sedsnet/

router.rs

//! Telemetry Router
//!
//! Router with internal named sides (like Relay), plus local processing.
//!
//! Design:
//! - Sides are registered with per-side TX handlers (packed or packet).
//! - RX is tagged by source side; route rules decide whether it is forwarded.
//! - Local endpoint handlers process packets as before (no side parameter).
//! - De-duplication remains packet-id based and side-agnostic.

use crate::config::RuntimeMemoryConfig;
use crate::diagnostics::{
    AdaptiveLinkStats, DiscoveryRuntimeStats, QueueRuntimeStats, ReliableRuntimeStats,
    RouteModeStats, RouteOverrideStats, RoutePriorityStats, RouteWeightStats, RuntimeSideStats,
    RuntimeStatsSnapshot, RuntimeTypeStats, TypedRouteOverrideStats,
};
#[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
use crate::discovery::{
    self, ClientStatsSnapshot, DISCOVERY_ROUTE_TTL_MS, DISCOVERY_SLOW_LINK_FULL_INTERVAL_MS,
    DISCOVERY_SLOW_LINK_PING_INTERVAL_MS, DiscoveryCadenceState,
    TIMESYNC_SLOW_LINK_MIN_INTERVAL_MS, TopologyAnnouncerRoute, TopologyBoardNode,
    TopologySideRoute, TopologySnapshot,
};
use crate::packet::{hash_bytes_u64, sender_address_u32};
use crate::queue::{BoundedDeque, ByteCost};
#[cfg(all(not(feature = "std"), target_os = "none"))]
use crate::seds_error_msg;
#[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
use crate::timesync::{
    INTERNAL_TIMESYNC_SOURCE_ID, LOCAL_TIMESYNC_DATE_SOURCE_ID, LOCAL_TIMESYNC_FULL_SOURCE_ID,
    LOCAL_TIMESYNC_SUBSEC_SOURCE_ID, LOCAL_TIMESYNC_TOD_SOURCE_ID, NetworkClock,
    NetworkTimeReading, PartialNetworkTime, SlewedNetworkClock, TimeSyncConfig, TimeSyncLeader,
    TimeSyncTracker, advance_network_time, compute_network_time_sample, decode_timesync_announce,
    decode_timesync_request, decode_timesync_response,
};
use crate::{
    E2eEncryptionPolicy, MessageElement, RouteSelectionMode, TelemetryError, TelemetryResult,
    config::{
        DataEndpoint, DataType, runtime_device_identifier, runtime_max_handler_retries,
        runtime_reliable_max_end_to_end_pending, runtime_reliable_max_pending,
        runtime_reliable_max_retries, runtime_reliable_max_return_routes,
        runtime_reliable_retransmit_ms,
    },
    get_needed_message_size, impl_letype_num, is_reliable_type,
    lock::{ReentryGate, RouterMutex},
    message_e2e_encryption_policy, message_meta, message_priority,
    packet::Packet,
    reliable_mode, wire_format,
};
use alloc::string::{String, ToString};
use alloc::{
    borrow::ToOwned,
    boxed::Box,
    collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, VecDeque},
    format,
    sync::Arc,
    vec,
    vec::Vec,
};
use core::cell::UnsafeCell;
use core::fmt;
use core::fmt::{Debug, Formatter};
use core::mem::size_of;
use core::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
use core::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU32, Ordering};
use crc32fast::Hasher as Crc32Hasher;
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
use std::time::Instant;

/// Logical side index (CAN, UART, RADIO, etc.)
pub type RouterSideId = usize;

const SIDE_TRANSPORT_MAGIC: &[u8; 3] = b"SDT";
const SIDE_TRANSPORT_KIND_FULL: u8 = 0x01;
const SIDE_TRANSPORT_KIND_COMPACT: u8 = 0x02;
const SIDE_TRANSPORT_KIND_CHUNK: u8 = 0x03;
const SIDE_TRANSPORT_KIND_COMPACT_DELTA: u8 = 0x04;
const SIDE_TRANSPORT_KIND_COMPACT_SAME_TIMESTAMP: u8 = 0x05;
const SIDE_TRANSPORT_FLAG_PAYLOAD_COMPRESSED: u8 = 0x01;
const SIDE_TRANSPORT_FLAG_WIRE_CONTRACT: u8 = 0x04;
const SIDE_TRANSPORT_FLAG_PACKET_NONCE: u8 = 0x08;
const SIDE_TRANSPORT_FLAG_ENDPOINT_BITMAP_PRESENT: u8 = 0x20;
const SIDE_TRANSPORT_FLAG_COMPACT_RELIABLE_HEADER: u8 = 0x40;
const CONTROL_SLOW_LINK_CAPACITY_BPS: u64 = 512;
const SIDE_TRANSPORT_CHUNK_OVERHEAD: usize = 3 + 1 + 4 + 2 + 2 + wire_format::CRC32_BYTES;
const SIDE_TIMESTAMP_POLICY_WORDS: usize = ((crate::MAX_VALUE_DATA_TYPE as usize) + 1).div_ceil(64);
const SIDE_TRANSPORT_EP_BITMAP_BITS: usize = (crate::MAX_VALUE_DATA_ENDPOINT as usize) + 1;
const SIDE_TRANSPORT_EP_BITMAP_BYTES: usize = SIDE_TRANSPORT_EP_BITMAP_BITS.div_ceil(8);
pub const IPV4_LIKE_COMPACT_HEADER_TARGET_BYTES: usize = 20;
pub const IPV6_LIKE_COMPACT_HEADER_TARGET_BYTES: usize = 40;
pub const DEFAULT_SIDE_TRANSPORT_TEMPLATE_LIMIT: usize = 64;
static ROUTER_INSTANCE_SEQ: AtomicU32 = AtomicU32::new(1);

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum SideTransportProfile {
    Canonical,
    Template,
    Ipv6Like,
    Ipv4Like,
}

impl SideTransportProfile {
    #[inline]
    pub const fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
        match self {
            Self::Canonical => "canonical",
            Self::Template => "template",
            Self::Ipv6Like => "ipv6_like",
            Self::Ipv4Like => "ipv4_like",
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    #[inline]
    pub const fn discovery_code(self) -> u8 {
        match self {
            Self::Canonical => discovery::LINK_PROFILE_CANONICAL,
            Self::Template => discovery::LINK_PROFILE_TEMPLATE,
            Self::Ipv6Like => discovery::LINK_PROFILE_IPV6_LIKE,
            Self::Ipv4Like => discovery::LINK_PROFILE_IPV4_LIKE,
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
struct SideHeaderTemplate {
    hash: u64,
    base_flags: u8,
    prefix: Arc<[u8]>,
    between: Arc<[u8]>,
    reliable_flags: Option<u8>,
    reliable_compact: bool,
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
struct SideChunkAssembly {
    total: u16,
    received: BTreeMap<u16, Arc<[u8]>>,
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
struct SideTransportState {
    tx_template_ids: BTreeMap<u64, u32>,
    tx_templates: BTreeMap<u64, SideHeaderTemplate>,
    tx_last_timestamps: BTreeMap<u32, u64>,
    tx_compact_uses: BTreeMap<u32, u8>,
    rx_templates: BTreeMap<u64, SideHeaderTemplate>,
    rx_templates_by_id: BTreeMap<u32, SideHeaderTemplate>,
    rx_last_timestamps: BTreeMap<u32, u64>,
    rx_chunks: BTreeMap<u32, SideChunkAssembly>,
    next_chunk_id: u32,
    next_template_id: u32,
}

impl SideTransportState {
    fn tx_template_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.tx_template_ids.len()
    }

    fn rx_template_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.rx_templates_by_id.len()
    }

    fn insert_tx_template(
        &mut self,
        template: SideHeaderTemplate,
        template_id: u32,
        max_templates: usize,
    ) -> bool {
        if max_templates == 0 {
            return false;
        }
        let mut evicted = false;
        if self.tx_template_ids.len() >= max_templates
            && !self.tx_template_ids.contains_key(&template.hash)
            && let Some(old_hash) = self.tx_template_ids.keys().next().copied()
        {
            if let Some(old_id) = self.tx_template_ids.remove(&old_hash) {
                self.tx_last_timestamps.remove(&old_id);
                self.tx_compact_uses.remove(&old_id);
            }
            self.tx_templates.remove(&old_hash);
            evicted = true;
        }
        self.tx_template_ids.insert(template.hash, template_id);
        self.tx_templates.insert(template.hash, template);
        self.tx_compact_uses.insert(template_id, 0);
        evicted
    }

    fn insert_rx_template(
        &mut self,
        template_id: u32,
        template: SideHeaderTemplate,
        max_templates: usize,
    ) -> bool {
        if max_templates == 0 {
            return false;
        }
        let mut evicted = false;
        if self.rx_templates_by_id.len() >= max_templates
            && !self.rx_templates_by_id.contains_key(&template_id)
            // TX evicts the deterministic lowest template hash.  RX must use
            // the identical rule or a small dictionary can retain a compact
            // template that its peer has already evicted, while discarding a
            // template the peer still references.
            && let Some(old_hash) = self.rx_templates.keys().next().copied()
            && let Some(old_id) = self.rx_templates_by_id.iter().find_map(|(id, existing)| {
                (existing.hash == old_hash).then_some(*id)
            })
            && let Some(old_template) = self.rx_templates_by_id.remove(&old_id)
        {
            self.rx_templates.remove(&old_template.hash);
            self.rx_last_timestamps.remove(&old_id);
            evicted = true;
        }
        self.rx_templates_by_id
            .insert(template_id, template.clone());
        self.rx_templates.insert(template.hash, template);
        evicted
    }
}

type SideTemplateExtract<'a> = (
    SideHeaderTemplate,
    DataType,
    u8,
    u64,
    u64,
    u16,
    Option<(u32, u32)>,
    &'a [u8],
);

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct CompactTimestampOmissionPolicy {
    all: bool,
    words: [u64; SIDE_TIMESTAMP_POLICY_WORDS],
}

impl CompactTimestampOmissionPolicy {
    #[inline]
    pub const fn none() -> Self {
        Self {
            all: false,
            words: [0; SIDE_TIMESTAMP_POLICY_WORDS],
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub const fn all() -> Self {
        Self {
            all: true,
            words: [0; SIDE_TIMESTAMP_POLICY_WORDS],
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn with_data_type(mut self, ty: DataType) -> Self {
        self.insert(ty);
        self
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn insert(&mut self, ty: DataType) {
        let id = ty.as_u32() as usize;
        if id <= crate::MAX_VALUE_DATA_TYPE as usize {
            self.words[id / 64] |= 1u64 << (id % 64);
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn contains(self, ty: DataType) -> bool {
        if self.all {
            return true;
        }
        let id = ty.as_u32() as usize;
        id <= crate::MAX_VALUE_DATA_TYPE as usize
            && (self.words[id / 64] & (1u64 << (id % 64))) != 0
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_empty(self) -> bool {
        !self.all && self.words.iter().all(|word| *word == 0)
    }
}

impl Default for CompactTimestampOmissionPolicy {
    #[inline]
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::none()
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
enum SideCompactTimestampMode {
    Absolute,
    Delta,
    Omitted,
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum RouterItem {
    Packet(Packet),
    Packed(Arc<[u8]>),
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
struct RouterRxItem {
    src: Option<RouterSideId>,
    data: RouterItem,
    priority: u8,
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
enum RouterTxItem {
    Broadcast(RouterItem),
    EndToEndReplay {
        packet_id: u64,
    },
    ToSide {
        src: Option<RouterSideId>,
        dst: RouterSideId,
        data: RouterItem,
    },
    ReliableReplay {
        dst: RouterSideId,
        bytes: Arc<[u8]>,
    },
}

impl ByteCost for RouterRxItem {
    #[inline]
    fn byte_cost(&self) -> usize {
        match &self.data {
            RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => pkt.byte_cost(),
            RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => size_of::<Arc<[u8]>>() + bytes.len(),
        }
    }
}

impl ByteCost for RouterTxItem {
    #[inline]
    fn byte_cost(&self) -> usize {
        match self {
            RouterTxItem::Broadcast(data) => match data {
                RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => pkt.byte_cost(),
                RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => size_of::<Arc<[u8]>>() + bytes.len(),
            },
            RouterTxItem::EndToEndReplay { .. } => size_of::<u64>(),
            RouterTxItem::ToSide { data, .. } => match data {
                RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => pkt.byte_cost(),
                RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => size_of::<Arc<[u8]>>() + bytes.len(),
            },
            RouterTxItem::ReliableReplay { bytes, .. } => size_of::<Arc<[u8]>>() + bytes.len(),
        }
    }
}

/// Transmit queue item with flags.
/// Holds a RouterTxItem and a flag to ignore local dispatch.
/// Used internally by the Router transmit queue.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
struct TxQueued {
    item: RouterTxItem,
    ignore_local: bool,
    priority: u8,
}

/// Do not allow a continuously replenished stream of control traffic to keep
/// an already-queued application packet from ever reaching a transport.
/// Priorities still determine normal ordering; this only services the oldest
/// lowest-priority item after a bounded high-priority burst.
const MAX_PRIORITY_BURST: u8 = 8;

/// ByteCost implementation for TxQueued.
impl ByteCost for TxQueued {
    /// Byte cost is the cost of the inner item plus one bool.
    #[inline]
    fn byte_cost(&self) -> usize {
        self.item.byte_cost() + size_of::<bool>() + size_of::<u8>()
    }
}

/// ByteCost implementation for `u64` (used by `recent_rx`).
impl ByteCost for u64 {
    /// Byte cost is size of u64.
    #[inline]
    fn byte_cost(&self) -> usize {
        size_of::<u64>()
    }
}

// -------------------- Reliable delivery state --------------------

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct ReliableTxState {
    next_seq: u32,
    sent_order: VecDeque<u32>,
    sent: BTreeMap<u32, ReliableSent>,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct ReliableSent {
    bytes: Arc<[u8]>,
    last_send_ms: u64,
    retries: u32,
    queued: bool,
    partial_acked: bool,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct EndToEndReliableSent {
    data: RouterItem,
    pending_destinations: BTreeMap<u64, RouterSideId>,
    tracked_destinations: bool,
    last_send_ms: u64,
    retries: u32,
    queued: bool,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct ReliableRxState {
    expected_seq: u32,
    buffered: BTreeMap<u32, Arc<[u8]>>,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct ReliableReturnRouteState {
    side: RouterSideId,
}

#[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
struct DiscoverySenderState {
    reachable: Vec<DataEndpoint>,
    reachable_network_variables: Vec<DataType>,
    reachable_timesync_sources: Vec<String>,
    topology_boards: Vec<TopologyBoardNode>,
    last_seen_ms: u64,
}

#[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
struct DiscoverySideState {
    reachable: Vec<DataEndpoint>,
    reachable_network_variables: Vec<DataType>,
    reachable_timesync_sources: Vec<String>,
    last_seen_ms: u64,
    announcers: BTreeMap<String, DiscoverySenderState>,
}

#[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct DiscoverySideThrottleState {
    next_ping_ms: u64,
    next_full_ms: u64,
}

#[cfg(all(feature = "discovery", feature = "timesync"))]
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct TimeSyncSideThrottleState {
    next_allowed_ms: u64,
}

#[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
enum DiscoveryAdvertiseLevel {
    MinimalPing,
    Full,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct AdaptiveRouteStats {
    estimated_bandwidth_bps: u64,
    peak_bandwidth_bps: u64,
    last_observed_ms: u64,
    last_slow_observed_ms: u64,
    sample_count: u64,
    window_started_ms: u64,
    window_bytes: u64,
    peak_usage_bps: u64,
}

impl AdaptiveRouteStats {
    #[inline]
    fn observe(&mut self, bytes: usize, sample_bps: u64, now_ms: u64) {
        self.estimated_bandwidth_bps = if self.estimated_bandwidth_bps == 0 {
            sample_bps
        } else if sample_bps >= self.estimated_bandwidth_bps {
            self.estimated_bandwidth_bps
                .saturating_mul(3)
                .saturating_add(sample_bps.saturating_mul(5))
                / 8
        } else {
            self.estimated_bandwidth_bps
                .saturating_mul(7)
                .saturating_add(sample_bps)
                / 8
        };
        self.peak_bandwidth_bps = self.peak_bandwidth_bps.max(sample_bps);
        self.last_observed_ms = now_ms;
        if sample_bps > 0 && sample_bps <= CONTROL_SLOW_LINK_CAPACITY_BPS {
            self.last_slow_observed_ms = now_ms;
        }
        self.sample_count = self.sample_count.saturating_add(1);
        if self.window_started_ms == 0 || now_ms.saturating_sub(self.window_started_ms) > 1_000 {
            self.window_started_ms = now_ms;
            self.window_bytes = 0;
        }
        self.window_bytes = self.window_bytes.saturating_add(bytes as u64);
        self.peak_usage_bps = self.peak_usage_bps.max(self.current_usage_bps(now_ms));
    }

    #[inline]
    fn current_usage_bps(&self, now_ms: u64) -> u64 {
        if self.window_started_ms == 0 {
            return 0;
        }
        let elapsed_ms = now_ms.saturating_sub(self.window_started_ms).max(1);
        (u128::from(self.window_bytes).saturating_mul(1000) / u128::from(elapsed_ms))
            .min(u128::from(u64::MAX)) as u64
    }

    #[inline]
    fn available_headroom_bps(&self, now_ms: u64) -> u64 {
        let capacity = self
            .estimated_bandwidth_bps
            .max(self.peak_bandwidth_bps)
            .max(1);
        capacity.saturating_sub(self.current_usage_bps(now_ms))
    }

    #[inline]
    fn weight(&self, now_ms: u64) -> u64 {
        self.available_headroom_bps(now_ms).max(1)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn snapshot(&self, now_ms: u64, auto_balancing_enabled: bool) -> AdaptiveLinkStats {
        let current_usage_bps = self.current_usage_bps(now_ms);
        let estimated_capacity_bps = self.estimated_bandwidth_bps.max(1);
        let peak_capacity_bps = self.peak_bandwidth_bps.max(estimated_capacity_bps);
        let available_headroom_bps = peak_capacity_bps.saturating_sub(current_usage_bps);
        AdaptiveLinkStats {
            auto_balancing_enabled,
            estimated_capacity_bps,
            peak_capacity_bps,
            current_usage_bps,
            peak_usage_bps: self.peak_usage_bps.max(current_usage_bps),
            available_headroom_bps,
            effective_weight: available_headroom_bps.max(1),
            last_observed_ms: self.last_observed_ms,
            sample_count: self.sample_count,
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct TypeRuntimeStatsInner {
    tx_packets: u64,
    tx_bytes: u64,
    rx_packets: u64,
    rx_bytes: u64,
    relayed_tx_packets: u64,
    relayed_tx_bytes: u64,
    relayed_rx_packets: u64,
    relayed_rx_bytes: u64,
    tx_retries: u64,
    handler_failures: u64,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct SideRuntimeStatsInner {
    tx_packets: u64,
    tx_bytes: u64,
    rx_packets: u64,
    rx_bytes: u64,
    relayed_tx_packets: u64,
    relayed_tx_bytes: u64,
    relayed_rx_packets: u64,
    relayed_rx_bytes: u64,
    local_delivery_packets: u64,
    tx_retries: u64,
    tx_handler_failures: u64,
    local_handler_failures: u64,
    total_handler_retries: u64,
    side_transport_full_frames: u64,
    side_transport_compact_frames: u64,
    side_transport_compact_delta_frames: u64,
    side_transport_compact_omitted_timestamp_frames: u64,
    side_transport_chunk_frames: u64,
    side_transport_raw_bytes: u64,
    side_transport_wire_bytes: u64,
    side_transport_bytes_saved: u64,
    side_transport_min_compact_overhead_bytes: Option<usize>,
    side_transport_max_compact_overhead_bytes: Option<usize>,
    side_transport_compact_target_misses: u64,
    side_transport_template_evictions: u64,
    data_types: BTreeMap<u32, TypeRuntimeStatsInner>,
}

impl SideRuntimeStatsInner {
    fn type_stats_mut(&mut self, ty: DataType) -> &mut TypeRuntimeStatsInner {
        self.data_types.entry(ty.as_u32()).or_default()
    }

    fn note_tx(&mut self, ty: DataType, bytes: usize, relayed: bool, retries: usize) {
        self.tx_packets = self.tx_packets.saturating_add(1);
        self.tx_bytes = self.tx_bytes.saturating_add(bytes as u64);
        self.tx_retries = self.tx_retries.saturating_add(retries as u64);
        self.total_handler_retries = self.total_handler_retries.saturating_add(retries as u64);
        if relayed {
            self.relayed_tx_packets = self.relayed_tx_packets.saturating_add(1);
            self.relayed_tx_bytes = self.relayed_tx_bytes.saturating_add(bytes as u64);
        }
        let stats = self.type_stats_mut(ty);
        stats.tx_packets = stats.tx_packets.saturating_add(1);
        stats.tx_bytes = stats.tx_bytes.saturating_add(bytes as u64);
        stats.tx_retries = stats.tx_retries.saturating_add(retries as u64);
        if relayed {
            stats.relayed_tx_packets = stats.relayed_tx_packets.saturating_add(1);
            stats.relayed_tx_bytes = stats.relayed_tx_bytes.saturating_add(bytes as u64);
        }
    }

    fn note_rx(&mut self, ty: DataType, bytes: usize, relayed: bool) {
        self.rx_packets = self.rx_packets.saturating_add(1);
        self.rx_bytes = self.rx_bytes.saturating_add(bytes as u64);
        if relayed {
            self.relayed_rx_packets = self.relayed_rx_packets.saturating_add(1);
            self.relayed_rx_bytes = self.relayed_rx_bytes.saturating_add(bytes as u64);
        }
        let stats = self.type_stats_mut(ty);
        stats.rx_packets = stats.rx_packets.saturating_add(1);
        stats.rx_bytes = stats.rx_bytes.saturating_add(bytes as u64);
        if relayed {
            stats.relayed_rx_packets = stats.relayed_rx_packets.saturating_add(1);
            stats.relayed_rx_bytes = stats.relayed_rx_bytes.saturating_add(bytes as u64);
        }
    }

    fn note_local_delivery(&mut self, ty: DataType) {
        self.local_delivery_packets = self.local_delivery_packets.saturating_add(1);
        let stats = self.type_stats_mut(ty);
        stats.rx_packets = stats.rx_packets.saturating_add(1);
    }

    fn note_local_handler_failure(&mut self, ty: DataType, retries: usize) {
        self.local_handler_failures = self.local_handler_failures.saturating_add(1);
        self.total_handler_retries = self.total_handler_retries.saturating_add(retries as u64);
        let stats = self.type_stats_mut(ty);
        stats.handler_failures = stats.handler_failures.saturating_add(1);
    }

    fn note_tx_failure(&mut self, ty: DataType, retries: usize) {
        self.tx_handler_failures = self.tx_handler_failures.saturating_add(1);
        self.total_handler_retries = self.total_handler_retries.saturating_add(retries as u64);
        self.tx_retries = self.tx_retries.saturating_add(retries as u64);
        let stats = self.type_stats_mut(ty);
        stats.handler_failures = stats.handler_failures.saturating_add(1);
        stats.tx_retries = stats.tx_retries.saturating_add(retries as u64);
    }

    fn note_side_transport_full(&mut self, raw_bytes: usize, wire_bytes: usize) {
        self.side_transport_full_frames = self.side_transport_full_frames.saturating_add(1);
        self.note_side_transport_bytes(raw_bytes, wire_bytes);
    }

    fn note_side_transport_compact(
        &mut self,
        raw_bytes: usize,
        wire_bytes: usize,
        compact_overhead_bytes: usize,
        used_timestamp_delta: bool,
        omitted_timestamp: bool,
    ) {
        self.side_transport_compact_frames = self.side_transport_compact_frames.saturating_add(1);
        if used_timestamp_delta {
            self.side_transport_compact_delta_frames =
                self.side_transport_compact_delta_frames.saturating_add(1);
        }
        if omitted_timestamp {
            self.side_transport_compact_omitted_timestamp_frames = self
                .side_transport_compact_omitted_timestamp_frames
                .saturating_add(1);
        }
        self.note_side_transport_bytes(raw_bytes, wire_bytes);
        self.side_transport_min_compact_overhead_bytes = Some(
            self.side_transport_min_compact_overhead_bytes
                .map_or(compact_overhead_bytes, |v| v.min(compact_overhead_bytes)),
        );
        self.side_transport_max_compact_overhead_bytes = Some(
            self.side_transport_max_compact_overhead_bytes
                .map_or(compact_overhead_bytes, |v| v.max(compact_overhead_bytes)),
        );
    }

    fn note_side_transport_chunks(&mut self, chunks: usize) {
        self.side_transport_chunk_frames = self
            .side_transport_chunk_frames
            .saturating_add(chunks as u64);
    }

    fn note_side_transport_bytes(&mut self, raw_bytes: usize, wire_bytes: usize) {
        self.side_transport_raw_bytes = self
            .side_transport_raw_bytes
            .saturating_add(raw_bytes as u64);
        self.side_transport_wire_bytes = self
            .side_transport_wire_bytes
            .saturating_add(wire_bytes as u64);
        if raw_bytes > wire_bytes {
            self.side_transport_bytes_saved = self
                .side_transport_bytes_saved
                .saturating_add((raw_bytes - wire_bytes) as u64);
        }
    }

    fn note_side_transport_compact_target_miss(&mut self) {
        self.side_transport_compact_target_misses =
            self.side_transport_compact_target_misses.saturating_add(1);
    }

    fn note_side_transport_template_eviction(&mut self) {
        self.side_transport_template_evictions =
            self.side_transport_template_evictions.saturating_add(1);
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
enum RouteSelectionOrigin {
    Flood,
    Discovered,
}

// -------------------- endpoint + board config --------------------
/// Packet Handler function type
type PacketHandlerFn = dyn Fn(&Packet) -> TelemetryResult<()> + Send + Sync + 'static;

/// Packed Handler function type
type PackedHandlerFn = dyn Fn(&[u8]) -> TelemetryResult<()> + Send + Sync + 'static;

// Make handlers usable across tasks
/// Endpoint handler function enum.
/// Holds either a `Packet` handler or a packed byte-slice handler.
/// /// - Packet handler signature: `Fn(&Packet) -> TelemetryResult<()>`
/// /// - Packed handler signature: `Fn(&[u8]) -> TelemetryResult<()>`
#[derive(Clone)]
pub enum EndpointHandlerFn {
    Packet(Arc<PacketHandlerFn>),
    Packed(Arc<PackedHandlerFn>),
}

/// Endpoint handler for a specific data endpoint.
pub struct EndpointHandler {
    endpoint: DataEndpoint,
    handler: EndpointHandlerFn,
}

/// Debug implementation for EndpointHandlerFn.
impl Debug for EndpointHandlerFn {
    #[inline]
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            EndpointHandlerFn::Packet(_) => f.write_str("EndpointHandlerFn::Packet(<handler>)"),
            EndpointHandlerFn::Packed(_) => f.write_str("EndpointHandlerFn::Packed(<handler>)"),
        }
    }
}

/// TX handler for a router side: either packed or packet-based.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub enum RouterTxHandlerFn {
    Packed(Arc<PackedHandlerFn>),
    Packet(Arc<PacketHandlerFn>),
}

impl Debug for RouterTxHandlerFn {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            RouterTxHandlerFn::Packed(_) => f.debug_tuple("Packed").field(&"<handler>").finish(),
            RouterTxHandlerFn::Packet(_) => f.debug_tuple("Packet").field(&"<handler>").finish(),
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
pub struct RouterSideOptions {
    /// Enables the router's per-link reliable transport layer on this side.
    ///
    /// When `true` and the side uses a packed TX handler, reliable schema types gain
    /// sequence numbers, ACKs, packet requests, and retransmits on this specific hop.
    /// When `false`, the router strips the reliable framing for that side and sends only the
    /// application packet payload once.
    ///
    /// This setting only affects the hop between this router and the side's TX callback. It does
    /// not change whether a schema `DataType` is defined as reliable, and it does not disable the
    /// router's end-to-end reliable tracking for packets originated elsewhere in the network.
    pub reliable_enabled: bool,
    /// Marks the side as eligible for link-local-only endpoints and discovery routes.
    pub link_local_enabled: bool,
    /// Enables a side-local header-template dictionary for packed transport.
    ///
    /// The first frame for a stable header shape is sent in full. Later frames
    /// on the same side can replace the repeated static header bytes with a
    /// compact template hash plus only the fields that still vary packet to
    /// packet.
    pub header_template_enabled: bool,
    /// Maximum number of bytes to emit per packed TX callback.
    ///
    /// When non-zero and a wrapped packed frame would exceed this size, the
    /// router splits it into ordered chunks and reassembles those chunks on RX
    /// before normal packet processing.
    pub max_frame_bytes: usize,
    /// Target total side-transport overhead for compact follow-up frames.
    ///
    /// This is a profiling/negotiation target rather than a hard limit. The
    /// canonical packet is still reconstructed before normal router handling,
    /// so constrained links should watch runtime stats to confirm compact
    /// frames are meeting their IPv4/IPv6-like overhead budget.
    pub compact_header_target_bytes: usize,
    /// Maximum side-local header templates retained for TX and RX dictionaries.
    ///
    /// This keeps compact-link state bounded. When the dictionary is full, the
    /// oldest deterministic entry is evicted and a later packet with that
    /// shape will refresh the receiver with a full template frame.
    pub max_side_transport_templates: usize,
    /// Omits the timestamp field from compact follow-up frames when it is unchanged.
    ///
    /// The receiver reconstructs the canonical packet from the previous timestamp for that
    /// side-local template. This is only used after a full or compact frame has established
    /// timestamp context.
    pub omit_unchanged_compact_timestamps: bool,
    /// Optional per-data-type timestamp omission policy for compact follow-up frames.
    ///
    /// This allows a side to omit unchanged timestamps only for selected traffic while keeping
    /// absolute/delta timestamps for other data types on the same link.
    pub compact_timestamp_omission_types: CompactTimestampOmissionPolicy,
    /// Declared compact-link profile for stats and future negotiation.
    pub side_transport_profile: SideTransportProfile,
    /// Allows packets received from this side to enter router processing.
    pub ingress_enabled: bool,
    /// Allows the router to transmit packets toward this side.
    pub egress_enabled: bool,
}

impl Default for RouterSideOptions {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            reliable_enabled: false,
            link_local_enabled: false,
            header_template_enabled: false,
            max_frame_bytes: 0,
            compact_header_target_bytes: 0,
            max_side_transport_templates: DEFAULT_SIDE_TRANSPORT_TEMPLATE_LIMIT,
            omit_unchanged_compact_timestamps: false,
            compact_timestamp_omission_types: CompactTimestampOmissionPolicy::none(),
            side_transport_profile: SideTransportProfile::Canonical,
            ingress_enabled: true,
            egress_enabled: true,
        }
    }
}

impl RouterSideOptions {
    /// Convenience preset for compact packed-side transport.
    ///
    /// This enables header-template reuse and, when `max_frame_bytes > 0`,
    /// router-managed chunking/reassembly for fixed-size transports.
    #[inline]
    pub fn with_small_packet_transport(mut self, max_frame_bytes: usize) -> Self {
        self.header_template_enabled = true;
        self.max_frame_bytes = max_frame_bytes;
        self.compact_header_target_bytes = IPV6_LIKE_COMPACT_HEADER_TARGET_BYTES;
        self.side_transport_profile = SideTransportProfile::Ipv6Like;
        self
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn with_ipv4_like_compact_header_target(mut self) -> Self {
        self.header_template_enabled = true;
        self.compact_header_target_bytes = IPV4_LIKE_COMPACT_HEADER_TARGET_BYTES;
        self.omit_unchanged_compact_timestamps = true;
        self.side_transport_profile = SideTransportProfile::Ipv4Like;
        self
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn with_ipv6_like_compact_header_target(mut self) -> Self {
        self.header_template_enabled = true;
        self.compact_header_target_bytes = IPV6_LIKE_COMPACT_HEADER_TARGET_BYTES;
        self.side_transport_profile = SideTransportProfile::Ipv6Like;
        self
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn with_template_transport(mut self) -> Self {
        self.header_template_enabled = true;
        self.side_transport_profile = SideTransportProfile::Template;
        self
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn with_omitted_unchanged_compact_timestamps(mut self) -> Self {
        self.header_template_enabled = true;
        self.omit_unchanged_compact_timestamps = true;
        self
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn with_omitted_unchanged_compact_timestamps_for_type(mut self, ty: DataType) -> Self {
        self.header_template_enabled = true;
        self.compact_timestamp_omission_types.insert(ty);
        self
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn effective_transport_profile(self) -> SideTransportProfile {
        if !self.header_template_enabled && self.max_frame_bytes == 0 {
            SideTransportProfile::Canonical
        } else if self.side_transport_profile == SideTransportProfile::Canonical {
            SideTransportProfile::Template
        } else {
            self.side_transport_profile
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn link_capabilities(self) -> discovery::LinkCapabilities {
        let mut flags = discovery::LINK_CAPABILITY_END_TO_END_RELIABILITY;
        if self.header_template_enabled {
            flags |= discovery::LINK_CAPABILITY_HEADER_TEMPLATES;
        }
        if self.max_frame_bytes != 0 {
            flags |= discovery::LINK_CAPABILITY_CHUNKING;
        }
        if self.reliable_enabled {
            flags |= discovery::LINK_CAPABILITY_RELIABILITY;
        }
        if self.omit_unchanged_compact_timestamps
            || !self.compact_timestamp_omission_types.is_empty()
        {
            flags |= discovery::LINK_CAPABILITY_OMIT_UNCHANGED_TIMESTAMPS;
        }
        #[cfg(feature = "cryptography")]
        {
            flags |= discovery::LINK_CAPABILITY_CRYPTO;
        }
        discovery::LinkCapabilities {
            version: 1,
            flags,
            profile: self.effective_transport_profile().discovery_code(),
            max_frame_bytes: self.max_frame_bytes.min(u32::MAX as usize) as u32,
            compact_header_target_bytes: self.compact_header_target_bytes.min(u32::MAX as usize)
                as u32,
            max_side_transport_templates: self.max_side_transport_templates.min(u32::MAX as usize)
                as u32,
        }
    }
}

/// One side of the router – a name + TX handler.
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct RouterSide {
    pub name: Arc<str>,
    pub tx_handler: RouterTxHandlerFn,
    pub opts: RouterSideOptions,
}

/// Debug implementation for EndpointHandler.
impl Debug for EndpointHandler {
    #[inline]
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("EndpointHandler")
            .field("endpoint", &self.endpoint)
            .field("handler", &self.handler)
            .finish()
    }
}

#[inline]
pub(crate) const fn endpoint_is_router_internal(endpoint: DataEndpoint) -> bool {
    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    if matches!(endpoint, DataEndpoint::TimeSync) {
        return true;
    }
    discovery::is_discovery_endpoint(endpoint)
}

impl EndpointHandler {
    /// Create a new endpoint handler for `Packet` callbacks.
    ///
    /// Handler signature is `Fn(&Packet) -> TelemetryResult<()>`.
    #[inline]
    pub fn new_packet_handler<F>(endpoint: DataEndpoint, f: F) -> Self
    where
        F: Fn(&Packet) -> TelemetryResult<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        assert!(
            !endpoint_is_router_internal(endpoint),
            "reserved internal endpoint handlers must not be user-registered"
        );
        #[cfg(feature = "std")]
        crate::config::ensure_endpoint_id(endpoint, false)
            .expect("endpoint handler endpoint registration failed");
        Self {
            endpoint,
            handler: EndpointHandlerFn::Packet(Arc::new(f)),
        }
    }

    /// Create a new packet handler from a runtime endpoint definition.
    #[inline]
    #[cfg(feature = "std")]
    pub fn new_packet_handler_for<F>(endpoint: crate::config::OwnedEndpointDefinition, f: F) -> Self
    where
        F: Fn(&Packet) -> TelemetryResult<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        Self::new_packet_handler(endpoint.id, f)
    }

    /// Create a new packet handler from a static endpoint definition.
    #[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
    #[inline]
    pub fn new_packet_handler_for<F>(endpoint: crate::config::EndpointDefinition, f: F) -> Self
    where
        F: Fn(&Packet) -> TelemetryResult<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        Self::new_packet_handler(endpoint.id, f)
    }

