aliases cannot conceal a multi-tool cycle.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn alias_mediated_fallback_cycle_is_denied_canonically() {
        let primary_calls = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let secondary_calls = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let hooks = Arc::new(ToolLifecycleRecordingHooks::new());
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Test canonical fallback cycle admission.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .tool(Arc::new(RecoveryTestTool {
                id: "primary".to_string(),
                succeeds: false,
                calls: Arc::clone(&primary_calls),
                max_output_chars: None,
            }))
            .tool(Arc::new(RecoveryTestTool {
                id: "secondary".to_string(),
                succeeds: false,
                calls: Arc::clone(&secondary_calls),
                max_output_chars: None,
            }))
            .recovery_manager(recovery_manager_with_fallbacks([
                ("primary".to_string(), "secondary".to_string()),
                ("secondary".to_string(), "primary alias".to_string()),
            ]))
            .hooks(hooks.clone())
            .build()
            .unwrap();
        agent.tools.set_tool_aliases(
            "primary",
            ToolAliases::new().with_name("en", "primary alias"),
        );

        let record = tokio::time::timeout(
            std::time::Duration::from_secs(2),
            agent.invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                "alias-fallback-call",
                "primary",
                serde_json::json!({"path": "./shared.txt"}),
                ToolCallSource::Manual,
            )),
        )
        .await
        .expect("alias-mediated fallback cycle must terminate")
        .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(primary_calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
        assert_eq!(secondary_calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
        assert_eq!(record.requested_name, "primary alias");
        assert_eq!(record.canonical_id, "primary");
        assert!(!record.executed);
        assert!(record.output.contains("fallback cycle"));
        assert_eq!(
            record.metadata.get("fallback_chain"),
            Some(&serde_json::json!(["primary", "secondary"]))
        );
        assert_eq!(hooks.records().len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(agent.tool_call_history().len(), 3);
    }

    /// Confirms final provider refresh cannot move a fallback alias onto an already visited canonical ancestor.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn final_canonical_drift_cannot_bypass_fallback_ancestry() {
        let primary_calls = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let secondary_calls = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let provider = Arc::new(DriftingFallbackProvider {
            refreshed: AtomicBool::new(false),
            primary_calls: Arc::clone(&primary_calls),
            secondary_calls: Arc::clone(&secondary_calls),
        });
        let registry = ToolRegistry::new();
        registry.register_provider(provider).await.unwrap();
        let lifecycle = Arc::new(ToolLifecycleRecordingHooks::new());
        let hooks = Arc::new(RefreshFallbackProviderHooks {
            agent: parking_lot::Mutex::new(None),
            lifecycle: Arc::clone(&lifecycle),
        });
        let agent = Arc::new(
            AgentBuilder::new()
                .system_prompt("Test final canonical fallback admission.")
                .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
                .tools(registry)
                .recovery_manager(recovery_manager_with_fallbacks([(
                    "primary".to_string(),
                    "fallback alias".to_string(),
                )]))
                .hooks(hooks.clone())
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        );
        *hooks.agent.lock() = Some(Arc::downgrade(&agent));

        let record = agent
            .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                "drifting-fallback-call",
                "primary",
                serde_json::json!({"path": "./shared.txt"}),
                ToolCallSource::Manual,
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(primary_calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
        assert_eq!(secondary_calls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
        assert_eq!(record.canonical_id, "secondary");
        assert!(!record.executed);
        assert_eq!(record.policy.outcome, PermissionOutcome::Deny);
        assert!(record.output.contains("fallback cycle"));
        assert_eq!(
            record.metadata.get("fallback_chain"),
            Some(&serde_json::json!(["primary", "secondary"]))
        );
        assert_eq!(
            record.metadata.get("final_resolved_canonical_id"),
            Some(&serde_json::json!("primary"))
        );
        assert_eq!(
            lifecycle.events(),
            vec![
                "start:primary",
                "complete:primary:false",
                "record:primary:true",
                "error",
                "start:secondary",
                "complete:secondary:false",
                "record:secondary:false",
                "error",
            ]
        );
        let records = lifecycle.records();
        assert_eq!(records.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(records[1].canonical_id, "secondary");
        assert_eq!(
            records[1].metadata.get("final_resolved_canonical_id"),
            Some(&serde_json::json!("primary"))
        );
        let history = agent.tool_call_history();
        assert_eq!(
            history
                .iter()
                .map(|entry| entry.tool_id.as_str())
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec!["primary", "secondary"]
        );
    }

    /// Confirms a unique acyclic fallback chain is bounded before the first request beyond the fixed hop limit invokes its tool.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn acyclic_fallback_chain_is_denied_after_the_hop_limit() {
        let tool_count = MAX_TOOL_FALLBACK_HOPS + 2;
        let calls = (0..tool_count)
            .map(|_| Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0)))
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        let mut builder = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Test bounded acyclic fallback admission.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")));
        for (index, counter) in calls.iter().enumerate() {
            builder = builder.tool(Arc::new(RecoveryTestTool {
                id: format!("fallback_{index}"),
                succeeds: false,
                calls: Arc::clone(counter),
                max_output_chars: None,
            }));
        }
        let fallbacks = (0..tool_count - 1).map(|index| {
            (
                format!("fallback_{index}"),
                format!("fallback_{}", index + 1),
            )
        });
        let agent = builder
            .recovery_manager(recovery_manager_with_fallbacks(fallbacks))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let record = tokio::time::timeout(
            std::time::Duration::from_secs(2),
            agent.invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                "bounded-fallback-call",
                "fallback_0",
                serde_json::json!({"path": "./shared.txt"}),
                ToolCallSource::Manual,
            )),
        )
        .await
        .expect("bounded fallback chain must terminate")
        .unwrap();

