acteur 0.12.2

//! # Acteur Actor System
//!
//! An safe & opinionated actor-like framework written in Rust that just works. Simple, robust, fast, documented.
//!
//!<div align="center">
//!   <!-- Crates version -->
//!   <a href="https://crates.io/crates/acteur">
//!     <img src="https://img.shields.io/crates/v/acteur.svg?style=flat-square"
//!     alt="Crates.io version" />
//!   </a>
//!   <!-- docs.rs docs -->
//!   <a href="https://docs.rs/acteur">
//!     <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-latest-blue.svg?style=flat-square"
//!       alt="docs.rs docs" />
//!   </a>
//! </div>
//!
//! ## Status update
//!
//! #### Update 1:
//! So, I took some time to think about this framework and have intention to move it into business
//! logic + distributed framework. The idea is to make a framework that allows you to write identified
//! aggregates/models/actors without much burden.
//!
//! #### Update 2:
//! I'm playing with raft and sled in order to implement the cluster part. You can it in the file
//! playing_with_raft.rs
//!
//! ## Motivation
//!
//! Actors are cool. Many people write about them and Actix rules the benchmarks. But to write a backend system
//! spawning several servers using actors is not easy. Actually, it bring many other complexities. But actors are
//! not a bad abstraction, but they are a solution for concurrency, not for business logic organization. They
//! tangentially solve some problems and that is nice, but introduce others. So, this framework seeks to implement
//! a framework which implement something very similar to Actors but with many adaptations and niceties in order
//! to write business logic.
//!
//! Said that, Acteur is provably **not** the tool you want if:
//!
//!  - You want to have a full ACID compliant system
//!  - You want to fully follow the Actor model
//!  - You need to scale to A LOT of traffic. In which case you will need more than one server. (I'm planning to
//!  implement some multi-server clustering, but for now, only one server).
//!
//! But it may help you if you want:
//!
//!  - To have a database but not incur in the cost of READ, APPLY, SAVE, and instead you want to keep object
//!  instances in RAM.
//!  - You don't want to deal with optimistic concurrency and you want the messages to process one by one for each
//!  ID, but concurrently between IDs.
//!  - You want to make an backend for an online videogame with many entities interacting at the same time but don't
//!  want to go all the way with ECS.
//!
//! ## Main features of Acteur
//!
//! This actor system is a bit different than other frameworks. It work under the following premises:
//!  - **High-level**: The framework is oriented to map business logic rather than task concurrency.
//!  - **Simple**: The API should be small, simple and intuitive. No surprises.
//!  - **Concurrent**: The system should be fast and use all available CPU cores.
//!  - **Documented**: Everything must be documented with exhaustive examples.
//!
//! ### Regarding the implementation:
//!
//!  - Acteur is **asynchronous** and uses `async_std` under the hood.
//!  - Actors have an *ID* which its type is defined by the developer.
//!  - Messages are routed to an *Actor* and an *ID* .
//!  - Actor life-cycle is *automatically* managed by the framework.
//!  - Messages for the same Actor & ID are *sequential*. Everything else is executed **concurrently**.
//!  - Services are provided for other concurrency forms.
//!  - Services **don't** have ID and are concurrent.
//!  - Services can **subscribe** to messages and everyone can **publish** messages.
//!  - Acteur is **global**, only one instance can exist.
//!
//! ### State of the implementation
//!
//! My main focus of work now is in adding concurrency and improving ergonomics. Features already implemented:
//!
//! - ☑️ Actor / Service is activated on first message
//! - ☑️ Actor can send messages to other actors / services
//! - ☑️ System can send messages to any actor / service
//! - ☑️ Actors / Services can optionally, respond to messages
//! - ☑️ Services: statefull or stateless, without ID (like real actors) and concurrent.
//! - ☑️ Automatic deallocation of unused actors (after 5 minutes without messages)
//! - ☑️ Services can subscribe to messages
//! - □ Actor deallocation configuration (based in RAM, Actor count or timeout)
//! - □ Clustering: Implement Raft in order to assign each actor to a different server
//!
//! ## Acteur structure
//!
//! In order to use Acteur you just need to implement the correct trait and Acteur will
//! automatically use your implementation when a message is routed to your Actor/Service.
//!
//! The main traits are:
//!
//! - [Actor](./trait.Actor.html): Represents an actor
//! - [Service](./trait.Service.html): Represents a service
//!