    /// Create a new packet handler by endpoint name.
    #[cfg(feature = "std")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn new_packet_handler_by_name<F>(endpoint_name: &str, f: F) -> TelemetryResult<Self>
    where
        F: Fn(&Packet) -> TelemetryResult<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let endpoint = crate::config::endpoint_definition_by_name(endpoint_name)
            .ok_or(TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        Ok(Self::new_packet_handler(endpoint.id, f))
    }

    /// Create a new endpoint handler for packed byte-slice callbacks.
    ///
    /// Handler signature is `Fn(&[u8]) -> TelemetryResult<()>`.
    #[inline]
    pub fn new_packed_handler<F>(endpoint: DataEndpoint, f: F) -> Self
    where
        F: Fn(&[u8]) -> TelemetryResult<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        assert!(
            !endpoint_is_router_internal(endpoint),
            "reserved internal endpoint handlers must not be user-registered"
        );
        #[cfg(feature = "std")]
        crate::config::ensure_endpoint_id(endpoint, false)
            .expect("endpoint handler endpoint registration failed");
        Self {
            endpoint,
            handler: EndpointHandlerFn::Packed(Arc::new(f)),
        }
    }

    /// Create a new packed handler from a runtime endpoint definition.
    #[inline]
    pub fn new_packed_handler_for<F>(endpoint: crate::config::EndpointDefinition, f: F) -> Self
    where
        F: Fn(&[u8]) -> TelemetryResult<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        Self::new_packed_handler(endpoint.id, f)
    }

    /// Create a new packed handler by endpoint name.
    #[cfg(feature = "std")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn new_packed_handler_by_name<F>(endpoint_name: &str, f: F) -> TelemetryResult<Self>
    where
        F: Fn(&[u8]) -> TelemetryResult<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let endpoint = crate::config::endpoint_definition_by_name(endpoint_name)
            .ok_or(TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        Ok(Self::new_packed_handler(endpoint.id, f))
    }

    /// Return the endpoint that the handler is registered for.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_endpoint(&self) -> DataEndpoint {
        self.endpoint
    }

    /// Return a reference to the handler function.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_handler(&self) -> &EndpointHandlerFn {
        &self.handler
    }
}

pub trait Clock {
    /// Return the current time in milliseconds.
    fn now_ms(&self) -> u64;

    /// Return the current time in nanoseconds.
    ///
    /// The default implementation derives this from [`Clock::now_ms`].
    fn now_ns(&self) -> u64 {
        self.now_ms().saturating_mul(1_000_000)
    }
}

impl<T: Fn() -> u64> Clock for T {
    #[inline]
    fn now_ms(&self) -> u64 {
        self()
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "std")]
#[derive(Debug)]
struct StdMonotonicClock {
    start: Instant,
}

#[cfg(feature = "std")]
impl Default for StdMonotonicClock {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            start: Instant::now(),
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "std")]
impl Clock for StdMonotonicClock {
    fn now_ms(&self) -> u64 {
        u64::try_from(self.start.elapsed().as_millis()).unwrap_or(u64::MAX)
    }

    fn now_ns(&self) -> u64 {
        u64::try_from(self.start.elapsed().as_nanos()).unwrap_or(u64::MAX)
    }
}

/// Router-level E2E cryptography behavior.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum RouterE2eEncryptionMode {
    /// Do not use E2E cryptography. Data types marked `RequireOn` are rejected.
    Disabled,
    /// Use E2E cryptography only for data types that require it.
    RequiredOnly,
    /// Use E2E cryptography for required and preferred data types.
    Preferred,
    /// Require E2E cryptography for every non-control data type.
    ForceAll,
}

pub type NodeAddress = u32;
pub type P2pPort = u16;
pub type P2pStreamId = u32;

const P2P_STREAM_MAGIC: [u8; 4] = *b"SDSP";
const P2P_STREAM_VERSION: u8 = 1;
const P2P_STREAM_SYN: u8 = 0x01;
const P2P_STREAM_ACK: u8 = 0x02;
const P2P_STREAM_FIN: u8 = 0x04;
const P2P_STREAM_RST: u8 = 0x08;
const P2P_STREAM_DATA: u8 = 0x10;

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum AddressAssignmentMode {
    Dynamic,
    Requested(NodeAddress),
    Static(NodeAddress),
}

impl AddressAssignmentMode {
    #[inline]
    fn mode_code(self) -> u8 {
        match self {
            Self::Dynamic => 0,
            Self::Requested(_) => 1,
            Self::Static(_) => 2,
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    fn requested_address(self) -> NodeAddress {
        match self {
            Self::Dynamic => 0,
            Self::Requested(addr) | Self::Static(addr) => addr,
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum AddressChangeReason {
    Configured,
    DynamicConflict,
    RequestedConflict,
    StaticConflict,
    HostnameConflict,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct AddressChange {
    pub old_hostname: Arc<str>,
    pub new_hostname: Arc<str>,
    pub old_address: NodeAddress,
    pub new_address: NodeAddress,
    pub reason: AddressChangeReason,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct AddressBookEntry {
    pub hostname: Arc<str>,
    pub address: NodeAddress,
    pub requested_address: NodeAddress,
    pub mode: AddressAssignmentMode,
    pub birth_ms: u64,
    pub owner_hash: u64,
    pub last_seen_ms: u64,
}

pub struct P2pMessage<'a> {
    pub source_hostname: &'a str,
    pub source_address: NodeAddress,
    pub source_port: P2pPort,
    pub destination_port: P2pPort,
    pub payload: &'a [u8],
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum P2pStreamEventKind {
    Accepted,
    Connected,
    Data,
    Closed,
    Reset,
}

pub struct P2pStreamEvent<'a> {
    pub kind: P2pStreamEventKind,
    pub stream_id: P2pStreamId,
    pub peer_stream_id: P2pStreamId,
    pub sequence: u32,
    pub peer_hostname: &'a str,
    pub peer_address: NodeAddress,
    pub local_port: P2pPort,
    pub peer_port: P2pPort,
    pub payload: &'a [u8],
}

struct P2pDecoded<'a> {
    source_hostname: &'a str,
    source_address: NodeAddress,
    source_port: P2pPort,
    destination_port: P2pPort,
    payload: &'a [u8],
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct P2pStreamDecoded<'a> {
    flags: u8,
    source_stream_id: P2pStreamId,
    destination_stream_id: P2pStreamId,
    sequence: u32,
    payload: &'a [u8],
}

type AddressChangeFn = dyn Fn(AddressChange) -> TelemetryResult<()> + Send + Sync + 'static;

#[derive(Clone)]
struct AddressChangeHandler {
    handler: Arc<AddressChangeFn>,
}

impl Debug for AddressChangeHandler {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        f.write_str("AddressChangeHandler(<handler>)")
    }
}

type P2pPortHandlerFn = dyn Fn(P2pMessage<'_>) -> TelemetryResult<()> + Send + Sync + 'static;

#[derive(Clone)]
struct P2pPortHandler {
    handler: Arc<P2pPortHandlerFn>,
}

impl Debug for P2pPortHandler {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        f.write_str("P2pPortHandler(<handler>)")
    }
}

type P2pStreamHandlerFn = dyn Fn(P2pStreamEvent<'_>) -> TelemetryResult<()> + Send + Sync + 'static;

#[derive(Clone)]
struct P2pStreamHandler {
    handler: Arc<P2pStreamHandlerFn>,
}

impl Debug for P2pStreamHandler {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        f.write_str("P2pStreamHandler(<handler>)")
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct P2pStreamSession {
    peer_hostname: Arc<str>,
    peer_address: NodeAddress,
    local_port: P2pPort,
    peer_port: P2pPort,
    peer_stream_id: P2pStreamId,
    next_sequence: u32,
    connected: bool,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct PendingP2pStreamEvent {
    handlers: Vec<P2pStreamHandler>,
    kind: P2pStreamEventKind,
    stream_id: P2pStreamId,
    peer_stream_id: P2pStreamId,
    peer_hostname: Arc<str>,
    peer_address: NodeAddress,
    local_port: P2pPort,
    peer_port: P2pPort,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct RouterConfig {
    /// Handlers for local endpoints.
    handlers: Arc<[EndpointHandler]>,
    /// Whether to enable reliable ordering/ACKs for reliable data types.
    reliable_enabled: bool,
    /// Optional per-router sender override.
    sender: Option<Arc<str>>,
    /// Address assignment policy used for P2P routing.
    address_mode: AddressAssignmentMode,
    /// Callbacks invoked when conflict resolution changes this router's identity.
    address_change_handlers: Arc<[AddressChangeHandler]>,
    /// End-to-end cryptography behavior for user data.
    e2e_encryption: RouterE2eEncryptionMode,
    /// Application-defined key id passed to the cryptography provider.
    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "cryptography"), allow(dead_code))]
    e2e_key_id: u32,
    memory: RuntimeMemoryConfig,
    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    timesync: Option<TimeSyncConfig>,
}

impl RouterConfig {
    /// Default router E2E mode for this build.
    ///
    /// Builds with cryptography prefer encrypted payloads automatically for data types that request
    /// it. Minimal builds without cryptography stay disabled and reject `RequireOn` traffic.
    pub fn default_e2e_encryption_mode() -> RouterE2eEncryptionMode {
        #[cfg(feature = "cryptography")]
        {
            RouterE2eEncryptionMode::Preferred
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "cryptography"))]
        {
            RouterE2eEncryptionMode::Disabled
        }
    }

    /// Create a new router configuration with the specified local endpoint handlers.
    pub fn new<H>(handlers: H) -> Self
    where
        H: Into<Arc<[EndpointHandler]>>,
    {
        let handlers: Arc<[EndpointHandler]> = handlers.into();
        assert!(
            handlers
                .iter()
                .all(|handler| !endpoint_is_router_internal(handler.endpoint)),
            "reserved internal endpoint handlers must not be user-registered"
        );
        Self {
            handlers,
            reliable_enabled: true,
            sender: None,
            address_mode: AddressAssignmentMode::Dynamic,
            address_change_handlers: Arc::from([]),
            e2e_encryption: Self::default_e2e_encryption_mode(),
            e2e_key_id: 0,
            memory: RuntimeMemoryConfig::default(),
            #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
            timesync: None,
        }
    }

    /// Enable or disable reliable delivery for this router instance.
    pub fn with_reliable_enabled(mut self, enabled: bool) -> Self {
        self.reliable_enabled = enabled;
        self
    }

    /// Override the sender identifier for this router instance.
    pub fn with_sender<S: AsRef<str>>(mut self, sender: S) -> Self {
        self.sender = Some(Arc::from(sender.as_ref()));
        self
    }

    /// Alias for `with_sender`; discovery uses this name for P2P service resolution.
    pub fn with_hostname<S: AsRef<str>>(self, hostname: S) -> Self {
        self.with_sender(hostname)
    }

    /// Request a dynamic address assigned by the discovered network authority.
    pub fn with_dynamic_address(mut self) -> Self {
        self.address_mode = AddressAssignmentMode::Dynamic;
        self
    }

    /// Request a preferred address. It is kept when unique and reassigned on conflict.
    pub fn with_requested_address(mut self, address: NodeAddress) -> Self {
        self.address_mode = AddressAssignmentMode::Requested(address);
        self
    }

    /// Require a static address. If two static nodes conflict, the oldest keeps it.
    pub fn with_static_address(mut self, address: NodeAddress) -> Self {
        self.address_mode = AddressAssignmentMode::Static(address);
        self
    }

    /// Register a callback for local address or hostname changes after conflict resolution.
    pub fn on_address_change<F>(mut self, f: F) -> Self
    where
        F: Fn(AddressChange) -> TelemetryResult<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let mut handlers = self.address_change_handlers.to_vec();
        handlers.push(AddressChangeHandler {
            handler: Arc::new(f),
        });
        self.address_change_handlers = Arc::from(handlers);
        self
    }

    /// Configure this router's end-to-end cryptography policy.
    pub fn with_e2e_encryption(mut self, mode: RouterE2eEncryptionMode) -> Self {
        self.e2e_encryption = mode;
        self
    }

    /// Configure the application-defined key id used for E2E encrypted payloads.
    pub fn with_e2e_key_id(mut self, key_id: u32) -> Self {
        self.e2e_key_id = key_id;
        self
    }

    /// Override per-router queue and dedupe memory limits.
    pub fn with_memory_config(mut self, memory: RuntimeMemoryConfig) -> TelemetryResult<Self> {
        memory.validate()?;
        self.memory = memory;
        Ok(self)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    /// Enables and configures built-in time synchronization for this router.
    pub fn with_timesync(mut self, cfg: TimeSyncConfig) -> Self {
        self.timesync = Some(cfg);
        self
    }

    #[inline]
    /// Check if the specified endpoint is local to this router.
    fn is_local_endpoint(&self, ep: DataEndpoint) -> bool {
        if endpoint_is_router_internal(ep) {
            return false;
        }
        self.handlers.iter().any(|h| h.endpoint == ep)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn reliable_enabled(&self) -> bool {
        self.reliable_enabled
    }

    #[inline]
    fn sender(&self) -> String {
        self.sender
            .as_deref()
            .map(ToString::to_string)
            .unwrap_or_else(runtime_device_identifier)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn address_mode(&self) -> AddressAssignmentMode {
        self.address_mode
    }

    #[inline]
    fn e2e_encryption(&self) -> RouterE2eEncryptionMode {
        self.e2e_encryption
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "cryptography")]
    #[inline]
    fn e2e_key_id(&self) -> u32 {
        self.e2e_key_id
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    #[inline]
    fn timesync_config(&self) -> Option<TimeSyncConfig> {
        self.timesync
    }

    #[inline]
    fn memory_config(&self) -> RuntimeMemoryConfig {
        self.memory
    }
}

impl Default for RouterConfig {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            handlers: Arc::from([]),
            reliable_enabled: true,
            sender: None,
            address_mode: AddressAssignmentMode::Dynamic,
            address_change_handlers: Arc::from([]),
            e2e_encryption: Self::default_e2e_encryption_mode(),
            e2e_key_id: 0,
            memory: RuntimeMemoryConfig::default(),
            #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
            timesync: None,
        }
    }
}

// -------------------- generic little-endian serialization --------------------

pub trait LeBytes: Copy + Sized {
    const WIDTH: usize;
    fn write_le(self, out: &mut [u8]);
    fn from_le_slice(bytes: &[u8]) -> Self;
}

impl_letype_num!(u8, 1);
impl_letype_num!(u16, 2);
impl_letype_num!(u32, 4);
impl_letype_num!(u64, 8);
impl_letype_num!(u128, 16);
impl_letype_num!(i8, 1);
impl_letype_num!(i16, 2);
impl_letype_num!(i32, 4);
impl_letype_num!(i64, 8);
impl_letype_num!(i128, 16);
impl_letype_num!(f32, 4);
impl_letype_num!(f64, 8);

/// Encode a slice of `LeBytes` into a contiguous little-endian byte array.
pub(crate) fn encode_slice_le<T: LeBytes>(data: &[T]) -> Arc<[u8]> {
    let total = data.len() * T::WIDTH;
    let mut buf = vec![0u8; total];

    for (i, v) in data.iter().copied().enumerate() {
        let start = i * T::WIDTH;
        v.write_le(&mut buf[start..start + T::WIDTH]);
    }

    Arc::from(buf)
}

/// Build an error payload for `TelemetryError` packets, respecting the
/// static/dynamic sizing rules from `message_meta`.
fn make_error_payload(msg: &str) -> Arc<[u8]> {
    let meta = message_meta(DataType::TelemetryError);
    match meta.element {
        MessageElement::Static(_, _, _) => {
            let max = get_needed_message_size(DataType::TelemetryError);
            let bytes = msg.as_bytes();
            let n = core::cmp::min(max, bytes.len());
            let mut buf = vec![0u8; max];
            if n > 0 {
                buf[..n].copy_from_slice(&bytes[..n]);
            }
            Arc::from(buf)
        }
        MessageElement::Dynamic(_, _) => Arc::from(msg.as_bytes()),
    }
}

/// Generic raw logger function used by Router::log and Router::log_queue.
/// Builds a Packet from the provided data slice and passes it to the
/// provided transmission function.
fn log_raw<T, F>(
    sender: &str,
    ty: DataType,
    data: &[T],
    timestamp: u64,
    mut tx_function: F,
) -> TelemetryResult<()>
where
    T: LeBytes,
    F: FnMut(Packet) -> TelemetryResult<()>,
{
    let meta = message_meta(ty);
    let got = data.len() * T::WIDTH;

    match meta.element {
        MessageElement::Static(_, _, _) => {
            if got != get_needed_message_size(ty) {
                return Err(TelemetryError::SizeMismatch {
                    expected: get_needed_message_size(ty),
                    got,
                });
            }
        }
        MessageElement::Dynamic(_, _) => {
            // For dynamic numeric payloads, require total byte length to be a multiple of element width.
            if !got.is_multiple_of(T::WIDTH) {
                return Err(TelemetryError::SizeMismatch {
                    expected: T::WIDTH,
                    got,
                });
            }
        }
    }

    let payload = encode_slice_le(data);
    let pkt = Packet::new(ty, meta.endpoints_ref(), sender, timestamp, payload)?;
    tx_function(pkt)
}

/// Fallback printing for error messages when no local endpoints exist.
/// - With `std`: prints to stderr.
/// - Without `std`: forwards to `seds_error_msg` (platform-provided).
fn fallback_stdout(_msg: &str) {
    #[cfg(feature = "std")]
    {
        eprintln!("{}", _msg);
    }
    #[cfg(all(not(feature = "std"), target_os = "none"))]
    {
        let message = format!("{}\n", _msg);
        unsafe {
            seds_error_msg(message.as_ptr(), message.len());
        }
    }
}

// -------------------- Router --------------------

/// Internal mutable state of the Router, protected by `RouterMutex`.
/// Holds the RX/TX queues and the recent-RX de-duplication set.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct RouterInner {
    memory: RuntimeMemoryConfig,
    sides: Vec<Option<RouterSide>>,
    route_overrides: BTreeMap<(Option<RouterSideId>, RouterSideId), bool>,
    typed_route_overrides: BTreeMap<(Option<RouterSideId>, u32, RouterSideId), bool>,
    route_weights: BTreeMap<(Option<RouterSideId>, RouterSideId), u32>,
    route_priorities: BTreeMap<(Option<RouterSideId>, RouterSideId), u32>,
    source_route_modes: BTreeMap<Option<RouterSideId>, RouteSelectionMode>,
    route_selection_cursors: BTreeMap<Option<RouterSideId>, u64>,
    adaptive_route_stats: BTreeMap<RouterSideId, AdaptiveRouteStats>,
    side_runtime_stats: BTreeMap<RouterSideId, SideRuntimeStatsInner>,
    side_transport: BTreeMap<RouterSideId, SideTransportState>,
    managed_variable_types: BTreeSet<u32>,
    managed_variable_permissions: BTreeMap<u32, NetworkVariablePermissions>,
    managed_variable_latest: BTreeMap<u32, ManagedVariableCacheEntry>,
    network_variable_update_handlers: BTreeMap<u32, Vec<NetworkVariableUpdateHandler>>,
    local_address: AddressBookEntry,
    address_book: BTreeMap<String, AddressBookEntry>,
    address_by_value: BTreeMap<NodeAddress, String>,
    p2p_port_handlers: BTreeMap<P2pPort, Vec<P2pPortHandler>>,
    p2p_stream_handlers: BTreeMap<P2pPort, Vec<P2pStreamHandler>>,
    p2p_stream_sessions: BTreeMap<P2pStreamId, P2pStreamSession>,
    next_p2p_stream_id: P2pStreamId,
    received_queue: BoundedDeque<RouterRxItem>,
    transmit_queue: BoundedDeque<TxQueued>,
    tx_priority_burst: u8,
    recent_rx: BoundedDeque<u64>,
    reliable_tx: BTreeMap<(RouterSideId, u32), ReliableTxState>,
    reliable_rx: BTreeMap<(RouterSideId, u32), ReliableRxState>,
    reliable_return_routes: BTreeMap<u64, ReliableReturnRouteState>,
    reliable_return_route_order: VecDeque<u64>,
    end_to_end_reliable_tx: BTreeMap<u64, EndToEndReliableSent>,
    end_to_end_reliable_tx_order: VecDeque<u64>,
    total_handler_failures: u64,
    total_handler_retries: u64,
    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    discovery_routes: BTreeMap<RouterSideId, DiscoverySideState>,
    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    discovery_cadence: DiscoveryCadenceState,
    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    discovery_side_throttle: BTreeMap<RouterSideId, DiscoverySideThrottleState>,
    #[cfg(all(feature = "discovery", feature = "timesync"))]
    timesync_side_throttle: BTreeMap<RouterSideId, TimeSyncSideThrottleState>,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct ManagedVariableCacheEntry {
    packet: Packet,
    cached_at_ms: u64,
}

type NetworkVariableUpdateFn = dyn Fn(&Packet) -> TelemetryResult<()> + Send + Sync + 'static;

#[derive(Clone)]
struct NetworkVariableUpdateHandler {
    handler: Arc<NetworkVariableUpdateFn>,
}

impl Debug for NetworkVariableUpdateHandler {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        f.write_str("NetworkVariableUpdateHandler(<handler>)")
    }
}

/// Local permission policy for a network-managed variable.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct NetworkVariablePermissions {
    pub read: bool,
    pub write: bool,
}

impl NetworkVariablePermissions {
    pub const NONE: Self = Self {
        read: false,
        write: false,
    };
    pub const READ_ONLY: Self = Self {
        read: true,
        write: false,
    };
    pub const WRITE_ONLY: Self = Self {
        read: false,
        write: true,
    };
    pub const READ_WRITE: Self = Self {
        read: true,
        write: true,
    };
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
enum RouterQueueKind {
    Received,
    Transmit,
    Recent,
    ReliableRxBuffer,
    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    Discovery,
}

impl RouterInner {
    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn topology_board_byte_cost(board: &TopologyBoardNode) -> usize {
        board
            .sender_id
            .len()
            .saturating_add(board.reachable_endpoints.len() * size_of::<DataEndpoint>())
            .saturating_add(
                board
                    .reachable_timesync_sources
                    .iter()
                    .map(|s| s.len())
                    .sum::<usize>(),
            )
            .saturating_add(board.connections.iter().map(|s| s.len()).sum::<usize>())
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn discovery_sender_byte_cost(sender: &str, state: &DiscoverySenderState) -> usize {
        sender
            .len()
            .saturating_add(state.reachable.len() * size_of::<DataEndpoint>())
            .saturating_add(state.reachable_network_variables.len() * size_of::<DataType>())
            .saturating_add(
                state
                    .reachable_timesync_sources
                    .iter()
                    .map(|s| s.len())
                    .sum::<usize>(),
            )
            .saturating_add(
                state
                    .topology_boards
                    .iter()
                    .map(Self::topology_board_byte_cost)
                    .sum::<usize>(),
            )
            .saturating_add(size_of::<DiscoverySenderState>())
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn discovery_route_byte_cost(side: RouterSideId, route: &DiscoverySideState) -> usize {
        size_of::<RouterSideId>()
            .saturating_add(size_of::<DiscoverySideState>())
            .saturating_add(route.reachable.len() * size_of::<DataEndpoint>())
            .saturating_add(route.reachable_network_variables.len() * size_of::<DataType>())
            .saturating_add(
                route
                    .reachable_timesync_sources
                    .iter()
                    .map(|s| s.len())
                    .sum::<usize>(),
            )
            .saturating_add(
                route
                    .announcers
                    .iter()
                    .map(|(sender, state)| Self::discovery_sender_byte_cost(sender, state))
                    .sum::<usize>(),
            )
            .saturating_add(side.saturating_sub(side))
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn discovery_bytes_used(&self) -> usize {
        self.discovery_routes
            .iter()
            .map(|(side, route)| Self::discovery_route_byte_cost(*side, route))
            .sum()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn reliable_rx_buffered_bytes(&self) -> usize {
        self.reliable_rx
            .values()
            .flat_map(|state| state.buffered.values())
            .map(|bytes| size_of::<Arc<[u8]>>() + bytes.len())
            .sum()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn shared_queue_bytes_used(&self) -> usize {
        self.received_queue
            .bytes_used()
            .saturating_add(self.transmit_queue.bytes_used())
            .saturating_add(self.recent_rx.max_bytes())
            .saturating_add(self.reliable_rx_buffered_bytes())
            .saturating_add(crate::config::schema_bytes_used())
            .saturating_add({
                #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
                {
                    self.discovery_bytes_used()
                }
                #[cfg(not(feature = "discovery"))]
                {
                    0
                }
            })
    }

    fn reliable_rx_buffer_len(&self) -> usize {
        self.reliable_rx
            .values()
            .map(|state| state.buffered.len())
            .sum()
    }

    fn pop_reliable_rx_buffered(&mut self) -> Option<Arc<[u8]>> {
        let key = self
            .reliable_rx
            .iter()
            .find_map(|(key, state)| (!state.buffered.is_empty()).then_some(*key))?;
        self.reliable_rx
            .get_mut(&key)?
            .buffered
            .pop_first()
            .map(|(_, v)| v)
    }

    fn pop_shared_queue_item(&mut self, preferred: RouterQueueKind) -> bool {
        match preferred {
            RouterQueueKind::Received => self.received_queue.pop_front().is_some(),
            RouterQueueKind::Transmit => self.transmit_queue.pop_front().is_some(),
            RouterQueueKind::Recent => self.recent_rx.pop_front().is_some(),
            RouterQueueKind::ReliableRxBuffer => self.pop_reliable_rx_buffered().is_some(),
            #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
            RouterQueueKind::Discovery => self.pop_discovery_route(),
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn pop_discovery_route(&mut self) -> bool {
        let Some((&side, _)) = self
            .discovery_routes
            .iter()
            .min_by_key(|(_, route)| route.last_seen_ms)
        else {
            return false;
        };
        self.discovery_routes.remove(&side);
        Self::queue_budget_warning("topology route evicted because shared queue budget is full");
        true
    }

    fn largest_shared_queue(&self) -> Option<RouterQueueKind> {
        let candidates = [
            (
                RouterQueueKind::Received,
                self.received_queue.bytes_used(),
                self.received_queue.len(),
            ),
            (
                RouterQueueKind::Transmit,
                self.transmit_queue.bytes_used(),
                self.transmit_queue.len(),
            ),
            (RouterQueueKind::Recent, 0, 0),
            (
                RouterQueueKind::ReliableRxBuffer,
                self.reliable_rx_buffered_bytes(),
                self.reliable_rx_buffer_len(),
            ),
            #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
            (
                RouterQueueKind::Discovery,
                self.discovery_bytes_used(),
                self.discovery_routes.len(),
            ),
        ];
        candidates
            .into_iter()
            .filter(|(_, bytes, len)| *bytes > 0 && *len > 0)
            .max_by_key(|(kind, bytes, _)| {
                (
                    *bytes,
                    if *kind == RouterQueueKind::ReliableRxBuffer {
                        0
                    } else {
                        1
                    },
                )
            })
            .map(|(kind, _, _)| kind)
    }

    fn make_shared_queue_room(
        &mut self,
        incoming_cost: usize,
        preferred: RouterQueueKind,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        if incoming_cost > self.memory.max_queue_budget {
            return Err(TelemetryError::PacketTooLarge(
                "Item exceeds maximum shared queue budget",
            ));
        }

        while self.shared_queue_bytes_used().saturating_add(incoming_cost)
            > self.memory.max_queue_budget
        {
            let victim = self.largest_shared_queue().unwrap_or(preferred);
            if victim == RouterQueueKind::Discovery {
                Self::queue_budget_warning("topology data is using the largest queue budget share");
            }
            if !self.pop_shared_queue_item(victim) && !self.pop_shared_queue_item(preferred) {
                return Err(TelemetryError::PacketTooLarge(
                    "Item exceeds maximum shared queue budget",
                ));
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    #[inline]
    fn queue_budget_warning(msg: &str) {
        #[cfg(feature = "std")]
        eprintln!("sedsnet queue budget warning: {msg}");
        let _ = msg;
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn fit_discovery_budget(&mut self) {
        while self.shared_queue_bytes_used() > self.memory.max_queue_budget {
            if !self.pop_discovery_route() {
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    fn push_received(&mut self, item: RouterRxItem) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        self.make_shared_queue_room(item.byte_cost(), RouterQueueKind::Received)?;
        self.received_queue
            .push_back_prioritized(item, |queued| queued.priority)
    }

    fn push_transmit(&mut self, item: TxQueued) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        self.make_shared_queue_room(item.byte_cost(), RouterQueueKind::Transmit)?;
        self.transmit_queue
            .push_back_prioritized(item, |queued| queued.priority)
    }

    fn push_recent_rx(&mut self, id: u64) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        while self.recent_rx.len() >= self.memory.max_recent_rx_ids {
            let _ = self.recent_rx.pop_front();
        }
        self.make_shared_queue_room(0, RouterQueueKind::Recent)?;
        self.recent_rx.push_back(id)
    }

    fn buffer_reliable_rx(
        &mut self,
        side: RouterSideId,
        ty: DataType,
        seq: u32,
        bytes: Arc<[u8]>,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let key = Router::reliable_key(side, ty);
        if self
            .reliable_rx
            .get(&key)
            .is_some_and(|state| state.buffered.contains_key(&seq))
        {
            return Ok(());
        }
        let cost = size_of::<Arc<[u8]>>() + bytes.len();
        self.make_shared_queue_room(cost, RouterQueueKind::ReliableRxBuffer)?;
        let rx_state = self
            .reliable_rx
            .entry(key)
            .or_insert_with(|| ReliableRxState {
                expected_seq: 1,
                buffered: BTreeMap::new(),
            });
        if rx_state.buffered.len() >= runtime_reliable_max_pending() {
            let _ = rx_state.buffered.pop_first();
        }
        rx_state.buffered.insert(seq, bytes);
        Ok(())
    }
}

/// Non-blocking RX queue used by ISR-safe `rx_queue*` APIs.
///
/// Uses a tiny atomic try-lock so enqueue never blocks. If contended, push/pop
/// operations return `TelemetryError::Io("rx queue busy")`.
struct IsrRxQueue {
    busy: AtomicBool,
    q: UnsafeCell<BoundedDeque<RouterRxItem>>,
}

unsafe impl Send for IsrRxQueue {}
unsafe impl Sync for IsrRxQueue {}

struct IsrRxQueueGuard<'a> {
    owner: &'a IsrRxQueue,
}

impl Deref for IsrRxQueueGuard<'_> {
    type Target = BoundedDeque<RouterRxItem>;

    #[inline]
    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
        unsafe { &*self.owner.q.get() }
    }
}

impl DerefMut for IsrRxQueueGuard<'_> {
    #[inline]
    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
        unsafe { &mut *self.owner.q.get() }
    }
}

impl Drop for IsrRxQueueGuard<'_> {
    #[inline]
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        self.owner.busy.store(false, Ordering::Release);
    }
}

impl IsrRxQueue {
    #[inline]
    fn new(max_bytes: usize, starting_bytes: usize, grow_mult: f64) -> Self {
        Self {
            busy: AtomicBool::new(false),
            q: UnsafeCell::new(BoundedDeque::new(max_bytes, starting_bytes, grow_mult)),
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    fn try_lock(&self) -> TelemetryResult<IsrRxQueueGuard<'_>> {
        match self
            .busy
            .compare_exchange(false, true, Ordering::Acquire, Ordering::Relaxed)
        {
            Ok(_) => Ok(IsrRxQueueGuard { owner: self }),
            Err(_) => Err(TelemetryError::Io("rx queue busy")),
        }
    }

    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline]
    fn push_back(&self, item: RouterRxItem) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let mut g = self.try_lock()?;
        g.push_back(item)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn push_back_prioritized(&self, item: RouterRxItem) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let mut g = self.try_lock()?;
        g.push_back_prioritized(item, |queued| queued.priority)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn pop_front(&self) -> TelemetryResult<Option<RouterRxItem>> {
        let mut g = self.try_lock()?;
        Ok(g.pop_front())
    }

    #[inline]
    fn clear(&self) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let mut g = self.try_lock()?;
        g.clear();
        Ok(())
    }

    #[inline]
    fn snapshot(&self) -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
        let g = self.try_lock().ok()?;
        Some((g.len(), g.bytes_used()))
    }
}

/// Telemetry Router for handling incoming and outgoing telemetry packets.
/// Supports queuing, processing, and dispatching to local endpoint handlers.
/// Thread-safe via internal locking.
pub struct Router {
    sender: RouterMutex<Arc<str>>,
    cfg: RouterConfig,
    state: RouterMutex<RouterInner>,
    isr_rx_queue: IsrRxQueue,
    side_tx_gate: ReentryGate,
    clock: Box<dyn Clock + Send + Sync>,
    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    timesync: RouterMutex<TimeSyncRuntime>,
}

#[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct PendingTimeSyncRequest {
    seq: u64,
    t1_mono_ms: u64,
    source: String,
}

#[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct RemoteTimeSyncSource {
    priority: u64,
    last_sample_mono_ms: u64,
    sample_unix_ms: u64,
}

#[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct TimeSyncRuntime {
    cfg: Option<TimeSyncConfig>,
    tracker: Option<TimeSyncTracker>,
    clock: NetworkClock,
    disciplined_clock: SlewedNetworkClock,
    remote_sources: BTreeMap<String, RemoteTimeSyncSource>,
    next_seq: u64,
    next_announce_mono_ms: u64,
    next_request_mono_ms: u64,
    pending_request: Option<PendingTimeSyncRequest>,
}

#[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
impl TimeSyncRuntime {
    fn new(cfg: Option<TimeSyncConfig>) -> Self {
        Self {
            tracker: cfg.map(TimeSyncTracker::new),
            cfg,
            clock: NetworkClock::default(),
            disciplined_clock: SlewedNetworkClock::new(
                cfg.map(|c| c.max_slew_ppm)
                    .unwrap_or(TimeSyncConfig::default().max_slew_ppm),
            ),
            remote_sources: BTreeMap::new(),
            next_seq: 1,
            next_announce_mono_ms: 0,
            next_request_mono_ms: 0,
            pending_request: None,
        }
    }
}

enum RemoteSidePlan {
    Target(Vec<RouterSideId>),
}

#[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
struct DiscoveryCandidateMatch {
    side: RouterSideId,
    overlap: usize,
}

#[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
#[inline]
const fn discovery_is_hop_local_advertisement(ty: DataType) -> bool {
    matches!(
        ty,
        DataType::DiscoveryAnnounce
            | DataType::DiscoveryTimeSyncSources
            | DataType::DiscoveryTopology
            | DataType::DiscoveryAddress
            | DataType::DiscoveryLinkCapabilities
    )
}

impl Debug for Router {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        let sender = self.sender();
        f.debug_struct("Router")
            .field("sender", &sender)
            .field("cfg", &self.cfg)
            .field("state", &"<mutex>")
            .field("clock", &"Clock")
            .finish()
    }
}

/// Check if any of the provided endpoints require remote forwarding when
/// discovery is unavailable and routing falls back to local-vs-remote schema.
#[inline]
fn has_nonlocal_endpoint(eps: &[DataEndpoint], cfg: &RouterConfig) -> bool {
    eps.iter().copied().any(|ep| !cfg.is_local_endpoint(ep))
}

#[inline]
fn force_remote_for_type(ty: DataType) -> bool {
    matches!(
        ty,
        DataType::ReliableAck
            | DataType::ReliablePartialAck
            | DataType::ReliablePacketRequest
            | DataType::P2pMessage
    ) || {
        #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
        {
            matches!(
                ty,
                DataType::TimeSyncAnnounce | DataType::TimeSyncRequest | DataType::TimeSyncResponse
            )
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "timesync"))]
        {
            false
        }
    }
}