        for counter in calls.iter().take(MAX_TOOL_FALLBACK_HOPS + 1) {
            assert_eq!(counter.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
        }
        assert_eq!(calls[MAX_TOOL_FALLBACK_HOPS + 1].load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
        assert_eq!(
            record.canonical_id,
            format!("fallback_{}", MAX_TOOL_FALLBACK_HOPS + 1)
        );
        assert!(!record.executed);
        assert!(record.output.contains("maximum of 16 hops"));
        assert_eq!(agent.tool_call_history().len(), tool_count);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn diagnostics_without_provider_records_unavailable_without_execution() {
        let mock = mock_with_response("hello");
        let yaml = r#"
name: DiagnosticsNoProviderAgent
system_prompt: "Review diagnostics."
tools: [diagnostics]
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .auto_configure_features()
            .unwrap()
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let record = agent
            .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                "diagnostics-call",
                "diagnostics",
                serde_json::json!({}),
                ToolCallSource::Manual,
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        assert!(!record.executed);
        assert!(!record.success);
        assert_eq!(record.policy.outcome, PermissionOutcome::Unavailable);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn web_search_without_provider_records_unavailable_without_execution() {
        let mock = mock_with_response("hello");
        let yaml = r#"
name: WebSearchNoProviderAgent
system_prompt: "You search the web."
tools: [web_search]
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .auto_configure_features()
            .unwrap()
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let record = agent
            .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                "web-search-call",
                "web_search",
                serde_json::json!({"query": "rust async"}),
                ToolCallSource::Manual,
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        assert!(!record.executed);
        assert!(!record.success);
        assert_eq!(record.policy.outcome, PermissionOutcome::Unavailable);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn unavailable_host_tool_does_not_request_approval() {
        let approvals = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let handler = Arc::new(CountingApprovalHandler {
            calls: Arc::clone(&approvals),
        });
        let mut security = ToolSecurityConfig {
            enabled: true,
            fail_closed: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        security.tools.insert(
            "web_search".to_string(),
            ai_agents_tools::ToolPolicyConfig {
                enabled: true,
                require_confirmation: true,
                ..Default::default()
            },
        );
        let yaml = r#"
name: UnavailableApprovalAgent
system_prompt: "Search only with approval."
tools: [web_search]
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .auto_configure_features()
            .unwrap()
            .tool_security(ToolSecurityEngine::new(security))
            .hitl_engine(HITLEngine::new(ai_agents_hitl::HITLConfig::default()))
            .approval_handler(handler)
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let record = agent
            .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                "unavailable-before-approval",
                "web_search",
                serde_json::json!({"query": "rust async"}),
                ToolCallSource::Manual,
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(approvals.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
        assert!(!record.executed);
        assert!(!record.success);
        assert_eq!(record.policy.outcome, PermissionOutcome::Unavailable);
        assert!(
            record
                .approval
                .as_ref()
                .is_some_and(|approval| matches!(approval.status, ToolApprovalStatus::Unavailable))
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_spawner_section_does_not_grant_core_tools_when_top_level_tools_omitted() {
        let mock = mock_with_response("hello");
        let yaml = r#"
name: SpawnerNoGrantAgent
system_prompt: "You manage agents."
spawner:
  max_agents: 2
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .auto_configure_features()
            .unwrap()
            .auto_configure_spawner()
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let available = agent.get_available_tool_ids().await.unwrap();
        assert!(available.is_empty());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_spawner_section_does_not_grant_core_tools_when_top_level_tools_empty() {
        let mock = mock_with_response("hello");
        let yaml = r#"
name: EmptySpawnerNoGrantAgent
system_prompt: "You manage agents."
tools: []
spawner:
  max_agents: 2
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .auto_configure_features()
            .unwrap()
            .auto_configure_spawner()
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let available = agent.get_available_tool_ids().await.unwrap();
        assert!(available.is_empty());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_management_tools_flag_grants_core_tools_when_top_level_tools_empty() {
        let mock = mock_with_response("hello");
        let yaml = r#"
name: ManagementGrantAgent
system_prompt: "You manage agents."
tools: []
spawner:
  management_tools: true
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .auto_configure_features()
            .unwrap()
            .auto_configure_spawner()
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let available = agent.get_available_tool_ids().await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(available.len(), 4);
        assert!(available.contains(&"spawn_agent".to_string()));
        assert!(available.contains(&"send_agent_message".to_string()));
        assert!(available.contains(&"list_agents".to_string()));
        assert!(available.contains(&"remove_agent".to_string()));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_management_tools_flag_grants_core_tools_when_top_level_tools_omitted() {
        let mock = mock_with_response("hello");
        let yaml = r#"
name: ManagementOmittedToolsGrantAgent
system_prompt: "You manage agents."
spawner:
  management_tools: true
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .auto_configure_features()
            .unwrap()
            .auto_configure_spawner()
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let available = agent.get_available_tool_ids().await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(available.len(), 4);
        assert!(available.contains(&"spawn_agent".to_string()));
        assert!(available.contains(&"send_agent_message".to_string()));
        assert!(available.contains(&"list_agents".to_string()));
        assert!(available.contains(&"remove_agent".to_string()));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_management_tools_selected_grants_only_selected_tools() {
        let mock = mock_with_response("hello");
        let yaml = r#"
name: ManagementSelectedGrantAgent
system_prompt: "You manage agents."
tools: []
spawner:
  management_tools:
    - spawn_agent
    - send_agent_message
    - list_agents
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .auto_configure_features()
            .unwrap()
            .auto_configure_spawner()
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let available = agent.get_available_tool_ids().await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(available.len(), 3);
        assert!(available.contains(&"spawn_agent".to_string()));
        assert!(available.contains(&"send_agent_message".to_string()));
        assert!(available.contains(&"list_agents".to_string()));
        assert!(!available.contains(&"remove_agent".to_string()));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_orchestration_tools_flag_grants_tools_when_top_level_tools_empty() {
        let mock = mock_with_response("hello");
        let yaml = r#"
name: OrchestrationGrantAgent
system_prompt: "You coordinate agents."
llms:
  default:
    provider: openai
    model: gpt-4
  router:
    provider: openai
    model: gpt-4
llm:
  default: default
  router: router
tools: []
spawner:
  orchestration_tools: true
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .auto_configure_features()
            .unwrap()
            .auto_configure_spawner()
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let available = agent.get_available_tool_ids().await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(available.len(), 5);
        assert!(available.contains(&"route_to_agent".to_string()));
        assert!(available.contains(&"pipeline_process".to_string()));
        assert!(available.contains(&"concurrent_ask".to_string()));
        assert!(available.contains(&"group_discussion".to_string()));
        assert!(available.contains(&"handoff_conversation".to_string()));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_persona_evolve_flag_grants_tool_when_top_level_tools_empty() {
        let mock = mock_with_response("hello");
        let yaml = r#"
name: PersonaGrantAgent
system_prompt: "You can evolve persona."
llm:
  provider: openai
  model: gpt-4
tools: []
persona:
  identity:
    name: "Guide"
    role: "Helper"
  evolution:
    enabled: true
    allow_llm_evolve: true
    mutable_fields:
      - traits.personality
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let available = agent.get_available_tool_ids().await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(available, vec!["persona_evolve".to_string()]);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_persona_evolve_flag_grants_tool_when_top_level_tools_omitted() {
        let mock = mock_with_response("hello");
        let yaml = r#"
name: PersonaOmittedToolsGrantAgent
system_prompt: "You can evolve persona."
llm:
  provider: openai
  model: gpt-4
persona:
  identity:
    name: "Guide"
    role: "Helper"
  evolution:
    enabled: true
    allow_llm_evolve: true
    mutable_fields:
      - traits.personality
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let available = agent.get_available_tool_ids().await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(available, vec!["persona_evolve".to_string()]);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_omitted_yaml_tools_exposes_no_tools() {
        let mock = mock_with_response("hello");
        let yaml = r#"
name: NoToolsAgent
system_prompt: "You are helpful."
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .auto_configure_features()
            .unwrap()
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let available = agent.get_available_tool_ids().await.unwrap();
        assert!(available.is_empty());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn runtime_scope_cannot_widen_omitted_or_empty_yaml_grants() {
        for tools in ["", "tools: []"] {
            let yaml = format!(
                r#"
name: RuntimeScopeNoGrantAgent
system_prompt: "No ordinary tools are granted."
{tools}
"#
            );
            let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(&yaml)
                .unwrap()
                .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
                .auto_configure_features()
                .unwrap()
                .build()
                .unwrap();

            agent
                .runtime_control()
                .set_tool_scope(vec!["calculator".to_string()]);

            assert!(agent.get_available_tool_ids().await.unwrap().is_empty());
        }
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn runtime_scope_widening_attempt_keeps_only_declared_tools() {
        let yaml = r#"
name: RuntimeScopeWideningAgent
system_prompt: "Runtime scope cannot add authority."
tools: [calculator]
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .auto_configure_features()
            .unwrap()
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        agent
            .runtime_control()
            .set_tool_scope(vec!["calculator".to_string(), "datetime".to_string()]);

        assert_eq!(
            agent.get_available_tool_ids().await.unwrap(),
            vec!["calculator".to_string()]
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn runtime_scope_is_canonical_unique_ordered_and_clear_restores_declared_grant() {
        let yaml = r#"
name: RuntimeScopeIntersectionAgent
system_prompt: "Use only declared tools."
tools: [calculator, datetime]
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .auto_configure_features()
            .unwrap()
            .build()
            .unwrap();
        let mut aliases = ai_agents_tools::ToolAliases::default();
        aliases
            .names
            .insert("en".to_string(), "calculate_alias".to_string());
        agent.tools.set_tool_aliases("calculator", aliases);
        let control = agent.runtime_control();

        control.set_tool_scope(vec![
            "datetime".to_string(),
            "calculate_alias".to_string(),
            "calculator".to_string(),
            "unknown".to_string(),
            "datetime".to_string(),
        ]);
        assert_eq!(
            agent.get_available_tool_ids().await.unwrap(),
            vec!["calculator".to_string(), "datetime".to_string()]
        );

        control.set_tool_scope(vec!["datetime".to_string()]);
        assert_eq!(
            agent.get_available_tool_ids().await.unwrap(),
            vec!["datetime".to_string()]
        );

        control.clear_tool_scope_override();
        assert_eq!(
            agent.get_available_tool_ids().await.unwrap(),
            vec!["calculator".to_string(), "datetime".to_string()]
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn runtime_scope_preserves_programmatic_registration_as_declared_grant() {
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("Use registered tools.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .tool(Arc::new(ContextEchoTool))
            .tool(Arc::new(SlowTool))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        agent.runtime_control().set_tool_scope(vec![
            "Context Echo".to_string(),
            "context_echo".to_string(),
            "unknown".to_string(),
        ]);

        assert_eq!(
            agent.get_available_tool_ids().await.unwrap(),
            vec!["context_echo".to_string()]
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn nested_state_scopes_intersect_every_ancestor_with_aliases() {
        let yaml = r#"
name: NestedStateScopeAgent
system_prompt: "Honor every state scope."
tools: [calculator, datetime, echo]
states:
  initial: root
  states:
    root:
      tools: [calculate_alias, datetime]
      initial: middle
      states:
        middle:
          initial: leaf
          states:
            leaf:
              tools: [datetime_alias, echo]
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .auto_configure_features()
            .unwrap()
            .build()
            .unwrap();
        let mut calculator_aliases = ai_agents_tools::ToolAliases::default();
        calculator_aliases
            .names
            .insert("en".to_string(), "calculate_alias".to_string());
        agent
            .tools
            .set_tool_aliases("calculator", calculator_aliases);
        let mut datetime_aliases = ai_agents_tools::ToolAliases::default();
        datetime_aliases
            .names
            .insert("en".to_string(), "datetime_alias".to_string());
        agent.tools.set_tool_aliases("datetime", datetime_aliases);
        agent.runtime_control().set_tool_scope(vec![
            "unknown".to_string(),
            "datetime_alias".to_string(),
            "calculate_alias".to_string(),
            "datetime".to_string(),
        ]);

