actus_controller/

lib.rs

//! Public API types and utilities for the Actus controller system — the
//! `Controller` trait, the typed [`Params`] / [`ExtractedParams`], the route
//! metadata (`Verb`, `ParamDef`, `RouteDef`), and the route-resolution
//! [`routing`] helpers. This is what user code and the `#[controller]` /
//! `routes!` / `app_routes!` macros' generated code interact with.
#![warn(missing_docs)]

pub use async_trait::async_trait;
use bytes::Bytes;
use serde_json::Value as JsonValue;
use std::any::{Any, TypeId};
use std::collections::HashMap;

// Re-export the controller macro and app_routes! macro from the macros crate.
pub use actus_controller_macros::{app_routes, controller};
pub use actus_reply::prelude::*;

// =========================
// HTTP Verbs
// =========================

/// An HTTP method. Used in `routes!` verb prefixes and for the `Allow` header
/// the framework stamps on `405` responses.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum Verb {
    /// The HTTP `GET` method.
    GET,
    /// The HTTP `POST` method.
    POST,
    /// The HTTP `PUT` method.
    PUT,
    /// The HTTP `DELETE` method.
    DELETE,
    /// The HTTP `PATCH` method.
    PATCH,
    /// The HTTP `HEAD` method.
    HEAD,
    /// The HTTP `OPTIONS` method.
    OPTIONS,
}

impl Verb {
    /// The canonical uppercase method token (`"GET"`, `"POST"`, …). Used for
    /// the `Allow` header on `405` responses, among other things.
    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &'static str {
        match self {
            Verb::GET => "GET",
            Verb::POST => "POST",
            Verb::PUT => "PUT",
            Verb::DELETE => "DELETE",
            Verb::PATCH => "PATCH",
            Verb::HEAD => "HEAD",
            Verb::OPTIONS => "OPTIONS",
        }
    }
}

impl core::fmt::Display for Verb {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
        f.write_str(self.as_str())
    }
}

/// Verbs accepted by a route declared without a verb prefix. Reflects the
/// "verbs are constraints, not identities" stance: an unmarked route imposes
/// no semantic restriction beyond what HTML forms emit natively.
/// Restrictive verbs (PUT/DELETE/PATCH) and protocol verbs (HEAD/OPTIONS)
/// must be opted into explicitly.
pub const DEFAULT_VERBS: &[Verb] = &[Verb::GET, Verb::POST];

// =========================
// Controller mode
// =========================

/// How a controller treats request parameters it didn't declare.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum ControllerMode {
    /// Reject a request that carries parameters the route didn't declare.
    Strict,
    /// Allow undeclared extra parameters to pass through.
    Lax,
}

// =========================
// Parameter definitions
// =========================

/// The declared type of a route parameter — governs how its raw string value
/// is parsed before reaching the handler.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
pub enum ParamType {
    /// A UTF-8 string.
    String,
    /// A signed 64-bit integer (`i64`).
    Int,
    /// An unsigned 64-bit integer (`u64`).
    U64,
    /// An unsigned 32-bit integer (`u32`).
    U32,
    /// A 64-bit float (`f64`).
    F64,
    /// A boolean.
    Bool,
    /// A repeated parameter collected into `Vec<String>`.
    StringArray,
    /// A JSON value (`serde_json::Value`), parsed from the request body.
    Json,
    /// The raw request body as `bytes::Bytes`.
    Bytes,
}

/// A parameter's default value, applied when the request omits it. Declared
/// in `routes!` as `name: Type = default`.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum ParamDefault {
    /// `&'static str` (not `String`) so route metadata can live in a
    /// `static ROUTES: &[RouteDef]` initializer — `String::from(...)` and
    /// `.to_string()` aren't const on stable Rust. Default-application at
    /// runtime borrows the str, allocating only if/when needed.
    String(&'static str),
    /// A default `i64`.
    Int(i64),
    /// A default `u64`.
    U64(u64),
    /// A default `u32`.
    U32(u32),
    /// A default `f64`.
    F64(f64),
    /// A default `bool`.
    Bool(bool),
}

/// Where a parameter's value is read from.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum ParamSource {
    /// From a `{name}` segment of the URL path.
    Path,
    /// From the query string.
    Query,
    /// From the request body.
    Body,
}

/// The compile-time description of one route parameter, recorded by the
/// `routes!` macro and used to extract and parse it at request time.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ParamDef {
    /// The parameter name.
    pub name: &'static str,
    /// The declared type the raw value is parsed into.
    pub ty: ParamType,
    /// Where the value is read from (path, query, or body).
    pub source: ParamSource,
    /// The default applied when the request omits the parameter, if any.
    pub default: Option<ParamDefault>,
}

// =========================
// Route definition
// =========================

/// The compile-time description of one route in a controller, recorded by the
/// `routes!` macro. The framework matches and dispatches against these, and
/// tools can introspect them (e.g. the OpenAPI generator).
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct RouteDef {
    /// The route pattern relative to the controller's mount (e.g.
    /// `"posts/{id}"`).
    pub pattern: &'static str,
    /// Internal dispatch token (`"handler_0"`, `"handler_1"`, …) produced by
    /// the `#[controller]` macro. Opaque to user code; for the
    /// human-readable handler method name (useful for OpenAPI operationIds
    /// and the like), see [`RouteDef::handler`].
    pub handler_id: &'static str,
    /// Handler method name as written in the controller's `impl` block
    /// (`"list"`, `"get"`, `"create"`, …). Captured at macro-expansion time
    /// so introspection tools (OpenAPI doc generators, route audit scripts)
    /// can identify the handler without grepping.
    pub handler: &'static str,
    /// Verbs this route accepts. Always non-empty: a single-element slice for
    /// an explicitly declared verb, [`DEFAULT_VERBS`] for an unmarked route.
    pub verb: &'static [Verb],
    /// The route's declared parameters, in order.
    pub params: &'static [ParamDef],
    /// The handler method's `///` doc comment, if any — surfaced to tools like
    /// the OpenAPI generator.
    pub doc: Option<&'static str>,
}

// =========================
// Runtime parameter handling
// =========================

/// Raw parameters from the HTTP request, plus headers, the parsed body, and
/// a typed extensions slot for per-request data that prepare hooks (or
/// middleware) want to attach for handlers to read.
///
/// Headers are a **multimap**, just like query: each lowercased name maps to
/// every value seen for it, in request order. Scalar accessor
/// [`Params::header`] reads the first value (the common case);
/// [`Params::header_all`] returns every value (for `Forwarded`, `Via`, etc.
/// which can legitimately appear multiple times — e.g. in a proxy chain).
///
/// Query parameters are a **multimap**: each name maps to *every* value seen
/// for it, in request order — `?tags=a&tags=b` is `{"tags": ["a", "b"]}`.
/// Scalar accessors (`require`, `get_u64`, …) read the first value;
/// [`Params::get_all`] returns the whole list (this is what backs
/// `Vec<String>` handler parameters, so a one-element array works the same
/// as a many-element one). Repeated *keys* are what create multiple values;
/// a comma in a single value (`?tags=a,b`) is just one value `"a,b"`.
///
/// `body` and `raw_body` are populated by the server's `Request::to_params`
/// using `Content-Type` discrimination:
///
/// * `application/json` → `body = Some(parsed)`, `raw_body = original_bytes`.
/// * `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` → fields are appended into `query`
///   (same multimap); `body = None`, `raw_body = original_bytes`.
/// * any other `Content-Type` (including `application/octet-stream`,
///   `application/zip`, …) → `body = None`, `raw_body = original_bytes`.
/// * empty body → `body = None`, `raw_body = Bytes::new()`.
///
/// A non-empty request body without a `Content-Type` header is rejected
/// at ingest with `WebError::BadRequest` — `body` and `raw_body` are
/// therefore never both empty by accident.
pub struct Params {
    verb: Verb,
    query: HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
    body: Option<JsonValue>,
    raw_body: Bytes,
    headers: HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
    extensions: HashMap<TypeId, Box<dyn Any + Send + Sync>>,
}

impl Params {
    /// Construct a `Params` from the extracted request pieces. Called by the
    /// framework's dispatch path; handlers receive an already-built `Params`.
    pub fn new(
        verb: Verb,
        query: HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
        body: Option<JsonValue>,
        raw_body: Bytes,
        headers: HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            verb,
            query,
            body,
            raw_body,
            headers,
            extensions: HashMap::new(),
        }
    }