#[inline]
fn is_internal_control_type(ty: DataType) -> bool {
    if matches!(
        ty,
        DataType::ReliableAck
            | DataType::ReliablePartialAck
            | DataType::ReliablePacketRequest
            | DataType::P2pMessage
    ) {
        return true;
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    if matches!(
        ty,
        DataType::TimeSyncAnnounce | DataType::TimeSyncRequest | DataType::TimeSyncResponse
    ) {
        return true;
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    if discovery::is_discovery_type(ty) {
        return true;
    }

    let _ = ty;
    false
}

/// Helper function to call a handler with retries and error handling.
fn with_retries<F>(
    this: &Router,
    dest: DataEndpoint,
    data: &RouterItem,
    pkt_for_ctx: Option<&Packet>,
    env_for_ctx: Option<&wire_format::TelemetryEnvelope>,
    called_from_queue: bool,
    run: F,
) -> TelemetryResult<()>
where
    F: Fn() -> TelemetryResult<()>,
{
    match this.retry_with_attempts(runtime_max_handler_retries(), run) {
        Ok(((), attempts)) => {
            if attempts > 1 {
                let mut st = this.state.lock();
                st.total_handler_retries = st
                    .total_handler_retries
                    .saturating_add(attempts.saturating_sub(1) as u64);
            }
            Ok(())
        }
        Err((e, attempts)) => {
            {
                let mut st = this.state.lock();
                st.total_handler_failures = st.total_handler_failures.saturating_add(1);
                st.total_handler_retries = st.total_handler_retries.saturating_add(attempts as u64);
            }

            // If handler fails, remove from dedupe so it can be retried later if resent.
            this.remove_pkt_id(data);

            // Emit error packet (to local endpoints).
            if let Some(pkt) = pkt_for_ctx {
                let _ = this.handle_callback_error(pkt, Some(dest), e, called_from_queue);
            } else if let Some(env) = env_for_ctx {
                let _ = this.handle_callback_error_from_env(env, Some(dest), e, called_from_queue);
            }

            Err(TelemetryError::HandlerError("local handler failed"))
        }
    }
}
/// Router implementation
impl Router {
    const END_TO_END_ACK_SENDER: &'static str = "E2EACK";
    const END_TO_END_ACK_PREFIX: &'static str = "E2EACK:";

    #[inline]
    fn side_ref(st: &RouterInner, side: RouterSideId) -> TelemetryResult<&RouterSide> {
        st.sides
            .get(side)
            .and_then(|side| side.as_ref())
            .ok_or(TelemetryError::HandlerError("router: invalid side id"))
    }

    fn note_side_tx_success(
        &self,
        side: RouterSideId,
        ty: DataType,
        bytes: usize,
        relayed: bool,
        attempts: usize,
    ) {
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let entry = st.side_runtime_stats.entry(side).or_default();
        entry.note_tx(ty, bytes, relayed, attempts.saturating_sub(1));
    }

    fn note_side_tx_failure(&self, side: RouterSideId, ty: DataType, attempts: usize) {
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        st.total_handler_failures = st.total_handler_failures.saturating_add(1);
        st.total_handler_retries = st.total_handler_retries.saturating_add(attempts as u64);
        let entry = st.side_runtime_stats.entry(side).or_default();
        entry.note_tx_failure(ty, attempts);
    }

    fn note_side_rx(&self, side: RouterSideId, ty: DataType, bytes: usize, relayed: bool) {
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let entry = st.side_runtime_stats.entry(side).or_default();
        entry.note_rx(ty, bytes, relayed);
    }

    fn note_side_local_delivery(&self, side: RouterSideId, ty: DataType) {
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let entry = st.side_runtime_stats.entry(side).or_default();
        entry.note_local_delivery(ty);
    }

    fn note_side_local_handler_failure(&self, side: RouterSideId, ty: DataType, retries: usize) {
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let entry = st.side_runtime_stats.entry(side).or_default();
        entry.note_local_handler_failure(ty, retries);
    }

    fn cache_managed_variable_packet(
        &self,
        pkt: &Packet,
        notify_handlers: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let handlers = {
            let mut st = self.state.lock();
            if !st
                .managed_variable_types
                .contains(&pkt.data_type().as_u32())
            {
                return Ok(());
            }
            let changed = st
                .managed_variable_latest
                .get(&pkt.data_type().as_u32())
                .is_none_or(|entry| entry.packet != *pkt);
            st.managed_variable_latest.insert(
                pkt.data_type().as_u32(),
                ManagedVariableCacheEntry {
                    packet: pkt.clone(),
                    cached_at_ms: self.clock.now_ms(),
                },
            );
            if notify_handlers && changed {
                st.network_variable_update_handlers
                    .get(&pkt.data_type().as_u32())
                    .cloned()
                    .unwrap_or_default()
            } else {
                Vec::new()
            }
        };
        for handler in handlers {
            (handler.handler)(pkt)?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn remember_managed_variable_packet(&self, pkt: &Packet) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        self.cache_managed_variable_packet(pkt, true)
    }

    fn managed_variable_latest(&self, ty: DataType) -> Option<Packet> {
        let st = self.state.lock();
        st.managed_variable_latest
            .get(&ty.as_u32())
            .map(|entry| entry.packet.clone())
    }

    fn managed_variable_latest_with_age(&self, ty: DataType) -> Option<(Packet, u64)> {
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let st = self.state.lock();
        st.managed_variable_latest.get(&ty.as_u32()).map(|entry| {
            (
                entry.packet.clone(),
                now_ms.saturating_sub(entry.cached_at_ms),
            )
        })
    }

    fn is_managed_variable_type(&self, ty: DataType) -> bool {
        let st = self.state.lock();
        st.managed_variable_types.contains(&ty.as_u32())
    }

    fn managed_variable_permissions_locked(
        st: &RouterInner,
        ty: DataType,
    ) -> NetworkVariablePermissions {
        st.managed_variable_permissions
            .get(&ty.as_u32())
            .copied()
            .unwrap_or(NetworkVariablePermissions::READ_WRITE)
    }

    fn can_read_managed_variable(&self, ty: DataType) -> bool {
        let st = self.state.lock();
        Self::managed_variable_permissions_locked(&st, ty).read
    }

    fn can_write_managed_variable(&self, ty: DataType) -> bool {
        let st = self.state.lock();
        Self::managed_variable_permissions_locked(&st, ty).write
    }

    #[inline]
    fn ensure_side_ingress_enabled(&self, side: RouterSideId) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let st = self.state.lock();
        let side_ref = Self::side_ref(&st, side)?;
        if side_ref.opts.ingress_enabled {
            Ok(())
        } else {
            Err(TelemetryError::HandlerError(
                "router: ingress disabled for side id",
            ))
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    fn default_route_enabled(&self, src: Option<RouterSideId>, dst: RouterSideId) -> bool {
        src != Some(dst)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn route_allowed_locked(
        &self,
        st: &RouterInner,
        src: Option<RouterSideId>,
        ty: Option<DataType>,
        dst: RouterSideId,
    ) -> bool {
        let Some(dst_side) = st.sides.get(dst).and_then(|side| side.as_ref()) else {
            return false;
        };
        if !dst_side.opts.egress_enabled {
            return false;
        }
        if let Some(src_id) = src {
            let Some(src_side) = st.sides.get(src_id).and_then(|side| side.as_ref()) else {
                return false;
            };
            if !src_side.opts.ingress_enabled {
                return false;
            }
        }
        let base_allowed = st
            .route_overrides
            .get(&(src, dst))
            .copied()
            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.default_route_enabled(src, dst));
        if !base_allowed {
            return false;
        }

        let Some(ty) = ty else {
            return true;
        };
        if st
            .typed_route_overrides
            .keys()
            .any(|(typed_src, typed_ty, _)| *typed_src == src && *typed_ty == ty.as_u32())
        {
            return st
                .typed_route_overrides
                .get(&(src, ty.as_u32(), dst))
                .copied()
                .unwrap_or(false);
        }
        true
    }

    fn has_typed_route_overrides_locked(
        st: &RouterInner,
        src: Option<RouterSideId>,
        ty: DataType,
    ) -> bool {
        st.typed_route_overrides
            .keys()
            .any(|(typed_src, typed_ty, _)| *typed_src == src && *typed_ty == ty.as_u32())
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn endpoint_overlap_count<I>(reachable: I, eps: &[DataEndpoint]) -> usize
    where
        I: IntoIterator<Item = DataEndpoint>,
    {
        let mut overlap = 0usize;
        for ep in reachable {
            if eps.contains(&ep) {
                overlap = overlap.saturating_add(1);
            }
        }
        overlap
    }

    #[inline]
    fn preferred_scoring_endpoints(
        &self,
        eps: &[DataEndpoint],
        prefer_nonlocal: bool,
    ) -> Vec<DataEndpoint> {
        if !prefer_nonlocal {
            return eps.to_vec();
        }
        let nonlocal: Vec<DataEndpoint> = eps
            .iter()
            .copied()
            .filter(|&ep| !self.cfg.is_local_endpoint(ep))
            .collect();
        if nonlocal.is_empty() {
            eps.to_vec()
        } else {
            nonlocal
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn pop_next_queued_discovery_rx_item(&self) -> TelemetryResult<Option<RouterRxItem>> {
        {
            let mut isr_rx = self.isr_rx_queue.try_lock()?;
            let idx = isr_rx.iter().position(Self::queued_rx_item_is_discovery);
            if let Some(idx) = idx {
                return Ok(isr_rx.remove_pos(idx));
            }
        }

        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let idx = st
            .received_queue
            .iter()
            .position(Self::queued_rx_item_is_discovery);
        if let Some(idx) = idx {
            return Ok(st.received_queue.remove_pos(idx));
        }
        Ok(None)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn queued_rx_item_is_discovery(item: &RouterRxItem) -> bool {
        match &item.data {
            RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => discovery::is_discovery_type(pkt.data_type()),
            RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref())
                .map(|env| discovery::is_discovery_type(env.ty))
                .unwrap_or(false),
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn drain_queued_discovery_rx_before_tx(&self) -> TelemetryResult<bool> {
        let mut did_any = false;
        while let Some(item) = self.pop_next_queued_discovery_rx_item()? {
            self.process_rx_queue_item(item)?;
            did_any = true;
        }
        Ok(did_any)
    }

    fn eligible_side_ids_locked(
        &self,
        st: &RouterInner,
        src: Option<RouterSideId>,
        ty: Option<DataType>,
        restrict_link_local: bool,
    ) -> Vec<RouterSideId> {
        st.sides
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
            .filter_map(|(side_id, side)| {
                let side = side.as_ref()?;
                if restrict_link_local && !side.opts.link_local_enabled {
                    return None;
                }
                if self.route_allowed_locked(st, src, ty, side_id) {
                    Some(side_id)
                } else {
                    None
                }
            })
            .collect()
    }

    fn apply_route_selection_locked(
        &self,
        st: &mut RouterInner,
        src: Option<RouterSideId>,
        mut sides: Vec<RouterSideId>,
        origin: RouteSelectionOrigin,
    ) -> Vec<RouterSideId> {
        if sides.len() <= 1 {
            return sides;
        }

        let selection_mode = st.source_route_modes.get(&src).copied();
        if selection_mode.is_none() && origin == RouteSelectionOrigin::Discovered {
            return self.apply_adaptive_discovery_selection_locked(st, src, sides);
        }

        match selection_mode.unwrap_or(RouteSelectionMode::Fanout) {
            RouteSelectionMode::Fanout => sides,
            RouteSelectionMode::Weighted => {
                sides.sort_unstable();
                let total_weight = sides.iter().fold(0_u64, |acc, side| {
                    acc + u64::from(st.route_weights.get(&(src, *side)).copied().unwrap_or(1))
                });
                if total_weight == 0 {
                    return Vec::new();
                }
                let cursor = st.route_selection_cursors.entry(src).or_insert(0);
                let pick = *cursor % total_weight;
                *cursor = cursor.wrapping_add(1);
                let mut remaining = pick;
                for side in sides {
                    let weight =
                        u64::from(st.route_weights.get(&(src, side)).copied().unwrap_or(1));
                    if remaining < weight {
                        return vec![side];
                    }
                    remaining -= weight;
                }
                Vec::new()
            }
            RouteSelectionMode::Failover => {
                sides.sort_by_key(|side| {
                    (
                        st.route_priorities.get(&(src, *side)).copied().unwrap_or(0),
                        *side,
                    )
                });
                sides.truncate(1);
                sides
            }
        }
    }

    fn apply_adaptive_discovery_selection_locked(
        &self,
        st: &mut RouterInner,
        src: Option<RouterSideId>,
        mut sides: Vec<RouterSideId>,
    ) -> Vec<RouterSideId> {
        sides.sort_unstable();
        let mut unmeasured: Vec<_> = sides
            .iter()
            .copied()
            .filter(|side| !st.adaptive_route_stats.contains_key(side))
            .collect();
        if !unmeasured.is_empty() {
            let cursor = st.route_selection_cursors.entry(src).or_insert(0);
            let pick = (*cursor as usize) % unmeasured.len();
            *cursor = cursor.wrapping_add(1);
            return vec![unmeasured.swap_remove(pick)];
        }

        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let total_weight = sides.iter().fold(0_u64, |acc, side| {
            acc + st
                .adaptive_route_stats
                .get(side)
                .map(|stats| stats.weight(now_ms))
                .unwrap_or(1)
        });
        if total_weight == 0 {
            sides.truncate(1);
            return sides;
        }

        let cursor = st.route_selection_cursors.entry(src).or_insert(0);
        let pick = *cursor % total_weight;
        *cursor = cursor.wrapping_add(1);
        let mut remaining = pick;
        for side in sides {
            let weight = st
                .adaptive_route_stats
                .get(&side)
                .map(|stats| stats.weight(now_ms))
                .unwrap_or(1);
            if remaining < weight {
                return vec![side];
            }
            remaining -= weight;
        }
        Vec::new()
    }

    fn record_side_tx_sample(
        &self,
        side: RouterSideId,
        bytes: usize,
        started_ms: u64,
        ended_ms: u64,
    ) {
        let sample_ms = ended_ms.saturating_sub(started_ms).max(1);
        let sample_bps = ((bytes as u128).saturating_mul(1000) / u128::from(sample_ms))
            .min(u128::from(u64::MAX)) as u64;
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        st.adaptive_route_stats
            .entry(side)
            .or_default()
            .observe(bytes, sample_bps, ended_ms);
    }

    /// Seed adaptive route selection with a transport-measured link probe.
    ///
    /// Call this after a side-specific bring-up probe, or whenever the transport already knows the
    /// duration for a frame. The router does not emit synthetic probe frames by itself.
    pub fn note_side_link_probe_sample(
        &self,
        side: RouterSideId,
        bytes: usize,
        duration_ms: u64,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        {
            let st = self.state.lock();
            let _ = Self::side_ref(&st, side).map_err(|_| TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        }
        let ended_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        self.record_side_tx_sample(side, bytes, ended_ms.saturating_sub(duration_ms), ended_ms);
        Ok(())
    }

    fn router_item_wire_len(data: &RouterItem) -> TelemetryResult<usize> {
        match data {
            RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => Ok(wire_format::pack_packet(pkt).len()),
            RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => Ok(bytes.len()),
        }
    }

    /// Extract the logical packet ID targeted by an end-to-end reliable ACK item.
    ///
    /// Router TX and replay queues can carry either decoded `Packet` values or
    /// packed frames. This helper normalizes both forms so ACK-routing code
    /// can reason about them uniformly.
    ///
    /// Only router-generated end-to-end `ReliableAck` packets qualify here.
    /// Ordinary application traffic and hop-level reliable control frames return
    /// `Ok(None)`.
    #[inline]
    fn reliable_control_target_packet_id(data: &RouterItem) -> TelemetryResult<Option<u64>> {
        match data {
            RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => {
                if pkt.data_type() != DataType::ReliableAck
                    || !Self::is_end_to_end_ack_sender(pkt.sender())
                {
                    return Ok(None);
                }
                Self::decode_end_to_end_reliable_ack(pkt.payload()).map(Some)
            }
            RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => {
                if wire_format::peek_frame_info(bytes.as_ref())
                    .ok()
                    .is_some_and(|frame| frame.ack_only())
                {
                    return Ok(None);
                }
                let pkt = wire_format::unpack_packet(bytes.as_ref())?;
                if pkt.data_type() != DataType::ReliableAck
                    || !Self::is_end_to_end_ack_sender(pkt.sender())
                {
                    return Ok(None);
                }
                Self::decode_end_to_end_reliable_ack(pkt.payload()).map(Some)
            }
        }
    }

    fn decode_end_to_end_reliable_ack(payload: &[u8]) -> TelemetryResult<u64> {
        if payload.len() != 8 {
            return Err(TelemetryError::Unpack("bad reliable e2e ack payload"));
        }
        Ok(u64::from_le_bytes(payload[0..8].try_into().unwrap()))
    }

    #[inline]
    fn sender_hash(sender: &str) -> u64 {
        if let Some(address) = sender
            .strip_prefix("@addr:")
            .and_then(|v| v.parse::<u32>().ok())
        {
            return u64::from(address);
        }
        hash_bytes_u64(0x517C_C1B7_2722_0A95, sender.as_bytes())
    }

    #[inline]
    fn fallback_address_for_hostname(hostname: &str) -> NodeAddress {
        let hash = Self::sender_hash(hostname);
        let mut address = (hash as u32) ^ ((hash >> 32) as u32);
        if address == 0 {
            address = 1;
        }
        address
    }

    /// Resolve the compact wire header's numeric source back to the stable
    /// hostname learned by address discovery. The DHCP-style assigned address
    /// and the wire address intentionally occupy separate namespaces, so both
    /// forms must be considered here.
    fn canonical_sender_locked(st: &RouterInner, sender: &str) -> String {
        let Some(address) = sender
            .strip_prefix("@addr:")
            .and_then(|value| value.parse::<u32>().ok())
        else {
            return sender.to_string();
        };
        if let Some(hostname) = st.address_by_value.get(&address) {
            return hostname.clone();
        }
        st.address_book
            .values()
            .find(|entry| sender_address_u32(entry.hostname.as_ref()) == address)
            .map(|entry| entry.hostname.to_string())
            .unwrap_or_else(|| sender.to_string())
    }

    fn address_mode_from_code(mode: u8, requested: NodeAddress) -> AddressAssignmentMode {
        match mode {
            2 => AddressAssignmentMode::Static(if requested == 0 { 1 } else { requested }),
            1 => AddressAssignmentMode::Requested(if requested == 0 { 1 } else { requested }),
            _ => AddressAssignmentMode::Dynamic,
        }
    }

    fn address_winner_pref(entry: &AddressBookEntry) -> (u8, core::cmp::Reverse<u64>, u64) {
        let rank = match entry.mode {
            AddressAssignmentMode::Static(_) => 2,
            AddressAssignmentMode::Requested(_) => 1,
            AddressAssignmentMode::Dynamic => 0,
        };
        (
            rank,
            core::cmp::Reverse(entry.birth_ms),
            u64::MAX - entry.owner_hash,
        )
    }

    fn identity_winner_pref(entry: &AddressBookEntry) -> (core::cmp::Reverse<u64>, u64) {
        (
            core::cmp::Reverse(entry.birth_ms),
            u64::MAX - entry.owner_hash,
        )
    }

    fn allocate_free_address_locked(st: &RouterInner, seed: NodeAddress) -> NodeAddress {
        let mut candidate = if seed == 0 { 1 } else { seed };
        for _ in 0..u32::MAX {
            if candidate != 0 && !st.address_by_value.contains_key(&candidate) {
                return candidate;
            }
            candidate = candidate.wrapping_add(1);
            if candidate == 0 {
                candidate = 1;
            }
        }
        1
    }

    fn unique_hostname_locked(st: &RouterInner, base: &str, owner_hash: u64) -> String {
        if !st.address_book.contains_key(base) {
            return base.to_string();
        }
        let stem = if base.is_empty() { "node" } else { base };
        let mut candidate = format!("{stem}-{owner_hash:08x}");
        let mut suffix = 1u32;
        while st.address_book.contains_key(&candidate) {
            candidate = format!("{stem}-{owner_hash:08x}-{suffix}");
            suffix = suffix.saturating_add(1);
        }
        candidate
    }

    fn update_local_identity_locked(
        &self,
        st: &mut RouterInner,
        mut local: AddressBookEntry,
        reason: AddressChangeReason,
    ) -> AddressChange {
        let old = st.local_address.clone();
        st.address_book.remove(old.hostname.as_ref());
        st.address_by_value.remove(&old.address);
        local.last_seen_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        st.address_by_value
            .insert(local.address, local.hostname.to_string());
        st.address_book
            .insert(local.hostname.to_string(), local.clone());
        st.local_address = local.clone();
        *self.sender.lock() = local.hostname.clone();
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(st, self.clock.now_ms());
        AddressChange {
            old_hostname: old.hostname,
            new_hostname: local.hostname,
            old_address: old.address,
            new_address: local.address,
            reason,
        }
    }

    fn notify_address_change(&self, change: AddressChange) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        for handler in self.cfg.address_change_handlers.iter() {
            (handler.handler)(change.clone())?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn local_address_advertisement(
        &self,
        reachable_endpoints: Vec<DataEndpoint>,
        reachable_network_variables: Vec<DataType>,
        reachable_timesync_sources: Vec<String>,
        link_capabilities: discovery::LinkCapabilities,
        state: u8,
    ) -> discovery::AddressAdvertisement {
        let st = self.state.lock();
        discovery::AddressAdvertisement {
            hostname: st.local_address.hostname.to_string(),
            address: st.local_address.address,
            requested_address: st.local_address.requested_address,
            mode: st.local_address.mode.mode_code(),
            state,
            birth_ms: st.local_address.birth_ms,
            owner_hash: st.local_address.owner_hash,
            reachable_endpoints,
            reachable_network_variables,
            reachable_timesync_sources,
            link_capabilities,
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn ingest_address_advertisement(
        &self,
        ad: discovery::AddressAdvertisement,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<bool> {
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let mut remote = AddressBookEntry {
            hostname: Arc::from(ad.hostname.as_str()),
            address: ad.address,
            requested_address: ad.requested_address,
            mode: Self::address_mode_from_code(ad.mode, ad.requested_address),
            birth_ms: ad.birth_ms,
            owner_hash: ad.owner_hash,
            last_seen_ms: now_ms,
        };
        let mut change = None;
        let mut changed = false;
        {
            let mut st = self.state.lock();
            let local = st.local_address.clone();
            let hostname_conflict =
                remote.hostname == local.hostname && remote.owner_hash != local.owner_hash;
            let address_conflict =
                remote.address == local.address && remote.owner_hash != local.owner_hash;

            if hostname_conflict
                && Self::identity_winner_pref(&remote) > Self::identity_winner_pref(&local)
            {
                let mut next = local.clone();
                next.hostname = Arc::from(Self::unique_hostname_locked(
                    &st,
                    local.hostname.as_ref(),
                    local.owner_hash,
                ));
                change = Some(self.update_local_identity_locked(
                    &mut st,
                    next,
                    AddressChangeReason::HostnameConflict,
                ));
                changed = true;
            } else if address_conflict
                && Self::address_winner_pref(&remote) > Self::address_winner_pref(&local)
            {
                let mut next = local.clone();
                let seed = next
                    .requested_address
                    .max(Self::fallback_address_for_hostname(next.hostname.as_ref()));
                next.address = Self::allocate_free_address_locked(&st, seed);
                let reason = match next.mode {
                    AddressAssignmentMode::Static(_) => AddressChangeReason::StaticConflict,
                    AddressAssignmentMode::Requested(_) => AddressChangeReason::RequestedConflict,
                    AddressAssignmentMode::Dynamic => AddressChangeReason::DynamicConflict,
                };
                change = Some(self.update_local_identity_locked(&mut st, next, reason));
                changed = true;
            } else if hostname_conflict {
                remote.hostname = Arc::from(Self::unique_hostname_locked(
                    &st,
                    remote.hostname.as_ref(),
                    remote.owner_hash,
                ));
                changed = true;
            } else if address_conflict {
                let seed = remote
                    .requested_address
                    .max(Self::fallback_address_for_hostname(
                        remote.hostname.as_ref(),
                    ));
                remote.address = Self::allocate_free_address_locked(&st, seed);
                changed = true;
            }

            st.address_book.remove(remote.hostname.as_ref());
            st.address_by_value.remove(&remote.address);
            st.address_by_value
                .insert(remote.address, remote.hostname.to_string());
            st.address_book
                .insert(remote.hostname.to_string(), remote.clone());
        }
        if let Some(change) = change {
            self.notify_address_change(change)?;
        }
        Ok(changed)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn is_end_to_end_ack_sender(sender: &str) -> bool {
        sender == Self::END_TO_END_ACK_SENDER || sender.starts_with(Self::END_TO_END_ACK_PREFIX)
    }

    fn decode_end_to_end_ack_sender_hash(sender: &str) -> Option<u64> {
        if let Some(ack_sender) = sender.strip_prefix(Self::END_TO_END_ACK_PREFIX)
            && !ack_sender.is_empty()
        {
            return Some(Self::sender_hash(ack_sender));
        }
        None
    }

    fn encode_end_to_end_ack_sender(&self) -> String {
        let sender = self.sender_arc();
        format!("{}{}", Self::END_TO_END_ACK_PREFIX, sender)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn is_end_to_end_destination_sender(sender: &str) -> bool {
        sender != "RELAY" && !Self::is_end_to_end_ack_sender(sender)
    }

    fn encode_end_to_end_reliable_ack(packet_id: u64) -> Arc<[u8]> {
        let mut payload = Vec::with_capacity(8);
        payload.extend_from_slice(&packet_id.to_le_bytes());
        Arc::from(payload)
    }

    fn encode_p2p_payload(
        src_hostname: &str,
        src_address: NodeAddress,
        src_port: P2pPort,
        dst_port: P2pPort,
        payload: &[u8],
    ) -> TelemetryResult<Arc<[u8]>> {
        let host_len = u16::try_from(src_hostname.len())
            .map_err(|_| TelemetryError::Pack("p2p hostname too long"))?;
        let payload_len = u32::try_from(payload.len())
            .map_err(|_| TelemetryError::Pack("p2p payload too long"))?;
        let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(
            15usize
                .saturating_add(src_hostname.len())
                .saturating_add(payload.len()),
        );
        out.push(1);
        out.extend_from_slice(&dst_port.to_le_bytes());
        out.extend_from_slice(&src_port.to_le_bytes());
        out.extend_from_slice(&src_address.to_le_bytes());
        out.extend_from_slice(&host_len.to_le_bytes());
        out.extend_from_slice(&payload_len.to_le_bytes());
        out.extend_from_slice(src_hostname.as_bytes());
        out.extend_from_slice(payload);
        Ok(out.into())
    }

    fn decode_p2p_payload(payload: &[u8]) -> TelemetryResult<P2pDecoded<'_>> {
        if payload.len() < 15 {
            return Err(TelemetryError::Unpack("p2p frame short"));
        }
        if payload[0] != 1 {
            return Err(TelemetryError::Unpack("p2p frame version"));
        }
        let destination_port =
            u16::from_le_bytes(payload[1..3].try_into().expect("2-byte dst port"));
        let source_port = u16::from_le_bytes(payload[3..5].try_into().expect("2-byte src port"));
        let source_address = u32::from_le_bytes(payload[5..9].try_into().expect("4-byte address"));
        let host_len =
            u16::from_le_bytes(payload[9..11].try_into().expect("2-byte host len")) as usize;
        let body_len =
            u32::from_le_bytes(payload[11..15].try_into().expect("4-byte body len")) as usize;
        let host_start = 15usize;
        let host_end = host_start.saturating_add(host_len);
        let body_end = host_end.saturating_add(body_len);
        if host_end > payload.len() || body_end != payload.len() {
            return Err(TelemetryError::Unpack("p2p frame length"));
        }
        let source_hostname = core::str::from_utf8(&payload[host_start..host_end])
            .map_err(|_| TelemetryError::Unpack("p2p hostname utf8"))?;
        Ok(P2pDecoded {
            source_hostname,
            source_address,
            source_port,
            destination_port,
            payload: &payload[host_end..body_end],
        })
    }

    fn encode_p2p_stream_payload(
        flags: u8,
        source_stream_id: P2pStreamId,
        destination_stream_id: P2pStreamId,
        sequence: u32,
        payload: &[u8],
    ) -> TelemetryResult<Arc<[u8]>> {
        let payload_len = u32::try_from(payload.len())
            .map_err(|_| TelemetryError::Pack("p2p stream payload too long"))?;
        let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(22usize.saturating_add(payload.len()));
        out.extend_from_slice(&P2P_STREAM_MAGIC);
        out.push(P2P_STREAM_VERSION);
        out.push(flags);
        out.extend_from_slice(&source_stream_id.to_le_bytes());
        out.extend_from_slice(&destination_stream_id.to_le_bytes());
        out.extend_from_slice(&sequence.to_le_bytes());
        out.extend_from_slice(&payload_len.to_le_bytes());
        out.extend_from_slice(payload);
        Ok(out.into())
    }

    fn decode_p2p_stream_payload(payload: &[u8]) -> TelemetryResult<Option<P2pStreamDecoded<'_>>> {
        if !payload.starts_with(&P2P_STREAM_MAGIC) {
            return Ok(None);
        }
        if payload.len() < 22 {
            return Err(TelemetryError::Unpack("p2p stream frame short"));
        }
        if payload[4] != P2P_STREAM_VERSION {
            return Err(TelemetryError::Unpack("p2p stream frame version"));
        }
        let flags = payload[5];
        let source_stream_id =
            u32::from_le_bytes(payload[6..10].try_into().expect("stream source id"));
        let destination_stream_id =
            u32::from_le_bytes(payload[10..14].try_into().expect("stream destination id"));
        let sequence = u32::from_le_bytes(payload[14..18].try_into().expect("stream sequence"));
        let body_len =
            u32::from_le_bytes(payload[18..22].try_into().expect("stream body len")) as usize;
        let body_end = 22usize.saturating_add(body_len);
        if body_end != payload.len() {
            return Err(TelemetryError::Unpack("p2p stream frame length"));
        }
        Ok(Some(P2pStreamDecoded {
            flags,
            source_stream_id,
            destination_stream_id,
            sequence,
            payload: &payload[22..],
        }))
    }

    fn allocate_p2p_stream_id_locked(st: &mut RouterInner) -> P2pStreamId {
        for _ in 0..u32::MAX {
            let id = st.next_p2p_stream_id.max(1);
            st.next_p2p_stream_id = st.next_p2p_stream_id.wrapping_add(1).max(1);
            if !st.p2p_stream_sessions.contains_key(&id) {
                return id;
            }
        }
        0
    }

    fn dispatch_p2p_packet(&self, pkt: &Packet) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        if pkt.data_type() != DataType::P2pMessage {
            return Ok(());
        }
        let decoded = Self::decode_p2p_payload(pkt.payload())?;
        if let Some(stream) = Self::decode_p2p_stream_payload(decoded.payload)? {
            return self.dispatch_p2p_stream_frame(&decoded, &stream);
        }
        let handlers = {
            let st = self.state.lock();
            st.p2p_port_handlers
                .get(&decoded.destination_port)
                .cloned()
                .unwrap_or_default()
        };
        for handler in handlers {
            (handler.handler)(P2pMessage {
                source_hostname: decoded.source_hostname,
                source_address: decoded.source_address,
                source_port: decoded.source_port,
                destination_port: decoded.destination_port,
                payload: decoded.payload,
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_p2p_stream_frame(
        &self,
        msg: &P2pDecoded<'_>,
        frame: &P2pStreamDecoded<'_>,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let mut events: Vec<PendingP2pStreamEvent> = Vec::new();
        let mut reply: Option<(AddressBookEntry, P2pPort, P2pPort, Arc<[u8]>)> = None;
        {
            let mut st = self.state.lock();
            if frame.flags & P2P_STREAM_SYN != 0 && frame.flags & P2P_STREAM_ACK == 0 {
                let peer_hostname: Arc<str> = Arc::from(msg.source_hostname);
                let existing_id = st.p2p_stream_sessions.iter().find_map(|(id, session)| {
                    (session.peer_stream_id == frame.source_stream_id
                        && session.local_port == msg.destination_port
                        && session.peer_port == msg.source_port
                        && session.peer_address == msg.source_address
                        && session.peer_hostname.as_ref() == msg.source_hostname)
                        .then_some(*id)
                });
                let local_id = if let Some(local_id) = existing_id {
                    local_id
                } else {
                    let local_id = Self::allocate_p2p_stream_id_locked(&mut st);
                    if local_id == 0 {
                        return Err(TelemetryError::Io("p2p stream id exhausted"));
                    }
                    st.p2p_stream_sessions.insert(
                        local_id,
                        P2pStreamSession {
                            peer_hostname: peer_hostname.clone(),
                            peer_address: msg.source_address,
                            local_port: msg.destination_port,
                            peer_port: msg.source_port,
                            peer_stream_id: frame.source_stream_id,
                            next_sequence: 1,
                            connected: true,
                        },
                    );
                    let handlers = st
                        .p2p_stream_handlers
                        .get(&msg.destination_port)
                        .cloned()
                        .unwrap_or_default();
                    events.push(PendingP2pStreamEvent {
                        handlers,
                        kind: P2pStreamEventKind::Accepted,
                        stream_id: local_id,
                        peer_stream_id: frame.source_stream_id,
                        peer_hostname: peer_hostname.clone(),
                        peer_address: msg.source_address,
                        local_port: msg.destination_port,
                        peer_port: msg.source_port,
                    });
                    local_id
                };
                let dst =
                    st.address_book
                        .get(msg.source_hostname)
                        .cloned()
                        .unwrap_or(AddressBookEntry {
                            hostname: peer_hostname,
                            address: msg.source_address,
                            requested_address: msg.source_address,
                            mode: AddressAssignmentMode::Dynamic,
                            birth_ms: self.clock.now_ms(),
                            owner_hash: Self::sender_hash(msg.source_hostname),
                            last_seen_ms: self.clock.now_ms(),
                        });
                let payload = Self::encode_p2p_stream_payload(
                    P2P_STREAM_SYN | P2P_STREAM_ACK,
                    local_id,
                    frame.source_stream_id,
                    0,
                    &[],
                )?;
                reply = Some((dst, msg.source_port, msg.destination_port, payload));
            } else if frame.flags & P2P_STREAM_SYN != 0 && frame.flags & P2P_STREAM_ACK != 0 {
                if let Some(session) = st.p2p_stream_sessions.get_mut(&frame.destination_stream_id)
                {
                    session.peer_stream_id = frame.source_stream_id;
                    session.connected = true;
                    let peer_hostname = session.peer_hostname.clone();
                    let peer_address = session.peer_address;
                    let local_port = session.local_port;
                    let peer_port = session.peer_port;
                    let handlers = st
                        .p2p_stream_handlers
                        .get(&local_port)
                        .cloned()
                        .unwrap_or_default();
                    events.push(PendingP2pStreamEvent {
                        handlers,
                        kind: P2pStreamEventKind::Connected,
                        stream_id: frame.destination_stream_id,
                        peer_stream_id: frame.source_stream_id,
                        peer_hostname,
                        peer_address,
                        local_port,
                        peer_port,
                    });
                }
            } else if frame.flags & (P2P_STREAM_FIN | P2P_STREAM_RST | P2P_STREAM_DATA) != 0 {
                let kind = if frame.flags & P2P_STREAM_RST != 0 {
                    P2pStreamEventKind::Reset
                } else if frame.flags & P2P_STREAM_FIN != 0 {
                    P2pStreamEventKind::Closed
                } else {
                    P2pStreamEventKind::Data
                };
                let session_id = if frame.destination_stream_id != 0 {
                    Some(frame.destination_stream_id)
                } else {
                    st.p2p_stream_sessions.iter().find_map(|(id, session)| {
                        (session.peer_stream_id == frame.source_stream_id
                            && session.local_port == msg.destination_port
                            && session.peer_port == msg.source_port
                            && session.peer_address == msg.source_address
                            && session.peer_hostname.as_ref() == msg.source_hostname)
                            .then_some(*id)
                    })
                };
                if let Some(session_id) = session_id
                    && let Some(session) = st.p2p_stream_sessions.get(&session_id)
                {
                    let handlers = st
                        .p2p_stream_handlers
                        .get(&session.local_port)
                        .cloned()
                        .unwrap_or_default();
                    events.push(PendingP2pStreamEvent {
                        handlers,
                        kind,
                        stream_id: session_id,
                        peer_stream_id: frame.source_stream_id,
                        peer_hostname: session.peer_hostname.clone(),
                        peer_address: session.peer_address,
                        local_port: session.local_port,
                        peer_port: session.peer_port,
                    });
                    if matches!(kind, P2pStreamEventKind::Closed | P2pStreamEventKind::Reset) {
                        st.p2p_stream_sessions.remove(&session_id);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        if let Some((dst, dst_port, src_port, payload)) = reply {
            self.send_p2p_to_entry(dst, dst_port, src_port, &payload)?;
        }
        for pending in events {
            for handler in pending.handlers {
                (handler.handler)(P2pStreamEvent {
                    kind: pending.kind,
                    stream_id: pending.stream_id,
                    peer_stream_id: pending.peer_stream_id,
                    sequence: frame.sequence,
                    peer_hostname: pending.peer_hostname.as_ref(),
                    peer_address: pending.peer_address,
                    local_port: pending.local_port,
                    peer_port: pending.peer_port,
                    payload: frame.payload,
                })?;
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Record the side that most recently led toward `packet_id`.
    ///
    /// End-to-end reliable acknowledgements should return only toward the
    /// source-side that originated the data flow, not be flooded everywhere.
    /// This helper stores that learned return path in a bounded LRU-like cache.
    fn note_reliable_return_route(&self, side: RouterSideId, packet_id: u64) {
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        Self::remember_reliable_return_route_locked(&mut st, packet_id);
        st.reliable_return_routes
            .insert(packet_id, ReliableReturnRouteState { side });
    }