//! Just implement them and your Actor/Service is ready to use.
//!
//! For Actors you have two traits in order to handle messages:
//!
//! - [Receive](./trait.Receive.html): Receives a message without responding to it. The most
//! efficient way to handle messages.
//! - [Respond](./trait.Respond.html): Receives a message and allows to respond to it. Forces
//! to sender to await until the actor respond.
//!
//! For Services you have other two traits.
//!
//! - [Listen](./trait.Listen.html): Receives a message without responding to it. The most efficient way
//! to handle messages.
//! - [Serve](./trait.Serve.html): Receives a message and allows to respond to it. Forces to sender to
//! await until the actor respond.
//!
//! ### Why are you using 4 different trait instead of 1 or 2?
//!
//! I tried to merge Traits but I didn't find how to do it because:
//!
//! A) The handle method contains the ActorAssistant and ServiceAssistant types in the signatures,
//! witch have different types.
//! B) I don't like to create a response channel for EVERY message when many messages don't need a response.
//!
//! Both blocks make 4 combinations. Receive/Respond for Actors and Listen/Serve for Services.
//!
//! I'm still trying to improve the naming and ergonomics. I think the concept will remain, but the ergonomics may change a bit.
//!
//! ## Actors vs Services
//!
//! Acteur provides 2 ways of concurrency. Actors and Services.
//!
//! ### Actors
//!
//! Actors have an ID and will consume messages directed to the same Actor's ID sequentially.
//! That means that if you send 2 messages to the Actor User-32, they will be handled sequentially.
//! On the other side, if you send a message to the Actor User-32 and other to the User-52 the
//! messages will be handled concurrently.
//!
//! That means, Actors instances keep messages order for the same ID, but not between different IDs.
//!
//! ### Services
//!
//! Services, on the other side, have no ID and they are concurrent. That means that you choose
//! how many instances of the Service there will be (Acteur provides a default). Services can
//! or can't have an State, but if they have, they require to be Sync (aka Mutex<state>).
//!
//! In short. Services are more like normal Actors (or, you can think as normal web services)
//! but with some preset concurrency factor. You can have many instances and there is
//! no synchronization of any type when consuming messages. Think of them as the primitive you
//! use when you want to create something that doesn't fit the Actors model in this framework.
//!
//! ### Use cases
//!
//! Choose Actor for Entities (Users, Invoices, Players, anything which their instances are identified).
//!
//! Choose Services for Business Logic, Infrastructure, Adapters, etc (Storage, DB access, HTTP services,
//! calculations of some sort that doesn't belong to any Actor, etc) and for subscribing to messages (Pub/Sub)
//!
//! ## Subscription or Pub/Sub
//!
//! Sometime we don't want to know who should receive the message but to subscribe to a type and wait.
//! Acteur models the Pub/Sub patter with Services. Actors in Acteur can't perform subscriptions as
//! that would require the framework to know all possible IDs of all possible Actor instances in
//! order to direct the message to the correct one (or all) and it doesn't play well with the deallocation
//! of unused actors.
//!
//! If you want to send messages to some Actors from a Subscription, you can create a Service that
//! subscribes to a message and then figures out to what Actor IDs to send the message. For example,
//! doing a query in the DB/Service in order to get the set of IDs that need to receive some message.
//!
//! Unlike sending/calling to services/actors, publishing doesn't know who needs to receive the
//! message in compilation time. That is the reason behind requiring the Services to subscribe in
//! runtime to any message they want to receive. In order to ensure that services perform the
//! subscriptions, it is a good idea to run `acteur.preload_service<Service>();` for each service
//! that should perform any subscription at the beginning of your Application start.
//!
//! ## Simple Example
//!
//! ```rust,no_run
//! use acteur::{Actor, Receive, ActorAssistant, Acteur};
//! use async_trait::async_trait;
//!
//! #[derive(Debug)]
//! struct Employee {
//!     salary: u32
//! }
//!
//! #[async_trait]
//! impl Actor for Employee {
//!     type Id = u32;
//!
//!     async fn activate(_: Self::Id, _: &ActorAssistant<Self>) -> Self {
//!         Employee {
//!             salary: 0 // Load from DB or set a default,
//!         }
//!     }
//! }
//!
//! #[derive(Debug)]
//! struct SalaryChanged(u32);
//!
//! #[async_trait]
//! impl Receive<SalaryChanged> for Employee {