    /// First value of query parameter `name`, if present. The basis for all
    /// the scalar accessors below.
    fn first(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&str> {
        self.query
            .get(name)
            .and_then(|values| values.first())
            .map(String::as_str)
    }

    /// The entire query multimap — every parameter name and all its values,
    /// in request order, plus any folded `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`
    /// body fields.
    ///
    /// Use this for "catch the rest" handlers — a search endpoint with
    /// open-ended filters, a request proxy, etc.: declare `params: &Params`,
    /// mark the controller `#[controller(lax)]` so strict mode doesn't reject
    /// the undeclared keys, and read `params.query()`. Handlers that know
    /// their parameters up front should declare them as typed arguments
    /// instead; this is the escape hatch, not the default.
    pub fn query(&self) -> &HashMap<String, Vec<String>> {
        &self.query
    }

    /// Raw bytes of the request body, before any content-type-specific
    /// parsing. Always present (`Bytes::new()` for empty bodies).
    ///
    /// Use this when the handler consumes binary uploads (`.uwx`, image
    /// blobs, etc.). For JSON bodies, prefer [`Params::json_body`] or
    /// macro-extracted typed args — those operate on the parsed value
    /// the framework already produced from the same bytes.
    pub fn body_bytes(&self) -> &Bytes {
        &self.raw_body
    }

    /// Stash a value for later retrieval. The value is keyed by its type;
    /// inserting a second value of the same type replaces the first.
    /// Typically called from a `prepare` hook to pass a resolved user (or
    /// other request-scoped state) through to the handler.
    pub fn insert<T: Any + Send + Sync>(&mut self, value: T) -> Option<T> {
        self.extensions
            .insert(TypeId::of::<T>(), Box::new(value))
            .and_then(|prev| prev.downcast::<T>().ok().map(|b| *b))
    }

    /// Look up a value previously inserted with [`Params::insert`].
    pub fn get<T: Any + Send + Sync>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
        self.extensions
            .get(&TypeId::of::<T>())
            .and_then(|b| b.downcast_ref::<T>())
    }

    /// When a host alias routed this request: the path the alias put in front
    /// of the request's own path — the aliased mount and the host's captured
    /// labels, e.g. `"tenants/acme"`. `None` when the request was routed by
    /// its own path, including a shared mount reached on an aliased host.
    ///
    /// This is the router's own answer to "did this request arrive on an
    /// aliased host?". A handler that must behave differently there — say,
    /// root-relative links on the tenant's own host, prefixed ones under the
    /// mount — reads it here instead of matching `Host` a second time, so the
    /// handler and the router cannot disagree. (See `RouterBuilder::host_alias`
    /// in `actus-server`, and the README's "Host aliases" section.)
    pub fn alias_prefix(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        self.get::<AliasPrefix>().map(|p| p.0.as_str())
    }

    /// Record that a host alias routed this request under `prefix` — what
    /// [`Params::alias_prefix`] then reports. The server calls this; it is
    /// public so a test can build the `Params` an aliased request carries.
    pub fn set_alias_prefix(&mut self, prefix: impl Into<String>) {
        self.insert(AliasPrefix(prefix.into()));
    }

    /// The HTTP verb this request was dispatched with.
    pub fn verb(&self) -> Verb {
        self.verb
    }

    /// Look up a request header (case-insensitive). Returns the *first*
    /// value if the header appears more than once; see [`Params::header_all`]
    /// for every value.
    pub fn header(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&str> {
        self.headers
            .get(&name.to_ascii_lowercase())
            .and_then(|values| values.first())
            .map(String::as_str)
    }

    /// Every value for a request header (case-insensitive), in receipt
    /// order. Empty slice if the header wasn't present. Use this for headers
    /// that can legitimately appear multiple times — `Forwarded`, `Via`,
    /// `X-Forwarded-For` (when proxies emit one entry per hop), etc.
    pub fn header_all(&self, name: &str) -> &[String] {
        self.headers
            .get(&name.to_ascii_lowercase())
            .map(Vec::as_slice)
            .unwrap_or(&[])
    }

    /// Convenience: extract a Bearer token from the `Authorization` header.
    /// Returns `None` if the header is missing or doesn't start with `Bearer `.
    pub fn bearer_token(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        let auth = self.header("authorization")?;
        auth.strip_prefix("Bearer ")
            .or_else(|| auth.strip_prefix("bearer "))
    }

    // Core methods for parameter extraction

    /// The first value of query parameter `name`, or a `400 Bad Request` if
    /// it's absent.
    pub fn require(&self, name: &str) -> Result<&str, WebError> {
        self.first(name)
            .ok_or_else(|| WebError::BadRequest(format!("Missing required parameter: {}", name)))
    }

    /// Look up a query parameter's first value; returns `None` if absent.
    pub fn get_optional(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&str> {
        self.first(name)
    }

    /// Parse query parameter `name` as an `i64`; `400` if missing or unparsable.
    pub fn get_int(&self, name: &str) -> Result<i64, WebError> {
        self.require(name)?
            .parse()
            .map_err(|_| WebError::BadRequest(format!("Invalid integer: {}", name)))
    }

    /// Parse optional query parameter `name` as an `i64`; `Ok(None)` if absent,
    /// `400` if present but unparsable.
    pub fn get_int_optional(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Option<i64>, WebError> {
        match self.get_optional(name) {
            Some(s) => s
                .parse()
                .map(Some)
                .map_err(|_| WebError::BadRequest(format!("Invalid integer: {}", name))),
            None => Ok(None),
        }
    }

    // Extended type methods

    /// Parse query parameter `name` as a `u64`; `400` if missing or unparsable.
    pub fn get_u64(&self, name: &str) -> Result<u64, WebError> {
        self.require(name)?
            .parse()
            .map_err(|_| WebError::BadRequest(format!("Invalid u64: {}", name)))
    }

    /// Parse optional query parameter `name` as a `u64`; `Ok(None)` if absent,
    /// `400` if present but unparsable.
    pub fn get_u64_optional(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Option<u64>, WebError> {
        match self.get_optional(name) {
            Some(s) => s
                .parse()
                .map(Some)
                .map_err(|_| WebError::BadRequest(format!("Invalid u64: {}", name))),
            None => Ok(None),
        }
    }

    /// Parse query parameter `name` as a `u32`; `400` if missing or unparsable.
    pub fn get_u32(&self, name: &str) -> Result<u32, WebError> {
        self.require(name)?
            .parse()
            .map_err(|_| WebError::BadRequest(format!("Invalid u32: {}", name)))
    }

    /// Parse optional query parameter `name` as a `u32`; `Ok(None)` if absent,
    /// `400` if present but unparsable.
    pub fn get_u32_optional(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Option<u32>, WebError> {
        match self.get_optional(name) {
            Some(s) => s
                .parse()
                .map(Some)
                .map_err(|_| WebError::BadRequest(format!("Invalid u32: {}", name))),
            None => Ok(None),
        }
    }

    /// Parse query parameter `name` as an `f64`; `400` if missing or unparsable.
    pub fn get_f64(&self, name: &str) -> Result<f64, WebError> {
        self.require(name)?
            .parse()
            .map_err(|_| WebError::BadRequest(format!("Invalid float: {}", name)))
    }