        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("root.middle.leaf"));
        assert_eq!(
            agent.get_available_tool_ids().await.unwrap(),
            vec!["datetime".to_string()]
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn ancestor_empty_state_scope_denies_omitted_descendants() {
        let yaml = r#"
name: NestedEmptyStateScopeAgent
system_prompt: "An empty ancestor scope denies all tools."
tools: [calculator]
states:
  initial: root
  states:
    root:
      tools: []
      initial: middle
      states:
        middle:
          initial: leaf
          states:
            leaf: {}
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
            .auto_configure_features()
            .unwrap()
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        assert!(agent.get_available_tool_ids().await.unwrap().is_empty());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn state_change_during_approval_invalidates_the_reviewed_authority() {
        let active = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let max_active = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let entered = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Barrier::new(2));
        let release = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Notify::new());
        let handler = Arc::new(BlockingApprovalHandler {
            entered: Arc::clone(&entered),
            release: Arc::clone(&release),
            result: ApprovalResult::Approved,
        });
        let yaml = r#"
name: ApprovalStateGenerationAgent
system_prompt: "State authority may change during approval."
tools: [locked_write]
states:
  initial: first
  states:
    first:
      tools: [locked_write]
    second:
      tools: [locked_write]
"#;
        let agent = Arc::new(
            AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
                .unwrap()
                .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
                .tool(Arc::new(LockedWriteTool {
                    active: Arc::clone(&active),
                    max_active: Arc::clone(&max_active),
                }))
                .tool_security(ToolSecurityEngine::new(approval_security_config(true)))
                .hitl_engine(HITLEngine::new(ai_agents_hitl::HITLConfig::default()))
                .approval_handler(handler)
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        );
        let running = Arc::clone(&agent);
        let call = tokio::spawn(async move {
            running
                .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                    "approval-state-generation",
                    "locked_write",
                    serde_json::json!({"path": "./state-generation.txt"}),
                    ToolCallSource::Manual,
                ))
                .await
                .unwrap()
        });

        entered.wait().await;
        agent.transition_to("second").await.unwrap();
        release.notify_one();
        let record = call.await.unwrap();

        assert!(!record.executed);
        assert!(record.output.contains("Approval became stale"));
        assert_eq!(max_active.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn state_change_while_waiting_for_resource_lock_fails_final_admission() {
        let holder_gate = PathMutationGate::new();
        let waiter_gate = PathMutationGate::new();
        let yaml = r#"
name: LockedStateGenerationAgent
system_prompt: "State authority must remain stable through admission."
tools: [state_lock_holder, state_lock_waiter]
states:
  initial: first
  states:
    first:
      tools: [state_lock_holder, state_lock_waiter]
    second:
      tools: [state_lock_holder, state_lock_waiter]
"#;
        let agent = Arc::new(
            AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
                .unwrap()
                .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("done")))
                .tool(Arc::new(BlockingPathMutationTool {
                    id: "state_lock_holder",
                    path_fields: vec![ai_agents_core::PathPolicyBinding::write("path")],
                    gate: holder_gate.clone(),
                }))
                .tool(Arc::new(BlockingPathMutationTool {
                    id: "state_lock_waiter",
                    path_fields: vec![ai_agents_core::PathPolicyBinding::write("path")],
                    gate: waiter_gate.clone(),
                }))
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        );
        let holder_call = {
            let agent = Arc::clone(&agent);
            tokio::spawn(async move {
                agent
                    .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                        "state-lock-holder",
                        "state_lock_holder",
                        serde_json::json!({"path": "./shared-state-path.txt"}),
                        ToolCallSource::Manual,
                    ))
                    .await
                    .unwrap()
            })
        };
        holder_gate.wait_until_entered().await;
        let waiter_call = {
            let agent = Arc::clone(&agent);
            tokio::spawn(async move {
                agent
                    .invoke_tool(ToolExecutionRequest::new(
                        "state-lock-waiter",
                        "state_lock_waiter",
                        serde_json::json!({"path": "./shared-state-path.txt"}),
                        ToolCallSource::Manual,
                    ))
                    .await
                    .unwrap()
            })
        };

        wait_for_resource_lock_strong_count(&agent.resource_locks, 2).await;
        agent.transition_to("second").await.unwrap();
        holder_gate.release();
        let holder_record = holder_call.await.unwrap();
        let waiter_record = waiter_call.await.unwrap();

        assert!(holder_record.success);
        assert!(!waiter_record.executed);
        assert!(
            waiter_record
                .output
                .contains("state scope changed before admission")
        );
        assert!(!waiter_gate.entered.load(Ordering::SeqCst));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_state_tools_cannot_widen_top_level_grant() {
        let mock = mock_with_response("hello");
        let yaml = r#"
name: NarrowToolsAgent
system_prompt: "You are helpful."
tools:
  - calculator
states:
  initial: current
  states:
    current:
      tools: [datetime]
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .auto_configure_features()
            .unwrap()
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let available = agent.get_available_tool_ids().await.unwrap();
        assert!(available.is_empty());
    }

    // Tool execution in chat flow
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_integration_tool_execution() {
        // Mock LLM that returns a tool call then a final answer
        let mock = mock_with_responses(vec![
            // First response: tool call
            r#"I'll calculate that for you.
[TOOL_CALL: {"name": "calculator", "arguments": {"expression": "2+2"}}]"#,
            // After tool result: final answer
            "The answer is 4.",
        ]);
        let mut tools = ai_agents_tools::ToolRegistry::new();
        tools
            .register(Arc::new(ai_agents_tools::CalculatorTool))
            .unwrap();

        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("You are a calculator assistant.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .tools(tools)
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let response = agent.chat("What is 2+2?").await.unwrap();
        // The agent should eventually produce a response
        assert!(!response.content.is_empty());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_tool_hitl_rejection_finalizes_blocking_turn() {
        let responses = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let hooks = Arc::new(ResponseCountingHooks {
            responses: Arc::clone(&responses),
        });
        let mock = mock_with_response(r#"{"tool":"echo","arguments":{"message":"hello"}}"#);
        let yaml = r#"
name: ToolRejectAgent
system_prompt: "You use tools when requested."
tools:
  - echo
hitl:
  tools:
    echo:
      require_approval: true
      approval_message: "Approve echo?"
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .auto_configure_features()
            .unwrap()
            .hooks(hooks)
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let response = agent.chat("echo hello").await.unwrap();

        assert!(
            response.content.contains("Operation cancelled"),
            "unexpected response: {}",
            response.content
        );
        assert_eq!(responses.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
        let messages = agent.memory.get_messages(None).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(messages.len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(messages[0].content, "echo hello");
        assert!(messages[1].content.contains("\"tool\":\"echo\""));
        assert!(messages[2].content.contains("rejected by the approver"));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_tool_hitl_rejection_finalizes_streaming_turn() {
        use futures::StreamExt;

        let responses = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let hooks = Arc::new(ResponseCountingHooks {
            responses: Arc::clone(&responses),
        });
        let mock = mock_with_response(r#"{"tool":"echo","arguments":{"message":"hello"}}"#);
        let yaml = r#"
name: ToolRejectStreamingAgent
system_prompt: "You use tools when requested."
tools:
  - echo
streaming:
  enabled: true
hitl:
  tools:
    echo:
      require_approval: true
      approval_message: "Approve echo?"
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .auto_configure_features()
            .unwrap()
            .hooks(hooks)
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let mut stream = agent.chat_stream("echo hello").await.unwrap();
        let mut terminal_error = String::new();
        let mut done = false;
        while let Some(chunk) = stream.next().await {
            match chunk {
                StreamChunk::Error { message } => terminal_error = message,
                StreamChunk::Done {} => {
                    done = true;
                    break;
                }
                _ => {}
            }
        }