    /// Ensure `packet_id` is retained in the bounded reliable return-route cache.
    ///
    /// Existing entries are refreshed to the back of the order list. When the
    /// cache is full, the oldest learned route is evicted before inserting the
    /// new one.
    fn remember_reliable_return_route_locked(st: &mut RouterInner, packet_id: u64) {
        let cap = runtime_reliable_max_return_routes().max(1);
        st.reliable_return_route_order
            .retain(|id| st.reliable_return_routes.contains_key(id) && *id != packet_id);
        while st.reliable_return_route_order.len() >= cap {
            if let Some(oldest) = st.reliable_return_route_order.pop_front() {
                st.reliable_return_routes.remove(&oldest);
            } else {
                break;
            }
        }
        st.reliable_return_route_order.push_back(packet_id);
    }

    fn remember_end_to_end_reliable_tx_locked(st: &mut RouterInner, packet_id: u64) {
        let cap = runtime_reliable_max_end_to_end_pending().max(1);
        st.end_to_end_reliable_tx_order
            .retain(|id| st.end_to_end_reliable_tx.contains_key(id) && *id != packet_id);
        while st.end_to_end_reliable_tx_order.len() >= cap {
            if let Some(oldest) = st.end_to_end_reliable_tx_order.pop_front() {
                st.end_to_end_reliable_tx.remove(&oldest);
            } else {
                break;
            }
        }
        st.end_to_end_reliable_tx_order.push_back(packet_id);
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn expected_end_to_end_destinations_locked(
        &self,
        st: &RouterInner,
        data: &RouterItem,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<BTreeMap<u64, RouterSideId>> {
        let (eps, ty) = self.item_route_info(data)?;
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let restrict_link_local = Self::endpoints_are_link_local_only(&eps);
        let prefer_best_overlap =
            is_reliable_type(ty) && Self::reliable_control_target_packet_id(data)?.is_none();
        let scoring_eps = self.preferred_scoring_endpoints(&eps, prefer_best_overlap);
        let mut candidates: Vec<(u64, RouterSideId, usize)> = Vec::new();
        let mut best_overlap = 0usize;
        let mut out = BTreeMap::new();
        for (&side, route) in st.discovery_routes.iter() {
            if now_ms.saturating_sub(route.last_seen_ms) > DISCOVERY_ROUTE_TTL_MS {
                continue;
            }
            let Some(side_ref) = st.sides.get(side).and_then(Option::as_ref) else {
                continue;
            };
            if restrict_link_local && !side_ref.opts.link_local_enabled {
                continue;
            }
            if !self.route_allowed_locked(st, None, Some(ty), side) {
                continue;
            }
            for sender_state in route.announcers.values() {
                if now_ms.saturating_sub(sender_state.last_seen_ms) > DISCOVERY_ROUTE_TTL_MS {
                    continue;
                }
                for board in sender_state.topology_boards.iter() {
                    if !Self::is_end_to_end_destination_sender(&board.sender_id) {
                        continue;
                    }
                    let overlap = Self::endpoint_overlap_count(
                        board.reachable_endpoints.iter().copied(),
                        &scoring_eps,
                    );
                    if overlap > 0 {
                        if prefer_best_overlap {
                            best_overlap = best_overlap.max(overlap);
                            candidates.push((Self::sender_hash(&board.sender_id), side, overlap));
                        } else {
                            out.insert(Self::sender_hash(&board.sender_id), side);
                            if out.len() >= runtime_reliable_max_end_to_end_pending().max(1) {
                                return Ok(out);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if prefer_best_overlap {
            for (sender_hash, side, overlap) in candidates {
                if overlap == best_overlap {
                    out.insert(sender_hash, side);
                    if out.len() >= runtime_reliable_max_end_to_end_pending().max(1) {
                        return Ok(out);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        Ok(out)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    fn discovered_route_candidates_locked(
        &self,
        st: &RouterInner,
        exclude: Option<RouterSideId>,
        ty: DataType,
        eps: &[DataEndpoint],
        target_senders: &[u64],
        prefer_nonlocal: bool,
        preferred_timesync_source: Option<&str>,
    ) -> Vec<DiscoveryCandidateMatch> {
        let restrict_link_local = Self::endpoints_are_link_local_only(eps);
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let scoring_eps = self.preferred_scoring_endpoints(eps, prefer_nonlocal);
        let has_variable_owner = st.discovery_routes.iter().any(|(&side, route)| {
            exclude != Some(side)
                && now_ms.saturating_sub(route.last_seen_ms) <= DISCOVERY_ROUTE_TTL_MS
                && route.reachable_network_variables.contains(&ty)
        });
        let mut out = Vec::new();

        for (&side, route) in st.discovery_routes.iter() {
            if exclude == Some(side)
                || now_ms.saturating_sub(route.last_seen_ms) > DISCOVERY_ROUTE_TTL_MS
            {
                continue;
            }
            if restrict_link_local
                && st
                    .sides
                    .get(side)
                    .and_then(|s| s.as_ref())
                    .map(|s| !s.opts.link_local_enabled)
                    .unwrap_or(true)
            {
                continue;
            }
            if !self.route_allowed_locked(st, exclude, Some(ty), side) {
                continue;
            }
            if !target_senders.is_empty()
                && !Self::side_matches_target_senders_locked(st, side, target_senders, now_ms)
            {
                continue;
            }
            if !target_senders.is_empty() {
                out.push(DiscoveryCandidateMatch {
                    side,
                    overlap: usize::MAX,
                });
                continue;
            }
            if has_variable_owner {
                if route.reachable_network_variables.contains(&ty) {
                    out.push(DiscoveryCandidateMatch {
                        side,
                        overlap: usize::MAX,
                    });
                }
                continue;
            }
            if preferred_timesync_source
                .is_some_and(|source| route.reachable_timesync_sources.iter().any(|s| s == source))
            {
                out.push(DiscoveryCandidateMatch {
                    side,
                    overlap: usize::MAX,
                });
                continue;
            }
            let overlap =
                Self::endpoint_overlap_count(route.reachable.iter().copied(), &scoring_eps);
            if overlap > 0 {
                out.push(DiscoveryCandidateMatch { side, overlap });
            }
        }
        out
    }

    /// Remove reflected discovery routes when another side advertises a
    /// shorter topology path to the destination endpoint. A multi-side Router
    /// must make this choice before adaptive weighting; otherwise an endpoint
    /// learned directly and through a remote bridge can be sent down either
    /// side with equal probability.
    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn retain_shortest_discovery_candidates_locked(
        st: &RouterInner,
        matches: &mut Vec<DiscoveryCandidateMatch>,
        endpoints: &[DataEndpoint],
        target_senders: &[u64],
        now_ms: u64,
    ) {
        if matches.len() <= 1 || endpoints.is_empty() {
            return;
        }

        let route_distance = |side: RouterSideId, target_sender: Option<u64>| -> Option<usize> {
            let route = st.discovery_routes.get(&side)?;
            route
                .announcers
                .iter()
                .filter(|(_, state)| {
                    now_ms.saturating_sub(state.last_seen_ms) <= DISCOVERY_ROUTE_TTL_MS
                })
                .filter_map(|(announcer, state)| {
                    let targets: BTreeSet<&str> = state
                        .topology_boards
                        .iter()
                        .filter(|board| {
                            target_sender
                                .map(|target| Self::sender_hash(&board.sender_id) == target)
                                .unwrap_or_else(|| {
                                    endpoints.iter().any(|endpoint| {
                                        board.reachable_endpoints.contains(endpoint)
                                    })
                                })
                        })
                        .map(|board| board.sender_id.as_str())
                        .collect();
                    if targets.is_empty() {
                        return if let Some(target) = target_sender {
                            state
                                .topology_boards
                                .iter()
                                .any(|board| Self::sender_hash(&board.sender_id) == target)
                                .then_some(usize::MAX / 2)
                        } else {
                            state
                                .reachable
                                .iter()
                                .any(|endpoint| endpoints.contains(endpoint))
                                .then_some(usize::MAX / 2)
                        };
                    }

                    let mut distances: BTreeMap<&str, usize> = BTreeMap::new();
                    let mut pending = VecDeque::from([(announcer.as_str(), 0usize)]);
                    while let Some((sender, distance)) = pending.pop_front() {
                        if distances.contains_key(sender) {
                            continue;
                        }
                        distances.insert(sender, distance);
                        if targets.contains(sender) {
                            return Some(distance);
                        }
                        for board in &state.topology_boards {
                            if board.sender_id == sender {
                                for peer in &board.connections {
                                    if !distances.contains_key(peer.as_str()) {
                                        pending.push_back((peer.as_str(), distance + 1));
                                    }
                                }
                            } else if board.connections.iter().any(|peer| peer == sender)
                                && !distances.contains_key(board.sender_id.as_str())
                            {
                                pending.push_back((board.sender_id.as_str(), distance + 1));
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    None
                })
                .min()
        };

        let route_targets: Vec<Option<u64>> = if target_senders.is_empty() {
            vec![None]
        } else {
            target_senders.iter().copied().map(Some).collect()
        };
        let mut selected = BTreeSet::new();
        for target in route_targets {
            let distances: Vec<(RouterSideId, usize)> = matches
                .iter()
                .filter_map(|candidate| {
                    route_distance(candidate.side, target)
                        .map(|distance| (candidate.side, distance))
                })
                .collect();
            let Some(best) = distances.iter().map(|(_, distance)| *distance).min() else {
                continue;
            };
            selected.extend(
                distances
                    .into_iter()
                    .filter(|(_, distance)| *distance == best)
                    .map(|(side, _)| side),
            );
        }
        if !selected.is_empty() {
            matches.retain(|candidate| selected.contains(&candidate.side));
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn select_discovered_candidate_sides_locked(
        &self,
        st: &mut RouterInner,
        exclude: Option<RouterSideId>,
        ty: DataType,
        target_senders: &[u64],
        prefer_best_overlap: bool,
        matches: Vec<DiscoveryCandidateMatch>,
    ) -> Vec<RouterSideId> {
        let discovered_origin = if Self::has_typed_route_overrides_locked(st, exclude, ty)
            || !target_senders.is_empty()
        {
            RouteSelectionOrigin::Flood
        } else {
            RouteSelectionOrigin::Discovered
        };

        let mut matches = matches;
        if matches.iter().any(|m| m.overlap == usize::MAX) {
            matches.retain(|m| m.overlap == usize::MAX);
        }

        let selected: Vec<RouterSideId> = if prefer_best_overlap {
            let best_overlap = matches.iter().map(|m| m.overlap).max().unwrap_or(0);
            matches
                .into_iter()
                .filter(|m| m.overlap == best_overlap)
                .map(|m| m.side)
                .collect()
        } else {
            matches.into_iter().map(|m| m.side).collect()
        };

        /* Heartbeats represent network-wide liveness rather than a request for
         * one interchangeable endpoint owner.  When discovery finds the
         * heartbeat endpoint on multiple independent shortest-path sides,
         * every segment must receive it.  Ordinary data continues through the
         * adaptive single-path selector so a multi-homed router does not
         * duplicate application traffic. */
        let has_distributed_variable_owners = discovered_origin == RouteSelectionOrigin::Discovered
            && selected.iter().any(|side| {
                st.discovery_routes
                    .get(side)
                    .is_some_and(|route| route.reachable_network_variables.contains(&ty))
            });
        if discovered_origin == RouteSelectionOrigin::Discovered
            && (DataType::try_named("HEARTBEAT") == Some(ty) || has_distributed_variable_owners)
        {
            selected
        } else {
            self.apply_route_selection_locked(st, exclude, selected, discovered_origin)
        }
    }

    fn register_end_to_end_reliable_tx(&self, data: &RouterItem) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let packet_id = Self::get_hash(data);
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let ty = match data {
            RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => pkt.data_type(),
            RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref())?.ty,
        };
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        let mut pending_destinations = self.expected_end_to_end_destinations_locked(&st, data)?;
        #[cfg(not(feature = "discovery"))]
        let mut pending_destinations = BTreeMap::new();
        self.filter_trackable_end_to_end_destinations_locked(&st, ty, &mut pending_destinations);
        let tracked_destinations = !pending_destinations.is_empty();
        Self::remember_end_to_end_reliable_tx_locked(&mut st, packet_id);
        st.end_to_end_reliable_tx.insert(
            packet_id,
            EndToEndReliableSent {
                data: data.clone(),
                pending_destinations,
                tracked_destinations,
                last_send_ms: now_ms,
                retries: 0,
                queued: false,
            },
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn reconcile_end_to_end_reliable_destinations_locked(
        &self,
        st: &mut RouterInner,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let active_destinations = self.active_end_to_end_destinations_locked(st);
        let packet_ids: Vec<u64> = st.end_to_end_reliable_tx.keys().copied().collect();
        let mut completed = Vec::new();

        for packet_id in packet_ids {
            let Some(data) = st
                .end_to_end_reliable_tx
                .get(&packet_id)
                .map(|sent| sent.data.clone())
            else {
                continue;
            };
            let expected = self.expected_end_to_end_destinations_locked(st, &data)?;
            let Some(sent) = st.end_to_end_reliable_tx.get_mut(&packet_id) else {
                continue;
            };
            if !sent.tracked_destinations {
                continue;
            }
            sent.pending_destinations.retain(|sender_hash, side| {
                match (
                    expected.get(sender_hash),
                    active_destinations.get(sender_hash),
                ) {
                    (Some(next_side), _) | (None, Some(next_side)) => {
                        *side = *next_side;
                        true
                    }
                    (None, None) => false,
                }
            });
            if sent.pending_destinations.is_empty() {
                completed.push(packet_id);
            }
        }

        for packet_id in completed {
            st.end_to_end_reliable_tx.remove(&packet_id);
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn active_end_to_end_destinations_locked(
        &self,
        st: &RouterInner,
    ) -> BTreeMap<u64, RouterSideId> {
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let mut out = BTreeMap::new();
        for (&side, route) in st.discovery_routes.iter() {
            if now_ms.saturating_sub(route.last_seen_ms) > DISCOVERY_ROUTE_TTL_MS {
                continue;
            }
            for sender_state in route.announcers.values() {
                if now_ms.saturating_sub(sender_state.last_seen_ms) > DISCOVERY_ROUTE_TTL_MS {
                    continue;
                }
                for board in sender_state.topology_boards.iter() {
                    if !Self::is_end_to_end_destination_sender(&board.sender_id) {
                        continue;
                    }
                    out.insert(Self::sender_hash(&board.sender_id), side);
                    if out.len() >= runtime_reliable_max_end_to_end_pending().max(1) {
                        return out;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        out
    }

    fn side_supports_end_to_end_tracking_locked(st: &RouterInner, side: RouterSideId) -> bool {
        matches!(
            st.sides
                .get(side)
                .and_then(Option::as_ref)
                .map(|side| &side.tx_handler),
            Some(RouterTxHandlerFn::Packed(_))
        )
    }

    fn filter_trackable_end_to_end_destinations_locked(
        &self,
        st: &RouterInner,
        ty: DataType,
        pending: &mut BTreeMap<u64, RouterSideId>,
    ) {
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        pending.retain(|_, side| {
            Self::side_supports_end_to_end_tracking_locked(st, *side)
                && (is_reliable_type(ty)
                    || !self.side_has_multiple_announcers_locked(st, *side, now_ms))
        });
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn side_has_multiple_announcers_locked(
        &self,
        st: &RouterInner,
        side: RouterSideId,
        now_ms: u64,
    ) -> bool {
        st.discovery_routes
            .get(&side)
            .map(|route| {
                route
                    .announcers
                    .values()
                    .filter(|sender| {
                        now_ms.saturating_sub(sender.last_seen_ms) <= DISCOVERY_ROUTE_TTL_MS
                    })
                    .take(2)
                    .count()
                    > 1
            })
            .unwrap_or(false)
    }

    #[cfg(not(feature = "discovery"))]
    fn side_has_multiple_announcers_locked(
        &self,
        _st: &RouterInner,
        _side: RouterSideId,
        _now_ms: u64,
    ) -> bool {
        false
    }

    fn queue_end_to_end_reliable_ack(
        &self,
        pkt: &Packet,
        called_from_queue: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        self.queue_end_to_end_reliable_ack_for_packet_id(pkt.packet_id(), called_from_queue)
    }

    fn queue_end_to_end_reliable_ack_for_packet_id(
        &self,
        packet_id: u64,
        called_from_queue: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let ack_sender = self.encode_end_to_end_ack_sender();
        let ack = Packet::new(
            DataType::ReliableAck,
            message_meta(DataType::ReliableAck).endpoints_ref(),
            ack_sender.as_str(),
            self.packet_timestamp_ms(),
            Self::encode_end_to_end_reliable_ack(packet_id),
        )?;
        self.emit_internal_tx(
            RouterTxItem::Broadcast(RouterItem::Packet(ack)),
            true,
            called_from_queue,
        )
    }

    fn emit_internal_tx(
        &self,
        item: RouterTxItem,
        ignore_local: bool,
        called_from_queue: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        if called_from_queue {
            self.tx_queue_item_with_flags(item, ignore_local)
        } else {
            self.tx_item_impl(item, ignore_local, false)
        }
    }

    fn emit_internal_tx_with_priority(
        &self,
        item: RouterTxItem,
        ignore_local: bool,
        priority: u8,
        called_from_queue: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        if called_from_queue {
            self.tx_queue_item_with_priority(item, ignore_local, priority)
        } else {
            self.tx_item_impl(item, ignore_local, false)
        }
    }

    fn queue_end_to_end_reliable_retransmit(&self, packet_id: u64) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        {
            let mut st = self.state.lock();
            let Some(sent) = st.end_to_end_reliable_tx.get_mut(&packet_id) else {
                return Ok(());
            };
            if sent.queued {
                return Ok(());
            }
            sent.queued = true;
        }
        self.tx_queue_item_with_priority(
            RouterTxItem::EndToEndReplay { packet_id },
            true,
            Self::router_item_priority_bumped(DataType::ReliableAck),
        )
    }

    fn end_to_end_retransmit_sides(
        &self,
        packet_id: u64,
    ) -> Option<(RouterItem, Vec<RouterSideId>)> {
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let (data, tracked_destinations, mut sides) = {
            let sent = st.end_to_end_reliable_tx.get_mut(&packet_id)?;
            sent.queued = false;
            sent.last_send_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
            let data = sent.data.clone();
            let tracked_destinations = sent.tracked_destinations;
            let sides: Vec<RouterSideId> = sent.pending_destinations.values().copied().collect();
            (data, tracked_destinations, sides)
        };
        if tracked_destinations && sides.is_empty() {
            st.end_to_end_reliable_tx.remove(&packet_id);
            return None;
        }
        sides.sort_unstable();
        sides.dedup();
        Some((data, sides))
    }

    fn router_item_priority(data: &RouterItem) -> TelemetryResult<u8> {
        let ty = match data {
            RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => pkt.data_type(),
            RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref())?.ty,
        };
        Ok(crate::scheduler_priority(ty))
    }

    #[inline]
    fn router_item_priority_bumped(ty: DataType) -> u8 {
        crate::scheduler_priority(ty).saturating_add(16)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn is_side_tx_busy(err: &TelemetryError) -> bool {
        matches!(err, TelemetryError::Io("side tx busy"))
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    fn timesync_has_usable_time_locked(st: &TimeSyncRuntime, now_mono_ns: u64) -> bool {
        st.disciplined_clock.read_unix_ms(now_mono_ns).is_some()
            || st
                .clock
                .current_time(now_mono_ns)
                .and_then(|reading| reading.unix_time_ms)
                .is_some()
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    fn reconcile_pending_timesync_request_locked(
        st: &mut TimeSyncRuntime,
        leader: &Option<TimeSyncLeader>,
        now_ms: u64,
    ) {
        let active_remote = match leader {
            Some(TimeSyncLeader::Remote(remote)) => Some(remote.sender.as_str()),
            _ => None,
        };
        let should_clear = st
            .pending_request
            .as_ref()
            .is_some_and(|pending| Some(pending.source.as_str()) != active_remote);
        if should_clear {
            st.pending_request = None;
            st.next_request_mono_ms = now_ms;
        }
    }

    ///Helper function for relay_send
    #[inline]
    fn enqueue_to_sides(
        &self,
        data: RouterItem,
        exclude: Option<RouterSideId>,
        ignore_local: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let data = self.clear_intermediate_hop_targets(data)?;
        let plan = self.remote_side_plan(&data, exclude)?;
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let ty = Self::item_data_type(&data)?;
        let priority = if st.managed_variable_types.contains(&ty.as_u32()) {
            crate::transport_priority(DataType::ManagedVariableValue)
        } else {
            Self::router_item_priority(&data)?
        };

        let RemoteSidePlan::Target(sides) = plan;
        for idx in sides {
            st.push_transmit(TxQueued {
                item: RouterTxItem::ToSide {
                    src: exclude,
                    dst: idx,
                    data: data.clone(),
                },
                ignore_local,
                priority,
            })?;
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn relay_send(
        &self,
        data: RouterItem,
        src: Option<RouterSideId>,
        called_from_queue: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        if called_from_queue {
            return self.enqueue_to_sides(data, src, true);
        }

        let data = self.clear_intermediate_hop_targets(data)?;
        let RemoteSidePlan::Target(sides) = self.remote_side_plan(&data, src)?;
        for side in sides {
            self.tx_item_impl(
                RouterTxItem::ToSide {
                    src,
                    dst: side,
                    data: data.clone(),
                },
                true,
                false,
            )?;
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn item_route_info(&self, data: &RouterItem) -> TelemetryResult<(Vec<DataEndpoint>, DataType)> {
        match data {
            RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => {
                pkt.validate()?;
                let mut eps = pkt.endpoints().to_vec();
                eps.sort_unstable();
                eps.dedup();
                Ok((eps, pkt.data_type()))
            }
            RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => {
                let env = wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref())?;
                let mut eps: Vec<DataEndpoint> = env.endpoints.iter().copied().collect();
                eps.sort_unstable();
                eps.dedup();
                Ok((eps, env.ty))
            }
        }
    }

    fn item_data_type(data: &RouterItem) -> TelemetryResult<DataType> {
        match data {
            RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => Ok(pkt.data_type()),
            RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => Ok(wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref())?.ty),
        }
    }

    fn e2e_crypto_supported(&self) -> bool {
        #[cfg(feature = "cryptography")]
        {
            self.cfg.e2e_encryption() != RouterE2eEncryptionMode::Disabled
                && crate::crypto::registered_crypto_available()
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "cryptography"))]
        {
            false
        }
    }

    fn should_require_e2e_for_type(&self, ty: DataType) -> bool {
        if is_internal_control_type(ty) {
            return false;
        }
        match self.cfg.e2e_encryption() {
            RouterE2eEncryptionMode::Disabled => {
                message_e2e_encryption_policy(ty) == E2eEncryptionPolicy::RequireOn
            }
            RouterE2eEncryptionMode::RequiredOnly => {
                message_e2e_encryption_policy(ty) == E2eEncryptionPolicy::RequireOn
            }
            RouterE2eEncryptionMode::Preferred => matches!(
                message_e2e_encryption_policy(ty),
                E2eEncryptionPolicy::PreferOn | E2eEncryptionPolicy::RequireOn
            ),
            RouterE2eEncryptionMode::ForceAll => true,
        }
    }

    fn ensure_e2e_policy_supported_for_type(&self, ty: DataType) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        if self.should_require_e2e_for_type(ty) && !self.e2e_crypto_supported() {
            return Err(TelemetryError::BadArg);
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "cryptography")]
    fn e2e_seal_config_for_type(&self, ty: DataType) -> Option<wire_format::E2eSealConfig> {
        if self.should_require_e2e_for_type(ty) && self.e2e_crypto_supported() {
            Some(wire_format::E2eSealConfig {
                key_id: self.cfg.e2e_key_id(),
            })
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    fn pack_packet_for_router(
        &self,
        pkt: &Packet,
        reliable: Option<wire_format::ReliableHeader>,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<Arc<[u8]>> {
        #[cfg(feature = "cryptography")]
        if let Some(e2e) = self.e2e_seal_config_for_type(pkt.data_type()) {
            return wire_format::pack_packet_with_wire_contract_e2e(
                pkt,
                reliable,
                pkt.wire_shape(),
                pkt.wire_target_senders(),
                e2e,
            );
        }
        Ok(match reliable {
            Some(hdr) => wire_format::pack_packet_with_reliable(pkt, hdr),
            None => wire_format::pack_packet(pkt),
        })
    }

    #[inline]
    fn pack_packet_for_contract(
        &self,
        pkt: &Packet,
        reliable: Option<wire_format::ReliableHeader>,
        shape: Option<MessageElement>,
        target_senders: &[u64],
    ) -> TelemetryResult<Arc<[u8]>> {
        #[cfg(feature = "cryptography")]
        if let Some(e2e) = self.e2e_seal_config_for_type(pkt.data_type()) {
            return wire_format::pack_packet_with_wire_contract_e2e(
                pkt,
                reliable,
                shape,
                target_senders,
                e2e,
            );
        }
        wire_format::pack_packet_with_wire_contract(pkt, reliable, shape, target_senders)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "cryptography")]
    #[inline]
    fn prepare_packed_for_remote(
        &self,
        bytes: Arc<[u8]>,
        reliable_override: Option<Option<wire_format::ReliableHeader>>,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<Arc<[u8]>> {
        let frame = wire_format::peek_frame_info(bytes.as_ref())?;
        if frame.ack_only() || self.e2e_seal_config_for_type(frame.envelope.ty).is_none() {
            return Ok(bytes);
        }
        let reliable = reliable_override.unwrap_or(frame.reliable);
        let pkt = wire_format::unpack_packet(bytes.as_ref())?;
        self.pack_packet_for_contract(
            &pkt,
            reliable,
            frame.envelope.wire_shape,
            &frame.envelope.target_senders,
        )
    }

    fn item_target_senders(&self, data: &RouterItem) -> TelemetryResult<Arc<[u64]>> {
        match data {
            RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => Ok(Arc::from(pkt.wire_target_senders())),
            RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => {
                Ok(wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref())?.target_senders)
            }
        }
    }

    fn item_targets_local_sender(&self, data: &RouterItem) -> TelemetryResult<bool> {
        let targets = self.item_target_senders(data)?;
        if targets.is_empty() {
            return Ok(true);
        }
        let local_sender = self.sender_arc();
        let local_hash = Self::sender_hash(local_sender.as_ref());
        Ok(targets.contains(&local_hash))
    }

    fn item_targets_router_as_intermediate_hop(
        &self,
        data: &RouterItem,
        endpoints: &[DataEndpoint],
    ) -> TelemetryResult<bool> {
        let targets = self.item_target_senders(data)?;
        if targets.is_empty()
            || endpoints.iter().copied().any(|endpoint| {
                self.endpoint_has_packet_handler(endpoint)
                    || self.endpoint_has_packed_handler(endpoint)
            })
        {
            return Ok(false);
        }
        let local_sender = self.sender_arc();
        Ok(targets.contains(&Self::sender_hash(local_sender.as_ref())))
    }

    fn clear_intermediate_hop_targets(&self, data: RouterItem) -> TelemetryResult<RouterItem> {
        let (endpoints, _) = self.item_route_info(&data)?;
        if !self.item_targets_router_as_intermediate_hop(&data, &endpoints)? {
            return Ok(data);
        }
        let pkt = match &data {
            RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => pkt.clone(),
            RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => wire_format::unpack_packet(bytes.as_ref())?,
        };
        let reliable = match &data {
            RouterItem::Packet(_) => None,
            RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => wire_format::peek_frame_info(bytes.as_ref())?.reliable,
        };
        let shape = match &data {
            RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => pkt.wire_shape(),
            RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref())?.wire_shape,
        };
        Ok(RouterItem::Packed(self.pack_packet_for_contract(
            &pkt,
            reliable,
            shape,
            &[],
        )?))
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn side_matches_target_senders_locked(
        st: &RouterInner,
        side: RouterSideId,
        target_senders: &[u64],
        now_ms: u64,
    ) -> bool {
        st.discovery_routes
            .get(&side)
            .map(|route| {
                if now_ms.saturating_sub(route.last_seen_ms) > DISCOVERY_ROUTE_TTL_MS {
                    return false;
                }
                route.announcers.values().any(|sender_state| {
                    if now_ms.saturating_sub(sender_state.last_seen_ms) > DISCOVERY_ROUTE_TTL_MS {
                        return false;
                    }
                    sender_state
                        .topology_boards
                        .iter()
                        .any(|board| target_senders.contains(&Self::sender_hash(&board.sender_id)))
                })
            })
            .unwrap_or(false)
    }

    fn attach_wire_contract_to_item(
        &self,
        data: RouterItem,
        target_senders: &[u64],
    ) -> TelemetryResult<RouterItem> {
        match data {
            RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => {
                let reliable = if is_reliable_type(pkt.data_type()) {
                    Some(wire_format::ReliableHeader {
                        flags: wire_format::RELIABLE_FLAG_UNSEQUENCED,
                        seq: 0,
                        ack: 0,
                    })
                } else {
                    None
                };
                let bytes = self.pack_packet_for_contract(
                    &pkt,
                    reliable,
                    Some(message_meta(pkt.data_type()).element),
                    target_senders,
                )?;
                Ok(RouterItem::Packed(bytes))
            }
            RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => Ok(RouterItem::Packed(bytes)),
        }
    }

    fn endpoints_are_link_local_only(eps: &[DataEndpoint]) -> bool {
        !eps.is_empty() && eps.iter().all(|ep| ep.is_link_local_only())
    }

    fn should_route_remote(
        &self,
        data: &RouterItem,
        exclude: Option<RouterSideId>,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<bool> {
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        {
            let RemoteSidePlan::Target(sides) = self.remote_side_plan(data, exclude)?;
            Ok(!sides.is_empty())
        }

        #[cfg(not(feature = "discovery"))]
        {
            let (eps, ty) = self.item_route_info(data)?;
            if !(has_nonlocal_endpoint(&eps, &self.cfg) || force_remote_for_type(ty)) {
                return Ok(false);
            }
            let st = self.state.lock();
            Ok(!self
                .eligible_side_ids_locked(
                    &st,
                    exclude,
                    Some(ty),
                    Self::endpoints_are_link_local_only(&eps),
                )
                .is_empty())
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn has_explicit_route_policy_locked(
        st: &RouterInner,
        src: Option<RouterSideId>,
        ty: DataType,
    ) -> bool {
        st.route_overrides
            .keys()
            .any(|(route_src, _)| *route_src == src)
            || Self::has_typed_route_overrides_locked(st, src, ty)
    }

    fn remote_side_plan(
        &self,
        data: &RouterItem,
        exclude: Option<RouterSideId>,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<RemoteSidePlan> {
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        {
            let (eps, ty) = self.item_route_info(data)?;
            let target_senders = self.item_target_senders(data)?;
            let resolve_beyond_local_hop =
                self.item_targets_router_as_intermediate_hop(data, &eps)?;
            let routing_target_senders: &[u64] = if resolve_beyond_local_hop {
                &[]
            } else {
                target_senders.as_ref()
            };
            let preferred_packet_id = Self::reliable_control_target_packet_id(data)?;
            if discovery::is_discovery_type(ty) {
                let mut st = self.state.lock();
                let sides = self.eligible_side_ids_locked(&st, exclude, Some(ty), false);
                return Ok(RemoteSidePlan::Target(self.apply_route_selection_locked(
                    &mut st,
                    exclude,
                    sides,
                    RouteSelectionOrigin::Flood,
                )));
            }
            if !(has_nonlocal_endpoint(&eps, &self.cfg) || force_remote_for_type(ty)) {
                return Ok(RemoteSidePlan::Target(Vec::new()));
            }

            #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
            let preferred_timesync_source = self.preferred_timesync_route_source(data, ty)?;
            #[cfg(not(feature = "timesync"))]
            let preferred_timesync_source: Option<String> = None;

            let mut st = self.state.lock();
            if let Some(packet_id) = preferred_packet_id {
                let target_side = st
                    .reliable_return_routes
                    .get(&packet_id)
                    .map(|route| route.side);
                if let Some(side) = target_side
                    .filter(|side| self.route_allowed_locked(&st, exclude, Some(ty), *side))
                {
                    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
                    if !Self::timesync_allowed_for_side_locked(
                        &mut st,
                        side,
                        ty,
                        self.clock.now_ms(),
                    ) {
                        return Ok(RemoteSidePlan::Target(Vec::new()));
                    }
                    return Ok(RemoteSidePlan::Target(vec![side]));
                }
                return Ok(RemoteSidePlan::Target(Vec::new()));
            }
            let restrict_link_local = Self::endpoints_are_link_local_only(&eps);
            let prefer_best_overlap = is_reliable_type(ty)
                && routing_target_senders.is_empty()
                && preferred_packet_id.is_none();
            if st.discovery_routes.is_empty() {
                let mut fallback =
                    self.eligible_side_ids_locked(&st, exclude, Some(ty), restrict_link_local);
                #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
                {
                    fallback = Self::filter_timesync_sides_locked(
                        &mut st,
                        ty,
                        self.clock.now_ms(),
                        fallback,
                    );
                }
                return Ok(RemoteSidePlan::Target(if fallback.len() == 1 {
                    fallback
                } else {
                    Vec::new()
                }));
            }
            let mut matches = self.discovered_route_candidates_locked(
                &st,
                exclude,
                ty,
                &eps,
                routing_target_senders,
                prefer_best_overlap,
                preferred_timesync_source.as_deref(),
            );
            #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
            {
                matches =
                    Self::filter_timesync_matches_locked(&mut st, ty, self.clock.now_ms(), matches);
            }
            /* Heartbeats and replicated network variables are network-segment
             * state, so a nearer owner on one side must not hide a farther
             * independent segment. Discovery's split horizon prevents the
             * advertisement from being reflected back onto its ingress side.
             * Ordinary application data retains shortest-path suppression. */
            let has_distributed_variable_owners = matches.iter().any(|candidate| {
                st.discovery_routes
                    .get(&candidate.side)
                    .is_some_and(|route| route.reachable_network_variables.contains(&ty))
            });
            if DataType::try_named("HEARTBEAT") != Some(ty) && !has_distributed_variable_owners {
                Self::retain_shortest_discovery_candidates_locked(
                    &st,
                    &mut matches,
                    &eps,
                    routing_target_senders,
                    self.clock.now_ms(),
                );
            }

            if !matches.is_empty() {
                Ok(RemoteSidePlan::Target(
                    self.select_discovered_candidate_sides_locked(
                        &mut st,
                        exclude,
                        ty,
                        routing_target_senders,
                        prefer_best_overlap,
                        matches,
                    ),
                ))
            } else if prefer_best_overlap {
                Ok(RemoteSidePlan::Target(Vec::new()))
            } else {
                if Self::has_explicit_route_policy_locked(&st, exclude, ty) {
                    let mut sides =
                        self.eligible_side_ids_locked(&st, exclude, Some(ty), restrict_link_local);
                    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
                    {
                        sides = Self::filter_timesync_sides_locked(
                            &mut st,
                            ty,
                            self.clock.now_ms(),
                            sides,
                        );
                    }
                    Ok(RemoteSidePlan::Target(self.apply_route_selection_locked(
                        &mut st,
                        exclude,
                        sides,
                        RouteSelectionOrigin::Flood,
                    )))
                } else {
                    Ok(RemoteSidePlan::Target(Vec::new()))
                }
            }
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "discovery"))]
        {
            let (_, ty) = self.item_route_info(data)?;
            let mut st = self.state.lock();
            if let Some(packet_id) = Self::reliable_control_target_packet_id(data)? {
                let target_side = st
                    .reliable_return_routes
                    .get(&packet_id)
                    .map(|route| route.side);
                if let Some(side) = target_side
                    .filter(|side| self.route_allowed_locked(&st, exclude, Some(ty), *side))
                {
                    return Ok(RemoteSidePlan::Target(vec![side]));
                }
                return Ok(RemoteSidePlan::Target(Vec::new()));
            }
            let sides = self.eligible_side_ids_locked(&st, exclude, Some(ty), false);
            Ok(RemoteSidePlan::Target(self.apply_route_selection_locked(
                &mut st,
                exclude,
                sides,
                RouteSelectionOrigin::Flood,
            )))
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn local_discovery_endpoints(&self) -> Vec<DataEndpoint> {
        let mut eps: Vec<DataEndpoint> = self.cfg.handlers.iter().map(|h| h.endpoint).collect();
        #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
        if self.cfg.timesync_config().is_some() {
            eps.push(DataEndpoint::TimeSync);
        }
        eps.retain(|ep| !discovery::is_discovery_endpoint(*ep));
        eps.sort_unstable();
        eps.dedup();
        eps
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn local_discovery_timesync_sources(&self, now_ms: u64) -> Vec<String> {
        #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
        {
            let st = self.timesync.lock();
            if let Some(tracker) = st.tracker.as_ref()
                && tracker.should_serve(
                    now_ms,
                    Self::timesync_has_usable_time_locked(&st, self.monotonic_now_ns()),
                )
            {
                return vec![self.sender_arc().to_string()];
            }
        }
        Vec::new()
    }