    /// Parse optional query parameter `name` as an `f64`; `Ok(None)` if absent,
    /// `400` if present but unparsable.
    pub fn get_f64_optional(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Option<f64>, WebError> {
        match self.get_optional(name) {
            Some(s) => s
                .parse()
                .map(Some)
                .map_err(|_| WebError::BadRequest(format!("Invalid float: {}", name))),
            None => Ok(None),
        }
    }

    /// Read query parameter `name` as a bool — `false` when absent, empty,
    /// `"false"`, or `"0"`; `true` otherwise.
    pub fn get_bool(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
        self.first(name)
            .map(|s| !s.is_empty() && s != "false" && s != "0")
            .unwrap_or(false)
    }

    /// Like [`Params::get_bool`], but `None` when the parameter is absent
    /// (rather than `false`).
    pub fn get_bool_optional(&self, name: &str) -> Option<bool> {
        self.first(name)
            .map(|s| !s.is_empty() && s != "false" && s != "0")
    }

    /// All values of query parameter `name`, in request order (empty if the
    /// name wasn't present). Backs `Vec<String>` handler parameters.
    pub fn get_all(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>, WebError> {
        Ok(self.query.get(name).cloned().unwrap_or_default())
    }

    /// All values of query parameter `name`; `None` if the name wasn't present
    /// at all (vs. `Some(vec![])`, which urlencoding can't actually produce).
    pub fn get_all_optional(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
        self.query.get(name).cloned()
    }

    /// The parsed JSON request body, or `400 Bad Request` if there wasn't one.
    pub fn json_body(&self) -> Result<JsonValue, WebError> {
        self.body
            .clone()
            .ok_or_else(|| WebError::BadRequest("Missing JSON body".to_string()))
    }

    /// In strict mode, return any query keys *not* in `expected` (so the caller
    /// can reject the request); `None` if every key was expected.
    pub fn check_unexpected(&self, expected: &[&str]) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
        let unexpected: Vec<String> = self
            .query
            .keys()
            .filter(|k| !expected.contains(&k.as_str()))
            .cloned()
            .collect();

        if unexpected.is_empty() {
            None
        } else {
            Some(unexpected)
        }
    }
}

/// The prefix a host alias put in front of a request's path — held in the
/// `Params` extensions under a type nothing outside this crate can name, so a
/// request no alias touched carries nothing at all. Read with
/// [`Params::alias_prefix`].
struct AliasPrefix(String);

// =========================
// Extracted parameters (after route resolution)
// =========================

/// Parameters extracted after route resolution — path captures plus the
/// declared query and body values. The `#[controller]` macro reads typed
/// handler arguments out of this; application code rarely touches it directly.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct ExtractedParams {
    /// Path captures (single-segment `{name}` or the joined `{...rest}`).
    path: HashMap<String, String>,
    /// Declared query parameters that were present, with *all* their values
    /// (see [`Params`] — query is a multimap).
    query: HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
    body: Option<JsonValue>,
    raw_body: Bytes,
}

impl ExtractedParams {
    /// The single scalar value for `name`: a path capture takes precedence,
    /// otherwise the first query value. `None` if neither has it.
    fn scalar(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&str> {
        self.path.get(name).map(String::as_str).or_else(|| {
            self.query
                .get(name)
                .and_then(|values| values.first())
                .map(String::as_str)
        })
    }

    fn require_scalar(&self, name: &str) -> Result<&str, WebError> {
        self.scalar(name)
            .ok_or_else(|| WebError::BadRequest(format!("Missing parameter: {}", name)))
    }

    /// The value of path/query parameter `name` as a `String`; `400` if absent.
    pub fn get_string(&self, name: &str) -> Result<String, WebError> {
        self.require_scalar(name).map(str::to_string)
    }

    /// Parse path/query parameter `name` as an `i64`; `400` if missing or
    /// unparsable.
    pub fn get_i64(&self, name: &str) -> Result<i64, WebError> {
        self.require_scalar(name)?
            .parse()
            .map_err(|_| WebError::BadRequest(format!("Invalid integer: {}", name)))
    }

    /// Parse path/query parameter `name` as a `u64`; `400` if missing or
    /// unparsable.
    pub fn get_u64(&self, name: &str) -> Result<u64, WebError> {
        self.require_scalar(name)?
            .parse()
            .map_err(|_| WebError::BadRequest(format!("Invalid u64: {}", name)))
    }

    /// Parse path/query parameter `name` as a `u32`; `400` if missing or
    /// unparsable.
    pub fn get_u32(&self, name: &str) -> Result<u32, WebError> {
        self.require_scalar(name)?
            .parse()
            .map_err(|_| WebError::BadRequest(format!("Invalid u32: {}", name)))
    }

    /// Parse path/query parameter `name` as an `f64`; `400` if missing or
    /// unparsable.
    pub fn get_f64(&self, name: &str) -> Result<f64, WebError> {
        self.require_scalar(name)?
            .parse()
            .map_err(|_| WebError::BadRequest(format!("Invalid float: {}", name)))
    }

    /// Read path/query parameter `name` as a bool — `false` for an empty value,
    /// `"false"` or `"0"`; `true` otherwise. **`400` when absent**, exactly as
    /// `get_string` / `get_i64` / every other scalar getter, all of which go
    /// through `require_scalar`.
    ///
    /// ⛔ **It did NOT always do that**, and the history is the point. It used to
    /// answer `Ok(false)` for a missing parameter — the one getter that invented
    /// a value instead of erroring. The generated default is
    /// `get_x(name).unwrap_or(default)`, which relies on that `Err`, so this
    /// method swallowed the absence and **every `param: bool = true` silently
    /// behaved as `false`**.
    ///
    /// ⚠️ Found in a consumer, 2026-09-04: a cancellation route declared
    /// `at_period_end: bool = true` and documented the reversible, deferred form as
    /// its default. A client that omitted the parameter got the **immediate**
    /// cancellation instead — the destructive direction, and the opposite of what
    /// the route promised. It stayed invisible because the route behaved correctly
    /// whenever the parameter **was** supplied.
    ///
    /// ⇒ Use [`Self::get_bool_optional`] when you need to tell an absent
    /// parameter from an explicit `false`; that is what a declared default reads.
    ///
    /// ⚠️ **Correction, 2026-09-04.** This doc used to justify the old
    /// `unwrap_or(false)` by saying a bare `param: bool` means *"false unless
    /// asked for"* (`confirm`, `dry_run`) and that erroring on absence would turn
    /// those into `400`s. **That was false and was never checked**: a bare `bool`
    /// *already* 400s, because [`routing::param_is_required`] reports it required
    /// and `resolve` rejects the request before extraction runs. An optional flag
    /// is written `confirm: bool = false`. The fallback was the last code in the
    /// crate asserting the opposite of what the router does, so it is gone —
    /// nothing outside this crate could reach it, since [`ExtractedParams`] has
    /// no public constructor and `resolve` is the only way to obtain one.
    pub fn get_bool(&self, name: &str) -> Result<bool, WebError> {
        Ok(!matches!(self.require_scalar(name)?, "" | "false" | "0"))
    }

    /// Like [`Self::get_bool`], but distinguishes **absent** (`None`) from the
    /// value `false` — the reader a declared default needs.
    ///
    /// ⭐ This exists because `bool` is the only parameter type where "not
    /// supplied" and "supplied as the falsy value" are both meaningful. For every
    /// other type the absence is already an `Err` and the default falls out of
    /// `unwrap_or`; here it has to be asked for explicitly.
    ///
    /// The `_optional` name is the crate's convention for exactly this pair —
    /// see [`Params::get_bool_optional`], which draws the same distinction on
    /// the pre-resolution type. (This one returns `Result` because every
    /// `ExtractedParams` getter does; it has no failure case of its own.)
    pub fn get_bool_optional(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Option<bool>, WebError> {
        Ok(self
            .scalar(name)
            .map(|s| !s.is_empty() && s != "false" && s != "0"))
    }