        assert!(done);
        assert!(
            terminal_error.contains("Operation cancelled"),
            "unexpected terminal error: {}",
            terminal_error
        );
        assert_eq!(responses.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
        let messages = agent.memory.get_messages(None).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(messages.len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(messages[0].content, "echo hello");
        assert!(messages[1].content.contains("\"tool\":\"echo\""));
        assert!(messages[2].content.contains("rejected by the approver"));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn tool_hitl_rejection_preserves_legacy_error_but_finalizes_event_stream() {
        let mock = mock_with_response(r#"{"tool":"echo","arguments":{"message":"hello"}}"#);
        let yaml = r#"
name: ToolRejectEventAgent
system_prompt: "You use tools when requested."
tools:
  - echo
streaming:
  enabled: true
hitl:
  tools:
    echo:
      require_approval: true
      approval_message: "Approve echo?"
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .auto_configure_features()
            .unwrap()
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let mut stream = agent.chat_stream_events("echo hello").await.unwrap();
        let mut error_seen = false;
        let mut final_response = None;
        while let Some(event) = stream.next().await {
            match event {
                AgentStreamEvent::Chunk(StreamChunk::Error { .. }) => error_seen = true,
                AgentStreamEvent::Final(response) => final_response = Some(response),
                AgentStreamEvent::Chunk(_) => {}
            }
        }

        assert!(!error_seen);
        assert!(
            final_response
                .is_some_and(|response| { response.content.contains("Operation cancelled") })
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_pre_response_guard_transition_skips_old_state_llm() {
        let mock = mock_with_response("Billing state response");
        let call_counter = mock.clone();
        let yaml = r#"
name: OptimizedStateAgent
system_prompt: "You route before answering."
runtime:
  optimization:
    enabled: true
    pre_response_deterministic_transitions: true
states:
  initial: greeting
  states:
    greeting:
      prompt: "Old state prompt that should be skipped."
      transitions:
        - to: billing
          guard:
            context:
              topic:
                eq: billing
          timing: pre_response
    billing:
      prompt: "Answer from the billing state."
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .build()
            .unwrap();
        agent
            .set_context("topic", serde_json::json!("billing"))
            .unwrap();

        let response = agent.chat("I need billing help").await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("billing"));
        assert_eq!(response.content, "Billing state response");
        assert_eq!(call_counter.call_count(), 1);
        assert_eq!(agent.actor_facts().len(), 0);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_set_context_supports_dotted_paths_for_pre_response_guards() {
        let mock = mock_with_response("Billing state response");
        let call_counter = mock.clone();
        let yaml = r#"
name: OptimizedStateAgent
system_prompt: "You route before answering."
runtime:
  optimization:
    enabled: true
    pre_response_deterministic_transitions: true
context:
  request:
    type: runtime
    default:
      topic: general
states:
  initial: greeting
  states:
    greeting:
      prompt: "Old state prompt that should be skipped."
      transitions:
        - to: billing
          guard:
            context:
              request.topic:
                eq: billing
          timing: pre_response
    billing:
      prompt: "Answer from the billing state."
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .build()
            .unwrap();
        agent
            .set_context("request.topic", serde_json::json!("billing"))
            .unwrap();

        let response = agent.chat("I need billing help").await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("billing"));
        assert_eq!(response.content, "Billing state response");
        assert_eq!(call_counter.call_count(), 1);
        assert_eq!(
            agent.get_context().get("request"),
            Some(&serde_json::json!({"topic": "billing"}))
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_pre_response_rejection_does_not_commit_staged_context_or_user() {
        let mock = mock_with_response("billing");
        let yaml = r#"
name: OptimizedStateAgent
system_prompt: "You route before answering."
runtime:
  optimization:
    enabled: true
    pre_response_deterministic_transitions: true
hitl:
  states:
    billing:
      on_enter: require_approval
      approval_message: "Approve billing route?"
states:
  initial: greeting
  states:
    greeting:
      prompt: "Old state prompt."
      extract:
        - key: topic
          description: "Support topic"
      transitions:
        - to: billing
          guard:
            context:
              topic:
                eq: billing
          timing: pre_response
          run_extractors: true
    billing:
      prompt: "Billing state."
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let response = agent
            .try_pre_response_transition("billing please")
            .await
            .unwrap();

        assert!(response.is_none());
        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("greeting"));
        assert!(!agent.get_context().contains_key("topic"));
        assert_eq!(agent.memory.get_messages(None).await.unwrap().len(), 0);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_pre_response_extractor_commits_context_on_winning_path() {
        let mock = mock_with_responses(vec!["billing", "Billing response"]);
        let yaml = r#"
name: OptimizedStateAgent
system_prompt: "You route before answering."
runtime:
  optimization:
    enabled: true
    pre_response_deterministic_transitions: true
states:
  initial: greeting
  states:
    greeting:
      prompt: "Old state prompt."
      extract:
        - key: topic
          description: "Support topic"
      transitions:
        - to: billing
          guard:
            context:
              topic:
                eq: billing
          timing: pre_response
          run_extractors: true
    billing:
      prompt: "Billing state."
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let response = agent.chat("billing please").await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("billing"));
        assert_eq!(response.content, "Billing response");
        assert_eq!(
            agent.get_context().get("topic"),
            Some(&serde_json::json!("billing"))
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_pre_response_extractor_miss_does_not_mutate_context() {
        let mock = mock_with_response("__NONE__");
        let yaml = r#"
name: OptimizedStateAgent
system_prompt: "You route before answering."
runtime:
  optimization:
    enabled: true
    pre_response_deterministic_transitions: true
states:
  initial: greeting
  states:
    greeting:
      prompt: "Old state prompt."
      extract:
        - key: topic
          description: "Support topic"
      transitions:
        - to: billing
          guard:
            context:
              topic:
                eq: billing
          timing: pre_response
          run_extractors: true
    billing:
      prompt: "Billing state."
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let response = agent.try_pre_response_transition("hello").await.unwrap();

        assert!(response.is_none());
        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("greeting"));
        assert!(!agent.get_context().contains_key("topic"));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_default_guard_transition_stays_post_response() {
        let mock = mock_with_responses(vec!["Greeting response", "Billing response"]);
        let call_counter = mock.clone();
        let yaml = r#"
name: TimingAgent
system_prompt: "You route carefully."
runtime:
  optimization:
    enabled: true
    pre_response_deterministic_transitions: true
states:
  initial: greeting
  states:
    greeting:
      prompt: "Old state prompt."
      transitions:
        - to: billing
          guard:
            context:
              topic:
                eq: billing
    billing:
      prompt: "Billing state."
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .build()
            .unwrap();
        agent
            .set_context("topic", serde_json::json!("billing"))
            .unwrap();

        let response = agent.chat("billing please").await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("billing"));
        assert_eq!(response.content, "Billing response");
        assert_eq!(call_counter.call_count(), 2);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_explicit_post_response_guard_transition_stays_post_response() {
        let mock = mock_with_responses(vec!["Greeting response", "Billing response"]);
        let call_counter = mock.clone();
        let yaml = r#"
name: TimingAgent
system_prompt: "You route carefully."
runtime:
  optimization:
    enabled: true
    pre_response_deterministic_transitions: true
states:
  initial: greeting
  states:
    greeting:
      prompt: "Old state prompt."
      transitions:
        - to: billing
          guard:
            context:
              topic:
                eq: billing
          timing: post_response
    billing:
      prompt: "Billing state."
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .build()
            .unwrap();
        agent
            .set_context("topic", serde_json::json!("billing"))
            .unwrap();

        let response = agent.chat("billing please").await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("billing"));
        assert_eq!(response.content, "Billing response");
        assert_eq!(call_counter.call_count(), 2);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_pre_response_extractors_are_transition_scoped() {
        let mock = mock_with_responses(vec!["billing", "Billing response"]);
        let yaml = r#"
name: ScopedExtractorAgent
system_prompt: "You route carefully."
runtime:
  optimization:
    enabled: true
    pre_response_deterministic_transitions: true
states:
  initial: greeting
  states:
    greeting:
      prompt: "Old state prompt."
      extract:
        - key: topic
          description: "Support topic"
      transitions:
        - to: wrong
          guard:
            context:
              topic:
                eq: billing
          timing: pre_response
        - to: billing
          guard:
            context:
              topic:
                eq: billing
          timing: pre_response
          run_extractors: true
    wrong:
      prompt: "Wrong state."
    billing:
      prompt: "Billing state."
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let response = agent.chat("billing please").await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("billing"));
        assert_eq!(response.content, "Billing response");
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_pre_response_resolved_intent_routes_early() {
        let mock = mock_with_response("Billing response");
        let yaml = r#"
name: IntentAgent
system_prompt: "You route carefully."
runtime:
  optimization:
    enabled: true
    pre_response_deterministic_transitions: true
states:
  initial: greeting
  states:
    greeting:
      prompt: "Old state prompt."
      transitions:
        - to: billing
          intent: billing
          timing: pre_response
    billing:
      prompt: "Billing state."
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .build()
            .unwrap();
        agent
            .set_context("resolved_intent", serde_json::json!("billing"))
            .unwrap();