    #[cfg(all(feature = "discovery", feature = "timesync"))]
    fn preferred_timesync_route_source(
        &self,
        data: &RouterItem,
        ty: DataType,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<Option<String>> {
        if !matches!(
            ty,
            DataType::TimeSyncAnnounce | DataType::TimeSyncRequest | DataType::TimeSyncResponse
        ) {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        match data {
            RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => match ty {
                DataType::TimeSyncRequest => {
                    let local_sender = self.sender_arc();
                    if pkt.sender() == local_sender.as_ref() {
                        Ok(self.timesync.lock().tracker.as_ref().and_then(|tracker| {
                            tracker.current_source().map(|src| src.sender.clone())
                        }))
                    } else {
                        Ok(None)
                    }
                }
                DataType::TimeSyncAnnounce | DataType::TimeSyncResponse => {
                    Ok(Some(pkt.sender().to_owned()))
                }
                _ => Ok(None),
            },
            RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => {
                let pkt = wire_format::unpack_packet(bytes.as_ref())?;
                self.preferred_timesync_route_source(&RouterItem::Packet(pkt), ty)
            }
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn note_discovery_topology_change_locked(st: &mut RouterInner, now_ms: u64) {
        st.discovery_cadence.on_topology_change(now_ms);
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn sender_topology_board_mut<'a>(
        sender_state: &'a mut DiscoverySenderState,
        sender_id: &str,
    ) -> &'a mut TopologyBoardNode {
        if let Some(idx) = sender_state
            .topology_boards
            .iter()
            .position(|board| board.sender_id == sender_id)
        {
            return &mut sender_state.topology_boards[idx];
        }
        sender_state.topology_boards.push(TopologyBoardNode {
            sender_id: sender_id.to_string(),
            reachable_endpoints: Vec::new(),
            reachable_timesync_sources: Vec::new(),
            connections: Vec::new(),
        });
        sender_state
            .topology_boards
            .last_mut()
            .expect("board inserted above")
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn refresh_sender_topology_state(sender_state: &mut DiscoverySenderState) {
        discovery::normalize_topology_boards(&mut sender_state.topology_boards);
        let (reachable, reachable_timesync_sources) =
            discovery::summarize_topology_boards(&sender_state.topology_boards);
        sender_state.reachable = reachable;
        sender_state.reachable_timesync_sources = reachable_timesync_sources;
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn recompute_discovery_side_state(route: &mut DiscoverySideState) {
        let mut reachable = Vec::new();
        let mut reachable_network_variables = Vec::new();
        let mut reachable_timesync_sources = Vec::new();
        let mut last_seen_ms = 0u64;
        for sender in route.announcers.values() {
            reachable.extend(sender.reachable.iter().copied());
            reachable_network_variables.extend(sender.reachable_network_variables.iter().copied());
            reachable_timesync_sources.extend(sender.reachable_timesync_sources.iter().cloned());
            last_seen_ms = last_seen_ms.max(sender.last_seen_ms);
        }
        reachable.sort_unstable();
        reachable.dedup();
        reachable_network_variables.sort_unstable();
        reachable_network_variables.dedup();
        reachable_timesync_sources.sort_unstable();
        reachable_timesync_sources.dedup();
        route.reachable = reachable;
        route.reachable_network_variables = reachable_network_variables;
        route.reachable_timesync_sources = reachable_timesync_sources;
        route.last_seen_ms = last_seen_ms;
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn local_discovery_topology_board(
        &self,
        st: &RouterInner,
        now_ms: u64,
        link_local_enabled: bool,
    ) -> TopologyBoardNode {
        let mut reachable_endpoints = self.local_discovery_endpoints();
        if !link_local_enabled {
            reachable_endpoints.retain(|ep| !ep.is_link_local_only());
        }
        let mut connections = Vec::new();
        for route in st.discovery_routes.values() {
            if now_ms.saturating_sub(route.last_seen_ms) > DISCOVERY_ROUTE_TTL_MS {
                continue;
            }
            for (sender, sender_state) in route.announcers.iter() {
                if now_ms.saturating_sub(sender_state.last_seen_ms) <= DISCOVERY_ROUTE_TTL_MS {
                    connections.push(sender.clone());
                }
            }
        }
        connections.sort_unstable();
        connections.dedup();
        let sender = self.sender_arc();
        TopologyBoardNode {
            sender_id: sender.to_string(),
            reachable_endpoints,
            reachable_timesync_sources: self.local_discovery_timesync_sources(now_ms),
            connections,
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn advertised_discovery_topology_for_link_locked(
        &self,
        st: &RouterInner,
        now_ms: u64,
        link_local_enabled: bool,
        exclude_side: Option<RouterSideId>,
    ) -> Vec<TopologyBoardNode> {
        let mut boards = vec![self.local_discovery_topology_board(st, now_ms, link_local_enabled)];
        for (&route_side, route) in st.discovery_routes.iter() {
            if exclude_side == Some(route_side) {
                continue;
            }
            if now_ms.saturating_sub(route.last_seen_ms) > DISCOVERY_ROUTE_TTL_MS {
                continue;
            }
            for (announcer, sender_state) in route.announcers.iter() {
                if now_ms.saturating_sub(sender_state.last_seen_ms) > DISCOVERY_ROUTE_TTL_MS {
                    continue;
                }
                let mut sender_boards = sender_state.topology_boards.clone();
                if sender_boards.is_empty() {
                    let sender = self.sender_arc();
                    sender_boards.push(TopologyBoardNode {
                        sender_id: announcer.clone(),
                        reachable_endpoints: sender_state.reachable.clone(),
                        reachable_timesync_sources: sender_state.reachable_timesync_sources.clone(),
                        connections: vec![sender.to_string()],
                    });
                } else if let Some(board) = sender_boards
                    .iter_mut()
                    .find(|board| board.sender_id == *announcer)
                {
                    board.connections.push(self.sender_arc().to_string());
                }
                if !link_local_enabled {
                    for board in sender_boards.iter_mut() {
                        board
                            .reachable_endpoints
                            .retain(|ep| !ep.is_link_local_only());
                    }
                }
                discovery::merge_topology_boards(&mut boards, &sender_boards);
            }
        }
        discovery::normalize_topology_boards(&mut boards);
        boards
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn prune_discovery_routes_locked(st: &mut RouterInner, now_ms: u64) -> bool {
        let before = st.discovery_routes.clone();
        st.discovery_routes.retain(|_, route| {
            route.announcers.retain(|_, sender| {
                now_ms.saturating_sub(sender.last_seen_ms) <= DISCOVERY_ROUTE_TTL_MS
            });
            Self::recompute_discovery_side_state(route);
            !route.announcers.is_empty()
        });
        st.discovery_routes != before
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn advertised_discovery_endpoints_for_link_locked(
        &self,
        st: &RouterInner,
        now_ms: u64,
        link_local_enabled: bool,
        exclude_side: Option<RouterSideId>,
    ) -> Vec<DataEndpoint> {
        let (reachable_endpoints, _) = discovery::summarize_topology_boards(
            &self.advertised_discovery_topology_for_link_locked(
                st,
                now_ms,
                link_local_enabled,
                exclude_side,
            ),
        );
        reachable_endpoints
            .into_iter()
            .filter(|ep| {
                !discovery::is_discovery_endpoint(*ep)
                    && (link_local_enabled || !ep.is_link_local_only())
            })
            .collect()
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn advertised_discovery_timesync_sources_for_link_locked(
        &self,
        st: &RouterInner,
        now_ms: u64,
        exclude_side: Option<RouterSideId>,
    ) -> Vec<String> {
        let (_, sources) = discovery::summarize_topology_boards(
            &self.advertised_discovery_topology_for_link_locked(st, now_ms, true, exclude_side),
        );
        sources
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn advertised_network_variables_for_link_locked(
        &self,
        st: &RouterInner,
        now_ms: u64,
        exclude_side: Option<RouterSideId>,
    ) -> Vec<DataType> {
        let mut types: Vec<DataType> = st
            .managed_variable_types
            .iter()
            .copied()
            .map(DataType)
            .collect();
        for (&route_side, route) in st.discovery_routes.iter() {
            if exclude_side == Some(route_side) {
                continue;
            }
            if now_ms.saturating_sub(route.last_seen_ms) <= DISCOVERY_ROUTE_TTL_MS {
                types.extend(route.reachable_network_variables.iter().copied());
            }
        }
        types.sort_unstable();
        types.dedup();
        types
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn discovery_master_sender_locked(&self, st: &RouterInner, now_ms: u64) -> String {
        let boards = self.advertised_discovery_topology_for_link_locked(st, now_ms, true, None);
        discovery::elect_discovery_master(self.sender_arc().as_ref(), &boards)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn should_answer_discovery_request_locked(
        &self,
        st: &RouterInner,
        requester: &str,
        now_ms: u64,
    ) -> bool {
        if requester == self.sender_arc().as_ref() {
            return false;
        }
        self.discovery_master_sender_locked(st, now_ms) == self.sender_arc().as_ref()
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    #[inline]
    fn side_is_slow_control_link_locked(
        st: &RouterInner,
        side_id: RouterSideId,
        now_ms: u64,
    ) -> bool {
        st.adaptive_route_stats.get(&side_id).is_some_and(|stats| {
            let recent_slow = stats.last_slow_observed_ms > 0
                && now_ms.saturating_sub(stats.last_slow_observed_ms)
                    <= DISCOVERY_SLOW_LINK_FULL_INTERVAL_MS;
            stats.sample_count > 0
                && ((stats.estimated_bandwidth_bps > 0
                    && stats.estimated_bandwidth_bps <= CONTROL_SLOW_LINK_CAPACITY_BPS)
                    || recent_slow)
        })
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn discovery_level_for_side_locked(
        st: &mut RouterInner,
        side_id: RouterSideId,
        now_ms: u64,
    ) -> Option<DiscoveryAdvertiseLevel> {
        if !Self::side_is_slow_control_link_locked(st, side_id, now_ms) {
            st.discovery_side_throttle.remove(&side_id);
            return Some(DiscoveryAdvertiseLevel::Full);
        }

        let throttle = st.discovery_side_throttle.entry(side_id).or_default();
        if now_ms >= throttle.next_full_ms {
            throttle.next_full_ms = now_ms.saturating_add(DISCOVERY_SLOW_LINK_FULL_INTERVAL_MS);
            throttle.next_ping_ms = now_ms.saturating_add(DISCOVERY_SLOW_LINK_PING_INTERVAL_MS);
            return Some(DiscoveryAdvertiseLevel::Full);
        }
        if now_ms >= throttle.next_ping_ms {
            throttle.next_ping_ms = now_ms.saturating_add(DISCOVERY_SLOW_LINK_PING_INTERVAL_MS);
            return Some(DiscoveryAdvertiseLevel::MinimalPing);
        }
        None
    }

    #[cfg(all(feature = "discovery", feature = "timesync"))]
    #[inline]
    fn is_timesync_type(ty: DataType) -> bool {
        matches!(
            ty,
            DataType::TimeSyncAnnounce | DataType::TimeSyncRequest | DataType::TimeSyncResponse
        )
    }

    #[cfg(all(feature = "discovery", feature = "timesync"))]
    fn timesync_allowed_for_side_locked(
        st: &mut RouterInner,
        side_id: RouterSideId,
        ty: DataType,
        now_ms: u64,
    ) -> bool {
        if !Self::is_timesync_type(ty) {
            return true;
        }
        if !Self::side_is_slow_control_link_locked(st, side_id, now_ms) {
            st.timesync_side_throttle.remove(&side_id);
            return true;
        }

        let throttle = st.timesync_side_throttle.entry(side_id).or_default();
        if now_ms >= throttle.next_allowed_ms {
            throttle.next_allowed_ms = now_ms.saturating_add(TIMESYNC_SLOW_LINK_MIN_INTERVAL_MS);
            return true;
        }
        false
    }

    #[cfg(all(feature = "discovery", feature = "timesync"))]
    fn filter_timesync_sides_locked(
        st: &mut RouterInner,
        ty: DataType,
        now_ms: u64,
        sides: Vec<RouterSideId>,
    ) -> Vec<RouterSideId> {
        sides
            .into_iter()
            .filter(|side| Self::timesync_allowed_for_side_locked(st, *side, ty, now_ms))
            .collect()
    }

    #[cfg(all(feature = "discovery", feature = "timesync"))]
    fn filter_timesync_matches_locked(
        st: &mut RouterInner,
        ty: DataType,
        now_ms: u64,
        matches: Vec<DiscoveryCandidateMatch>,
    ) -> Vec<DiscoveryCandidateMatch> {
        matches
            .into_iter()
            .filter(|m| Self::timesync_allowed_for_side_locked(st, m.side, ty, now_ms))
            .collect()
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn emit_discovery_snapshot(
        &self,
        called_from_queue: bool,
        include_schema: bool,
        include_topology: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let per_side = {
            let mut st = self.state.lock();
            if Self::prune_discovery_routes_locked(&mut st, now_ms) {
                self.reconcile_end_to_end_reliable_destinations_locked(&mut st)?;
                Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, now_ms);
            }
            st.fit_discovery_budget();
            let side_entries = st
                .sides
                .iter()
                .enumerate()
                .filter_map(|(side_id, side)| {
                    side.as_ref()
                        .map(|side| (side_id, side.opts.link_local_enabled, side.opts))
                })
                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
            let local_is_master =
                self.discovery_master_sender_locked(&st, now_ms) == self.sender_arc().as_ref();
            let mut per_side = Vec::new();
            for (side_id, link_local_enabled, opts) in side_entries {
                if !self.route_allowed_locked(&st, None, Some(DataType::DiscoveryAnnounce), side_id)
                {
                    continue;
                }
                let Some(level) = Self::discovery_level_for_side_locked(&mut st, side_id, now_ms)
                else {
                    continue;
                };
                let include_side_topology = include_topology
                    && self.route_allowed_locked(
                        &st,
                        None,
                        Some(DataType::DiscoveryTopology),
                        side_id,
                    );
                let capabilities = opts.link_capabilities();
                if level == DiscoveryAdvertiseLevel::MinimalPing {
                    per_side.push((
                        side_id,
                        level,
                        Vec::new(),
                        Vec::new(),
                        Vec::new(),
                        Vec::new(),
                        capabilities,
                        local_is_master,
                    ));
                    continue;
                }
                per_side.push((
                    side_id,
                    level,
                    self.advertised_discovery_endpoints_for_link_locked(
                        &st,
                        now_ms,
                        link_local_enabled,
                        Some(side_id),
                    ),
                    self.advertised_network_variables_for_link_locked(&st, now_ms, Some(side_id)),
                    self.advertised_discovery_timesync_sources_for_link_locked(
                        &st,
                        now_ms,
                        Some(side_id),
                    ),
                    if include_side_topology {
                        self.advertised_discovery_topology_for_link_locked(
                            &st,
                            now_ms,
                            link_local_enabled,
                            Some(side_id),
                        )
                    } else {
                        Vec::new()
                    },
                    capabilities,
                    local_is_master,
                ));
            }
            per_side
        };
        for (
            side_id,
            level,
            endpoints,
            network_variables,
            timesync_sources,
            topology,
            capabilities,
            local_is_master,
        ) in per_side
        {
            let sender = self.sender_arc();
            // Embedded schemas are immutable flash tables and embedded peers
            // intentionally ignore remote schema packets. Avoid constructing
            // and chunking a multi-kilobyte transient frame that no peer can
            // consume; hosted routers retain dynamic schema discovery.
            #[cfg(feature = "std")]
            if include_schema && level == DiscoveryAdvertiseLevel::Full {
                let pkt = discovery::build_discovery_schema(sender.as_ref(), now_ms)?;
                self.emit_internal_tx(
                    RouterTxItem::ToSide {
                        src: None,
                        dst: side_id,
                        data: RouterItem::Packet(pkt),
                    },
                    true,
                    called_from_queue,
                )?;
            }
            #[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
            let _ = include_schema;
            if level == DiscoveryAdvertiseLevel::Full {
                let address = self.local_address_advertisement(
                    endpoints.clone(),
                    network_variables.clone(),
                    timesync_sources.clone(),
                    capabilities,
                    if local_is_master {
                        discovery::ADDRESS_STATE_APPROVED
                    } else {
                        discovery::ADDRESS_STATE_REQUEST
                    },
                );
                let pkt = discovery::build_discovery_address(sender.as_ref(), now_ms, &address)?;
                self.emit_internal_tx(
                    RouterTxItem::ToSide {
                        src: None,
                        dst: side_id,
                        data: RouterItem::Packet(pkt),
                    },
                    true,
                    called_from_queue,
                )?;
            }
            if level == DiscoveryAdvertiseLevel::MinimalPing {
                let pkt = discovery::build_discovery_announce(
                    sender.as_ref(),
                    now_ms,
                    endpoints.as_slice(),
                )?;
                self.emit_internal_tx(
                    RouterTxItem::ToSide {
                        src: None,
                        dst: side_id,
                        data: RouterItem::Packet(pkt),
                    },
                    true,
                    called_from_queue,
                )?;
            }
            if include_topology && level == DiscoveryAdvertiseLevel::Full && !topology.is_empty() {
                let pkt = discovery::build_discovery_topology(sender.as_ref(), now_ms, &topology)?;
                self.emit_internal_tx(
                    RouterTxItem::ToSide {
                        src: None,
                        dst: side_id,
                        data: RouterItem::Packet(pkt),
                    },
                    true,
                    called_from_queue,
                )?;
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn queue_discovery_announce(&self, include_schema: bool) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        {
            let mut st = self.state.lock();
            if Self::prune_discovery_routes_locked(&mut st, now_ms) {
                self.reconcile_end_to_end_reliable_destinations_locked(&mut st)?;
                Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, now_ms);
            }
            st.fit_discovery_budget();
            if st.sides.iter().all(|side| side.is_none()) {
                return Ok(());
            }
            st.discovery_cadence.on_announce_sent(now_ms);
        }
        self.emit_discovery_snapshot(true, include_schema, true)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn poll_discovery_announce(&self) -> TelemetryResult<bool> {
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let due = {
            let mut st = self.state.lock();
            let removed = Self::prune_discovery_routes_locked(&mut st, now_ms);
            if removed {
                self.reconcile_end_to_end_reliable_destinations_locked(&mut st)?;
                Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, now_ms);
            }
            st.fit_discovery_budget();
            let has_any = st.sides.iter().enumerate().any(|(side_id, side)| {
                let Some(side) = side.as_ref() else {
                    return false;
                };
                if !self.route_allowed_locked(&st, None, Some(DataType::DiscoveryAnnounce), side_id)
                {
                    return false;
                }
                let _ = side;
                true
            });
            if st.sides.is_empty() || !has_any {
                return Ok(false);
            }
            st.discovery_cadence.due(now_ms)
        };
        if !due {
            return Ok(false);
        }
        // Runtime liveness/topology refreshes must stay small. A full schema
        // is sent by the initial explicit announce and in response to
        // DiscoverySchemaRequest; repeating it at every cadence can starve
        // commands on constrained serial and radio links.
        self.queue_discovery_announce(false)?;
        Ok(true)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    fn learn_discovery_packet(
        &self,
        pkt: &Packet,
        src: Option<RouterSideId>,
        called_from_queue: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<bool> {
        if !discovery::is_discovery_type(pkt.data_type()) {
            return Ok(false);
        }
        let Some(side) = src else {
            return Ok(true);
        };
        if pkt.data_type() == DataType::DiscoveryAddress {
            let mut ad = discovery::decode_discovery_address(pkt)?;
            let mut changed = self.ingest_address_advertisement(ad.clone())?;
            /* Packed no_std frames represent their source as @addr:N until
             * discovery resolves the address. DiscoveryAddress carries the
             * authoritative hostname in its payload, so key reachability by
             * that name immediately instead of permanently treating the
             * placeholder as a distinct router. */
            let sender_id = if ad.hostname.is_empty() {
                pkt.sender()
            } else {
                ad.hostname.as_str()
            };
            let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
            let mut st = self.state.lock();
            let side_link_local_enabled = st
                .sides
                .get(side)
                .and_then(|entry| entry.as_ref())
                .map(|side_ref| side_ref.opts.link_local_enabled)
                .unwrap_or(false);
            if !side_link_local_enabled {
                ad.reachable_endpoints.retain(|ep| !ep.is_link_local_only());
            }
            let mut route = st.discovery_routes.get(&side).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
            if pkt.sender() != sender_id {
                route.announcers.remove(pkt.sender());
            }
            let mut sender_state = route.announcers.get(sender_id).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
            let board = Self::sender_topology_board_mut(&mut sender_state, sender_id);
            if board.reachable_endpoints != ad.reachable_endpoints {
                board.reachable_endpoints = ad.reachable_endpoints;
                changed = true;
            }
            if board.reachable_timesync_sources != ad.reachable_timesync_sources {
                board.reachable_timesync_sources = ad.reachable_timesync_sources;
                changed = true;
            }
            if sender_state.reachable_network_variables != ad.reachable_network_variables {
                sender_state.reachable_network_variables = ad.reachable_network_variables;
                changed = true;
            }
            Self::refresh_sender_topology_state(&mut sender_state);
            sender_state.last_seen_ms = now_ms;
            route.announcers.insert(sender_id.to_string(), sender_state);
            Self::recompute_discovery_side_state(&mut route);
            st.discovery_routes.insert(side, route);
            st.fit_discovery_budget();
            self.reconcile_end_to_end_reliable_destinations_locked(&mut st)?;
            if changed {
                Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, self.clock.now_ms());
            }
            return Ok(true);
        }
        let mut decoded_topology = if pkt.data_type() == DataType::DiscoveryTopology {
            Some(discovery::decode_discovery_topology(pkt)?)
        } else {
            None
        };
        let packet_sender = {
            let st = self.state.lock();
            let canonical = Self::canonical_sender_locked(&st, pkt.sender());
            if canonical != pkt.sender() {
                canonical
            } else if let Some(address) = pkt
                .sender()
                .strip_prefix("@addr:")
                .and_then(|value| value.parse::<u32>().ok())
            {
                // A compact topology frame may arrive before its reliable
                // DiscoveryAddress frame. Topology still carries stable board
                // names, so use the entry whose wire hash matches the compact
                // source address. This keeps autonomous routers keyed by name
                // even when the header omits that hostname.
                decoded_topology
                    .as_ref()
                    .and_then(|boards| {
                        boards
                            .iter()
                            .find(|board| sender_address_u32(&board.sender_id) == address)
                    })
                    .map(|board| board.sender_id.clone())
                    .unwrap_or(canonical)
            } else {
                canonical
            }
        };
        let local_sender = self.sender_arc();
        if packet_sender == local_sender.as_ref() {
            return Ok(true);
        }
        if pkt.data_type() == DataType::DiscoveryTopologyRequest {
            let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
            let should_answer = {
                let mut st = self.state.lock();
                if Self::prune_discovery_routes_locked(&mut st, now_ms) {
                    self.reconcile_end_to_end_reliable_destinations_locked(&mut st)?;
                    Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, now_ms);
                }
                self.should_answer_discovery_request_locked(&st, &packet_sender, now_ms)
            };
            if should_answer {
                self.emit_discovery_snapshot(called_from_queue, false, true)?;
            }
            return Ok(true);
        }
        if pkt.data_type() == DataType::DiscoverySchemaRequest {
            let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
            let should_answer = {
                let mut st = self.state.lock();
                if Self::prune_discovery_routes_locked(&mut st, now_ms) {
                    self.reconcile_end_to_end_reliable_destinations_locked(&mut st)?;
                    Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, now_ms);
                }
                self.should_answer_discovery_request_locked(&st, &packet_sender, now_ms)
            };
            if should_answer {
                self.emit_discovery_snapshot(called_from_queue, true, true)?;
            }
            return Ok(true);
        }
        if pkt.data_type() == DataType::ManagedVariableRequest {
            let ty = discovery::decode_managed_variable_request(pkt)?;
            if !self.can_write_managed_variable(ty) {
                // Read-only caches are replicas, not authoritative owners.
                // Leave the request unhandled so normal discovery routing can
                // carry it toward a writer on another segment even when this
                // subscriber restored an older persisted value at boot.
                return Ok(false);
            }
            if let Some(value) = self.managed_variable_latest(ty) {
                self.emit_internal_tx(
                    RouterTxItem::ToSide {
                        src: None,
                        dst: side,
                        data: RouterItem::Packet(value),
                    },
                    true,
                    called_from_queue,
                )?;
                return Ok(true);
            }
            // A writer may not have produced its first value yet. Keep the
            // request moving in case another authoritative writer has one.
            return Ok(false);
        }
        if pkt.data_type() == DataType::DiscoverySchema {
            // no_std schemas are generated into immutable flash tables. The
            // no_std merge operation is intentionally a no-op, so decoding a
            // remote schema here only creates a large transient allocation and
            // then discards it. The packed packet has already passed framing
            // and CRC validation; host/std routers still decode and merge it.
            #[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
            return Ok(true);

            #[cfg(feature = "std")]
            {
                let snapshot = discovery::decode_discovery_schema(pkt)?;
                let incoming_cost = crate::config::owned_schema_byte_cost(&snapshot);
                let mut st = self.state.lock();
                st.make_shared_queue_room(incoming_cost, RouterQueueKind::Discovery)?;
                let budget = st.memory.max_queue_budget;
                drop(st);
                let report =
                    crate::config::merge_owned_schema_snapshot_with_budget(snapshot, budget)?;
                if report.changed() {
                    let mut st = self.state.lock();
                    st.fit_discovery_budget();
                    Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, self.clock.now_ms());
                }
                return Ok(true);
            }
        }
        if pkt.data_type() == DataType::DiscoveryLinkCapabilities {
            let _ = discovery::decode_discovery_link_capabilities(pkt)?;
            return Ok(true);
        }
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        if pkt.data_type() == DataType::DiscoveryLeave {
            let leaving = packet_sender.as_str();
            let before = st.discovery_routes.clone();
            for route in st.discovery_routes.values_mut() {
                route.announcers.remove(leaving);
                for sender_state in route.announcers.values_mut() {
                    sender_state
                        .topology_boards
                        .retain(|board| board.sender_id != leaving);
                    for board in sender_state.topology_boards.iter_mut() {
                        board.connections.retain(|peer| peer != leaving);
                    }
                    Self::refresh_sender_topology_state(sender_state);
                }
                Self::recompute_discovery_side_state(route);
            }
            st.discovery_routes
                .retain(|_, route| !route.announcers.is_empty());
            if st.discovery_routes != before {
                Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, now_ms);
                self.reconcile_end_to_end_reliable_destinations_locked(&mut st)?;
            }
            return Ok(true);
        }
        let mut route = st.discovery_routes.get(&side).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
        let side_link_local_enabled = st
            .sides
            .get(side)
            .and_then(|entry| entry.as_ref())
            .map(|side_ref| side_ref.opts.link_local_enabled)
            .unwrap_or(false);
        let mut sender_state = route
            .announcers
            .get(&packet_sender)
            .cloned()
            .unwrap_or_default();
        let changed = match pkt.data_type() {
            DataType::DiscoveryAnnounce => {
                let mut reachable = discovery::decode_discovery_announce(pkt)?;
                if !side_link_local_enabled {
                    reachable.retain(|ep| !ep.is_link_local_only());
                }
                let board = Self::sender_topology_board_mut(&mut sender_state, &packet_sender);
                let changed = board.reachable_endpoints != reachable;
                board.reachable_endpoints = reachable;
                Self::refresh_sender_topology_state(&mut sender_state);
                changed
            }
            DataType::DiscoveryTimeSyncSources => {
                let sources = discovery::decode_discovery_timesync_sources(pkt)?;
                let board = Self::sender_topology_board_mut(&mut sender_state, &packet_sender);
                let changed = board.reachable_timesync_sources != sources;
                board.reachable_timesync_sources = sources;
                Self::refresh_sender_topology_state(&mut sender_state);
                changed
            }
            DataType::DiscoveryTopology => {
                let mut boards = decoded_topology
                    .take()
                    .expect("topology packet was decoded before route selection");
                for board in boards.iter_mut() {
                    board.sender_id = Self::canonical_sender_locked(&st, &board.sender_id);
                    for peer in board.connections.iter_mut() {
                        *peer = Self::canonical_sender_locked(&st, peer);
                    }
                }
                if !side_link_local_enabled {
                    for board in boards.iter_mut() {
                        board
                            .reachable_endpoints
                            .retain(|ep| !ep.is_link_local_only());
                    }
                }
                let changed = sender_state.topology_boards != boards;
                sender_state.topology_boards = boards;
                Self::refresh_sender_topology_state(&mut sender_state);
                changed
            }
            DataType::DiscoverySchema => false,
            _ => false,
        };
        sender_state.last_seen_ms = now_ms;
        route.announcers.insert(packet_sender, sender_state);
        Self::recompute_discovery_side_state(&mut route);
        st.discovery_routes.insert(side, route);
        st.fit_discovery_budget();
        self.reconcile_end_to_end_reliable_destinations_locked(&mut st)?;
        if changed {
            Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, now_ms);
        }
        Ok(true)
    }

    #[cfg(not(feature = "discovery"))]
    fn queue_discovery_announce(&self) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        Ok(())
    }

    #[cfg(not(feature = "discovery"))]
    fn poll_discovery_announce(&self) -> TelemetryResult<bool> {
        Ok(false)
    }