    /// All values for `name` (in request order; empty if the name wasn't
    /// present). Backs `Vec<String>` handler parameters — a one-element list
    /// (`?tags=a`) and a many-element one (`?tags=a&tags=b`) flow through the
    /// same path.
    pub fn get_string_array(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>, WebError> {
        Ok(self.query.get(name).cloned().unwrap_or_default())
    }

    /// The parsed JSON request body, or `400 Bad Request` if there wasn't one.
    pub fn get_json_body(&self) -> Result<JsonValue, WebError> {
        self.body
            .clone()
            .ok_or_else(|| WebError::BadRequest("Missing JSON body".to_string()))
    }

    /// Raw bytes of the request body. See [`Params::body_bytes`] for the
    /// content-type-aware semantics. Used by the macro to extract a
    /// `Bytes` handler argument.
    pub fn get_body_bytes(&self) -> Bytes {
        self.raw_body.clone()
    }
}

// =========================
// Routing utilities module
// =========================

/// Route resolution helpers — matching a request path + verb against a
/// controller's `&[RouteDef]` and extracting the path/query/body parameters.
/// Used by the `#[controller]` macro's generated dispatch; exposed for tools
/// and tests that need to resolve routes directly.
pub mod routing {
    use super::*;
    use std::collections::HashMap;

    /// The segments of a mount path or family prefix, normalised exactly as
    /// `RouterBuilder::add_route` and the `families` block of `app_routes!`
    /// normalise them: surrounding slashes trimmed, empty segments dropped, a
    /// trailing `*` (the catch-all sugar) removed — so `"api/*"`, `"/api/"`
    /// and `"api"` are the same prefix, and `""` / `"*"` is the root.
    pub fn family_segments(path: &str) -> Vec<&str> {
        let mut segs: Vec<&str> = path
            .trim_matches('/')
            .split('/')
            .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())
            .collect();
        if segs.last() == Some(&"*") {
            segs.pop();
        }
        segs
    }

    /// Which of `prefixes` covers `mount` — by the **same rule the `families`
    /// block of `app_routes!` applies at compile time**, so a boot-time check
    /// written against this cannot disagree with the compile-time one:
    /// segment-aligned (`"api"` covers `"api/things"`, never `"apiary"`), the
    /// **longest** covering prefix wins (so `"api/auth"` carves its subtree out
    /// of `"api"`), a trailing `*` reads as the prefix before it, and the root
    /// (`""` or `"*"`) covers every mount. Returns the winning prefix as it was
    /// given, so the caller can look it up in its own table. On two prefixes
    /// that normalise identically, the later one wins, as in the macro.
    ///
    /// Do not re-derive this with `mount.split('/').next()`: that matches by
    /// first segment, agrees with the macro only while every family is a single
    /// segment, and silently diverges the moment one nests.
    pub fn covering_family<'a, I>(mount: &str, prefixes: I) -> Option<&'a str>
    where
        I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a str>,
    {
        let m = family_segments(mount);
        let mut best: Option<(&'a str, usize)> = None;
        for p in prefixes {
            let ps = family_segments(p);
            let covers = ps.len() <= m.len() && ps.iter().zip(m.iter()).all(|(a, b)| a == b);
            if covers && best.is_none_or(|(_, n)| ps.len() >= n) {
                best = Some((p, ps.len()));
            }
        }
        best.map(|(p, _)| p)
    }

    /// Whether an absent value for `param` makes the request a `400`.
    ///
    /// ⭐ **This is the rule [`resolve`] enforces, exported so that a tool
    /// reporting requiredness cannot disagree with the router that enforces it.**
    /// The OpenAPI generator's `required` flag is computed from this; before it
    /// was extracted the same expression was written out in two crates with
    /// nothing relating them, and they agreed only by diligence.
    ///
    /// The rule is **syntactic, and uniform across every scalar type**: a query
    /// parameter is required unless it declared a default. Requiredness is
    /// therefore readable straight off a `routes!` block — `name: T` is required,
    /// `name: T = x` is optional — without knowing what `T` is.
    ///
    /// ⛔ **`bool` is deliberately NOT exempt**, though the pull to exempt it is
    /// strong: `confirm: bool` is required, and an optional flag must be written
    /// `confirm: bool = false`. Two reasons. It keeps *both* meanings sayable —
    /// exempting `bool` would leave no way to declare a required one. And an
    /// absent `bool` and an explicit `?flag=false` are genuinely distinguishable
    /// on the wire (see [`ExtractedParams::get_bool_optional`]), so reading
    /// absence as `false` would discard a distinction the request carries.
    ///
    /// [`ParamType::StringArray`] is exempt for the opposite reason — its
    /// exemption is **forced, not chosen**: urlencoding cannot express "present
    /// but empty" (see [`Params::get_all_optional`]), so there is no
    /// required/optional distinction available to lose. ⇒ A new type earns an
    /// exemption only when the wire format denies it the distinction. That it
    /// merely *has* a natural zero value is not enough.
    pub fn param_is_required(param: &ParamDef) -> bool {
        match param.source {
            // A `{name}` capture is always present when the pattern matched, so
            // absence never arises. (OpenAPI additionally *mandates*
            // `required: true` for path parameters.)
            ParamSource::Path => true,
            // The body is required by whichever getter reads it.
            ParamSource::Body => true,
            // The only case that actually varies.
            ParamSource::Query => {
                param.default.is_none() && !matches!(param.ty, ParamType::StringArray)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Main route resolution function. Tries each route in declaration order
    /// and returns the first whose path pattern *and* verb both match, along
    /// with its extracted parameters.
    ///
    /// "Declaration order" matters: when two patterns can match the same
    /// action (e.g. `"special"` and `"{id}"`), the one declared first wins —
    /// list the more specific route earlier.
    ///
    /// When no route fully matches, the error distinguishes:
    /// - `WebError::MethodNotAllowed(methods)`: at least one route's *path*
    ///   pattern matched but its verb didn't; `methods` is the (sorted, deduped)
    ///   set of verbs those routes accept, which the caller surfaces as the
    ///   `Allow` header.
    /// - `WebError::NotFound`: no route's path pattern matched at all.
    #[inline]
    pub fn resolve<'a>(
        routes: &'a [RouteDef],
        action: &str,
        params: &Params,
        mode: ControllerMode,
    ) -> Result<(&'a RouteDef, ExtractedParams), WebError> {
        // Verbs accepted by routes whose *path* matched but whose verb didn't.
        let mut allowed_methods: Vec<&'static str> = Vec::new();

        for route in routes {
            // Pattern match first.
            let path_params = match match_pattern(route.pattern, action) {
                Some(p) => p,
                None => continue,
            };

            // Then verb check. `route.verb` is the (non-empty) set of verbs
            // this route accepts; an unmarked route carries `DEFAULT_VERBS`.
            if !route.verb.contains(&params.verb()) {
                for v in route.verb {
                    let token = v.as_str();
                    if !allowed_methods.contains(&token) {
                        allowed_methods.push(token);
                    }
                }
                continue;
            }

            // Full match: build extracted params and return.
            {
                // Build extracted params
                let mut extracted = ExtractedParams {
                    path: path_params,
                    query: HashMap::new(),
                    body: params.body.clone(),
                    raw_body: params.raw_body.clone(),
                };