//!     async fn handle(&mut self, message: SalaryChanged, _: &ActorAssistant<Employee>) {
//!         self.salary = message.0;
//!     }
//! }
//!
//! fn main() {
//!     let sys = Acteur::new();
//!
//!     sys.send_to_actor_sync::<Employee, SalaryChanged>(42, SalaryChanged(55000));
//!
//!     sys.wait_until_stopped();
//! }
//!
//! ```
//!
//! ## Why another Actors framework?
//!
//! Somethings bothered me.
//!
//! 1. Actor systems are a concurrency level but I see example of them being used for business logic. Using
//! a normal HTTP framework + SQL feels more natural than using Actix.
//! 2. In order to use Actix you need to learn how it works. You need to manage the concurrency,
//! the addresses, etc
//! 3. Unsafe. I don't want unsafe. I wouldn't trust myself to do something like this in C++,
//! therefore, I don't want to have unsafe code. Rust opens the door to do these kind of projects
//! to people with less than 10 years of experience in C/C++ in a safer way.
//!
//! After async_std 1.0 announcement and speaking with some friends I started to envision how I would
//! like an actor framework be. Not that Actix and others are wrong, but they are too low level in my
//! opinion and not for business logic. I wanted something that just runs without leaking so many underlying
//! concepts. At the same time I don't think that competing for the last nanosecond is healthy. Even less
//! if the framework is already super fast.
//!
//! ## Common patterns
//!
//! This section will be updated with common patters you can use in your applications. If
//! you have one you want to add or just a question of how to so something, let me know with a GitHub Issue.
//!
//! ### Web server
//!
//! Given that all actors are managed by the framework, it is really easy to have, for
//! example, Rocket or Tide getting new HTTP calls and just calling `acteur.call_service` or
//! `acteur.call_actor` and wait for the response. You can use the sync version of the call
//! if you are working with synchronous code. Keep in mind that you can clone Acteur and send
//! it to as many threads/struct you need.
//!
//! ```rust,no_run
//!
//! use acteur::Acteur;
//!
//! let acteur = Acteur::new();
//!
//! // You can clone and send it to another thread/struct
//! let acteur2 = acteur.clone();
//!
//! ```
//!
//! If you need actors to query databases it would, generally, be a good idea to keep the database
//! connection / pool in a service, where you can handle connection errors, reconnect in case of error
//! and where you can control the concurrency.
//!
//! ## Error handling
//!
//! If you have operation that can error it is better if you encode them in services and reserve
//! Actors to operations that cannot fail. For example, database connections, network connections, etc.
//!
//! It is perfectly ok to encode a failure, from the point of view of the business rules, in an actor, for
//! example, in a videogame, where a character cannot attack another character because the second is
//! invulnerable.
//!
//! So, keep anything that can fail because external circumstances (network, hard drive, etc) in services
//! and let actors to request the services for whatever they need.
//!
//! If you have an error that should stop the application startup like database connections, add them to
//! a service construction and use the method `preload_service` for trying to start the service on the
//! app startup and let the app crash is something goes wrong.
//!
//! ## Safe Rust
//!
//! No unsafe code was directly used in this crate. You can check in lib.rs the `#![deny(unsafe_code)]` line.
//!
//! ## Contributing
//!
//! First of all, I would be really happy if you decide to check the framework and contribute to it! Just open
//! an issue / pull request and we can check what you would like to implement. Check more about contributing in
//! here: [https://github.com/DavidBM/acteur-rs/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md]()
//!
//! ## License
//!
//! <sup>
//! Licensed under either of <a href="LICENSE-APACHE">Apache License, Version
//! 2.0</a> or <a href="LICENSE-MIT">MIT license</a> at your option.
//! </sup>
//!
//! <br/>
//!
//! <sub>
//! Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted
//! for inclusion in this crate by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall
//! be dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.
//! </sub>
//!

#![deny(unsafe_code)]

#[macro_use]
mod utils;
mod actors;
mod facade;
mod services;
mod system_director;

pub use facade::Acteur;

pub use actors::actor::Actor;
pub use actors::assistant::ActorAssistant;
pub use actors::handle::{Receive, Respond};

pub use services::handle::{Listen, Serve};
pub use services::service::{Service, ServiceConcurrency, ServiceConfiguration};
pub use services::system_facade::ServiceAssistant;