    #[cfg(not(feature = "discovery"))]
    fn learn_discovery_packet(
        &self,
        _pkt: &Packet,
        _src: Option<RouterSideId>,
        _called_from_queue: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<bool> {
        Ok(false)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn reliable_key(side: RouterSideId, ty: DataType) -> (RouterSideId, u32) {
        (side, ty.as_u32())
    }

    fn reliable_tx_state_mut<'a>(
        &'a self,
        st: &'a mut RouterInner,
        side: RouterSideId,
        ty: DataType,
    ) -> &'a mut ReliableTxState {
        let key = Self::reliable_key(side, ty);
        st.reliable_tx
            .entry(key)
            .or_insert_with(|| ReliableTxState {
                next_seq: 1,
                sent_order: VecDeque::new(),
                sent: BTreeMap::new(),
            })
    }

    fn reliable_rx_state_mut<'a>(
        &'a self,
        st: &'a mut RouterInner,
        side: RouterSideId,
        ty: DataType,
    ) -> &'a mut ReliableRxState {
        let key = Self::reliable_key(side, ty);
        st.reliable_rx
            .entry(key)
            .or_insert_with(|| ReliableRxState {
                expected_seq: 1,
                buffered: BTreeMap::new(),
            })
    }

    fn reliable_control_packet(
        &self,
        control_ty: DataType,
        ty: DataType,
        seq: u32,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<Packet> {
        let sender = self.sender_arc();
        Packet::new(
            control_ty,
            message_meta(control_ty).endpoints_ref(),
            sender.as_ref(),
            self.packet_timestamp_ms(),
            encode_slice_le(&[ty.as_u32(), seq]),
        )
    }

    fn queue_reliable_ack(
        &self,
        side: RouterSideId,
        ty: DataType,
        seq: u32,
        called_from_queue: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let pkt = self.reliable_control_packet(DataType::ReliableAck, ty, seq)?;
        self.emit_internal_tx_with_priority(
            RouterTxItem::ToSide {
                src: None,
                dst: side,
                data: RouterItem::Packet(pkt),
            },
            true,
            message_priority(DataType::ReliableAck),
            called_from_queue,
        )
    }

    fn queue_reliable_packet_request(
        &self,
        side: RouterSideId,
        ty: DataType,
        seq: u32,
        called_from_queue: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let pkt = self.reliable_control_packet(DataType::ReliablePacketRequest, ty, seq)?;
        self.emit_internal_tx_with_priority(
            RouterTxItem::ToSide {
                src: None,
                dst: side,
                data: RouterItem::Packet(pkt),
            },
            true,
            message_priority(DataType::ReliablePacketRequest),
            called_from_queue,
        )
    }

    fn queue_reliable_partial_ack(
        &self,
        side: RouterSideId,
        ty: DataType,
        seq: u32,
        called_from_queue: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let pkt = self.reliable_control_packet(DataType::ReliablePartialAck, ty, seq)?;
        self.emit_internal_tx_with_priority(
            RouterTxItem::ToSide {
                src: None,
                dst: side,
                data: RouterItem::Packet(pkt),
            },
            true,
            message_priority(DataType::ReliablePartialAck),
            called_from_queue,
        )
    }

    fn handle_reliable_ack(&self, side: RouterSideId, ty: DataType, ack: u32) {
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let tx_state = self.reliable_tx_state_mut(&mut st, side, ty);
        if matches!(reliable_mode(ty), crate::ReliableMode::Unordered) {
            tx_state.sent.remove(&ack);
            tx_state.sent_order.retain(|seq| *seq != ack);
            return;
        }

        while let Some(seq) = tx_state.sent_order.front().copied() {
            if seq > ack {
                break;
            }
            tx_state.sent_order.pop_front();
            tx_state.sent.remove(&seq);
        }
    }

    fn handle_reliable_partial_ack(&self, side: RouterSideId, ty: DataType, seq: u32) {
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let tx_state = self.reliable_tx_state_mut(&mut st, side, ty);
        if let Some(sent) = tx_state.sent.get_mut(&seq) {
            sent.partial_acked = true;
        }
    }

    fn queue_reliable_retransmit(
        &self,
        side: RouterSideId,
        ty: DataType,
        seq: u32,
        called_from_queue: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let mut queued = None;
        {
            let mut st = self.state.lock();
            let tx_state = self.reliable_tx_state_mut(&mut st, side, ty);
            if let Some(sent) = tx_state.sent.get_mut(&seq)
                && !sent.queued
            {
                sent.queued = true;
                sent.partial_acked = false;
                queued = Some(sent.bytes.clone());
            }
        }

        if let Some(bytes) = queued {
            if called_from_queue {
                self.tx_queue_item_with_priority(
                    RouterTxItem::ReliableReplay { dst: side, bytes },
                    true,
                    Self::router_item_priority_bumped(ty),
                )?;
            } else {
                self.tx_item_impl(
                    RouterTxItem::ReliableReplay { dst: side, bytes },
                    true,
                    false,
                )?;
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn send_reliable_raw_to_side(
        &self,
        side: RouterSideId,
        bytes: Arc<[u8]>,
        relayed: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let handler = {
            let st = self.state.lock();
            let side_ref = Self::side_ref(&st, side)?;
            if !side_ref.opts.egress_enabled {
                return Ok(());
            }
            (side_ref.tx_handler.clone(), side_ref.opts)
        };

        let (handler, opts) = handler;

        let Some(_side_tx_guard) = self.try_enter_side_tx() else {
            return Err(TelemetryError::Io("side tx busy"));
        };
        let started_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let ty = wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref())
            .map(|env| env.ty)
            .unwrap_or(DataType::ReliableAck);
        let result = match handler {
            RouterTxHandlerFn::Packed(f) => {
                let frames = self.encode_side_transport_frames(side, opts, bytes.clone())?;
                let mut attempts_total = 0usize;
                let mut sent_bytes = 0usize;
                for frame in frames {
                    match self
                        .retry_with_attempts(runtime_max_handler_retries(), || f(frame.as_ref()))
                    {
                        Ok((_, attempts)) => {
                            attempts_total = attempts_total.saturating_add(attempts);
                            sent_bytes = sent_bytes.saturating_add(frame.len());
                        }
                        Err((err, attempts)) => {
                            self.note_side_tx_failure(
                                side,
                                ty,
                                attempts_total.saturating_add(attempts),
                            );
                            return Err(err);
                        }
                    }
                }
                self.record_side_tx_sample(side, sent_bytes, started_ms, self.clock.now_ms());
                self.note_side_tx_success(side, ty, sent_bytes, relayed, attempts_total);
                return Ok(());
            }
            RouterTxHandlerFn::Packet(f) => {
                let pkt = wire_format::unpack_packet(bytes.as_ref())?;
                self.retry_with_attempts(runtime_max_handler_retries(), || f(&pkt))
            }
        };
        match result {
            Ok((_, attempts)) => {
                self.record_side_tx_sample(side, bytes.len(), started_ms, self.clock.now_ms());
                self.note_side_tx_success(side, ty, bytes.len(), relayed, attempts);
                Ok(())
            }
            Err((err, attempts)) => {
                self.note_side_tx_failure(side, ty, attempts);
                Err(err)
            }
        }
    }

    fn send_reliable_to_side(
        &self,
        side: RouterSideId,
        data: RouterItem,
        relayed: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let (handler, opts, hop_reliable_enabled) = {
            let st = self.state.lock();
            let side_ref = Self::side_ref(&st, side)?;
            let opts = side_ref.opts;
            let hop_reliable_enabled = opts.reliable_enabled
                && self.cfg.reliable_enabled()
                && !self.side_has_multiple_announcers_locked(&st, side, self.clock.now_ms());
            (side_ref.tx_handler.clone(), opts, hop_reliable_enabled)
        };

        let RouterTxHandlerFn::Packed(f) = &handler else {
            return self.call_side_tx_handler(side, &handler, &data, relayed);
        };

        if !hop_reliable_enabled {
            let mut adjusted_opts = opts;
            adjusted_opts.reliable_enabled = false;
            let preserve_end_to_end_ack = opts.reliable_enabled && self.cfg.reliable_enabled();
            if let Some(adjusted) =
                self.adjust_reliable_for_side(adjusted_opts, data, preserve_end_to_end_ack)?
            {
                return self.call_side_tx_handler(side, &handler, &adjusted, relayed);
            }
            return Ok(());
        }

        let ty = match &data {
            RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => pkt.data_type(),
            RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => wire_format::peek_frame_info(bytes.as_ref())?.envelope.ty,
        };

        if !is_reliable_type(ty) {
            if let Some(adjusted) = self.adjust_reliable_for_side(opts, data, true)? {
                self.call_side_tx_handler(side, &handler, &adjusted, relayed)?;
            }
            return Ok(());
        }

        let (seq, flags) = {
            let mut st = self.state.lock();
            let tx_state = self.reliable_tx_state_mut(&mut st, side, ty);
            if tx_state.sent.len() >= runtime_reliable_max_pending() {
                return Err(TelemetryError::PacketTooLarge(
                    "router reliable history full",
                ));
            }
            let seq = tx_state.next_seq;
            let next = tx_state.next_seq.wrapping_add(1);
            tx_state.next_seq = if next == 0 { 1 } else { next };
            let flags = match reliable_mode(ty) {
                crate::ReliableMode::Unordered => wire_format::RELIABLE_FLAG_UNORDERED,
                _ => 0,
            };
            (seq, flags)
        };

        let bytes: Arc<[u8]> = match data {
            RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => self.pack_packet_for_router(
                &pkt,
                Some(wire_format::ReliableHeader { flags, seq, ack: 0 }),
            )?,
            RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => {
                #[cfg(feature = "cryptography")]
                if self.e2e_seal_config_for_type(ty).is_some() {
                    self.prepare_packed_for_remote(
                        bytes,
                        Some(Some(wire_format::ReliableHeader { flags, seq, ack: 0 })),
                    )?
                } else {
                    let Some(rewritten) =
                        wire_format::rewrite_reliable_header_owned(bytes.as_ref(), flags, seq, 0)?
                    else {
                        let Some(_side_tx_guard) = self.try_enter_side_tx() else {
                            return Err(TelemetryError::Io("side tx busy"));
                        };
                        let started_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
                        let frames =
                            self.encode_side_transport_frames(side, opts, bytes.clone())?;
                        let mut attempts_total = 0usize;
                        let mut sent_bytes = 0usize;
                        for frame in frames {
                            match self.retry_with_attempts(runtime_max_handler_retries(), || {
                                f(frame.as_ref())
                            }) {
                                Ok((_, attempts)) => {
                                    attempts_total = attempts_total.saturating_add(attempts);
                                    sent_bytes = sent_bytes.saturating_add(frame.len());
                                }
                                Err((err, attempts)) => {
                                    self.note_side_tx_failure(
                                        side,
                                        ty,
                                        attempts_total.saturating_add(attempts),
                                    );
                                    return Err(err);
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        self.record_side_tx_sample(
                            side,
                            sent_bytes,
                            started_ms,
                            self.clock.now_ms(),
                        );
                        self.note_side_tx_success(side, ty, sent_bytes, relayed, attempts_total);
                        return Ok(());
                    };
                    rewritten
                }
                #[cfg(not(feature = "cryptography"))]
                {
                    let Some(rewritten) =
                        wire_format::rewrite_reliable_header_owned(bytes.as_ref(), flags, seq, 0)?
                    else {
                        let Some(_side_tx_guard) = self.try_enter_side_tx() else {
                            return Err(TelemetryError::Io("side tx busy"));
                        };
                        let started_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
                        let frames =
                            self.encode_side_transport_frames(side, opts, bytes.clone())?;
                        let mut attempts_total = 0usize;
                        let mut sent_bytes = 0usize;
                        for frame in frames {
                            match self.retry_with_attempts(runtime_max_handler_retries(), || {
                                f(frame.as_ref())
                            }) {
                                Ok((_, attempts)) => {
                                    attempts_total = attempts_total.saturating_add(attempts);
                                    sent_bytes = sent_bytes.saturating_add(frame.len());
                                }
                                Err((err, attempts)) => {
                                    self.note_side_tx_failure(
                                        side,
                                        ty,
                                        attempts_total.saturating_add(attempts),
                                    );
                                    return Err(err);
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        self.record_side_tx_sample(
                            side,
                            sent_bytes,
                            started_ms,
                            self.clock.now_ms(),
                        );
                        self.note_side_tx_success(side, ty, sent_bytes, relayed, attempts_total);
                        return Ok(());
                    };
                    rewritten
                }
            }
        };

        let Some(_side_tx_guard) = self.try_enter_side_tx() else {
            return Err(TelemetryError::Io("side tx busy"));
        };
        let started_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let frames = self.encode_side_transport_frames(side, opts, bytes.clone())?;
        let mut attempts_total = 0usize;
        let mut sent_bytes = 0usize;
        for frame in frames {
            match self.retry_with_attempts(runtime_max_handler_retries(), || f(frame.as_ref())) {
                Ok((_, attempts)) => {
                    attempts_total = attempts_total.saturating_add(attempts);
                    sent_bytes = sent_bytes.saturating_add(frame.len());
                }
                Err((err, attempts)) => {
                    self.note_side_tx_failure(side, ty, attempts_total.saturating_add(attempts));
                    return Err(err);
                }
            }
        }
        self.record_side_tx_sample(side, sent_bytes, started_ms, self.clock.now_ms());
        self.note_side_tx_success(side, ty, sent_bytes, relayed, attempts_total);

        {
            let mut st = self.state.lock();
            let tx_state = self.reliable_tx_state_mut(&mut st, side, ty);
            tx_state.sent_order.push_back(seq);
            tx_state.sent.insert(
                seq,
                ReliableSent {
                    bytes: bytes.clone(),
                    last_send_ms: self.clock.now_ms(),
                    retries: 0,
                    queued: false,
                    partial_acked: false,
                },
            );
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    #[inline]
    fn crc32_bytes(data: &[u8]) -> u32 {
        let mut hasher = Crc32Hasher::new();
        hasher.update(data);
        hasher.finalize()
    }

    fn read_uleb128_local(buf: &[u8], off: &mut usize) -> TelemetryResult<u64> {
        let mut result = 0u64;
        let mut shift = 0u32;
        for _ in 0..10 {
            let byte = *buf.get(*off).ok_or(TelemetryError::Unpack("short read"))?;
            *off += 1;
            result |= u64::from(byte & 0x7F) << shift;
            if (byte & 0x80) == 0 {
                return Ok(result);
            }
            shift += 7;
        }
        Err(TelemetryError::Unpack("uleb128 too long"))
    }

    fn write_uleb128_local(mut value: u64, out: &mut Vec<u8>) {
        loop {
            let mut byte = (value & 0x7F) as u8;
            value >>= 7;
            if value != 0 {
                byte |= 0x80;
            }
            out.push(byte);
            if value == 0 {
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    fn uleb128_len_local(mut value: u64) -> usize {
        let mut len = 1;
        while value >= 0x80 {
            value >>= 7;
            len += 1;
        }
        len
    }

    fn wrap_side_transport_frame(kind: u8, body: &[u8]) -> Arc<[u8]> {
        let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(
            SIDE_TRANSPORT_MAGIC.len() + 1 + body.len() + wire_format::CRC32_BYTES,
        );
        out.extend_from_slice(SIDE_TRANSPORT_MAGIC);
        out.push(kind);
        out.extend_from_slice(body);
        let crc = Self::crc32_bytes(&out);
        out.extend_from_slice(&crc.to_le_bytes());
        Arc::from(out)
    }

    fn parse_side_transport_wrapper(bytes: &[u8]) -> TelemetryResult<Option<(u8, &[u8])>> {
        if bytes.len() < SIDE_TRANSPORT_MAGIC.len() + 1 + wire_format::CRC32_BYTES {
            return Ok(None);
        }
        if &bytes[..SIDE_TRANSPORT_MAGIC.len()] != SIDE_TRANSPORT_MAGIC {
            return Ok(None);
        }
        let data_len = bytes.len() - wire_format::CRC32_BYTES;
        let expected = u32::from_le_bytes([
            bytes[data_len],
            bytes[data_len + 1],
            bytes[data_len + 2],
            bytes[data_len + 3],
        ]);
        let data = &bytes[..data_len];
        if Self::crc32_bytes(data) != expected {
            return Err(TelemetryError::Unpack("side transport crc32 mismatch"));
        }
        let kind = data[SIDE_TRANSPORT_MAGIC.len()];
        Ok(Some((kind, &data[SIDE_TRANSPORT_MAGIC.len() + 1..])))
    }

    fn extract_side_header_template(bytes: &[u8]) -> TelemetryResult<SideTemplateExtract<'_>> {
        if bytes.len() < wire_format::CRC32_BYTES + 4 {
            return Err(TelemetryError::Unpack("short buffer"));
        }
        let data_len = bytes.len() - wire_format::CRC32_BYTES;
        let data = &bytes[..data_len];
        let mut off = 0usize;
        let flags = *data
            .get(off)
            .ok_or(TelemetryError::Unpack("short prelude"))?;
        off += 1;
        off += 1; // NEP
        let ty_end_start = off;
        let ty_u64 = Self::read_uleb128_local(data, &mut off)?;
        let ty_u32 = u32::try_from(ty_u64).map_err(|_| TelemetryError::Unpack("bad data type"))?;
        if ty_u32 > crate::MAX_VALUE_DATA_TYPE {
            return Err(TelemetryError::Unpack("bad data type"));
        }
        let ty = DataType(ty_u32);
        let data_size_off = off;
        let data_size = Self::read_uleb128_local(data, &mut off)?;
        let _timestamp_off = off;
        let timestamp = Self::read_uleb128_local(data, &mut off)?;
        let nonce = if (flags & SIDE_TRANSPORT_FLAG_PACKET_NONCE) != 0 {
            u16::try_from(Self::read_uleb128_local(data, &mut off)?)
                .map_err(|_| TelemetryError::Unpack("packet nonce too large"))?
        } else {
            0
        };
        let between_start = off;
        let _source_address = u32::try_from(Self::read_uleb128_local(data, &mut off)?)
            .map_err(|_| TelemetryError::Unpack("source address too large"))?;
        let endpoint_bitmap_bytes = if (flags & SIDE_TRANSPORT_FLAG_ENDPOINT_BITMAP_PRESENT) != 0 {
            SIDE_TRANSPORT_EP_BITMAP_BYTES
        } else {
            0
        };
        if data.len() < off + endpoint_bitmap_bytes {
            return Err(TelemetryError::Unpack("short buffer"));
        }
        off += endpoint_bitmap_bytes;
        if (flags & SIDE_TRANSPORT_FLAG_WIRE_CONTRACT) != 0 {
            let contract_len = usize::try_from(Self::read_uleb128_local(data, &mut off)?)
                .map_err(|_| TelemetryError::Unpack("wire contract length"))?;
            if data.len() < off + contract_len {
                return Err(TelemetryError::Unpack("short buffer"));
            }
            off += contract_len;
        }
        let reliable_span = wire_format::reliable_header_span(bytes)?;
        let (reliable_flags, reliable_seq_ack, reliable_compact, payload_off) =
            if let Some((rel_off, rel_len, hdr)) = reliable_span {
                if data.len() < rel_off + rel_len {
                    return Err(TelemetryError::Unpack("short buffer"));
                }
                (
                    Some(hdr.flags),
                    Some((hdr.seq, hdr.ack)),
                    (flags & SIDE_TRANSPORT_FLAG_COMPACT_RELIABLE_HEADER) != 0,
                    rel_off + rel_len,
                )
            } else {
                (None, None, false, off)
            };
        if payload_off > data.len() {
            return Err(TelemetryError::Unpack("short buffer"));
        }
        let payload = &data[payload_off..];
        let prefix = Arc::<[u8]>::from(&data[1..data_size_off]);
        let between_end = reliable_span
            .map(|(rel_off, _, _)| rel_off)
            .unwrap_or(payload_off);
        let between = Arc::<[u8]>::from(&data[between_start..between_end]);
        let base_flags =
            flags & !(SIDE_TRANSPORT_FLAG_PAYLOAD_COMPRESSED | SIDE_TRANSPORT_FLAG_PACKET_NONCE);
        let mut hash = 0xD1B5_4A32_9C7E_01F3u64;
        hash = hash_bytes_u64(hash, &[base_flags]);
        hash = hash_bytes_u64(hash, &prefix);
        hash = hash_bytes_u64(hash, &between);
        if let Some(rel_flags) = reliable_flags {
            hash = hash_bytes_u64(hash, &[rel_flags]);
        }
        let template = SideHeaderTemplate {
            hash,
            base_flags,
            prefix,
            between,
            reliable_flags,
            reliable_compact,
        };
        let _ = ty_end_start;
        Ok((
            template,
            ty,
            flags,
            data_size,
            timestamp,
            nonce,
            reliable_seq_ack,
            payload,
        ))
    }

    fn reconstruct_side_compact_frame(
        template: &SideHeaderTemplate,
        body: &[u8],
        timestamp_mode: SideCompactTimestampMode,
        timestamp_base: Option<u64>,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<(Arc<[u8]>, u64)> {
        if body.is_empty() {
            return Err(TelemetryError::Unpack("short side compact frame"));
        }
        let mut off = 0usize;
        let flags = body[off];
        off += 1;
        if (flags & !(SIDE_TRANSPORT_FLAG_PAYLOAD_COMPRESSED | SIDE_TRANSPORT_FLAG_PACKET_NONCE))
            != template.base_flags
        {
            return Err(TelemetryError::Unpack("side compact flags mismatch"));
        }
        let data_size = Self::read_uleb128_local(body, &mut off)?;
        let timestamp = match timestamp_mode {
            SideCompactTimestampMode::Absolute => Self::read_uleb128_local(body, &mut off)?,
            SideCompactTimestampMode::Delta => {
                let timestamp_field = Self::read_uleb128_local(body, &mut off)?;
                let base = timestamp_base.ok_or(TelemetryError::Unpack(
                    "missing side compact timestamp context",
                ))?;
                base.checked_add(timestamp_field)
                    .ok_or(TelemetryError::Unpack(
                        "side compact timestamp delta overflow",
                    ))?
            }
            SideCompactTimestampMode::Omitted => timestamp_base.ok_or(TelemetryError::Unpack(
                "missing side compact timestamp context",
            ))?,
        };
        let nonce = if (flags & SIDE_TRANSPORT_FLAG_PACKET_NONCE) != 0 {
            Some(Self::read_uleb128_local(body, &mut off)?)
        } else {
            None
        };
        let reliable_seq_ack = if template.reliable_flags.is_some() {
            let seq = u32::try_from(Self::read_uleb128_local(body, &mut off)?)
                .map_err(|_| TelemetryError::Unpack("side compact reliable seq too large"))?;
            let ack = u32::try_from(Self::read_uleb128_local(body, &mut off)?)
                .map_err(|_| TelemetryError::Unpack("side compact reliable ack too large"))?;
            Some((seq, ack))
        } else {
            None
        };
        let payload = &body[off..];
        let mut raw = Vec::with_capacity(
            1 + template.prefix.len() + template.between.len() + payload.len() + 32,
        );
        raw.push(flags);
        raw.extend_from_slice(&template.prefix);
        Self::write_uleb128_local(data_size, &mut raw);
        Self::write_uleb128_local(timestamp, &mut raw);
        if let Some(nonce) = nonce {
            Self::write_uleb128_local(nonce, &mut raw);
        }
        raw.extend_from_slice(&template.between);
        if let Some(rel_flags) = template.reliable_flags {
            let (seq, ack) =
                reliable_seq_ack.ok_or(TelemetryError::Unpack("missing side compact reliable"))?;
            wire_format::write_reliable_header_encoded(
                wire_format::ReliableHeader {
                    flags: rel_flags,
                    seq,
                    ack,
                },
                template.reliable_compact,
                &mut raw,
            );
        }
        raw.extend_from_slice(payload);
        let crc = Self::crc32_bytes(&raw);
        raw.extend_from_slice(&crc.to_le_bytes());
        Ok((Arc::from(raw), timestamp))
    }
    fn split_side_transport_frame(
        &self,
        side: RouterSideId,
        frame: Arc<[u8]>,
        max_frame_bytes: usize,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<Vec<Arc<[u8]>>> {
        if max_frame_bytes <= SIDE_TRANSPORT_CHUNK_OVERHEAD {
            return Err(TelemetryError::BadArg);
        }
        let payload_budget = max_frame_bytes - SIDE_TRANSPORT_CHUNK_OVERHEAD;
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let side_state = st
            .side_transport
            .get_mut(&side)
            .ok_or(TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        let transfer_id = side_state.next_chunk_id.wrapping_add(1).max(1);
        side_state.next_chunk_id = transfer_id;
        drop(st);

        let total = frame.len().div_ceil(payload_budget);
        let total_u16 =
            u16::try_from(total).map_err(|_| TelemetryError::PacketTooLarge("too many chunks"))?;
        let mut frames = Vec::with_capacity(total);
        for (idx, chunk) in frame.chunks(payload_budget).enumerate() {
            let mut body = Vec::with_capacity(8 + chunk.len());
            body.extend_from_slice(&transfer_id.to_le_bytes());
            body.extend_from_slice(&(idx as u16).to_le_bytes());
            body.extend_from_slice(&total_u16.to_le_bytes());
            body.extend_from_slice(chunk);
            frames.push(Self::wrap_side_transport_frame(
                SIDE_TRANSPORT_KIND_CHUNK,
                &body,
            ));
        }
        Ok(frames)
    }

    fn encode_side_transport_frames(
        &self,
        side: RouterSideId,
        opts: RouterSideOptions,
        raw: Arc<[u8]>,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<Vec<Arc<[u8]>>> {
        if !opts.header_template_enabled && opts.max_frame_bytes == 0 {
            return Ok(vec![raw]);
        }

        let raw_len = raw.len();
        let mut compact_payload_len = None;
        let mut used_compact = false;
        let mut used_timestamp_delta = false;
        let mut omitted_timestamp = false;
        let wrapped = if opts.header_template_enabled {
            let (template, ty, flags, data_size, timestamp, nonce, reliable_seq_ack, payload) =
                Self::extract_side_header_template(raw.as_ref())?;
            let (template_id, use_compact, previous_timestamp) = {
                let mut st = self.state.lock();
                let side_state = st
                    .side_transport
                    .get_mut(&side)
                    .ok_or(TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
                if let Some(id) = side_state.tx_template_ids.get(&template.hash).copied() {
                    let previous = side_state.tx_last_timestamps.get(&id).copied();
                    /* A full refresh makes compact transport self-healing when
                     * the receiver missed the original template frame. */
                    const FULL_REFRESH_AFTER_COMPACT_FRAMES: u8 = 8;
                    let compact_uses = side_state.tx_compact_uses.entry(id).or_default();
                    let use_compact = *compact_uses < FULL_REFRESH_AFTER_COMPACT_FRAMES;
                    if use_compact {
                        *compact_uses = compact_uses.saturating_add(1);
                    } else {
                        *compact_uses = 0;
                    }
                    (id, use_compact, previous)
                } else {
                    let next = side_state.next_template_id.wrapping_add(1).max(1);
                    side_state.next_template_id = next;
                    let evicted = side_state.insert_tx_template(
                        template.clone(),
                        next,
                        opts.max_side_transport_templates,
                    );
                    if evicted {
                        st.side_runtime_stats
                            .entry(side)
                            .or_default()
                            .note_side_transport_template_eviction();
                    }
                    if let Some(side_state) = st.side_transport.get_mut(&side) {
                        side_state.tx_last_timestamps.insert(next, timestamp);
                    }
                    (next, false, None)
                }
            };
            if use_compact {
                used_compact = true;
                compact_payload_len = Some(payload.len());
                let timestamp_field = if let Some(previous) = previous_timestamp {
                    let delta = timestamp.saturating_sub(previous);
                    let omit_timestamp = opts.omit_unchanged_compact_timestamps
                        || opts.compact_timestamp_omission_types.contains(ty);
                    if omit_timestamp && timestamp == previous {
                        omitted_timestamp = true;
                        None
                    } else if timestamp >= previous
                        && Self::uleb128_len_local(delta) < Self::uleb128_len_local(timestamp)
                    {
                        used_timestamp_delta = true;
                        Some(delta)
                    } else {
                        Some(timestamp)
                    }
                } else {
                    Some(timestamp)
                };
                let mut body = Vec::with_capacity(payload.len() + 32);
                body.push(flags);
                Self::write_uleb128_local(u64::from(template_id), &mut body);
                Self::write_uleb128_local(data_size, &mut body);
                if let Some(timestamp_field) = timestamp_field {
                    Self::write_uleb128_local(timestamp_field, &mut body);
                }
                if (flags & SIDE_TRANSPORT_FLAG_PACKET_NONCE) != 0 {
                    Self::write_uleb128_local(u64::from(nonce), &mut body);
                }
                if let Some((seq, ack)) = reliable_seq_ack {
                    Self::write_uleb128_local(u64::from(seq), &mut body);
                    Self::write_uleb128_local(u64::from(ack), &mut body);
                }
                body.extend_from_slice(payload);
                {
                    let mut st = self.state.lock();
                    if let Some(side_state) = st.side_transport.get_mut(&side) {
                        side_state.tx_last_timestamps.insert(template_id, timestamp);
                    }
                }
                let kind = if omitted_timestamp {
                    SIDE_TRANSPORT_KIND_COMPACT_SAME_TIMESTAMP
                } else if used_timestamp_delta {
                    SIDE_TRANSPORT_KIND_COMPACT_DELTA
                } else {
                    SIDE_TRANSPORT_KIND_COMPACT
                };
                Self::wrap_side_transport_frame(kind, &body)
            } else {
                let mut body = Vec::with_capacity(raw.len() + 4);
                Self::write_uleb128_local(u64::from(template_id), &mut body);
                body.extend_from_slice(raw.as_ref());
                Self::wrap_side_transport_frame(SIDE_TRANSPORT_KIND_FULL, &body)
            }
        } else {
            Self::wrap_side_transport_frame(SIDE_TRANSPORT_KIND_FULL, raw.as_ref())
        };

        let frames = if opts.max_frame_bytes != 0 && wrapped.len() > opts.max_frame_bytes {
            self.split_side_transport_frame(side, wrapped, opts.max_frame_bytes)
        } else {
            Ok(vec![wrapped])
        }?;
        let wire_len = frames.iter().map(|frame| frame.len()).sum::<usize>();
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let stats = st.side_runtime_stats.entry(side).or_default();
        if used_compact {
            let overhead = compact_payload_len
                .map(|payload_len| wire_len.saturating_sub(payload_len))
                .unwrap_or(wire_len);
            stats.note_side_transport_compact(
                raw_len,
                wire_len,
                overhead,
                used_timestamp_delta,
                omitted_timestamp,
            );
            if opts.compact_header_target_bytes != 0 && overhead > opts.compact_header_target_bytes
            {
                stats.note_side_transport_compact_target_miss();
            }
        } else {
            stats.note_side_transport_full(raw_len, wire_len);
        }
        if frames.len() > 1 {
            stats.note_side_transport_chunks(frames.len());
        }
        Ok(frames)
    }

    fn decode_side_transport_frame(
        &self,
        side: RouterSideId,
        bytes: &[u8],
    ) -> TelemetryResult<Option<Arc<[u8]>>> {
        let Some((kind, body)) = Self::parse_side_transport_wrapper(bytes)? else {
            return Ok(Some(Arc::from(bytes)));
        };
        match kind {
            SIDE_TRANSPORT_KIND_FULL => {
                let mut off = 0usize;
                let template_id = u32::try_from(Self::read_uleb128_local(body, &mut off)?)
                    .map_err(|_| TelemetryError::Unpack("side template id too large"))?;
                let raw = Arc::<[u8]>::from(&body[off..]);
                if let Ok((template, _, _, _, timestamp, _, _, _)) =
                    Self::extract_side_header_template(raw.as_ref())
                {
                    let mut st = self.state.lock();
                    let max_templates = st
                        .sides
                        .get(side)
                        .and_then(|side| side.as_ref())
                        .map(|side| side.opts.max_side_transport_templates)
                        .unwrap_or(DEFAULT_SIDE_TRANSPORT_TEMPLATE_LIMIT);
                    let evicted = st.side_transport.get_mut(&side).is_some_and(|side_state| {
                        let evicted =
                            side_state.insert_rx_template(template_id, template, max_templates);
                        side_state.rx_last_timestamps.insert(template_id, timestamp);
                        evicted
                    });
                    if evicted {
                        st.side_runtime_stats
                            .entry(side)
                            .or_default()
                            .note_side_transport_template_eviction();
                    }
                }
                Ok(Some(raw))
            }
            SIDE_TRANSPORT_KIND_COMPACT
            | SIDE_TRANSPORT_KIND_COMPACT_DELTA
            | SIDE_TRANSPORT_KIND_COMPACT_SAME_TIMESTAMP => {
                if body.is_empty() {
                    return Err(TelemetryError::Unpack("short side compact frame"));
                }
                let mut off = 1usize;
                let template_id = u32::try_from(Self::read_uleb128_local(body, &mut off)?)
                    .map_err(|_| TelemetryError::Unpack("side template id too large"))?;
                let mut compact_body = Vec::with_capacity(1 + body.len().saturating_sub(off));
                compact_body.push(body[0]);
                compact_body.extend_from_slice(&body[off..]);
                let (template, timestamp_base) = {
                    let st = self.state.lock();
                    let state = st.side_transport.get(&side);
                    let template = state
                        .and_then(|state| state.rx_templates_by_id.get(&template_id))
                        .cloned();
                    let timestamp_base = if matches!(
                        kind,
                        SIDE_TRANSPORT_KIND_COMPACT_DELTA
                            | SIDE_TRANSPORT_KIND_COMPACT_SAME_TIMESTAMP
                    ) {
                        state
                            .and_then(|state| state.rx_last_timestamps.get(&template_id))
                            .copied()
                    } else {
                        None
                    };
                    (template, timestamp_base)
                };
                /* A full template frame can be lost on a datagram/radio side.
                 * Drop this compact frame without tearing down the transport;
                 * the sender periodically emits a full refresh. */
                let Some(template) = template else {
                    return Ok(None);
                };
                let timestamp_mode = match kind {
                    SIDE_TRANSPORT_KIND_COMPACT_DELTA => SideCompactTimestampMode::Delta,
                    SIDE_TRANSPORT_KIND_COMPACT_SAME_TIMESTAMP => SideCompactTimestampMode::Omitted,
                    _ => SideCompactTimestampMode::Absolute,
                };
                let (frame, timestamp) = Self::reconstruct_side_compact_frame(
                    &template,
                    &compact_body,
                    timestamp_mode,
                    timestamp_base,
                )?;
                let mut st = self.state.lock();
                if let Some(side_state) = st.side_transport.get_mut(&side) {
                    side_state.rx_last_timestamps.insert(template_id, timestamp);
                }
                Ok(Some(frame))
            }
            SIDE_TRANSPORT_KIND_CHUNK => {
                if body.len() < 8 {
                    return Err(TelemetryError::Unpack("short side chunk frame"));
                }
                let transfer_id = u32::from_le_bytes([body[0], body[1], body[2], body[3]]);
                let index = u16::from_le_bytes([body[4], body[5]]);
                let total = u16::from_le_bytes([body[6], body[7]]);
                let payload = Arc::<[u8]>::from(&body[8..]);
                let assembled = {
                    let mut st = self.state.lock();
                    let side_state = st
                        .side_transport
                        .get_mut(&side)
                        .ok_or(TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
                    let entry = side_state.rx_chunks.entry(transfer_id).or_default();
                    if entry.total == 0 {
                        entry.total = total;
                    } else if entry.total != total {
                        side_state.rx_chunks.remove(&transfer_id);
                        return Err(TelemetryError::Unpack("side chunk total mismatch"));
                    }
                    entry.received.entry(index).or_insert(payload);
                    if entry.received.len() == usize::from(total) {
                        let entry = side_state
                            .rx_chunks
                            .remove(&transfer_id)
                            .ok_or(TelemetryError::Unpack("side chunk missing"))?;
                        let mut out = Vec::new();
                        for idx in 0..entry.total {
                            let chunk = entry
                                .received
                                .get(&idx)
                                .ok_or(TelemetryError::Unpack("side chunk gap"))?;
                            out.extend_from_slice(chunk);
                        }
                        Some(Arc::<[u8]>::from(out))
                    } else {
                        None
                    }
                };
                match assembled {
                    Some(frame) => self.decode_side_transport_frame(side, frame.as_ref()),
                    None => Ok(None),
                }
            }
            _ => Err(TelemetryError::Unpack("unknown side transport frame")),
        }
    }

    fn call_side_tx_handler(
        &self,
        side: RouterSideId,
        handler: &RouterTxHandlerFn,
        data: &RouterItem,
        relayed: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let opts = {
            let st = self.state.lock();
            Self::side_ref(&st, side)?.opts
        };
        let Some(_side_tx_guard) = self.try_enter_side_tx() else {
            return Err(TelemetryError::Io("side tx busy"));
        };
        let started_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let ty = match data {
            RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => pkt.data_type(),
            RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref())?.ty,
        };
        let result = match (handler, data) {
            (RouterTxHandlerFn::Packed(f), RouterItem::Packed(bytes)) => {
                #[cfg(feature = "cryptography")]
                let send_bytes = self.prepare_packed_for_remote(bytes.clone(), None)?;
                #[cfg(not(feature = "cryptography"))]
                let send_bytes = bytes.clone();
                let frames = self.encode_side_transport_frames(side, opts, send_bytes)?;
                let mut attempts_total = 0usize;
                let mut sent_bytes = 0usize;
                for frame in frames {
                    match self
                        .retry_with_attempts(runtime_max_handler_retries(), || f(frame.as_ref()))
                    {
                        Ok((_, attempts)) => {
                            attempts_total = attempts_total.saturating_add(attempts);
                            sent_bytes = sent_bytes.saturating_add(frame.len());
                        }
                        Err((err, attempts)) => {
                            self.note_side_tx_failure(
                                side,
                                ty,
                                attempts_total.saturating_add(attempts),
                            );
                            return Err(err);
                        }
                    }
                }
                self.record_side_tx_sample(side, sent_bytes, started_ms, self.clock.now_ms());
                self.note_side_tx_success(side, ty, sent_bytes, relayed, attempts_total);
                return Ok(());
            }
            (RouterTxHandlerFn::Packet(f), RouterItem::Packet(pkt)) => {
                self.retry_with_attempts(runtime_max_handler_retries(), || f(pkt))
            }
            (RouterTxHandlerFn::Packed(f), RouterItem::Packet(pkt)) => {
                let owned = self.pack_packet_for_router(pkt, None)?;
                let frames = self.encode_side_transport_frames(side, opts, owned)?;
                let mut attempts_total = 0usize;
                let mut sent_bytes = 0usize;
                for frame in frames {
                    match self
                        .retry_with_attempts(runtime_max_handler_retries(), || f(frame.as_ref()))
                    {
                        Ok((_, attempts)) => {
                            attempts_total = attempts_total.saturating_add(attempts);
                            sent_bytes = sent_bytes.saturating_add(frame.len());
                        }
                        Err((err, attempts)) => {
                            self.note_side_tx_failure(
                                side,
                                ty,
                                attempts_total.saturating_add(attempts),
                            );
                            return Err(err);
                        }
                    }
                }
                self.record_side_tx_sample(side, sent_bytes, started_ms, self.clock.now_ms());
                self.note_side_tx_success(side, ty, sent_bytes, relayed, attempts_total);
                return Ok(());
            }
            (RouterTxHandlerFn::Packet(f), RouterItem::Packed(bytes)) => {
                let pkt = wire_format::unpack_packet(bytes.as_ref())?;
                self.retry_with_attempts(runtime_max_handler_retries(), || f(&pkt))
            }
        };
        match result {
            Ok((_, attempts)) => {
                if let Ok(bytes) = Self::router_item_wire_len(data) {
                    self.record_side_tx_sample(side, bytes, started_ms, self.clock.now_ms());
                    self.note_side_tx_success(side, ty, bytes, relayed, attempts);
                }
                Ok(())
            }
            Err((err, attempts)) => {
                self.note_side_tx_failure(side, ty, attempts);
                Err(err)
            }
        }
    }

    fn adjust_reliable_for_side(
        &self,
        opts: RouterSideOptions,
        data: RouterItem,
        preserve_end_to_end_ack: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<Option<RouterItem>> {
        if opts.reliable_enabled {
            return Ok(Some(data));
        }

        match data {
            RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => {
                let frame = wire_format::peek_frame_info(bytes.as_ref())?;
                if is_reliable_type(frame.envelope.ty)
                    && let Some(hdr) = frame.reliable
                {
                    if (hdr.flags & wire_format::RELIABLE_FLAG_ACK_ONLY) != 0 {
                        return Ok(None);
                    }
                    if (hdr.flags & wire_format::RELIABLE_FLAG_UNSEQUENCED) == 0 {
                        let Some(rewritten) = wire_format::rewrite_reliable_header_owned(
                            bytes.as_ref(),
                            wire_format::RELIABLE_FLAG_UNSEQUENCED,
                            hdr.seq,
                            0,
                        )?
                        else {
                            return Ok(Some(RouterItem::Packed(bytes)));
                        };
                        return Ok(Some(RouterItem::Packed(rewritten)));
                    }
                }
                Ok(Some(RouterItem::Packed(bytes)))
            }
            RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => {
                if matches!(
                    pkt.data_type(),
                    DataType::ReliableAck
                        | DataType::ReliablePartialAck
                        | DataType::ReliablePacketRequest
                ) {
                    if preserve_end_to_end_ack
                        && pkt.data_type() == DataType::ReliableAck
                        && Self::is_end_to_end_ack_sender(pkt.sender())
                    {
                        return Ok(Some(RouterItem::Packet(pkt)));
                    }
                    return Ok(None);
                }
                Ok(Some(RouterItem::Packet(pkt)))
            }
        }
    }

    fn process_reliable_timeouts(&self) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let now = self.clock.now_ms();
        let mut requeue: Vec<(RouterSideId, DataType, u32)> = Vec::new();