                // Extract and validate parameters
                for param_def in route.params {
                    match param_def.source {
                        ParamSource::Path => {
                            // Path-source params come from `{name}` / `{...name}`
                            // tokens, which `match_pattern` always captures when
                            // the pattern matched — so this is already in
                            // `extracted.path`. (The `#[controller]` macro is what
                            // guarantees the `ParamDef` ↔ pattern correspondence;
                            // a hand-built `RouteDef` that violates it would trip
                            // this in debug builds.)
                            debug_assert!(
                                extracted.path.contains_key(param_def.name),
                                "path parameter `{}` not captured by pattern",
                                param_def.name
                            );
                        }
                        ParamSource::Query => {
                            // Requiredness is `param_is_required` and nothing
                            // else — the OpenAPI generator reports the same
                            // predicate, so a spec cannot claim a parameter is
                            // optional that this branch would 400.
                            if let Some(value) = params.query.get(param_def.name) {
                                extracted
                                    .query
                                    .insert(param_def.name.to_string(), value.clone());
                            } else if param_is_required(param_def) {
                                return Err(WebError::BadRequest(format!(
                                    "Missing required parameter: {}",
                                    param_def.name
                                )));
                            }
                            // Defaults are applied in the handler extraction phase.
                        }
                        ParamSource::Body => {
                            // JSON body is already handled
                        }
                    }
                }

                // Check for unexpected parameters in strict mode
                if mode == ControllerMode::Strict {
                    let expected: Vec<&str> = route
                        .params
                        .iter()
                        .filter(|p| p.source == ParamSource::Query)
                        .map(|p| p.name)
                        .collect();

                    if let Some(unexpected) = params.check_unexpected(&expected) {
                        return Err(WebError::BadRequest(format!(
                            "Unexpected parameters: {}",
                            unexpected.join(", ")
                        )));
                    }
                }

                return Ok((route, extracted));
            }
        }

        if allowed_methods.is_empty() {
            Err(WebError::NotFound)
        } else {
            allowed_methods.sort_unstable();
            allowed_methods.dedup();
            Err(WebError::MethodNotAllowed(allowed_methods))
        }
    }

    /// If `segment` is a `{...name}` rest token, returns `name` (non-empty).
    fn rest_token_name(segment: &str) -> Option<&str> {
        segment
            .strip_prefix("{...")
            .and_then(|s| s.strip_suffix('}'))
            .filter(|name| !name.is_empty())
    }

    /// Match one fixed (non-rest) pattern segment against a path segment,
    /// recording a capture for `{name}` tokens. Returns `false` if a literal
    /// segment doesn't match.
    fn match_fixed_segment(
        pattern_part: &str,
        path_part: &str,
        params: &mut HashMap<String, String>,
    ) -> bool {
        if let Some(param_name) = pattern_part
            .strip_prefix('{')
            .and_then(|s| s.strip_suffix('}'))
        {
            params.insert(param_name.to_string(), path_part.to_string());
            true
        } else {
            pattern_part == path_part
        }
    }

    /// Split a pattern or action into its segments. A pattern/action is a
    /// `/`-joined list of **non-empty** segments; empty segments — from
    /// leading, trailing, or doubled slashes, and notably from the empty
    /// action `""` (which `str::split` would otherwise yield as `[""]`) —
    /// are not segments. This is the same normalization `Request` applies to
    /// the full request path, applied here to the per-controller action and
    /// the route patterns it's matched against.
    fn segments(s: &str) -> Vec<&str> {
        s.split('/').filter(|seg| !seg.is_empty()).collect()
    }

    /// Match a route pattern against an action path.
    /// Returns extracted path parameters if matched.
    ///
    /// Both sides are viewed as lists of non-empty path segments.
    /// A literal segment or `{name}` token is **required** — it has no match
    /// when there's no segment to fill it, so `match_pattern("{id}", "")` is
    /// `None`. (A controller that wants to serve its collection root declares
    /// `"" => …`.)
    ///
    /// A trailing `{...name}` token is a *rest* parameter: it captures the
    /// remainder of the path (slashes included) and matches **zero or more**
    /// segments — `match_pattern("{...path}", "")` is `Some({path: ""})`, and
    /// `"{folder_id}/{...path}"` matches `"abc"` (`path == ""`) and
    /// `"abc/x/y"` (`path == "x/y"`) but **not** `""` (the required
    /// `folder_id` has no segment). The `#[controller]` macro enforces that
    /// `{...name}` appears at most once and only as the final token; this
    /// function trusts that and only inspects the last token.
    #[inline]
    pub fn match_pattern(pattern: &str, path: &str) -> Option<HashMap<String, String>> {
        let pattern_parts = segments(pattern);
        let path_parts = segments(path);
        let mut params = HashMap::new();

        if let Some(rest_name) = pattern_parts.last().and_then(|s| rest_token_name(s)) {
            // Everything before the rest token is a fixed prefix that must
            // match segment-for-segment; the rest token soaks up whatever
            // is left (possibly nothing).
            let fixed = &pattern_parts[..pattern_parts.len() - 1];
            if path_parts.len() < fixed.len() {
                return None;
            }
            for (pattern_part, path_part) in fixed.iter().zip(path_parts.iter()) {
                if !match_fixed_segment(pattern_part, path_part, &mut params) {
                    return None;
                }
            }
            params.insert(rest_name.to_string(), path_parts[fixed.len()..].join("/"));
            return Some(params);
        }

        if pattern_parts.len() != path_parts.len() {
            return None;
        }
        for (pattern_part, path_part) in pattern_parts.iter().zip(path_parts.iter()) {
            if !match_fixed_segment(pattern_part, path_part, &mut params) {
                return None;
            }
        }
        Some(params)
    }
}

// =========================
// Controller trait
// =========================

/// The runtime interface every controller implements. Hand-writing this is
/// possible but unusual — the `#[controller]` macro generates the
/// implementation (dispatch table, parameter extraction, the metadata methods)
/// from a controller's `impl` block and its `routes!` declaration.
#[async_trait]
pub trait Controller: Send + Sync {
    /// Route `action` (the path below this controller's mount) to the matching
    /// handler and run it, returning its [`Reply`]. Generated by the macro.
    async fn actus_dispatch(&self, action: &str, params: Params) -> Reply;

    /// The controller's type name, for diagnostics and route auditing.
    fn __name(&self) -> &'static str;

    /// The controller's declared routes, for introspection (OpenAPI
    /// generation, route audits). Defaults to empty; the macro overrides it.
    fn actus_describe_routes(&self) -> Vec<RouteDef> {
        vec![]
    }

    /// Per-controller maximum buffered body size, in bytes. Returned by the
    /// `#[controller(max_body_bytes = …)]` attribute when set; `None` means the
    /// controller defers to the server-level cap (`Server::with_max_body_bytes`).
    ///
    /// Resolution at request time (see `Server::handle_request_inner`):
    /// controller value if `Some`, otherwise the server-wide cap, otherwise
    /// `DEFAULT_MAX_BODY_BYTES` (2 MiB).
    ///
    /// The framework calls this *before* buffering the body — so a 1 KB
    /// controller cap rejects a 50 KB request before the bytes are
    /// allocated. (A request body big enough to be a memory concern
    /// shouldn't get past the framework regardless of where the handler
    /// would have rejected it.)
    fn actus_max_body_bytes(&self) -> Option<usize> {
        None
    }

    /// Per-controller rate-limit *class* label, as declared by
    /// `#[controller(rate_limit = "name")]`. `None` (the default) means the
    /// controller declared no class.
    ///
    /// This is a **label, not a policy**. Actus is policy-agnostic: it ships
    /// no limiter algorithm, key function, or store, because the framework
    /// can't pick those correctly for someone else (which key — IP / user /
    /// API key? which algorithm — token bucket / sliding window? which store
    /// — in-memory / Redis?). Those are application decisions, so the limiter
    /// itself stays an application `Middleware`.
    ///
    /// What the framework *does* own is auditability and the response shape.
    /// The server stamps this label onto the matched request (surfaced as
    /// `Request::rate_limit_class` in `actus-server`), so a reviewer can read
    /// each endpoint's rate-limit class straight off the `#[controller(...)]`
    /// line, and an application's rate-limit `Middleware` can map class →
    /// policy and reject over-limit requests with
    /// [`WebError::TooManyRequests`] (429 + `Retry-After`, also framework-owned).
    /// Two controllers sharing a class share a limit namespace; what each
    /// class *means* is the application's call.
    ///
    /// Resolution is per-controller, mirroring [`Controller::actus_max_body_bytes`].
    /// A per-route override would be an additive future change (the same shape
    /// as the per-route body-cap proposal).
    fn actus_rate_limit(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
        None
    }