        let response = agent
            .try_pre_response_transition("I need billing help")
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("billing"));
        assert_eq!(response.content, "Billing response");
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_background_overflow_error_surfaces() {
        let mut config = RuntimeConfig::default();
        config.optimization.enabled = true;
        config.optimization.post_turn.max_background_tasks = 1;
        config.optimization.post_turn.on_background_overflow = BackgroundOverflowPolicy::Error;
        let policy = crate::optimization::MaintenanceTaskPolicy {
            mode: MaintenanceMode::Background,
            await_before_next_turn: AwaitBeforeNextTurn::Always,
        };
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("You are helpful.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("ok")))
            .build()
            .unwrap()
            .with_runtime_config(config);
        agent
            .background_maintenance
            .spawn(None, async { std::future::pending::<Result<()>>().await })
            .unwrap();

        let result = agent
            .spawn_or_handle_background(None, async { Ok(()) }, "facts", &policy)
            .await;

        assert!(result.is_err());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_speculative_reasoning_low_cap_uses_serial_reasoning() {
        let default_mock = mock_with_response("Plain draft response");
        let router_mock = mock_with_response("cot");
        let router_counter = router_mock.clone();
        let yaml = r#"
name: ReasoningReservationAgent
system_prompt: "You answer plainly unless reasoning wins."
llm:
  default: default
  router: router
observability:
  enabled: true
  export:
    write_raw_events: true
reasoning:
  mode: auto
  judge_llm: router
runtime:
  optimization:
    enabled: true
    max_speculative_llm_calls_per_turn: 1
    speculative_reasoning_auto: true
    max_parallel_runtime_tasks: 2
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm_alias("default", Arc::new(default_mock))
            .llm_alias("router", Arc::new(router_mock))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let response = agent.chat("hello").await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(response.content, "Plain draft response");
        assert_eq!(router_counter.call_count(), 1);
        let events = agent.observability().unwrap().raw_events();
        assert!(!events.iter().any(|event| {
            event.dimensions.get("commit_behavior") == Some(&"reasoning_decision".to_string())
        }));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_forced_reasoning_skips_plain_speculative_draft() {
        let mock = mock_with_response("Reasoned response");
        let yaml = r#"
name: ForcedReasoningAgent
system_prompt: "You reason before answering."
observability:
  enabled: true
  export:
    write_raw_events: true
reasoning:
  mode: cot
runtime:
  optimization:
    enabled: true
    max_speculative_llm_calls_per_turn: 2
    speculative_state_transitions: true
    max_parallel_runtime_tasks: 2
states:
  initial: triage
  states:
    triage:
      prompt: "Answer from triage."
      transitions:
        - to: billing
          guard:
            context:
              route:
                eq: billing
          timing: parallel
    billing:
      prompt: "Billing state."
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let response = agent.chat("hello").await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(response.content, "Reasoned response");
        let events = agent.observability().unwrap().raw_events();
        assert!(
            !events
                .iter()
                .any(|event| event.dimensions.contains_key("branch_status"))
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_speculative_skill_low_cap_uses_serial_skill_route() {
        let default_mock = mock_with_response("Skill committed response");
        let router_mock = mock_with_response("helper");
        let router_counter = router_mock.clone();
        let yaml = r#"
name: SkillReservationAgent
system_prompt: "Use skills when they match."
llm:
  default: default
  router: router
observability:
  enabled: true
  export:
    write_raw_events: true
runtime:
  optimization:
    enabled: true
    max_speculative_llm_calls_per_turn: 1
    speculative_skill_routing: true
    max_parallel_runtime_tasks: 2
skills:
  - id: helper
    description: "Answer helper requests"
    trigger: "User asks for helper"
    steps:
      - prompt: "Answer the helper request: {{ user_input }}"
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm_alias("default", Arc::new(default_mock))
            .llm_alias("router", Arc::new(router_mock))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let response = agent.chat("please use helper").await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(response.content, "Skill committed response");
        assert_eq!(router_counter.call_count(), 1);
        let events = agent.observability().unwrap().raw_events();
        assert!(
            !events
                .iter()
                .any(|event| event.dimensions.contains_key("branch_status"))
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_parallel_transition_low_cap_allows_deterministic_route() {
        let mock = mock_with_response("unused");
        let call_counter = mock.clone();
        let yaml = r#"
name: ParallelTransitionLowCapAgent
system_prompt: "Route before stale responses when safe."
runtime:
  optimization:
    enabled: true
    max_speculative_llm_calls_per_turn: 1
    speculative_state_transitions: true
    max_parallel_runtime_tasks: 2
states:
  initial: triage
  states:
    triage:
      prompt: "Triage state."
      transitions:
        - to: billing
          guard:
            context:
              route:
                eq: billing
          timing: parallel
    billing:
      prompt: "Billing state."
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .build()
            .unwrap();
        agent
            .set_context("route", serde_json::json!("billing"))
            .unwrap();
        agent.update_active_turn_context("billing help", HashMap::new());
        assert!(
            agent.reserve_active_speculative_llm_call(
                RuntimeOptimizationKind::ParallelStateTransition
            )
        );

        let selection = agent
            .select_parallel_transition_candidate("billing help")
            .await
            .unwrap();
        agent.end_root_turn();

        match selection {
            ParallelTransitionSelection::Candidate(candidate) => {
                assert_eq!(candidate.target(), "billing");
            }
            ParallelTransitionSelection::NoMatch => panic!("deterministic route did not match"),
            ParallelTransitionSelection::ReservationExhausted => {
                panic!("deterministic route consumed LLM budget")
            }
        }
        assert_eq!(call_counter.call_count(), 0);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn speculative_transition_drops_loser_before_state_actions() {
        let lock = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Mutex::new(()));
        let first_started = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Notify::new());
        let first_dropped = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
        let committed_after_drop = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
        let default = Arc::new(FirstCallLockingProvider {
            lock,
            first_started: Arc::clone(&first_started),
            first_dropped: Arc::clone(&first_dropped),
            committed_after_drop: Arc::clone(&committed_after_drop),
            calls: AtomicU64::new(0),
        });
        let router = Arc::new(RoutingAfterProviderStart {
            provider_started: first_started,
        });
        let yaml = r#"
name: SpeculativeCancellationAgent
system_prompt: "Route before committed work."
llm:
  default: default
  router: router
runtime:
  optimization:
    enabled: true
    max_speculative_llm_calls_per_turn: 2
    speculative_state_transitions: true
    max_parallel_runtime_tasks: 2
states:
  initial: triage
  states:
    triage:
      prompt: "Triage state."
      transitions:
        - to: technical
          when: "The request needs technical support"
          timing: parallel
    technical:
      prompt: "Technical state."
      on_enter:
        - prompt: "Prepare technical context."
          llm: default
          store_as: preparation
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm_alias("default", default)
            .llm_alias("router", router)
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let response = tokio::time::timeout(
            std::time::Duration::from_secs(2),
            agent.chat("I cannot log in because of AUTH-17."),
        )
        .await
        .expect("committed work must not wait on the losing provider future")
        .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(response.content, "Committed technical response.");
        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("technical"));
        assert!(first_dropped.load(Ordering::SeqCst));
        assert!(committed_after_drop.load(Ordering::SeqCst));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn buffered_transition_drops_stale_stream_before_redispatch() {
        use futures::StreamExt;