        {
            let mut st = self.state.lock();
            if st.reliable_tx.is_empty() {
                return Ok(());
            }

            for ((side, ty_u32), tx_state) in st.reliable_tx.iter_mut() {
                let Some(ty) = DataType::try_from_u32(*ty_u32) else {
                    continue;
                };
                let sent_order: Vec<u32> = tx_state.sent_order.iter().copied().collect();
                for seq in sent_order {
                    let Some(sent) = tx_state.sent.get_mut(&seq) else {
                        continue;
                    };
                    if sent.queued
                        || now.wrapping_sub(sent.last_send_ms) < runtime_reliable_retransmit_ms()
                    {
                        continue;
                    }
                    if sent.partial_acked {
                        continue;
                    }
                    if sent.retries >= runtime_reliable_max_retries() {
                        tx_state.sent.remove(&seq);
                        tx_state.sent_order.retain(|existing| *existing != seq);
                        continue;
                    }
                    sent.retries += 1;
                    requeue.push((*side, ty, seq));
                }
            }
        }

        for (side, ty, seq) in requeue {
            self.queue_reliable_retransmit(side, ty, seq, true)?;
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn process_end_to_end_reliable_timeouts(&self) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let now = self.clock.now_ms();
        let mut requeue = Vec::new();

        {
            let mut st = self.state.lock();
            #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
            {
                if Self::prune_discovery_routes_locked(&mut st, now) {
                    Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, now);
                }
                self.reconcile_end_to_end_reliable_destinations_locked(&mut st)?;
            }
            let packet_ids: Vec<u64> = st.end_to_end_reliable_tx.keys().copied().collect();
            for packet_id in packet_ids {
                let Some(sent) = st.end_to_end_reliable_tx.get_mut(&packet_id) else {
                    continue;
                };
                if sent.queued
                    || now.wrapping_sub(sent.last_send_ms) < runtime_reliable_retransmit_ms()
                {
                    continue;
                }
                if sent.retries >= runtime_reliable_max_retries() {
                    st.end_to_end_reliable_tx.remove(&packet_id);
                    continue;
                }
                sent.retries += 1;
                requeue.push(packet_id);
            }
        }

        for packet_id in requeue {
            self.queue_end_to_end_reliable_retransmit(packet_id)?;
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    #[inline]
    fn monotonic_now_ns(&self) -> u64 {
        self.clock.now_ns()
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    #[inline]
    fn monotonic_now_ms(&self) -> u64 {
        self.clock.now_ms()
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    fn refresh_timesync_state(&self, now_mono_ms: u64) {
        let now_mono_ns = self.monotonic_now_ns();
        let mut st = self.timesync.lock();
        st.clock.prune_expired(now_mono_ms);
        let timeout_ms = st.cfg.map(|cfg| cfg.source_timeout_ms).unwrap_or(0);
        st.remote_sources
            .retain(|_, src| now_mono_ms.saturating_sub(src.last_sample_mono_ms) <= timeout_ms);
        let has_usable_time = Self::timesync_has_usable_time_locked(&st, now_mono_ns);
        let leader = if let Some(tracker) = st.tracker.as_mut() {
            let _ = tracker.refresh(now_mono_ms);
            tracker.leader(now_mono_ms, has_usable_time)
        } else {
            None
        };
        Self::reconcile_pending_timesync_request_locked(&mut st, &leader, now_mono_ms);
        if let Some(TimeSyncLeader::Remote(remote)) = leader.as_ref() {
            let target_ms = st
                .remote_sources
                .get(remote.sender.as_str())
                .map(|src| src.sample_unix_ms);
            if let Some(target_ms) = target_ms {
                st.disciplined_clock.steer_unix_ms(now_mono_ns, target_ms);
            }
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    /// Inserts or updates a named network-time source with an optional expiration TTL.
    pub fn update_network_time_source(
        &self,
        source: &str,
        priority: u64,
        time: PartialNetworkTime,
        ttl_ms: Option<u64>,
    ) {
        let now_ms = self.monotonic_now_ms();
        let now_ns = self.monotonic_now_ns();
        let mut st = self.timesync.lock();
        st.clock
            .update_source(source, priority, time, now_ms, now_ns, ttl_ms);
        if let Some(unix_ms) = time.to_network_time().and_then(|t| t.as_unix_ms()) {
            st.disciplined_clock.steer_unix_ms(now_ns, unix_ms);
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    fn set_network_time_source_impl(
        &self,
        source: &str,
        priority: u64,
        time: PartialNetworkTime,
        ttl_ms: Option<u64>,
    ) {
        let observed_mono_ms = self.monotonic_now_ms();
        let observed_mono_ns = self.monotonic_now_ns();
        let mut st = self.timesync.lock();
        let commit_mono_ms = self.monotonic_now_ms();
        let commit_mono_ns = self.monotonic_now_ns();
        let adjusted = if let Some(base) = time.to_network_time() {
            let elapsed_ns = commit_mono_ns.saturating_sub(observed_mono_ns);
            advance_network_time(base, elapsed_ns)
                .map(PartialNetworkTime::from)
                .unwrap_or(time)
        } else {
            time
        };
        let adjusted_mono_ms =
            observed_mono_ms.saturating_add(commit_mono_ms.saturating_sub(observed_mono_ms));
        st.clock.update_source(
            source,
            priority,
            adjusted,
            commit_mono_ms.max(adjusted_mono_ms),
            commit_mono_ns,
            ttl_ms,
        );
        if let Some(unix_ms) = adjusted.to_network_time().and_then(|t| t.as_unix_ms()) {
            st.disciplined_clock.steer_unix_ms(commit_mono_ns, unix_ms);
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    fn local_network_time_priority(&self) -> u64 {
        let st = self.timesync.lock();
        st.cfg.map(|cfg| cfg.priority).unwrap_or(0)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    /// Sets the local node's network time using any combination of date, time, and sub-second fields.
    pub fn set_local_network_time(&self, time: PartialNetworkTime) {
        let priority = self.local_network_time_priority();
        if time.is_complete_date() && time.is_complete_time() {
            self.set_network_time_source_impl(LOCAL_TIMESYNC_FULL_SOURCE_ID, priority, time, None);
            let mut st = self.timesync.lock();
            st.clock.remove_source(LOCAL_TIMESYNC_DATE_SOURCE_ID);
            st.clock.remove_source(LOCAL_TIMESYNC_TOD_SOURCE_ID);
            st.clock.remove_source(LOCAL_TIMESYNC_SUBSEC_SOURCE_ID);
            return;
        }

        {
            let mut st = self.timesync.lock();
            st.clock.remove_source(LOCAL_TIMESYNC_FULL_SOURCE_ID);
        }

        if time.year.is_some() || time.month.is_some() || time.day.is_some() {
            self.set_network_time_source_impl(
                LOCAL_TIMESYNC_DATE_SOURCE_ID,
                priority,
                PartialNetworkTime {
                    year: time.year,
                    month: time.month,
                    day: time.day,
                    ..Default::default()
                },
                None,
            );
        }

        if time.hour.is_some() || time.minute.is_some() || time.second.is_some() {
            self.set_network_time_source_impl(
                LOCAL_TIMESYNC_TOD_SOURCE_ID,
                priority,
                PartialNetworkTime {
                    hour: time.hour,
                    minute: time.minute,
                    second: time.second,
                    nanosecond: time.nanosecond,
                    ..Default::default()
                },
                None,
            );
        }

        if time.nanosecond.is_some() {
            self.set_network_time_source_impl(
                LOCAL_TIMESYNC_SUBSEC_SOURCE_ID,
                priority,
                PartialNetworkTime {
                    nanosecond: time.nanosecond,
                    ..Default::default()
                },
                None,
            );
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    /// Removes all locally supplied network-time fragments from the assembled clock.
    pub fn clear_local_network_time(&self) {
        let mut st = self.timesync.lock();
        st.clock.remove_source(LOCAL_TIMESYNC_FULL_SOURCE_ID);
        st.clock.remove_source(LOCAL_TIMESYNC_DATE_SOURCE_ID);
        st.clock.remove_source(LOCAL_TIMESYNC_TOD_SOURCE_ID);
        st.clock.remove_source(LOCAL_TIMESYNC_SUBSEC_SOURCE_ID);
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    /// Sets only the local calendar date portion of network time.
    pub fn set_local_network_date(&self, year: i32, month: u8, day: u8) {
        self.set_local_network_time(PartialNetworkTime {
            year: Some(year),
            month: Some(month),
            day: Some(day),
            ..Default::default()
        });
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    /// Sets the local time of day to hour and minute precision.
    pub fn set_local_network_time_hm(&self, hour: u8, minute: u8) {
        self.set_local_network_time(PartialNetworkTime {
            hour: Some(hour),
            minute: Some(minute),
            ..Default::default()
        });
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    /// Sets the local time of day to second precision.
    pub fn set_local_network_time_hms(&self, hour: u8, minute: u8, second: u8) {
        self.set_local_network_time(PartialNetworkTime {
            hour: Some(hour),
            minute: Some(minute),
            second: Some(second),
            ..Default::default()
        });
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    /// Sets the local time of day with millisecond precision.
    pub fn set_local_network_time_hms_millis(
        &self,
        hour: u8,
        minute: u8,
        second: u8,
        millisecond: u16,
    ) {
        self.set_local_network_time(PartialNetworkTime {
            hour: Some(hour),
            minute: Some(minute),
            second: Some(second),
            nanosecond: Some((millisecond as u32).saturating_mul(1_000_000)),
            ..Default::default()
        });
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    /// Sets the local time of day with nanosecond precision.
    pub fn set_local_network_time_hms_nanos(
        &self,
        hour: u8,
        minute: u8,
        second: u8,
        nanosecond: u32,
    ) {
        self.set_local_network_time(PartialNetworkTime {
            hour: Some(hour),
            minute: Some(minute),
            second: Some(second),
            nanosecond: Some(nanosecond),
            ..Default::default()
        });
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    /// Sets a complete local date and time with second precision.
    pub fn set_local_network_datetime(
        &self,
        year: i32,
        month: u8,
        day: u8,
        hour: u8,
        minute: u8,
        second: u8,
    ) {
        self.set_local_network_time(PartialNetworkTime {
            year: Some(year),
            month: Some(month),
            day: Some(day),
            hour: Some(hour),
            minute: Some(minute),
            second: Some(second),
            ..Default::default()
        });
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    /// Sets a complete local date and time with millisecond precision.
    pub fn set_local_network_datetime_millis(
        &self,
        year: i32,
        month: u8,
        day: u8,
        hour: u8,
        minute: u8,
        second: u8,
        millisecond: u16,
    ) {
        self.set_local_network_time(PartialNetworkTime {
            year: Some(year),
            month: Some(month),
            day: Some(day),
            hour: Some(hour),
            minute: Some(minute),
            second: Some(second),
            nanosecond: Some((millisecond as u32).saturating_mul(1_000_000)),
        });
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    /// Sets a complete local date and time with nanosecond precision.
    pub fn set_local_network_datetime_nanos(
        &self,
        year: i32,
        month: u8,
        day: u8,
        hour: u8,
        minute: u8,
        second: u8,
        nanosecond: u32,
    ) {
        self.set_local_network_time(PartialNetworkTime {
            year: Some(year),
            month: Some(month),
            day: Some(day),
            hour: Some(hour),
            minute: Some(minute),
            second: Some(second),
            nanosecond: Some(nanosecond),
        });
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    /// Removes a previously registered named network-time source.
    pub fn clear_network_time_source(&self, source: &str) {
        let mut st = self.timesync.lock();
        st.clock.remove_source(source);
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    /// Replaces the active time sync configuration and resets runtime state derived from it.
    pub fn set_timesync_config(&self, cfg: Option<TimeSyncConfig>) {
        let mut st = self.timesync.lock();
        let stale_remote_sources: Vec<String> = st.remote_sources.keys().cloned().collect();
        st.cfg = cfg;
        st.tracker = cfg.map(TimeSyncTracker::new);
        st.disciplined_clock = SlewedNetworkClock::new(
            cfg.map(|c| c.max_slew_ppm)
                .unwrap_or(TimeSyncConfig::default().max_slew_ppm),
        );
        st.remote_sources.clear();
        st.next_seq = 1;
        st.next_announce_mono_ms = 0;
        st.next_request_mono_ms = 0;
        st.pending_request = None;
        st.clock.remove_source(INTERNAL_TIMESYNC_SOURCE_ID);
        for source in stale_remote_sources {
            st.clock.remove_source(&source);
        }
        st.clock.remove_source(LOCAL_TIMESYNC_FULL_SOURCE_ID);
        st.clock.remove_source(LOCAL_TIMESYNC_DATE_SOURCE_ID);
        st.clock.remove_source(LOCAL_TIMESYNC_TOD_SOURCE_ID);
        st.clock.remove_source(LOCAL_TIMESYNC_SUBSEC_SOURCE_ID);
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    /// Returns the best currently known network-time reading, if any.
    pub fn network_time(&self) -> Option<NetworkTimeReading> {
        let now_ms = self.monotonic_now_ms();
        let now_ns = self.monotonic_now_ns();
        self.refresh_timesync_state(now_ms);
        let st = self.timesync.lock();
        if let Some(unix_ms) = st.disciplined_clock.read_unix_ms(now_ns) {
            return Some(NetworkTimeReading {
                time: PartialNetworkTime::from_unix_ms(unix_ms),
                unix_time_ms: Some(unix_ms),
            });
        }
        st.clock.current_time(now_ns)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    /// Returns the current network time as Unix milliseconds when available.
    pub fn network_time_ms(&self) -> Option<u64> {
        self.network_time().and_then(|t| t.unix_time_ms)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    fn packet_timestamp_ms(&self) -> u64 {
        self.network_time_ms()
            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.monotonic_now_ms())
    }

    #[cfg(not(feature = "timesync"))]
    fn packet_timestamp_ms(&self) -> u64 {
        self.clock.now_ms()
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    fn queue_internal_timesync_request(
        &self,
        seq: u64,
        t1_mono_ms: u64,
        called_from_queue: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let pkt_ts = self.packet_timestamp_ms();
        if called_from_queue {
            self.log_queue_ts(DataType::TimeSyncRequest, pkt_ts, &[seq, t1_mono_ms])
        } else {
            self.log_ts(DataType::TimeSyncRequest, pkt_ts, &[seq, t1_mono_ms])
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    fn queue_internal_timesync_response(
        &self,
        seq: u64,
        t1_mono_ms: u64,
        t2_network_ms: u64,
        t3_network_ms: u64,
        dst: Option<RouterSideId>,
        called_from_queue: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let pkt_ts = self.packet_timestamp_ms();
        let payload = encode_slice_le(&[seq, t1_mono_ms, t2_network_ms, t3_network_ms]);
        let sender = self.sender_arc();
        let pkt = Packet::new(
            DataType::TimeSyncResponse,
            &[DataEndpoint::TimeSync],
            sender.as_ref(),
            pkt_ts,
            payload,
        )?;
        match dst {
            Some(dst) => self.emit_internal_tx(
                RouterTxItem::ToSide {
                    src: None,
                    dst,
                    data: RouterItem::Packet(pkt),
                },
                true,
                called_from_queue,
            ),
            None => self.emit_internal_tx(
                RouterTxItem::Broadcast(RouterItem::Packet(pkt)),
                true,
                called_from_queue,
            ),
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    /// Runs one time sync maintenance cycle and queues any required announce or request packets.
    pub fn poll_timesync(&self) -> TelemetryResult<bool> {
        let now_ms = self.monotonic_now_ms();
        let now_ns = self.monotonic_now_ns();
        let mut queued_any = false;
        let mut announce_priority = None;
        let mut request = None;

        {
            let mut st = self.timesync.lock();
            st.clock.prune_expired(now_ms);
            let timeout_ms = st.cfg.map(|cfg| cfg.source_timeout_ms).unwrap_or(0);
            st.remote_sources
                .retain(|_, src| now_ms.saturating_sub(src.last_sample_mono_ms) <= timeout_ms);
            let Some(cfg) = st.cfg else {
                return Ok(false);
            };

            let has_usable_time = Self::timesync_has_usable_time_locked(&st, now_ns);
            let (leader, announce_prio) = if let Some(tracker) = st.tracker.as_mut() {
                let _ = tracker.refresh(now_ms);
                (
                    tracker.leader(now_ms, has_usable_time),
                    tracker.local_announce_priority(now_ms, has_usable_time),
                )
            } else {
                (None, None)
            };
            Self::reconcile_pending_timesync_request_locked(&mut st, &leader, now_ms);

            if let Some(TimeSyncLeader::Remote(remote)) = leader.as_ref() {
                let target_ms = st
                    .remote_sources
                    .get(&remote.sender)
                    .map(|src| src.sample_unix_ms);
                if let Some(target_ms) = target_ms {
                    st.disciplined_clock.steer_unix_ms(now_ns, target_ms);
                }
            }

            if let Some(priority) = announce_prio
                && now_ms >= st.next_announce_mono_ms
            {
                announce_priority = Some(priority);
                st.next_announce_mono_ms = now_ms.saturating_add(cfg.announce_interval_ms);
            }

            if let Some(TimeSyncLeader::Remote(remote)) = leader
                && now_ms >= st.next_request_mono_ms
                && st.pending_request.is_none()
            {
                let seq = st.next_seq;
                let next = st.next_seq.wrapping_add(1);
                st.next_seq = if next == 0 { 1 } else { next };
                st.next_request_mono_ms = now_ms.saturating_add(cfg.request_interval_ms);
                st.pending_request = Some(PendingTimeSyncRequest {
                    seq,
                    t1_mono_ms: now_ms,
                    source: remote.sender,
                });
                request = Some((seq, now_ms));
            }
        }

        if let Some(priority) = announce_priority {
            let time_ms = self.packet_timestamp_ms();
            self.log_queue_ts(DataType::TimeSyncAnnounce, time_ms, &[priority, time_ms])?;
            queued_any = true;
        }
        if let Some((seq, t1_mono_ms)) = request {
            self.queue_internal_timesync_request(seq, t1_mono_ms, true)?;
            queued_any = true;
        }

        Ok(queued_any)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
    fn handle_internal_timesync_packet(
        &self,
        pkt: &Packet,
        src: Option<RouterSideId>,
        called_from_queue: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<bool> {
        let Some(cfg) = self.cfg.timesync_config() else {
            if self.should_route_remote(&RouterItem::Packet(pkt.clone()), src)? {
                self.relay_send(RouterItem::Packet(pkt.clone()), src, called_from_queue)?;
            }
            return Ok(true);
        };

        let now_mono_ms = self.monotonic_now_ms();
        let now_mono_ns = self.monotonic_now_ns();
        let mut response = None;
        let mut poll_after = false;

        {
            let mut st = self.timesync.lock();
            st.clock.prune_expired(now_mono_ms);
            let timeout_ms = st.cfg.map(|cfg| cfg.source_timeout_ms).unwrap_or(0);
            st.remote_sources
                .retain(|_, src| now_mono_ms.saturating_sub(src.last_sample_mono_ms) <= timeout_ms);
            let has_usable_time = Self::timesync_has_usable_time_locked(&st, now_mono_ns);
            if st.tracker.is_none() {
                return Ok(true);
            }

            match pkt.data_type() {
                DataType::TimeSyncAnnounce => {
                    let ann = decode_timesync_announce(pkt)?;
                    let should_steer = {
                        let tracker = st.tracker.as_mut().expect("tracker checked above");
                        let _ = tracker.handle_announce(pkt, now_mono_ms)?;
                        matches!(
                            tracker.leader(now_mono_ms, has_usable_time),
                            Some(TimeSyncLeader::Remote(ref remote)) if remote.sender == pkt.sender()
                        )
                    };
                    st.remote_sources.insert(
                        pkt.sender().to_owned(),
                        RemoteTimeSyncSource {
                            priority: ann.priority,
                            last_sample_mono_ms: now_mono_ms,
                            sample_unix_ms: ann.time_ms,
                        },
                    );
                    st.clock.update_source(
                        pkt.sender(),
                        ann.priority,
                        PartialNetworkTime::from_unix_ms(ann.time_ms),
                        now_mono_ms,
                        now_mono_ns,
                        Some(cfg.source_timeout_ms),
                    );
                    if should_steer {
                        st.disciplined_clock.steer_unix_ms(now_mono_ns, ann.time_ms);
                    }
                    poll_after = true;
                }
                DataType::TimeSyncRequest => {
                    let should_serve = {
                        let tracker = st.tracker.as_ref().expect("tracker checked above");
                        tracker.should_serve(now_mono_ms, has_usable_time)
                    };
                    if should_serve {
                        let req = decode_timesync_request(pkt)?;
                        let network_now = st
                            .disciplined_clock
                            .read_unix_ms(now_mono_ns)
                            .or_else(|| {
                                st.clock
                                    .current_time(now_mono_ns)
                                    .and_then(|t| t.unix_time_ms)
                            })
                            .unwrap_or(now_mono_ms);
                        let t2 = network_now;
                        let t3 = network_now;
                        response = Some((req.seq, req.t1_ms, t2, t3, src));
                    }
                }
                DataType::TimeSyncResponse => {
                    let resp = decode_timesync_response(pkt)?;
                    let pending = st.pending_request.clone();
                    if let Some(pending) = pending
                        && pending.seq == resp.seq
                        && pending.source == pkt.sender()
                    {
                        let source_priority = {
                            let tracker = st.tracker.as_ref().expect("tracker checked above");
                            tracker
                                .best_active_source(now_mono_ms)
                                .map(|s| s.priority)
                                .or_else(|| st.remote_sources.get(pkt.sender()).map(|s| s.priority))
                                .unwrap_or(cfg.priority)
                        };
                        let (estimate_ms, _delay_ms) = compute_network_time_sample(
                            pending.t1_mono_ms,
                            resp.t2_ms,
                            resp.t3_ms,
                            now_mono_ms,
                        );
                        st.remote_sources.insert(
                            pkt.sender().to_owned(),
                            RemoteTimeSyncSource {
                                priority: source_priority,
                                last_sample_mono_ms: now_mono_ms,
                                sample_unix_ms: estimate_ms,
                            },
                        );
                        st.clock.update_source(
                            pkt.sender(),
                            source_priority,
                            PartialNetworkTime::from_unix_ms(estimate_ms),
                            now_mono_ms,
                            now_mono_ns,
                            Some(cfg.source_timeout_ms),
                        );
                        st.disciplined_clock.steer_unix_ms(now_mono_ns, estimate_ms);
                        st.pending_request = None;
                    }
                }
                _ => {}
            }
        }

        if let Some((seq, t1, t2, t3, dst)) = response {
            self.queue_internal_timesync_response(seq, t1, t2, t3, dst, called_from_queue)?;
        }
        if poll_after {
            let _ = self.poll_timesync()?;
        }

        if self.should_route_remote(&RouterItem::Packet(pkt.clone()), src)? {
            self.relay_send(RouterItem::Packet(pkt.clone()), src, called_from_queue)?;
        }

        Ok(true)
    }

    /// Create a new Router with an internal monotonic clock.
    #[cfg(feature = "std")]
    pub fn new(cfg: RouterConfig) -> Self {
        Self::new_with_clock(cfg, Box::new(StdMonotonicClock::default()))
    }

    /// Create a new Router with the specified router configuration and clock.
    pub fn new_with_clock(cfg: RouterConfig, clock: Box<dyn Clock + Send + Sync>) -> Self {
        #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
        let timesync_cfg = cfg.timesync_config();
        let memory = cfg.memory_config();
        let hostname: Arc<str> = Arc::from(cfg.sender());
        let address_mode = cfg.address_mode();
        let instance_seq = u64::from(ROUTER_INSTANCE_SEQ.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed));
        let owner_hash = Self::sender_hash(hostname.as_ref()) ^ instance_seq;
        let fallback = Self::fallback_address_for_hostname(hostname.as_ref());
        let requested = address_mode.requested_address();
        let address = if requested == 0 { fallback } else { requested };
        let local_address = AddressBookEntry {
            hostname: hostname.clone(),
            address,
            requested_address: requested,
            mode: address_mode,
            birth_ms: clock
                .now_ms()
                .saturating_mul(1_000_000)
                .saturating_add(instance_seq),
            owner_hash,
            last_seen_ms: clock.now_ms(),
        };
        let mut address_book = BTreeMap::new();
        address_book.insert(hostname.to_string(), local_address.clone());
        let mut address_by_value = BTreeMap::new();
        address_by_value.insert(address, hostname.to_string());
        Self {
            sender: RouterMutex::new(hostname),
            cfg,
            state: RouterMutex::new(RouterInner {
                memory,
                sides: Vec::new(),
                route_overrides: BTreeMap::new(),
                typed_route_overrides: BTreeMap::new(),
                route_weights: BTreeMap::new(),
                route_priorities: BTreeMap::new(),
                source_route_modes: BTreeMap::new(),
                route_selection_cursors: BTreeMap::new(),
                adaptive_route_stats: BTreeMap::new(),
                side_runtime_stats: BTreeMap::new(),
                side_transport: BTreeMap::new(),
                managed_variable_types: BTreeSet::new(),
                managed_variable_permissions: BTreeMap::new(),
                managed_variable_latest: BTreeMap::new(),
                network_variable_update_handlers: BTreeMap::new(),
                local_address,
                address_book,
                address_by_value,
                p2p_port_handlers: BTreeMap::new(),
                p2p_stream_handlers: BTreeMap::new(),
                p2p_stream_sessions: BTreeMap::new(),
                next_p2p_stream_id: 1,
                received_queue: BoundedDeque::new(
                    memory.max_queue_budget,
                    memory.starting_queue_size,
                    memory.queue_grow_step,
                ),
                transmit_queue: BoundedDeque::new(
                    memory.max_queue_budget,
                    memory.starting_queue_size,
                    memory.queue_grow_step,
                ),
                tx_priority_burst: 0,
                recent_rx: BoundedDeque::new(
                    memory.recent_rx_queue_bytes(),
                    memory.recent_rx_queue_bytes(),
                    memory.queue_grow_step,
                ),
                reliable_tx: BTreeMap::new(),
                reliable_rx: BTreeMap::new(),
                reliable_return_routes: BTreeMap::new(),
                reliable_return_route_order: VecDeque::new(),
                end_to_end_reliable_tx: BTreeMap::new(),
                end_to_end_reliable_tx_order: VecDeque::new(),
                total_handler_failures: 0,
                total_handler_retries: 0,
                #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
                discovery_routes: BTreeMap::new(),
                #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
                discovery_cadence: DiscoveryCadenceState::default(),
                #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
                discovery_side_throttle: BTreeMap::new(),
                #[cfg(all(feature = "discovery", feature = "timesync"))]
                timesync_side_throttle: BTreeMap::new(),
            }),
            isr_rx_queue: IsrRxQueue::new(
                memory.max_queue_budget,
                memory.starting_queue_size,
                memory.queue_grow_step,
            ),
            side_tx_gate: ReentryGate::new(),
            clock,
            #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
            timesync: RouterMutex::new(TimeSyncRuntime::new(timesync_cfg)),
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    fn sender_arc(&self) -> Arc<str> {
        self.sender.lock().clone()
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn sender(&self) -> Arc<str> {
        self.sender_arc()
    }

    pub fn current_address(&self) -> NodeAddress {
        self.state.lock().local_address.address
    }

    pub fn hostname(&self) -> Arc<str> {
        self.sender_arc()
    }

    pub fn address_book(&self) -> Vec<AddressBookEntry> {
        self.state.lock().address_book.values().cloned().collect()
    }

    pub fn resolve_hostname(&self, hostname: &str) -> Option<AddressBookEntry> {
        self.state.lock().address_book.get(hostname).cloned()
    }

    pub fn resolve_address(&self, address: NodeAddress) -> Option<AddressBookEntry> {
        let st = self.state.lock();
        st.address_by_value
            .get(&address)
            .and_then(|hostname| st.address_book.get(hostname))
            .cloned()
    }

    pub fn bind_p2p_port<F>(&self, port: P2pPort, f: F) -> TelemetryResult<()>
    where
        F: Fn(P2pMessage<'_>) -> TelemetryResult<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        if port == 0 {
            return Err(TelemetryError::BadArg);
        }
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        st.p2p_port_handlers
            .entry(port)
            .or_default()
            .push(P2pPortHandler {
                handler: Arc::new(f),
            });
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn clear_p2p_port(&self, port: P2pPort) {
        self.state.lock().p2p_port_handlers.remove(&port);
    }

    pub fn bind_p2p_stream_port<F>(&self, port: P2pPort, f: F) -> TelemetryResult<()>
    where
        F: Fn(P2pStreamEvent<'_>) -> TelemetryResult<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        if port == 0 {
            return Err(TelemetryError::BadArg);
        }
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        st.p2p_stream_handlers
            .entry(port)
            .or_default()
            .push(P2pStreamHandler {
                handler: Arc::new(f),
            });
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn clear_p2p_stream_port(&self, port: P2pPort) {
        self.state.lock().p2p_stream_handlers.remove(&port);
    }

    fn send_p2p_to_entry(
        &self,
        dst: AddressBookEntry,
        dst_port: P2pPort,
        src_port: P2pPort,
        payload: &[u8],
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        if dst_port == 0 {
            return Err(TelemetryError::BadArg);
        }
        let local = self.state.lock().local_address.clone();
        let payload = Self::encode_p2p_payload(
            local.hostname.as_ref(),
            local.address,
            src_port,
            dst_port,
            payload,
        )?;
        let pkt = Packet::new(
            DataType::P2pMessage,
            &[DataEndpoint::Discovery],
            local.hostname.as_ref(),
            self.packet_timestamp_ms(),
            payload,
        )?;
        let target = Self::sender_hash(dst.hostname.as_ref());
        let item = self.attach_wire_contract_to_item(RouterItem::Packet(pkt.clone()), &[target])?;
        if target == Self::sender_hash(self.sender_arc().as_ref()) {
            self.dispatch_p2p_packet(&pkt)?;
            return Ok(());
        }
        self.tx_item_impl(RouterTxItem::Broadcast(item), true, false)
    }

    pub fn send_p2p_to_hostname(
        &self,
        hostname: &str,
        dst_port: P2pPort,
        src_port: P2pPort,
        payload: &[u8],
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let dst = self
            .resolve_hostname(hostname)
            .ok_or(TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        self.send_p2p_to_entry(dst, dst_port, src_port, payload)
    }

    pub fn send_p2p_to_address(
        &self,
        address: NodeAddress,
        dst_port: P2pPort,
        src_port: P2pPort,
        payload: &[u8],
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let dst = self
            .resolve_address(address)
            .ok_or(TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        self.send_p2p_to_entry(dst, dst_port, src_port, payload)
    }

    fn open_p2p_stream_to_entry(
        &self,
        dst: AddressBookEntry,
        dst_port: P2pPort,
        src_port: P2pPort,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<P2pStreamId> {
        if dst_port == 0 || src_port == 0 {
            return Err(TelemetryError::BadArg);
        }
        let stream_id = {
            let mut st = self.state.lock();
            let stream_id = Self::allocate_p2p_stream_id_locked(&mut st);
            if stream_id == 0 {
                return Err(TelemetryError::Io("p2p stream id exhausted"));
            }
            st.p2p_stream_sessions.insert(
                stream_id,
                P2pStreamSession {
                    peer_hostname: dst.hostname.clone(),
                    peer_address: dst.address,
                    local_port: src_port,
                    peer_port: dst_port,
                    peer_stream_id: 0,
                    next_sequence: 1,
                    connected: false,
                },
            );
            stream_id
        };
        let payload = Self::encode_p2p_stream_payload(P2P_STREAM_SYN, stream_id, 0, 0, &[])?;
        self.send_p2p_to_entry(dst, dst_port, src_port, &payload)?;
        Ok(stream_id)
    }

    pub fn open_p2p_stream_to_hostname(
        &self,
        hostname: &str,
        dst_port: P2pPort,
        src_port: P2pPort,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<P2pStreamId> {
        let dst = self
            .resolve_hostname(hostname)
            .ok_or(TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        self.open_p2p_stream_to_entry(dst, dst_port, src_port)
    }

    pub fn open_p2p_stream_to_address(
        &self,
        address: NodeAddress,
        dst_port: P2pPort,
        src_port: P2pPort,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<P2pStreamId> {
        let dst = self
            .resolve_address(address)
            .ok_or(TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        self.open_p2p_stream_to_entry(dst, dst_port, src_port)
    }

    fn send_p2p_stream_control(
        &self,
        stream_id: P2pStreamId,
        flags: u8,
        payload: &[u8],
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let (dst, dst_port, src_port, peer_stream_id, seq, refresh_syn) = {
            let mut st = self.state.lock();
            let Some(session) = st.p2p_stream_sessions.get_mut(&stream_id) else {
                return Err(TelemetryError::BadArg);
            };
            let peer_hostname = session.peer_hostname.clone();
            let peer_address = session.peer_address;
            let peer_port = session.peer_port;
            let local_port = session.local_port;
            let peer_stream_id = session.peer_stream_id;
            let refresh_syn = peer_stream_id == 0 && flags & P2P_STREAM_SYN == 0;
            let seq = session.next_sequence;
            session.next_sequence = session.next_sequence.wrapping_add(1).max(1);
            let dst = st
                .address_book
                .get(peer_hostname.as_ref())
                .cloned()
                .unwrap_or(AddressBookEntry {
                    hostname: peer_hostname.clone(),
                    address: peer_address,
                    requested_address: peer_address,
                    mode: AddressAssignmentMode::Dynamic,
                    birth_ms: self.clock.now_ms(),
                    owner_hash: Self::sender_hash(peer_hostname.as_ref()),
                    last_seen_ms: self.clock.now_ms(),
                });
            (dst, peer_port, local_port, peer_stream_id, seq, refresh_syn)
        };
        if refresh_syn {
            let syn_payload =
                Self::encode_p2p_stream_payload(P2P_STREAM_SYN, stream_id, 0, 0, &[])?;
            self.send_p2p_to_entry(dst.clone(), dst_port, src_port, &syn_payload)?;
        }
        let stream_payload =
            Self::encode_p2p_stream_payload(flags, stream_id, peer_stream_id, seq, payload)?;
        self.send_p2p_to_entry(dst, dst_port, src_port, &stream_payload)?;
        if flags & (P2P_STREAM_FIN | P2P_STREAM_RST) != 0 {
            self.state.lock().p2p_stream_sessions.remove(&stream_id);
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn send_p2p_stream(&self, stream_id: P2pStreamId, payload: &[u8]) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        self.send_p2p_stream_control(stream_id, P2P_STREAM_DATA, payload)
    }

    pub fn close_p2p_stream(&self, stream_id: P2pStreamId) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        self.send_p2p_stream_control(stream_id, P2P_STREAM_FIN, &[])
    }

    pub fn reset_p2p_stream(&self, stream_id: P2pStreamId) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        self.send_p2p_stream_control(stream_id, P2P_STREAM_RST, &[])
    }

    pub fn set_sender<S: AsRef<str>>(&self, sender: S) {
        let hostname: Arc<str> = Arc::from(sender.as_ref());
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let mut local = st.local_address.clone();
        local.hostname = hostname.clone();
        local.owner_hash = Self::sender_hash(hostname.as_ref());
        if matches!(local.mode, AddressAssignmentMode::Dynamic) {
            local.address = Self::fallback_address_for_hostname(hostname.as_ref());
            local.requested_address = 0;
        }
        let change =
            self.update_local_identity_locked(&mut st, local, AddressChangeReason::Configured);
        drop(st);
        let _ = self.notify_address_change(change);
    }

    pub fn set_address_assignment(
        &self,
        mode: AddressAssignmentMode,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<AddressChange> {
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let mut local = st.local_address.clone();
        local.mode = mode;
        local.requested_address = mode.requested_address();
        local.address = match mode {
            AddressAssignmentMode::Dynamic => {
                Self::fallback_address_for_hostname(local.hostname.as_ref())
            }
            AddressAssignmentMode::Requested(address) | AddressAssignmentMode::Static(address) => {
                if address == 0 {
                    1
                } else {
                    address
                }
            }
        };
        let change =
            self.update_local_identity_locked(&mut st, local, AddressChangeReason::Configured);
        drop(st);
        self.notify_address_change(change.clone())?;
        Ok(change)
    }