    /// The controller's declared caller expectation, as set by
    /// `#[controller(expects = "…")]`. `None` (the default) means the
    /// controller declared nothing.
    ///
    /// This is a **label, not a policy** — and specifically a **floor**: it
    /// names the *least-privileged caller the controller is written to
    /// accept* (`"credential"`, `"anonymous"`, `"signature"`, …). It is not a
    /// ceiling — individual routes may demand more in their handlers — and it
    /// is not authorization: Actus never interprets the value, compares it
    /// only for presence/equality in application code, and hands it back
    /// untouched. What each label *means*, and what happens to a caller below
    /// the floor, is entirely the application's (typically: a startup
    /// coverage check over [`Router::mounts`], a declaration-keyed gate in a
    /// `prepare` hook or middleware, and a probe test — see the README's
    /// "Route families" section).
    ///
    /// Resolution is per-controller, mirroring
    /// [`Controller::actus_rate_limit`]. A controller with routes above its
    /// floor declares the floor and enforces the stricter routes in their
    /// handlers.
    ///
    /// [`Router::mounts`]: https://docs.rs/actus-server/latest/actus_server/struct.Router.html#method.mounts
    fn actus_expects(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
        None
    }

    /// The path of the controller's `prepare` hook, as written in
    /// `#[controller(prepare = …)]` (e.g. `"Self::auth"`), or `None` when the
    /// controller declared no hook.
    ///
    /// **Presence is the payload.** A route-family coverage check reads this
    /// to enforce rules like *"a controller whose floor is `"credential"`
    /// must have a hook to refuse anonymous callers with"* — the string
    /// itself is a courtesy for route dumps and diagnostics, not an
    /// invocation handle.
    fn actus_prepare(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
        None
    }
}

// =========================
// Route families — the compile-time half (Phase 2)
// =========================

/// Implemented by the `#[controller]` macro for every controller that declares
/// `expects = "…"`; **absent on a controller that declares nothing**, which is
/// the whole point. The `families { … }` block in `app_routes!` requires this
/// trait of every controller mounted under a listed prefix, so a silently
/// undeclared controller under a covered prefix is a **compile error** — the
/// `on_unimplemented` message below is the one the developer reads.
///
/// `EXPECTS` is the same label [`Controller::actus_expects`] returns at runtime,
/// lifted to a constant so a family's *accepted set* can be checked at compile
/// time too (see [`declares_expectation_in`]).
#[diagnostic::on_unimplemented(
    message = "`{Self}` is mounted under a route family that requires a declared caller expectation",
    label = "this controller declares no `expects` label",
    note = "add `expects = \"…\"` to its `#[controller(...)]` attribute, or drop the prefix \
            from the `families` block in `app_routes!`"
)]
pub trait DeclaresExpectation {
    /// The declared floor — the value of `#[controller(expects = …)]`.
    const EXPECTS: &'static str;
}

/// A route family's accepted floors, as a type — generated by `app_routes!` for
/// each `"prefix" => ["floor", …]` entry in its `families` block, and handed to
/// [`declares_expectation_in`] so the acceptance check can run in a `const`.
pub trait Family {
    /// The floors this family accepts.
    const ACCEPTS: &'static [&'static str];
}

/// `const`-evaluable string equality (`==` on `str` is not `const`).
pub const fn str_eq(a: &str, b: &str) -> bool {
    let (a, b) = (a.as_bytes(), b.as_bytes());
    if a.len() != b.len() {
        return false;
    }
    let mut i = 0;
    while i < a.len() {
        if a[i] != b[i] {
            return false;
        }
        i += 1;
    }
    true
}

/// `const`-evaluable "is `floor` one of `accepts`".
pub const fn floor_accepted(floor: &str, accepts: &[&str]) -> bool {
    let mut i = 0;
    while i < accepts.len() {
        if str_eq(floor, accepts[i]) {
            return true;
        }
        i += 1;
    }
    false
}

/// Identity pass-through that only compiles for a controller implementing
/// [`DeclaresExpectation`]. `app_routes!` wraps a mount's construction
/// expression in this when the mount falls under a `families` prefix declared
/// without an accepted set — so *presence* of a declaration is checked at
/// compile time, and any construction form (`Foo { db }`, `Foo::new(db)`,
/// `make_foo()`) works without the macro naming the type.
#[inline(always)]
pub fn declares_expectation<T: Controller + DeclaresExpectation>(c: T) -> T {
    c
}

/// [`declares_expectation`], plus the *value* check: the controller's
/// [`DeclaresExpectation::EXPECTS`] must be one of `F::ACCEPTS`. The check is a
/// `const` assertion evaluated when this instantiation is compiled — i.e. when
/// the generated `init()` is reachable from something that runs, which in an
/// application it always is. A failure reads as an `E0080` naming the
/// controller type in its "while instantiating" note. ⚠️ Evaluation needs
/// codegen: `cargo check` (and IDE diagnostics built on it) does not run it;
/// `cargo build`, `cargo test` and CI do — only the presence bound is a type
/// error visible under `check`. (The boot-time coverage check over
/// `Router::mounts()` remains the backstop that needs no reachability.)
#[inline(always)]
pub fn declares_expectation_in<F: Family, T: Controller + DeclaresExpectation>(c: T) -> T {
    const {
        assert!(
            floor_accepted(T::EXPECTS, F::ACCEPTS),
            "this controller declares a caller expectation (`expects = …`) that its route \
             family does not accept — see the `families` block in `app_routes!`"
        )
    };
    c
}

// =========================
// Host aliases — macro plumbing
// =========================

/// The host side of a `hosts` entry in `app_routes!` — a pattern (`&str`,
/// `String`), or an `Option` of one where `None` means the alias does not
/// exist in this deployment — as the `Option<&str>` that
/// `RouterBuilder::host_alias` takes. Used by the macro; not meant to be named.
#[doc(hidden)]
pub trait AliasHost {
    /// The pattern, or `None` for an alias that is not configured.
    fn alias_host(&self) -> Option<&str>;
}

impl AliasHost for str {
    fn alias_host(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        Some(self)
    }
}

impl AliasHost for String {
    fn alias_host(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        Some(self)
    }
}

impl<T: AliasHost + ?Sized> AliasHost for &T {
    fn alias_host(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        (**self).alias_host()
    }
}

impl<T: AliasHost> AliasHost for Option<T> {
    fn alias_host(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        self.as_ref().and_then(|h| h.alias_host())
    }
}

/// A list of `(mount, controller-factory)` pairs — the route-registration
/// shape the `app_routes!` macro builds when wiring controllers into a router.
pub type Routes = Vec<(
    &'static str,
    Box<dyn Fn() -> Box<dyn Controller> + Send + Sync>,
)>;

/// A marker macro to define routes within a `#[controller]` impl block.
/// The `#[controller]` procedural macro is responsible for parsing this.
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! routes {
    ($($tokens:tt)*) => {};
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod match_pattern_tests {
    use super::routing::match_pattern;

    fn cap(pattern: &str, path: &str) -> Option<Vec<(String, String)>> {
        match_pattern(pattern, path).map(|m| {
            let mut v: Vec<_> = m.into_iter().collect();
            v.sort();
            v
        })
    }

    fn pair(k: &str, v: &str) -> (String, String) {
        (k.to_string(), v.to_string())
    }