        let lock = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Mutex::new(()));
        let stream_started = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Notify::new());
        let stream_dropped = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
        let committed_after_drop = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
        let default = Arc::new(BufferedLockingProvider {
            lock,
            stream_started: Arc::clone(&stream_started),
            stream_dropped: Arc::clone(&stream_dropped),
            committed_after_drop: Arc::clone(&committed_after_drop),
        });
        let router = Arc::new(RoutingAfterProviderStart {
            provider_started: stream_started,
        });
        let yaml = r#"
name: BufferedCancellationAgent
system_prompt: "Hide stale streamed output."
llm:
  default: default
  router: router
streaming:
  enabled: true
  buffer_size: 8
runtime:
  optimization:
    enabled: true
    max_speculative_llm_calls_per_turn: 2
    speculative_state_transitions: true
    streaming_policy: buffer_until_routing_done
    max_parallel_runtime_tasks: 2
states:
  initial: triage
  states:
    triage:
      prompt: "Triage state."
      transitions:
        - to: technical
          when: "The request needs technical support"
          timing: parallel
    technical:
      prompt: "Technical state."
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm_alias("default", default)
            .llm_alias("router", router)
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let content = tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2), async {
            let mut stream = agent
                .chat_stream("AUTH-17 needs technical help.")
                .await
                .unwrap();
            let mut content = String::new();
            while let Some(chunk) = stream.next().await {
                match chunk {
                    StreamChunk::Content { text } => content.push_str(&text),
                    StreamChunk::Done {} => break,
                    StreamChunk::Error { message } => panic!("unexpected stream error: {message}"),
                    _ => {}
                }
            }
            content
        })
        .await
        .expect("redispatch must not wait on the stale streaming future");

        assert_eq!(content, "Committed technical response.");
        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("technical"));
        assert!(stream_dropped.load(Ordering::SeqCst));
        assert!(committed_after_drop.load(Ordering::SeqCst));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn buffered_transition_drops_established_stream_before_redispatch() {
        use futures::StreamExt;

        let stream_started = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Notify::new());
        let stream_dropped = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
        let stream_dropped_notify = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Notify::new());
        let committed_after_drop = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
        let default = Arc::new(EstablishedStreamProvider {
            stream_started: Arc::clone(&stream_started),
            stream_dropped: Arc::clone(&stream_dropped),
            stream_dropped_notify,
            committed_after_drop: Arc::clone(&committed_after_drop),
        });
        let router = Arc::new(RoutingAfterProviderStart {
            provider_started: stream_started,
        });
        let yaml = r#"
name: EstablishedStreamCancellationAgent
system_prompt: "Hide stale streamed output."
llm:
  default: default
  router: router
streaming:
  enabled: true
  buffer_size: 8
runtime:
  optimization:
    enabled: true
    max_speculative_llm_calls_per_turn: 2
    speculative_state_transitions: true
    streaming_policy: buffer_until_routing_done
    max_parallel_runtime_tasks: 2
states:
  initial: triage
  states:
    triage:
      prompt: "Triage state."
      transitions:
        - to: technical
          when: "The request needs technical support"
          timing: parallel
    technical:
      prompt: "Technical state."
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm_alias("default", default)
            .llm_alias("router", router)
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let content = tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2), async {
            let mut stream = agent
                .chat_stream("AUTH-17 needs technical help.")
                .await
                .unwrap();
            let mut content = String::new();
            while let Some(chunk) = stream.next().await {
                match chunk {
                    StreamChunk::Content { text } => content.push_str(&text),
                    StreamChunk::Done {} => break,
                    StreamChunk::Error { message } => panic!("unexpected stream error: {message}"),
                    _ => {}
                }
            }
            content
        })
        .await
        .expect("redispatch must wait for the established stale stream to be dropped");

        assert_eq!(content, "Committed technical response.");
        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("technical"));
        assert!(stream_dropped.load(Ordering::SeqCst));
        assert!(committed_after_drop.load(Ordering::SeqCst));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_buffered_streaming_transition_reservation_falls_back() {
        use futures::StreamExt;

        let mock = mock_with_responses(vec![
            "Serial streaming response",
            "Serial streaming response",
        ]);
        let router_mock = mock_with_response("1");
        let router_counter = router_mock.clone();
        let yaml = r#"
name: BufferedReservationFallbackAgent
system_prompt: "Stream normally if speculative routing cannot be evaluated."
llm:
  default: default
  router: router
observability:
  enabled: true
  export:
    write_raw_events: true
streaming:
  enabled: true
  buffer_size: 8
runtime:
  optimization:
    enabled: true
    max_speculative_llm_calls_per_turn: 1
    speculative_state_transitions: true
    streaming_policy: buffer_until_routing_done
    max_parallel_runtime_tasks: 2
states:
  initial: triage
  states:
    triage:
      prompt: "Triage state."
      transitions:
        - to: billing
          guard:
            context:
              route:
                eq: billing
          when: "User asks about billing"
          timing: parallel
    billing:
      prompt: "Billing state."
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm_alias("default", Arc::new(mock))
            .llm_alias("router", Arc::new(router_mock))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let mut stream = agent.chat_stream("hello").await.unwrap();
        let mut content = String::new();
        let mut error = None;
        while let Some(chunk) = stream.next().await {
            match chunk {
                StreamChunk::Content { text } => content.push_str(&text),
                StreamChunk::Error { message } => error = Some(message),
                StreamChunk::Done {} => break,
                _ => {}
            }
        }

        assert_eq!(error, None);
        assert_eq!(content, "Serial streaming response");
        assert_eq!(router_counter.call_count(), 0);
        let events = agent.observability().unwrap().raw_events();
        assert!(events.iter().any(|event| {
            event.dimensions.get("branch_status") == Some(&"cancelled".to_string())
                && event.dimensions.get("commit_behavior")
                    == Some(&"transition_decision".to_string())
        }));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_blocking_error_cleanup_resets_root_turn_for_next_chat() {
        let mut mock = mock_with_response("Recovered response");
        mock.set_error("boom");
        let mut handle = mock.clone();
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("You are helpful.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        assert!(agent.chat("first").await.is_err());
        handle.clear_error();
        let response = agent.chat("second").await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(response.content, "Recovered response");
        let messages = agent.memory.get_messages(None).await.unwrap();
        let user_count = messages
            .iter()
            .filter(|message| message.role == ai_agents_core::Role::User)
            .count();
        assert_eq!(user_count, 2);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_streaming_error_cleanup_resets_root_turn_for_next_chat() {
        use futures::StreamExt;

        let mut mock = mock_with_response("Recovered response");
        mock.set_error("stream boom");
        let mut handle = mock.clone();
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("You are helpful.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let mut stream = agent.chat_stream("first").await.unwrap();
        let mut saw_error = false;
        while let Some(chunk) = stream.next().await {
            if matches!(chunk, StreamChunk::Error { .. }) {
                saw_error = true;
            }
        }
        assert!(saw_error);

        handle.clear_error();
        let response = agent.chat("second").await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(response.content, "Recovered response");
        let messages = agent.memory.get_messages(None).await.unwrap();
        let user_count = messages
            .iter()
            .filter(|message| message.role == ai_agents_core::Role::User)
            .count();
        assert_eq!(user_count, 2);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_buffered_streaming_route_miss_releases_buffer_limit() {
        use futures::StreamExt;

        let mut mock = mock_with_response("one two three");
        mock.set_latency(10);
        let yaml = r#"
name: BufferedMissAgent
system_prompt: "You stream safely."
llm:
  default: default
streaming:
  enabled: true
  buffer_size: 1
runtime:
  optimization:
    enabled: true
    max_speculative_llm_calls_per_turn: 2
    speculative_state_transitions: true
    streaming_policy: buffer_until_routing_done
    max_parallel_runtime_tasks: 2
states:
  initial: triage
  states:
    triage:
      prompt: "Answer from triage."
      transitions:
        - to: billing
          guard:
            context:
              route:
                eq: billing
          timing: parallel
    billing:
      prompt: "Billing state."
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm_alias("default", Arc::new(mock))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let mut stream = agent.chat_stream("hello").await.unwrap();
        let mut content = String::new();
        let mut error = None;
        while let Some(chunk) = stream.next().await {
            match chunk {
                StreamChunk::Content { text } => content.push_str(&text),
                StreamChunk::Error { message } => error = Some(message),
                StreamChunk::Done {} => break,
                _ => {}
            }
        }

        assert_eq!(error, None);
        assert_eq!(content, "one two three");
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_buffered_streaming_main_failure_finalizes_branch() {
        use futures::StreamExt;