    #[test]
    fn fixed_patterns_still_work() {
        assert_eq!(cap("", ""), Some(vec![]));
        assert_eq!(cap("{id}", "42"), Some(vec![pair("id", "42")]));
        assert_eq!(
            cap("posts/{id}/comments", "posts/3/comments"),
            Some(vec![pair("id", "3")])
        );
        assert_eq!(cap("a/b", "a/b/c"), None);
        assert_eq!(cap("a/b/c", "a/b"), None);
        assert_eq!(cap("posts/{id}", "users/3"), None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn required_segments_dont_match_the_empty_action() {
        // A `{id}` (or any literal) is required: it has no match when there's
        // no segment for it. The empty action is the empty segment list, not
        // a one-element list containing `""`.
        assert_eq!(cap("{id}", ""), None);
        assert_eq!(cap("posts", ""), None);
        assert_eq!(cap("{a}/{b}", "x"), None);
        // ...but the empty pattern is *defined* as the empty segment list,
        // so it matches the empty action (this is how `"" => index` works).
        assert_eq!(cap("", ""), Some(vec![]));
        assert_eq!(cap("", "x"), None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn rest_param_captures_remainder() {
        assert_eq!(
            cap("{folder_id}/{...path}", "abc/x/y/z"),
            Some(vec![pair("folder_id", "abc"), pair("path", "x/y/z")])
        );
        // zero trailing segments → rest is empty (folder_id is still present)
        assert_eq!(
            cap("{folder_id}/{...path}", "abc"),
            Some(vec![pair("folder_id", "abc"), pair("path", "")])
        );
        // ...but the required folder_id has no segment in the empty action
        assert_eq!(cap("{folder_id}/{...path}", ""), None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn rest_param_as_sole_token() {
        assert_eq!(cap("{...path}", "a/b/c"), Some(vec![pair("path", "a/b/c")]));
        assert_eq!(cap("{...path}", "a"), Some(vec![pair("path", "a")]));
        // a sole rest token explicitly matches zero segments
        assert_eq!(cap("{...path}", ""), Some(vec![pair("path", "")]));
    }

    #[test]
    fn rest_param_after_literal_prefix() {
        assert_eq!(
            cap("files/{...path}", "files/x/y"),
            Some(vec![pair("path", "x/y")])
        );
        assert_eq!(
            cap("files/{...path}", "files"),
            Some(vec![pair("path", "")])
        );
        assert_eq!(cap("files/{...path}", "other/x"), None);
        // a literal prefix longer than the path can't match
        assert_eq!(cap("a/b/{...path}", "a"), None);
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod resolve_tests {
    use super::routing::resolve;
    use super::*;
    use bytes::Bytes;
    use std::collections::HashMap;

    fn params_with(verb: Verb, query: HashMap<String, Vec<String>>) -> Params {
        Params::new(verb, query, None, Bytes::new(), HashMap::new())
    }

    #[test]
    fn headers_are_a_multimap_first_value_wins_for_scalar_access() {
        // Two values for one header name (e.g. a proxy chain stamping
        // `Forwarded` twice). `header()` returns the first; `header_all()`
        // returns both, in receipt order. Absent headers come back as `None`
        // / empty slice respectively.
        let mut headers = HashMap::new();
        headers.insert(
            "forwarded".to_string(),
            vec!["for=1.2.3.4".to_string(), "for=10.0.0.1".to_string()],
        );
        headers.insert("x-trace-id".to_string(), vec!["abc-123".to_string()]);
        let p = Params::new(Verb::GET, HashMap::new(), None, Bytes::new(), headers);

        // Case-insensitive lookup; first value for scalar access.
        assert_eq!(p.header("Forwarded"), Some("for=1.2.3.4"));
        assert_eq!(p.header("FORWARDED"), Some("for=1.2.3.4"));
        assert_eq!(p.header_all("Forwarded"), ["for=1.2.3.4", "for=10.0.0.1"]);

        // Single-value headers still work — header_all yields a one-element
        // slice, header yields the same value.
        assert_eq!(p.header("X-Trace-Id"), Some("abc-123"));
        assert_eq!(p.header_all("X-Trace-Id"), ["abc-123"]);

        // Absent: None / empty slice.
        assert_eq!(p.header("Authorization"), None);
        assert!(p.header_all("Authorization").is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn params_query_exposes_the_whole_multimap() {
        let mut q = HashMap::new();
        q.insert("a".to_string(), vec!["1".to_string(), "2".to_string()]);
        q.insert("b".to_string(), vec!["3".to_string()]);
        let p = params_with(Verb::GET, q);
        assert_eq!(p.query().len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(
            p.query().get("a").unwrap(),
            &["1".to_string(), "2".to_string()]
        );
        // scalar view still takes the first
        assert_eq!(p.get_optional("a"), Some("1"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn verb_mismatch_yields_405_with_sorted_deduped_allow_list() {
        // `""` matches the action `""` for both routes; the request verb
        // (PUT) matches neither, so we get 405 carrying the union of their
        // verbs — sorted and deduped, so the `Allow` header is deterministic.
        static ROUTES: &[RouteDef] = &[
            RouteDef {
                pattern: "",
                handler_id: "create",
                handler: "create",
                verb: &[Verb::POST],
                params: &[],
                doc: None,
            },
            RouteDef {
                pattern: "",
                handler_id: "list",
                handler: "list",
                verb: &[Verb::GET],
                params: &[],
                doc: None,
            },
        ];
        match resolve(
            ROUTES,
            "",
            &params_with(Verb::PUT, HashMap::new()),
            ControllerMode::Strict,
        ) {
            Err(WebError::MethodNotAllowed(methods)) => assert_eq!(methods, ["GET", "POST"]),
            other => panic!("expected 405, got {other:?}"),
        }
        // GET matches the second route → Ok.
        assert!(
            resolve(
                ROUTES,
                "",
                &params_with(Verb::GET, HashMap::new()),
                ControllerMode::Strict
            )
            .is_ok()
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn no_pattern_match_is_404_not_405() {
        static ROUTES: &[RouteDef] = &[RouteDef {
            pattern: "items",
            handler_id: "h",
            handler: "h",
            verb: &[Verb::GET],
            params: &[],
            doc: None,
        }];
        match resolve(
            ROUTES,
            "other",
            &params_with(Verb::DELETE, HashMap::new()),
            ControllerMode::Strict,
        ) {
            Err(WebError::NotFound) => {}
            other => panic!("expected 404, got {other:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn vec_string_query_param_collects_all_values() {
        static ROUTES: &[RouteDef] = &[RouteDef {
            pattern: "",
            handler_id: "h",
            handler: "h",
            verb: &[Verb::GET],
            params: &[ParamDef {
                name: "tags",
                ty: ParamType::StringArray,
                source: ParamSource::Query,
                default: None,
            }],
            doc: None,
        }];

        let mut q = HashMap::new();
        q.insert(
            "tags".to_string(),
            vec!["a".to_string(), "b".to_string(), "c".to_string()],
        );
        let (_, extracted) = resolve(
            ROUTES,
            "",
            &params_with(Verb::GET, q),
            ControllerMode::Strict,
        )
        .expect("route matches");
        assert_eq!(extracted.get_string_array("tags").unwrap(), ["a", "b", "c"]);

        // A one-element array flows through the same path; a scalar accessor
        // takes the first value.
        let mut q1 = HashMap::new();
        q1.insert("tags".to_string(), vec!["solo".to_string()]);
        let (_, e1) = resolve(
            ROUTES,
            "",
            &params_with(Verb::GET, q1),
            ControllerMode::Strict,
        )
        .expect("route matches");
        assert_eq!(e1.get_string_array("tags").unwrap(), ["solo"]);
        assert_eq!(e1.get_string("tags").unwrap(), "solo");

        // Absent is *not* a 400 for a `Vec<String>` param — it's the empty
        // list (unlike a missing required scalar).
        let (_, e2) = resolve(
            ROUTES,
            "",
            &params_with(Verb::GET, HashMap::new()),
            ControllerMode::Strict,
        )
        .expect("route matches with no query");
        assert!(e2.get_string_array("tags").unwrap().is_empty());
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod covering_family_tests {
    use super::routing::covering_family;

    #[test]
    fn segment_aligned_longest_prefix_wins() {
        let fams = ["api", "api/auth", "public"];
        assert_eq!(covering_family("api/things", fams), Some("api"));
        assert_eq!(covering_family("api/auth", fams), Some("api/auth"));
        assert_eq!(covering_family("api/auth/oauth", fams), Some("api/auth"));
        assert_eq!(
            covering_family("api/authx", fams),
            Some("api"),
            "segment-aligned, not a string prefix"
        );
        assert_eq!(covering_family("apiary", fams), None);
        assert_eq!(covering_family("health", fams), None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn star_sugar_and_root() {
        assert_eq!(covering_family("api/things", ["api/*"]), Some("api/*"));
        assert_eq!(covering_family("anything/at/all", ["*"]), Some("*"));
        assert_eq!(covering_family("", [""]), Some(""));
        assert_eq!(covering_family("/api/", ["api"]), Some("api"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn a_later_identical_prefix_wins_like_the_macro() {
        assert_eq!(covering_family("api/x", ["api", "api/*"]), Some("api/*"));
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod bool_default_tests {
    //! ⛔ **A declared `bool` default must actually reach the handler.**
    //!
    //! `bool` is the only parameter type whose *absence* is a usable value, so
    //! `get_bool` answers `Ok(false)` for a missing parameter rather than `Err`.
    //! Every other type reaches its declared default because the generated code is
    //! `get_x(name).unwrap_or(default)` and `get_x` **errors** when the parameter is
    //! missing — so for `bool` that `unwrap_or` unwrapped an `Ok(false)` and the
    //! default was **dead code**.
    //!
    //! ⚠️ Measured in a consumer on 2026-09-04: a cancel route declaring
    //! `at_period_end: bool = true`, and documenting the reversible at-period-end
    //! form as its default, cancelled **immediately** whenever the client omitted the
    //! parameter. Destructive direction, opposite of the documented promise, and
    //! invisible because the route worked perfectly when the parameter *was* sent.
    use super::*;

    fn params(query: &[(&str, &str)]) -> ExtractedParams {
        let mut q: HashMap<String, Vec<String>> = HashMap::new();
        for (k, v) in query {
            q.entry((*k).to_string())
                .or_default()
                .push((*v).to_string());
        }
        ExtractedParams {
            path: HashMap::new(),
            query: q,
            body: None,
            raw_body: Bytes::new(),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn an_absent_bool_is_distinguishable_from_an_explicit_false() {
        let absent = params(&[]);
        assert_eq!(
            absent.get_bool_optional("flag").unwrap(),
            None,
            "absent must be None, or a declared default has nothing to fall back from"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            params(&[("flag", "false")])
                .get_bool_optional("flag")
                .unwrap(),
            Some(false),
            "an explicit `false` is a VALUE, and must not be confused with absence — \
             that conflation is the whole defect"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            params(&[("flag", "true")])
                .get_bool_optional("flag")
                .unwrap(),
            Some(true)
        );

        // ⭐ The generated shape, verbatim: this is what a `param: bool = true`
        // declaration compiles to, and what silently yielded `false` before.
        let d = true;
        assert!(
            absent.get_bool_optional("flag").unwrap().unwrap_or(d),
            "⛔ a declared default of `true` must survive an omitted parameter"
        );
        assert!(
            !params(&[("flag", "false")])
                .get_bool_optional("flag")
                .unwrap()
                .unwrap_or(d),
            "…and an explicit `false` must still override that default"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn get_bool_errors_on_absence_like_every_other_scalar_getter() {
        // ⛔ This test used to assert the opposite, on the stated grounds that a
        // bare `param: bool` means "false unless asked for" and erroring would
        // turn `confirm` / `dry_run` into `400`s. That was never true — a bare
        // `bool` is required and `resolve` 400s it before extraction (see
        // `routing::param_is_required`) — and a red test carrying a confident
        // wrong reason is what would stop the next person from fixing it.
        assert!(
            params(&[]).get_bool("confirm").is_err(),
            "absence is an `Err` here, as it is for get_string / get_i64 / the rest"
        );
        // Present values parse exactly as before.
        assert!(params(&[("confirm", "1")]).get_bool("confirm").unwrap());
        assert!(!params(&[("confirm", "0")]).get_bool("confirm").unwrap());
        assert!(!params(&[("confirm", "false")]).get_bool("confirm").unwrap());
        assert!(!params(&[("confirm", "")]).get_bool("confirm").unwrap());
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod param_requiredness_tests {
    //! ⭐ **The requiredness rule is one predicate, and this is where the
    //! decision it encodes is written down.**
    //!
    //! `routing::resolve` (which 400s) and the OpenAPI generator (which reports
    //! `required`) both call [`routing::param_is_required`]. They used to spell
    //! the rule out separately and agreed only by diligence; a third site —
    //! `ExtractedParams::get_bool`'s `unwrap_or(false)` — quietly encoded the
    //! *opposite* rule for `bool`, and that disagreement is what made a declared
    //! `bool` default unreachable (fixed 2026-09-04).
    use super::routing::param_is_required;
    use super::*;

    fn q(ty: ParamType, default: Option<ParamDefault>) -> ParamDef {
        ParamDef {
            name: "p",
            ty,
            source: ParamSource::Query,
            default,
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn requiredness_is_syntactic_and_uniform_across_scalar_types() {
        // ⭐ The property worth having: whether a parameter is required is
        // readable off `routes!` without knowing the type. `name: T` is
        // required; `name: T = x` is not. No per-type table.
        for ty in [
            ParamType::String,
            ParamType::Int,
            ParamType::U64,
            ParamType::U32,
            ParamType::F64,
            ParamType::Bool,
        ] {
            assert!(
                param_is_required(&q(ty, None)),
                "a bare `{ty:?}` query param is required"
            );
        }
        assert!(!param_is_required(&q(
            ParamType::String,
            Some(ParamDefault::String("x"))
        )));
        assert!(!param_is_required(&q(
            ParamType::U32,
            Some(ParamDefault::U32(1))
        )));
        assert!(!param_is_required(&q(
            ParamType::Bool,
            Some(ParamDefault::Bool(true))
        )));
    }

    #[test]
    fn a_bare_bool_is_required_and_that_is_the_deliberate_choice() {
        // ⛔ Do not "fix" this into `false unless asked for`. Exempting `bool`
        // would leave NO way to declare a required one, and it would discard a
        // distinction the wire actually carries — absent and `?p=false` are
        // different requests (see `ExtractedParams::get_bool_optional`).
        // An optional flag is spelled `confirm: bool = false`.
        assert!(param_is_required(&q(ParamType::Bool, None)));
        assert!(!param_is_required(&q(
            ParamType::Bool,
            Some(ParamDefault::Bool(false))
        )));
    }

    #[test]
    fn string_array_is_the_one_exemption_and_it_is_forced_not_chosen() {
        // ⚖️ urlencoding cannot express "present but empty", so there is no
        // required/optional distinction available to lose. That is the bar a
        // future exemption has to clear — a natural zero value is not enough.
        assert!(!param_is_required(&q(ParamType::StringArray, None)));
    }

    #[test]
    fn a_path_capture_is_always_required() {
        // The pattern matched, so the capture is present; absence never arises.
        assert!(param_is_required(&ParamDef {
            name: "id",
            ty: ParamType::U64,
            source: ParamSource::Path,
            default: None,
        }));
    }
}