        let mock = mock_with_response("one two");
        let mut router_mock = mock_with_response("0");
        router_mock.set_latency(50);
        let yaml = r#"
name: BufferedFailureAgent
system_prompt: "You stream safely."
llm:
  default: default
  router: router
observability:
  enabled: true
  export:
    write_raw_events: true
streaming:
  enabled: true
  buffer_size: 1
runtime:
  optimization:
    enabled: true
    max_speculative_llm_calls_per_turn: 2
    speculative_state_transitions: true
    streaming_policy: buffer_until_routing_done
    max_parallel_runtime_tasks: 2
states:
  initial: triage
  states:
    triage:
      prompt: "Ask for the category."
      transitions:
        - to: billing
          when: "User asks about billing"
          timing: parallel
    billing:
      prompt: "Billing state."
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm_alias("default", Arc::new(mock))
            .llm_alias("router", Arc::new(router_mock))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let mut stream = agent.chat_stream("hello").await.unwrap();
        let mut error = String::new();
        while let Some(chunk) = stream.next().await {
            if let StreamChunk::Error { message } = chunk {
                error = message;
            }
        }

        assert!(
            error.contains("stream buffer filled"),
            "unexpected stream error: {}",
            error
        );
        let events = agent.observability().unwrap().raw_events();
        assert!(events.iter().any(|event| {
            event.dimensions.get("branch_status") == Some(&"failed".to_string())
                && event.dimensions.get("commit_behavior") == Some(&"final_response".to_string())
                && event.dimensions.get("optimization")
                    == Some(&"buffered_streaming_routing".to_string())
        }));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_streaming_preflight_does_not_emit_old_state_content() {
        use futures::StreamExt;

        let mock = mock_with_response("Billing streamed response");
        let yaml = r#"
name: StreamingOptimizedAgent
system_prompt: "You route before streaming."
runtime:
  optimization:
    enabled: true
    pre_response_deterministic_transitions: true
streaming:
  enabled: true
states:
  initial: greeting
  states:
    greeting:
      prompt: "OLD_STATE_SENTINEL"
      transitions:
        - to: billing
          guard:
            context:
              topic:
                eq: billing
          timing: pre_response
    billing:
      prompt: "Billing state."
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .build()
            .unwrap();
        agent
            .set_context("topic", serde_json::json!("billing"))
            .unwrap();

        let mut stream = agent.chat_stream("billing please").await.unwrap();
        let mut content = String::new();
        while let Some(chunk) = stream.next().await {
            match chunk {
                StreamChunk::Content { text } => content.push_str(&text),
                StreamChunk::Error { message } => panic!("stream error: {}", message),
                StreamChunk::Done {} => break,
                _ => {}
            }
        }

        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("billing"));
        assert!(content.contains("Billing streamed response"));
        assert!(!content.contains("OLD_STATE_SENTINEL"));
    }

    // State machine transitions
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_integration_state_machine_basic() {
        let yaml = r#"
name: StateAgent
system_prompt: "You are a support agent."
states:
  initial: greeting
  states:
    greeting:
      prompt: "Welcome the user warmly."
      transitions:
        - to: support
          when: "User needs help"
          auto: true
    support:
      prompt: "Help solve the user's problem."
"#;
        let mock = mock_with_responses(vec![
            "Welcome! How can I help?", // greeting response
            "1",                        // transition evaluator picks first (index 0)
            "I'll help you with that.", // support response
        ]);
        let builder = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml).unwrap();
        let agent = builder.llm(Arc::new(mock)).build().unwrap();

        assert_eq!(agent.current_state(), Some("greeting".to_string()));
        let _ = agent.chat("I need help").await.unwrap();
        // After transition evaluation, state may or may not have changed
        // depending on mock evaluator response - the key is that it doesn't crash
    }

    // State on_enter/on_exit actions
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_integration_state_on_enter_set_context() {
        let yaml = r#"
name: ActionAgent
system_prompt: "You are helpful."
states:
  initial: step1
  states:
    step1:
      prompt: "Step 1"
      on_exit:
        - set_context:
            step1_exited: true
      transitions:
        - to: step2
          when: "always"
          auto: true
    step2:
      prompt: "Step 2"
      on_enter:
        - set_context:
            step2_entered: true
"#;
        // The transition evaluator will pick the first transition (index 0)
        let mock = mock_with_responses(vec![
            "Processing step 1.",
            "0", // transition evaluator response: select first transition
        ]);
        let builder = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml).unwrap();
        let agent = builder.llm(Arc::new(mock)).build().unwrap();

        assert_eq!(agent.current_state(), Some("step1".to_string()));

        // Manually transition to test on_enter/on_exit
        agent.transition_to("step2").await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(agent.current_state(), Some("step2".to_string()));

        // Verify context was set by on_exit and on_enter actions
        let ctx = agent.get_context();
        assert_eq!(ctx.get("step1_exited"), Some(&serde_json::json!(true)));
        assert_eq!(ctx.get("step2_entered"), Some(&serde_json::json!(true)));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn state_action_tool_preserves_source_in_stored_record() {
        let yaml = r#"
name: StateActionToolAgent
system_prompt: "You are helpful."
tools:
  - context_echo
states:
  initial: idle
  states:
    idle:
      prompt: "Idle"
    active:
      prompt: "Active"
      on_enter:
        - set_context:
            action_started: true
        - tool: context_echo
          args: {}
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("unused")))
            .tool(Arc::new(ContextEchoTool))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        agent.transition_to("active").await.unwrap();

        let record: ToolExecutionRecord = serde_json::from_value(
            agent
                .get_context()
                .get("last_tool_record")
                .cloned()
                .expect("successful state action must store its execution record"),
        )
        .unwrap();
        assert!(record.executed);
        assert!(record.success);
        assert_eq!(record.canonical_id, "context_echo");
        assert!(matches!(
            &record.source,
            ToolCallSource::StateAction {
                state: Some(state),
                action_index: 1,
            } if state == "active"
        ));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_ordinary_transition_uses_on_enter_then_on_reenter() {
        let yaml = r#"
name: OrdinaryLifecycleAgent
system_prompt: "You are helpful."
states:
  initial: intake
  regenerate_on_transition: false
  states:
    intake:
      prompt: "Intake"
      transitions:
        - to: drafting
          guard:
            context:
              route:
                eq: drafting
    drafting:
      prompt: "Drafting"
      on_enter:
        - set_context:
            draft_version: 1
      on_reenter:
        - set_context:
            draft_version: 2
      transitions:
        - to: review
          guard:
            context:
              route:
                eq: review
    review:
      prompt: "Review"
      on_enter:
        - set_context:
            review_entry: first
      transitions:
        - to: drafting
          guard:
            context:
              route:
                eq: drafting
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_responses(vec![
                "Intake response",
                "Draft response",
                "Review response",
            ])))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        agent
            .set_context("route", serde_json::json!("drafting"))
            .unwrap();
        agent.chat("Start a draft").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("drafting"));
        assert_eq!(
            agent.get_context().get("draft_version"),
            Some(&serde_json::json!(1))
        );

        agent
            .set_context("route", serde_json::json!("review"))
            .unwrap();
        agent.chat("Review this").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("review"));
        assert_eq!(
            agent.get_context().get("review_entry"),
            Some(&serde_json::json!("first"))
        );

        agent
            .set_context("route", serde_json::json!("drafting"))
            .unwrap();
        agent.chat("Revise this").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("drafting"));
        assert_eq!(
            agent.get_context().get("draft_version"),
            Some(&serde_json::json!(2))
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_manual_transition_uses_on_enter_then_on_reenter() {
        let yaml = r#"
name: ManualLifecycleAgent
system_prompt: "You are helpful."
states:
  initial: intake
  states:
    intake:
      prompt: "Intake"
    drafting:
      prompt: "Drafting"
      on_enter:
        - set_context:
            draft_version: 1
      on_reenter:
        - set_context:
            draft_version: 2
    review:
      prompt: "Review"
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_response("unused")))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        assert!(!agent.get_context().contains_key("draft_version"));
        agent.transition_to("drafting").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("drafting"));
        assert_eq!(
            agent.get_context().get("draft_version"),
            Some(&serde_json::json!(1))
        );

        agent.transition_to("review").await.unwrap();
        agent.transition_to("drafting").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("drafting"));
        assert_eq!(
            agent.get_context().get("draft_version"),
            Some(&serde_json::json!(2))
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_timeout_transition_uses_on_enter_then_on_reenter() {
        let yaml = r#"
name: TimeoutLifecycleAgent
system_prompt: "You are helpful."
states:
  initial: intake
  regenerate_on_transition: false
  states:
    intake:
      prompt: "Intake"
      max_turns: 1
      timeout_to: drafting
    drafting:
      prompt: "Drafting"
      max_turns: 1
      timeout_to: review
      on_enter:
        - set_context:
            draft_version: 1
      on_reenter:
        - set_context:
            draft_version: 2
    review:
      prompt: "Review"
      max_turns: 1
      timeout_to: drafting
      on_enter:
        - set_context:
            review_entry: first
"#;
        let agent = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml)
            .unwrap()
            .llm(Arc::new(mock_with_responses(vec![
                "Intake",
                "First draft",
                "Review",
                "Revised draft",
            ])))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        agent.chat("First turn").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("intake"));
        assert!(!agent.get_context().contains_key("draft_version"));

        agent.chat("Second turn").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("drafting"));
        assert_eq!(
            agent.get_context().get("draft_version"),
            Some(&serde_json::json!(1))
        );

        agent.chat("Third turn").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("review"));
        assert_eq!(
            agent.get_context().get("review_entry"),
            Some(&serde_json::json!("first"))
        );

        agent.chat("Fourth turn").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(agent.current_state().as_deref(), Some("drafting"));
        assert_eq!(
            agent.get_context().get("draft_version"),
            Some(&serde_json::json!(2))
        );
    }

    // Process pipeline transforms input
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_integration_process_normalize() {
        let yaml = r#"
name: ProcessAgent
system_prompt: "You are helpful."
process:
  input:
    - type: normalize
      config:
        trim: true
        collapse_whitespace: true
"#;
        let mock = mock_with_response("Got your message.");
        let builder = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml).unwrap();
        let agent = builder.llm(Arc::new(mock.clone())).build().unwrap();

        let _ = agent.chat("  hello   world  ").await.unwrap();

        // Verify the LLM received the normalized input (trimmed + collapsed whitespace)
        let history = mock.call_history();
        assert!(!history.is_empty());
        // The user message in LLM call should be normalized
        let last_call = history.last().unwrap();
        let user_msg = last_call
            .messages
            .iter()
            .find(|m| m.role == ai_agents_core::Role::User)
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(user_msg.content, "hello world");
    }

    // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
    // Integration Test 2.1.7: Memory compression triggers
    // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_integration_memory_compression() {
        let yaml = r#"
name: MemoryAgent
system_prompt: "You are helpful."
memory:
  type: compacting
  max_messages: 100
  compress_threshold: 5
  max_recent_messages: 3
  summarize_batch_size: 2
"#;
        // Provide enough responses for compression to trigger
        let responses: Vec<&str> = (0..8).map(|_| "Response from assistant.").collect();
        let mock = mock_with_responses(responses);
        let builder = AgentBuilder::from_yaml(yaml).unwrap();
        let agent = builder.llm(Arc::new(mock)).build().unwrap();

        // Send enough messages to trigger compression
        for i in 0..6 {
            let _ = agent.chat(&format!("Message {}", i)).await.unwrap();
        }

        // Memory should have compressed - verify it didn't crash
        // and that messages are bounded
        let messages = agent.memory.get_messages(None).await.unwrap();
        // With compress_threshold=5 and max_recent_messages=3,
        // after 6 turns (12 messages), compression should have run
        assert!(messages.len() <= 12); // At most all messages if no compression, fewer if compressed
    }

    // YAML with multiple LLMs
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_integration_multi_llm_registry() {
        let mut mock_default = MockLLMProvider::new("default");
        mock_default.set_response("Default LLM response.");
        let mut mock_router = MockLLMProvider::new("router");
        mock_router.set_response("Router response.");

        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("You are helpful.")
            .llm_alias("default", Arc::new(mock_default))
            .llm_alias("router", Arc::new(mock_router))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let response = agent.chat("Hello").await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(response.content, "Default LLM response.");
    }

    // Agent reset clears state
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_integration_agent_reset() {
        let mock = mock_with_responses(vec!["Hello!", "Hello again!"]);
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("You are helpful.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let _ = agent.chat("Hi").await.unwrap();
        let messages = agent.memory.get_messages(None).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(messages.len(), 2); // user + assistant

        agent.reset().await.unwrap();
        let messages = agent.memory.get_messages(None).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(messages.len(), 0);
    }

    // Process pipeline rejects input
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_integration_process_validate_reject() {
        use ai_agents_process::{ProcessConfig, ProcessProcessor};

        let validate_config = ai_agents_process::ValidateStage {
            id: Some("length_check".to_string()),
            condition: None,
            config: ai_agents_process::ValidateConfig {
                rules: vec![ai_agents_process::ValidationRule::MinLength {
                    min_length: 10,
                    on_fail: ai_agents_process::ValidationAction {
                        action: ai_agents_process::ValidationActionType::Reject,
                        message: None,
                    },
                }],
                ..Default::default()
            },
        };
        let process_config = ProcessConfig {
            input: vec![ai_agents_process::ProcessStage::Validate(validate_config)],
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let processor = ProcessProcessor::new(process_config);

        let mock = mock_with_response("Should not reach here.");
        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("You are helpful.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .process_processor(processor)
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let response = agent.chat("Hi").await.unwrap();
        // Rejected input should produce a rejection response, not call LLM
        assert!(
            response.content.contains("rejected")
                || response.content.contains("Input rejected")
                || response.content.contains("too short")
                || response.content.contains("Too short")
                || response.content.len() < 50, // rejection message is typically short
            "Expected rejection response, got: {}",
            response.content
        );
    }

    // LLM fallback: primary fails, fallback LLM responds
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_llm_fallback_on_failure() {
        use ai_agents_recovery::{ErrorRecoveryConfig, LLMFailureAction, LLMRecoveryConfig};

        let mut primary = MockLLMProvider::new("primary");
        primary.set_error("Primary LLM is unavailable");

        let mut fallback = MockLLMProvider::new("fallback");
        fallback.set_response("Fallback response works!");

        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("You are helpful.")
            .llm_alias("default", Arc::new(primary))
            .llm_alias("backup", Arc::new(fallback))
            .recovery_manager(RecoveryManager::new(ErrorRecoveryConfig {
                llm: LLMRecoveryConfig {
                    on_failure: LLMFailureAction::FallbackLlm {
                        fallback_llm: "backup".to_string(),
                    },
                    ..Default::default()
                },
                ..Default::default()
            }))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let response = agent.chat("Hello").await.unwrap();
        assert!(
            response.content.contains("Fallback response"),
            "Expected fallback response, got: {}",
            response.content
        );
    }

    // LLM fallback: primary fails, static message returned
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_llm_fallback_response_static_message() {
        use ai_agents_recovery::{ErrorRecoveryConfig, LLMFailureAction, LLMRecoveryConfig};

        let mut primary = MockLLMProvider::new("primary");
        primary.set_error("Primary LLM is unavailable");

        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("You are helpful.")
            .llm(Arc::new(primary))
            .recovery_manager(RecoveryManager::new(ErrorRecoveryConfig {
                llm: LLMRecoveryConfig {
                    on_failure: LLMFailureAction::FallbackResponse {
                        message: "I am temporarily unavailable. Please try again later."
                            .to_string(),
                    },
                    ..Default::default()
                },
                ..Default::default()
            }))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let response = agent.chat("Hello").await.unwrap();
        assert!(
            response.content.contains("temporarily unavailable"),
            "Expected static fallback message, got: {}",
            response.content
        );
    }

    // Tool skip: tool fails, on_failure: skip absorbs the error
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_tool_failure_skip() {
        use ai_agents_recovery::{
            ErrorRecoveryConfig, ToolFailureAction, ToolRecoveryConfig, ToolRetryConfig,
        };

        // LLM requests a nonexistent tool, then responds after seeing the skip result
        let mock = mock_with_responses(vec![
            r#"I'll use the nonexistent tool.
[TOOL_CALL: {"name": "nonexistent_tool", "arguments": {}}]"#,
            "The tool was unavailable, but I can still help you.",
        ]);

        let agent = AgentBuilder::new()
            .system_prompt("You are helpful.")
            .llm(Arc::new(mock))
            .recovery_manager(RecoveryManager::new(ErrorRecoveryConfig {
                tools: ToolRecoveryConfig {
                    default: ToolRetryConfig {
                        max_retries: 0,
                        timeout_ms: None,
                        on_failure: ToolFailureAction::Skip,
                    },
                    ..Default::default()
                },
                ..Default::default()
            }))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        // The tool will fail (not found), but on_failure: skip absorbs the error
        let response = agent.chat("Use the nonexistent tool").await;
        assert!(
            response.is_ok(),
            "Expected Ok with skip policy, got: {:?}",
            response
        );
    }
}