    /// Register a side whose TX callback consumes packed packet bytes.
    ///
    /// `name` is exported in topology/debug views and does not affect routing semantics.
    /// `tx` is called whenever the router decides to send a packet toward this side.
    ///
    /// The default options disable the router's per-link reliable framing on this side. Use
    /// [`Router::add_side_packed_with_options`] when this hop should participate in router
    /// reliable ACK/retransmit behavior.
    pub fn add_side_packed<N, F>(&self, name: N, tx: F) -> RouterSideId
    where
        N: AsRef<str>,
        F: Fn(&[u8]) -> TelemetryResult<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        self.add_side_packed_with_options(name, tx, RouterSideOptions::default())
    }

    /// Register a packed side with the compact small-packet transport preset enabled.
    ///
    /// `max_frame_bytes == 0` keeps header-template reuse enabled without chunking.
    pub fn add_side_packed_small_packets<N, F>(
        &self,
        name: N,
        tx: F,
        max_frame_bytes: usize,
    ) -> RouterSideId
    where
        N: AsRef<str>,
        F: Fn(&[u8]) -> TelemetryResult<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        self.add_side_packed_with_options(
            name,
            tx,
            RouterSideOptions::default().with_small_packet_transport(max_frame_bytes),
        )
    }

    /// Register a packed-output side with explicit side options.
    ///
    /// `opts.reliable_enabled` enables the router's per-hop reliable framing on this side only.
    /// That means reliable schema traffic on this side uses router-managed ACKs, packet requests,
    /// and retransmits before the bytes reach `tx`.
    ///
    /// `opts.link_local_enabled` allows link-local-only endpoints and discovery routes to use this
    /// side. `ingress_enabled` and `egress_enabled` set the initial directional policy.
    pub fn add_side_packed_with_options<N, F>(
        &self,
        name: N,
        tx: F,
        opts: RouterSideOptions,
    ) -> RouterSideId
    where
        N: AsRef<str>,
        F: Fn(&[u8]) -> TelemetryResult<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let side = Some(RouterSide {
            name: Arc::from(name.as_ref()),
            tx_handler: RouterTxHandlerFn::Packed(Arc::new(tx)),
            opts,
        });
        let id = if let Some(id) = st.sides.iter().position(Option::is_none) {
            st.sides[id] = side;
            id
        } else {
            let id = st.sides.len();
            st.sides.push(side);
            id
        };
        st.side_runtime_stats
            .insert(id, SideRuntimeStatsInner::default());
        st.side_transport.insert(id, SideTransportState::default());
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, self.clock.now_ms());
        id
    }

    /// Register a side whose TX callback receives decoded [`Packet`] values.
    ///
    /// Packet-output sides do not preserve the packed reliable hop framing, so
    /// `RouterSideOptions::reliable_enabled` only has effect for packed sides.
    pub fn add_side_packet<N, F>(&self, name: N, tx: F) -> RouterSideId
    where
        N: AsRef<str>,
        F: Fn(&Packet) -> TelemetryResult<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        self.add_side_packet_with_options(name, tx, RouterSideOptions::default())
    }

    /// Register a packet-output side with explicit side options.
    ///
    /// `opts.reliable_enabled` still records the operator's intent for this side, but packet-based
    /// callbacks receive decoded packets rather than the router's packed reliable hop framing.
    /// For router-managed per-link reliable sequencing and ACKs, use a packed side instead.
    pub fn add_side_packet_with_options<N, F>(
        &self,
        name: N,
        tx: F,
        opts: RouterSideOptions,
    ) -> RouterSideId
    where
        N: AsRef<str>,
        F: Fn(&Packet) -> TelemetryResult<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let side = Some(RouterSide {
            name: Arc::from(name.as_ref()),
            tx_handler: RouterTxHandlerFn::Packet(Arc::new(tx)),
            opts,
        });
        let id = if let Some(id) = st.sides.iter().position(Option::is_none) {
            st.sides[id] = side;
            id
        } else {
            let id = st.sides.len();
            st.sides.push(side);
            id
        };
        st.side_runtime_stats
            .insert(id, SideRuntimeStatsInner::default());
        st.side_transport.insert(id, SideTransportState::default());
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, self.clock.now_ms());
        id
    }

    /// Remove a side while keeping existing side IDs stable.
    ///
    /// `side` must be an id returned earlier by one of the `add_side_*` calls. Removed side IDs
    /// are tombstoned rather than renumbered so cached IDs for the remaining sides stay valid.
    pub fn remove_side(&self, side: RouterSideId) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        {
            let mut st = self.state.lock();
            let slot = st.sides.get_mut(side).ok_or(TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
            if slot.is_none() {
                return Err(TelemetryError::BadArg);
            }
            *slot = None;
            while st.sides.last().is_some_and(Option::is_none) {
                st.sides.pop();
            }
            // Keep the small side table allocation for reuse. Embedded links can
            // disappear and return frequently; shrinking here turned every tail
            // remove/add cycle into a free/allocation pair. The retained capacity
            // remains owned by the router and is released when the router drops.
            st.route_overrides
                .retain(|(src_side, dst_side), _| *src_side != Some(side) && *dst_side != side);
            st.typed_route_overrides
                .retain(|(src_side, _, dst_side), _| *src_side != Some(side) && *dst_side != side);
            st.route_weights
                .retain(|(src_side, dst_side), _| *src_side != Some(side) && *dst_side != side);
            st.route_priorities
                .retain(|(src_side, dst_side), _| *src_side != Some(side) && *dst_side != side);
            st.source_route_modes.remove(&Some(side));
            st.route_selection_cursors.remove(&Some(side));
            st.adaptive_route_stats.remove(&side);
            #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
            st.discovery_side_throttle.remove(&side);
            #[cfg(all(feature = "discovery", feature = "timesync"))]
            st.timesync_side_throttle.remove(&side);
            st.side_runtime_stats.remove(&side);
            st.side_transport.remove(&side);
            st.reliable_return_routes
                .retain(|_, route| route.side != side);
            st.transmit_queue.retain(
                |queued| {
                    !matches!(&queued.item, RouterTxItem::ToSide { dst, .. } if *dst == side)
                        && !matches!(&queued.item, RouterTxItem::ReliableReplay { dst, .. } if *dst == side)
                },
            );
            st.received_queue.retain(|queued| queued.src != Some(side));
            st.reliable_tx.retain(|(side_id, _), _| *side_id != side);
            st.reliable_rx.retain(|(side_id, _), _| *side_id != side);
            #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
            {
                st.discovery_routes.remove(&side);
                Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, now_ms);
            }
        }
        let mut isr_rx = self.isr_rx_queue.try_lock()?;
        isr_rx.retain(|queued| queued.src != Some(side));
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Enable or disable ingress processing for a registered side.
    ///
    /// When `enabled` is `false`, packets tagged as arriving from `side` are rejected before local
    /// delivery, discovery learning, or forwarding.
    pub fn set_side_ingress_enabled(
        &self,
        side: RouterSideId,
        enabled: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let side_ref = st
            .sides
            .get_mut(side)
            .and_then(|side| side.as_mut())
            .ok_or(TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        side_ref.opts.ingress_enabled = enabled;
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, now_ms);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Enable or disable egress toward a registered side.
    ///
    /// When `enabled` is `false`, the router keeps the side but stops routing packets toward it.
    pub fn set_side_egress_enabled(
        &self,
        side: RouterSideId,
        enabled: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let side_ref = st
            .sides
            .get_mut(side)
            .and_then(|side| side.as_mut())
            .ok_or(TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        side_ref.opts.egress_enabled = enabled;
        if !enabled {
            st.transmit_queue.retain(
                |queued| {
                    !matches!(&queued.item, RouterTxItem::ToSide { dst, .. } if *dst == side)
                        && !matches!(&queued.item, RouterTxItem::ReliableReplay { dst, .. } if *dst == side)
                },
            );
        }
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, now_ms);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Set the route-selection policy for traffic originating from `src`.
    ///
    /// `src == None` targets locally-originated router TX. `src == Some(side)` targets traffic
    /// that was received from a specific ingress side. `mode` only matters when more than one
    /// destination side is currently eligible.
    pub fn set_source_route_mode(
        &self,
        src: Option<RouterSideId>,
        mode: RouteSelectionMode,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        if let Some(src) = src {
            let _ = Self::side_ref(&st, src).map_err(|_| TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        }
        // Keep an explicitly selected Fanout mode distinct from the absence
        // of a policy. With discovery enabled, no policy intentionally uses
        // adaptive single-path selection; explicit Fanout must override that.
        st.source_route_modes.insert(src, mode);
        st.route_selection_cursors.remove(&src);
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, now_ms);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Clear any source-specific route-selection override for `src`.
    pub fn clear_source_route_mode(&self, src: Option<RouterSideId>) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        if let Some(src) = src {
            let _ = Self::side_ref(&st, src).map_err(|_| TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        }
        st.source_route_modes.remove(&src);
        st.route_selection_cursors.remove(&src);
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, now_ms);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Set the weighted-routing weight from `src` toward `dst`.
    ///
    /// Higher `weight` values make `dst` more likely to be chosen when the source route mode is
    /// [`RouteSelectionMode::Weighted`]. `src == None` applies to locally-originated TX.
    pub fn set_route_weight(
        &self,
        src: Option<RouterSideId>,
        dst: RouterSideId,
        weight: u32,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let _ = Self::side_ref(&st, dst).map_err(|_| TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        if let Some(src) = src {
            let _ = Self::side_ref(&st, src).map_err(|_| TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        }
        st.route_weights.insert((src, dst), weight);
        st.route_selection_cursors.remove(&src);
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, now_ms);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Clear a previously configured weighted-routing weight override.
    pub fn clear_route_weight(
        &self,
        src: Option<RouterSideId>,
        dst: RouterSideId,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let _ = Self::side_ref(&st, dst).map_err(|_| TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        if let Some(src) = src {
            let _ = Self::side_ref(&st, src).map_err(|_| TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        }
        st.route_weights.remove(&(src, dst));
        st.route_selection_cursors.remove(&src);
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, now_ms);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Set the failover priority from `src` toward `dst`.
    ///
    /// Lower numeric `priority` wins when the source route mode is
    /// [`RouteSelectionMode::Failover`]. `src == None` applies to locally-originated TX.
    pub fn set_route_priority(
        &self,
        src: Option<RouterSideId>,
        dst: RouterSideId,
        priority: u32,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let _ = Self::side_ref(&st, dst).map_err(|_| TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        if let Some(src) = src {
            let _ = Self::side_ref(&st, src).map_err(|_| TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        }
        st.route_priorities.insert((src, dst), priority);
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, now_ms);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Clear a previously configured failover priority override.
    pub fn clear_route_priority(
        &self,
        src: Option<RouterSideId>,
        dst: RouterSideId,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let _ = Self::side_ref(&st, dst).map_err(|_| TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        if let Some(src) = src {
            let _ = Self::side_ref(&st, src).map_err(|_| TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        }
        st.route_priorities.remove(&(src, dst));
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, now_ms);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Allow or block routing from `src` toward `dst`.
    ///
    /// `src == None` controls locally-originated router TX. `enabled == false` is the sink-like
    /// building block for disabling specific directions without changing router construction mode.
    pub fn set_route(
        &self,
        src: Option<RouterSideId>,
        dst: RouterSideId,
        enabled: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let _ = Self::side_ref(&st, dst).map_err(|_| TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        if let Some(src) = src {
            let _ = Self::side_ref(&st, src).map_err(|_| TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        }
        st.route_overrides.insert((src, dst), enabled);
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, now_ms);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Allow or block routing for a specific `DataType` from `src` toward `dst`.
    ///
    /// Typed route rules act as allowlists once any rule exists for the `(src, ty)` pair.
    /// `src == None` targets locally-originated router TX.
    pub fn set_typed_route(
        &self,
        src: Option<RouterSideId>,
        ty: DataType,
        dst: RouterSideId,
        enabled: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let _ = Self::side_ref(&st, dst).map_err(|_| TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        if let Some(src) = src {
            let _ = Self::side_ref(&st, src).map_err(|_| TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        }
        st.typed_route_overrides
            .insert((src, ty.as_u32(), dst), enabled);
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, now_ms);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Clear a typed route override for the `(src, ty, dst)` triple.
    pub fn clear_typed_route(
        &self,
        src: Option<RouterSideId>,
        ty: DataType,
        dst: RouterSideId,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let _ = Self::side_ref(&st, dst).map_err(|_| TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        if let Some(src) = src {
            let _ = Self::side_ref(&st, src).map_err(|_| TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        }
        st.typed_route_overrides.remove(&(src, ty.as_u32(), dst));
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, now_ms);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Clear a non-typed route override so the router falls back to default behavior.
    pub fn clear_route(&self, src: Option<RouterSideId>, dst: RouterSideId) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        let _ = Self::side_ref(&st, dst).map_err(|_| TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        if let Some(src) = src {
            let _ = Self::side_ref(&st, src).map_err(|_| TelemetryError::BadArg)?;
        }
        st.route_overrides.remove(&(src, dst));
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, now_ms);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Queue a built-in discovery advertisement describing this router's local endpoints.
    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    pub fn announce_discovery(&self) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        self.queue_discovery_announce(true)
    }

    /// Broadcast that this router is leaving so peers can prune topology immediately.
    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    pub fn announce_leave(&self) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let sender = self.sender_arc();
        let pkt = discovery::build_discovery_leave(sender.as_ref(), self.clock.now_ms())?;
        self.tx_item(RouterTxItem::Broadcast(RouterItem::Packet(pkt)))
    }

    /// Queue a discovery advertisement if the adaptive cadence says one is due.
    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    pub fn poll_discovery(&self) -> TelemetryResult<bool> {
        self.poll_discovery_announce()
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    pub fn request_topology(&self) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let sender = self.sender_arc();
        let pkt =
            discovery::build_discovery_topology_request(sender.as_ref(), self.clock.now_ms())?;
        self.tx_item(RouterTxItem::Broadcast(RouterItem::Packet(pkt)))
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    pub fn request_schema(&self) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let sender = self.sender_arc();
        let pkt = discovery::build_discovery_schema_request(sender.as_ref(), self.clock.now_ms())?;
        self.tx_item(RouterTxItem::Broadcast(RouterItem::Packet(pkt)))
    }

    /// Mark a data type as a network-managed variable.
    ///
    /// The router caches the latest packet for this type when it is locally transmitted or
    /// received from the network. Peers can request the latest cached value and the router will
    /// replay the original value packet, so user endpoint handlers see the same API shape as a
    /// normal update.
    pub fn enable_managed_variable(&self, ty: DataType) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        self.enable_network_variable(ty, NetworkVariablePermissions::READ_WRITE)
    }

    /// Mark a data type as a network variable with local read/write permissions.
    ///
    /// Users do not register a separate endpoint for network variables. Values are cached by
    /// data type and refreshed through SEDSnet's internal managed-variable control packets.
    pub fn enable_network_variable(
        &self,
        ty: DataType,
        permissions: NetworkVariablePermissions,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        if is_internal_control_type(ty) {
            return Err(TelemetryError::InvalidType);
        }
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        st.managed_variable_types.insert(ty.as_u32());
        st.managed_variable_permissions
            .insert(ty.as_u32(), permissions);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Register a callback that runs when an inbound network update changes this variable cache.
    ///
    /// The callback is invoked after the router state lock is released, so it may call back into
    /// the router. Local `set_network_variable` and `seed_managed_variable` calls update the cache
    /// without invoking this network-update callback.
    pub fn on_network_variable_update<F>(&self, ty: DataType, f: F) -> TelemetryResult<()>
    where
        F: Fn(&Packet) -> TelemetryResult<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        if is_internal_control_type(ty) {
            return Err(TelemetryError::InvalidType);
        }
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        st.managed_variable_types.insert(ty.as_u32());
        st.network_variable_update_handlers
            .entry(ty.as_u32())
            .or_default()
            .push(NetworkVariableUpdateHandler {
                handler: Arc::new(f),
            });
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn disable_managed_variable(&self, ty: DataType) {
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        st.managed_variable_types.remove(&ty.as_u32());
        st.managed_variable_permissions.remove(&ty.as_u32());
        st.managed_variable_latest.remove(&ty.as_u32());
        st.network_variable_update_handlers.remove(&ty.as_u32());
    }

    pub fn seed_managed_variable(&self, pkt: Packet) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        if is_internal_control_type(pkt.data_type()) {
            return Err(TelemetryError::InvalidType);
        }
        pkt.validate()?;
        {
            let mut st = self.state.lock();
            st.managed_variable_types.insert(pkt.data_type().as_u32());
        }
        self.cache_managed_variable_packet(&pkt, false)
    }

    pub fn cached_managed_variable(&self, ty: DataType) -> Option<Packet> {
        self.managed_variable_latest(ty)
    }

    /// Set a network variable for the whole network, permission policy allowing.
    ///
    /// The packet is cached locally and sent as normal user data. Routers that have seen or enabled
    /// this variable update their local cache internally; applications do not need to register a
    /// managed-variable endpoint.
    pub fn set_network_variable(&self, pkt: Packet) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        if is_internal_control_type(pkt.data_type()) {
            return Err(TelemetryError::InvalidType);
        }
        pkt.validate()?;
        let ty = pkt.data_type();
        {
            let mut st = self.state.lock();
            st.managed_variable_types.insert(ty.as_u32());
            let perms = Self::managed_variable_permissions_locked(&st, ty);
            if !perms.write {
                return Err(TelemetryError::PermissionDenied);
            }
        }
        self.cache_managed_variable_packet(&pkt, false)?;
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        let _ = self.poll_discovery()?;
        let item = RouterTxItem::Broadcast(RouterItem::Packet(pkt));
        if self.side_tx_active() {
            return self.tx_queue_item_with_priority(
                item,
                false,
                crate::transport_priority(DataType::ManagedVariableValue),
            );
        }
        self.tx_item(item)
    }

    /// Read a cached network variable, requesting a refresh if missing or stale.
    ///
    /// Returns the cached value when present. If the value is missing, this queues an internal
    /// managed-variable request and returns `Ok(None)`. If the value is stale, this queues a refresh
    /// request and returns the stale cached value so callers can continue operating while the network
    /// catches up.
    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    pub fn get_network_variable(
        &self,
        ty: DataType,
        stale_after_ms: Option<u64>,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<Option<Packet>> {
        if is_internal_control_type(ty) {
            return Err(TelemetryError::InvalidType);
        }
        {
            let mut st = self.state.lock();
            st.managed_variable_types.insert(ty.as_u32());
            let perms = Self::managed_variable_permissions_locked(&st, ty);
            if !perms.read {
                return Err(TelemetryError::PermissionDenied);
            }
        }
        let cached = self.managed_variable_latest_with_age(ty);
        let needs_refresh = match (cached.as_ref(), stale_after_ms) {
            (None, _) => true,
            (Some((_pkt, age_ms)), Some(max_age_ms)) => *age_ms > max_age_ms,
            (Some(_), None) => false,
        };
        if needs_refresh {
            self.request_managed_variable(ty)?;
        }
        Ok(cached.map(|(pkt, _age_ms)| pkt))
    }

    /// Read a cached network variable without issuing a network refresh.
    pub fn get_cached_network_variable(&self, ty: DataType) -> TelemetryResult<Option<Packet>> {
        if is_internal_control_type(ty) {
            return Err(TelemetryError::InvalidType);
        }
        if !self.can_read_managed_variable(ty) {
            return Err(TelemetryError::PermissionDenied);
        }
        Ok(self.managed_variable_latest(ty))
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    pub fn request_managed_variable(&self, ty: DataType) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        if is_internal_control_type(ty) {
            return Err(TelemetryError::InvalidType);
        }
        if !self.can_read_managed_variable(ty) {
            return Err(TelemetryError::PermissionDenied);
        }
        let sender = self.sender_arc();
        let pkt =
            discovery::build_managed_variable_request(sender.as_ref(), self.clock.now_ms(), ty)?;
        self.tx_item(RouterTxItem::Broadcast(RouterItem::Packet(pkt)))
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    pub fn request_managed_variable_by_name(&self, ty_name: &str) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let ty = DataType::try_named(ty_name).ok_or(TelemetryError::InvalidType)?;
        self.request_managed_variable(ty)
    }

    /// Export the current discovery-driven network topology view.
    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    pub fn export_topology(&self) -> TopologySnapshot {
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        if Self::prune_discovery_routes_locked(&mut st, now_ms) {
            Self::note_discovery_topology_change_locked(&mut st, now_ms);
        }
        let routes = st
            .discovery_routes
            .iter()
            .filter_map(|(&side_id, route)| {
                let side = st.sides.get(side_id)?.as_ref()?;
                let announcers = route
                    .announcers
                    .iter()
                    .map(|(sender_id, sender_state)| TopologyAnnouncerRoute {
                        sender_id: sender_id.clone(),
                        reachable_endpoints: sender_state
                            .reachable
                            .iter()
                            .copied()
                            .filter(|ep| !discovery::is_router_control_endpoint(*ep))
                            .collect(),
                        reachable_timesync_sources: sender_state.reachable_timesync_sources.clone(),
                        routers: sender_state.topology_boards.clone(),
                        last_seen_ms: sender_state.last_seen_ms,
                        age_ms: now_ms.saturating_sub(sender_state.last_seen_ms),
                    })
                    .collect();
                Some(TopologySideRoute {
                    side_id,
                    side_name: side.name.to_string(),
                    reachable_endpoints: route
                        .reachable
                        .iter()
                        .copied()
                        .filter(|ep| !discovery::is_router_control_endpoint(*ep))
                        .collect(),
                    reachable_timesync_sources: route.reachable_timesync_sources.clone(),
                    announcers,
                    last_seen_ms: route.last_seen_ms,
                    age_ms: now_ms.saturating_sub(route.last_seen_ms),
                })
            })
            .collect();
        let routers = self.advertised_discovery_topology_for_link_locked(&st, now_ms, true, None);
        let advertised_endpoints =
            self.advertised_discovery_endpoints_for_link_locked(&st, now_ms, true, None);
        let advertised_timesync_sources =
            self.advertised_discovery_timesync_sources_for_link_locked(&st, now_ms, None);
        let links = discovery::topology_links_from_boards(&routers);
        TopologySnapshot {
            advertised_endpoints,
            advertised_timesync_sources,
            routers,
            links,
            routes,
            current_announce_interval_ms: st.discovery_cadence.current_interval_ms,
            next_announce_ms: st.discovery_cadence.next_announce_ms,
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
    pub fn client_stats(&self, sender_id: &str) -> Option<ClientStatsSnapshot> {
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let st = self.state.lock();
        let mut side_ids = Vec::new();
        let mut side_names = Vec::new();
        let mut last_seen_ms = None::<u64>;
        let mut reachable_endpoints = Vec::new();
        let mut reachable_timesync_sources = Vec::new();
        let mut packets_sent = 0u64;
        let mut packets_received = 0u64;
        let mut bytes_sent = 0u64;
        let mut bytes_received = 0u64;

        for (side_id, route) in &st.discovery_routes {
            let Some(sender_state) = route.announcers.get(sender_id) else {
                continue;
            };
            side_ids.push(*side_id);
            if let Some(side_name) = st
                .sides
                .get(*side_id)
                .and_then(|side| side.as_ref())
                .map(|side| side.name.clone())
            {
                side_names.push(side_name.to_string());
            }
            last_seen_ms = Some(last_seen_ms.unwrap_or(0).max(sender_state.last_seen_ms));
            reachable_endpoints.extend(sender_state.reachable.iter().copied());
            reachable_timesync_sources
                .extend(sender_state.reachable_timesync_sources.iter().cloned());
            if let Some(stats) = st.side_runtime_stats.get(side_id) {
                packets_sent = packets_sent.saturating_add(stats.tx_packets);
                packets_received = packets_received.saturating_add(stats.rx_packets);
                bytes_sent = bytes_sent.saturating_add(stats.tx_bytes);
                bytes_received = bytes_received.saturating_add(stats.rx_bytes);
            }
        }

        if side_ids.is_empty() {
            return None;
        }
        reachable_endpoints.retain(|ep| !discovery::is_router_control_endpoint(*ep));
        reachable_endpoints.sort_unstable();
        reachable_endpoints.dedup();
        reachable_timesync_sources.sort_unstable();
        reachable_timesync_sources.dedup();
        side_ids.sort_unstable();
        side_ids.dedup();
        side_names.sort_unstable();
        side_names.dedup();
        let age_ms = last_seen_ms.map(|seen| now_ms.saturating_sub(seen));
        Some(ClientStatsSnapshot {
            sender_id: sender_id.to_string(),
            connected: age_ms.is_some_and(|age| age <= DISCOVERY_ROUTE_TTL_MS),
            side_ids,
            side_names,
            last_seen_ms,
            age_ms,
            reachable_endpoints,
            reachable_timesync_sources,
            packets_sent,
            packets_received,
            bytes_sent,
            bytes_received,
        })
    }

    pub fn export_runtime_stats(&self) -> RuntimeStatsSnapshot {
        let now_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
        let isr_rx = self.isr_rx_queue.snapshot().unwrap_or((0, 0));
        let st = self.state.lock();

        let mut sides = Vec::new();
        for (side_id, side) in st.sides.iter().enumerate() {
            let Some(side) = side.as_ref() else { continue };
            let stats = st
                .side_runtime_stats
                .get(&side_id)
                .cloned()
                .unwrap_or_default();
            let adaptive = st
                .adaptive_route_stats
                .get(&side_id)
                .cloned()
                .unwrap_or_default()
                .snapshot(now_ms, true);
            let (tx_template_count, rx_template_count) = st
                .side_transport
                .get(&side_id)
                .map(|state| (state.tx_template_count(), state.rx_template_count()))
                .unwrap_or((0, 0));
            let mut data_types: Vec<RuntimeTypeStats> = stats
                .data_types
                .into_iter()
                .map(|(ty, item)| RuntimeTypeStats {
                    data_type: DataType(ty),
                    tx_packets: item.tx_packets,
                    tx_bytes: item.tx_bytes,
                    rx_packets: item.rx_packets,
                    rx_bytes: item.rx_bytes,
                    relayed_tx_packets: item.relayed_tx_packets,
                    relayed_tx_bytes: item.relayed_tx_bytes,
                    relayed_rx_packets: item.relayed_rx_packets,
                    relayed_rx_bytes: item.relayed_rx_bytes,
                    tx_retries: item.tx_retries,
                    handler_failures: item.handler_failures,
                })
                .collect();
            data_types.sort_unstable_by_key(|item| item.data_type.as_u32());
            sides.push(RuntimeSideStats {
                side_id,
                side_name: side.name.to_string(),
                reliable_enabled: side.opts.reliable_enabled,
                link_local_enabled: side.opts.link_local_enabled,
                header_template_enabled: side.opts.header_template_enabled,
                max_frame_bytes: side.opts.max_frame_bytes,
                compact_header_target_bytes: side.opts.compact_header_target_bytes,
                side_transport_profile: side.opts.effective_transport_profile().as_str(),
                ingress_enabled: side.opts.ingress_enabled,
                egress_enabled: side.opts.egress_enabled,
                tx_packets: stats.tx_packets,
                tx_bytes: stats.tx_bytes,
                rx_packets: stats.rx_packets,
                rx_bytes: stats.rx_bytes,
                relayed_tx_packets: stats.relayed_tx_packets,
                relayed_tx_bytes: stats.relayed_tx_bytes,
                relayed_rx_packets: stats.relayed_rx_packets,
                relayed_rx_bytes: stats.relayed_rx_bytes,
                local_delivery_packets: stats.local_delivery_packets,
                tx_retries: stats.tx_retries,
                tx_handler_failures: stats.tx_handler_failures,
                local_handler_failures: stats.local_handler_failures,
                total_handler_retries: stats.total_handler_retries,
                side_transport_full_frames: stats.side_transport_full_frames,
                side_transport_compact_frames: stats.side_transport_compact_frames,
                side_transport_compact_delta_frames: stats.side_transport_compact_delta_frames,
                side_transport_compact_omitted_timestamp_frames: stats
                    .side_transport_compact_omitted_timestamp_frames,
                side_transport_chunk_frames: stats.side_transport_chunk_frames,
                side_transport_raw_bytes: stats.side_transport_raw_bytes,
                side_transport_wire_bytes: stats.side_transport_wire_bytes,
                side_transport_bytes_saved: stats.side_transport_bytes_saved,
                side_transport_min_compact_overhead_bytes: stats
                    .side_transport_min_compact_overhead_bytes,
                side_transport_max_compact_overhead_bytes: stats
                    .side_transport_max_compact_overhead_bytes,
                side_transport_compact_target_misses: stats.side_transport_compact_target_misses,
                side_transport_template_evictions: stats.side_transport_template_evictions,
                side_transport_tx_template_count: tx_template_count,
                side_transport_rx_template_count: rx_template_count,
                max_side_transport_templates: side.opts.max_side_transport_templates,
                adaptive,
                data_types,
            });
        }

        let mut route_modes: Vec<RouteModeStats> = st
            .route_selection_cursors
            .iter()
            .map(|(src, cursor)| RouteModeStats {
                src_side_id: *src,
                selection_mode: st.source_route_modes.get(src).copied(),
                cursor: *cursor,
            })
            .collect();
        for src in st.source_route_modes.keys() {
            if !route_modes.iter().any(|mode| mode.src_side_id == *src) {
                route_modes.push(RouteModeStats {
                    src_side_id: *src,
                    selection_mode: st.source_route_modes.get(src).copied(),
                    cursor: 0,
                });
            }
        }
        route_modes.sort_unstable_by_key(|mode| mode.src_side_id.unwrap_or(usize::MAX));

        let mut route_overrides: Vec<RouteOverrideStats> = st
            .route_overrides
            .iter()
            .map(|((src, dst), enabled)| RouteOverrideStats {
                src_side_id: *src,
                dst_side_id: *dst,
                enabled: *enabled,
            })
            .collect();
        route_overrides.sort_unstable_by_key(|item| {
            (item.src_side_id.unwrap_or(usize::MAX), item.dst_side_id)
        });

        let mut typed_route_overrides: Vec<TypedRouteOverrideStats> = st
            .typed_route_overrides
            .iter()
            .map(|((src, ty, dst), enabled)| TypedRouteOverrideStats {
                src_side_id: *src,
                data_type: DataType(*ty),
                dst_side_id: *dst,
                enabled: *enabled,
            })
            .collect();
        typed_route_overrides.sort_unstable_by_key(|item| {
            (
                item.src_side_id.unwrap_or(usize::MAX),
                item.data_type.as_u32(),
                item.dst_side_id,
            )
        });

        let mut route_weights: Vec<RouteWeightStats> = st
            .route_weights
            .iter()
            .map(|((src, dst), weight)| RouteWeightStats {
                src_side_id: *src,
                dst_side_id: *dst,
                weight: *weight,
            })
            .collect();
        route_weights.sort_unstable_by_key(|item| {
            (item.src_side_id.unwrap_or(usize::MAX), item.dst_side_id)
        });

        let mut route_priorities: Vec<RoutePriorityStats> = st
            .route_priorities
            .iter()
            .map(|((src, dst), priority)| RoutePriorityStats {
                src_side_id: *src,
                dst_side_id: *dst,
                priority: *priority,
            })
            .collect();
        route_priorities.sort_unstable_by_key(|item| {
            (item.src_side_id.unwrap_or(usize::MAX), item.dst_side_id)
        });

        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        let discovery = DiscoveryRuntimeStats {
            route_count: st.discovery_routes.len(),
            announcer_count: st
                .discovery_routes
                .values()
                .map(|route| route.announcers.len())
                .sum(),
            current_announce_interval_ms: Some(st.discovery_cadence.current_interval_ms),
            next_announce_ms: Some(st.discovery_cadence.next_announce_ms),
        };
        #[cfg(not(feature = "discovery"))]
        let discovery = DiscoveryRuntimeStats {
            route_count: 0,
            announcer_count: 0,
            current_announce_interval_ms: None,
            next_announce_ms: None,
        };

        RuntimeStatsSnapshot {
            sides,
            route_modes,
            route_overrides,
            typed_route_overrides,
            route_weights,
            route_priorities,
            queues: QueueRuntimeStats {
                rx_len: isr_rx.0.saturating_add(st.received_queue.len()),
                rx_bytes: isr_rx.1.saturating_add(st.received_queue.bytes_used()),
                tx_len: st.transmit_queue.len(),
                tx_bytes: st.transmit_queue.bytes_used(),
                replay_len: 0,
                replay_bytes: 0,
                recent_rx_len: st.recent_rx.len(),
                recent_rx_bytes: st.recent_rx.bytes_used(),
                reliable_rx_buffered_len: st.reliable_rx_buffer_len(),
                reliable_rx_buffered_bytes: st.reliable_rx_buffered_bytes(),
                shared_queue_bytes_used: st.shared_queue_bytes_used(),
            },
            reliable: ReliableRuntimeStats {
                reliable_return_route_count: st.reliable_return_routes.len(),
                end_to_end_pending_count: st.end_to_end_reliable_tx.len(),
                end_to_end_pending_destination_count: st
                    .end_to_end_reliable_tx
                    .values()
                    .map(|sent| sent.pending_destinations.len())
                    .sum(),
                end_to_end_acked_cache_count: 0,
            },
            discovery,
            total_handler_failures: st.total_handler_failures,
            total_handler_retries: st.total_handler_retries,
        }
    }

    /// Export current router memory usage/layout as JSON for profiling.
    pub fn export_memory_layout_json(&self) -> String {
        let isr_rx = self.isr_rx_queue.snapshot().unwrap_or((0, 0));
        let st = self.state.lock();
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        let discovery_bytes = st.discovery_bytes_used();
        #[cfg(not(feature = "discovery"))]
        let discovery_bytes = 0usize;
        let schema_bytes = crate::config::schema_bytes_used();
        let network_variable_cache_bytes = st
            .managed_variable_latest
            .values()
            .map(|entry| entry.packet.byte_cost())
            .sum::<usize>();
        let mut out = String::new();
        let memory = st.memory;
        let _ = fmt::Write::write_fmt(
            &mut out,
            format_args!(
                "{{\"kind\":\"router\",\
                 \"shared_queue_bytes_used\":{},\"shared_queue_bytes_allocated\":{},\
                 \"rx_queue_bytes_used\":{},\"rx_queue_bytes_allocated\":{},\"rx_queue_len\":{},\
                 \"isr_rx_queue_bytes_used\":{},\"isr_rx_queue_bytes_allocated\":{},\"isr_rx_queue_len\":{},\
                 \"tx_queue_bytes_used\":{},\"tx_queue_bytes_allocated\":{},\"tx_queue_len\":{},\
                 \"recent_rx_bytes_used\":{},\"recent_rx_bytes_allocated\":{},\"recent_rx_len\":{},\
                 \"reliable_rx_buffer_bytes_used\":{},\"reliable_rx_buffer_bytes_allocated\":{},\"reliable_rx_buffer_len\":{},\
                 \"discovery_bytes_used\":{},\"discovery_bytes_allocated\":{},\
                 \"schema_bytes_used\":{},\"schema_bytes_allocated\":{},\
                 \"network_variable_cache_bytes_used\":{},\"network_variable_cache_bytes_allocated\":{},\"network_variable_cache_len\":{}}}",
                st.shared_queue_bytes_used(),
                memory.max_queue_budget,
                st.received_queue.bytes_used(),
                st.received_queue.max_bytes(),
                st.received_queue.len(),
                isr_rx.1,
                memory.max_queue_budget,
                isr_rx.0,
                st.transmit_queue.bytes_used(),
                st.transmit_queue.max_bytes(),
                st.transmit_queue.len(),
                st.recent_rx.bytes_used(),
                st.recent_rx.max_bytes(),
                st.recent_rx.len(),
                st.reliable_rx_buffered_bytes(),
                memory.max_queue_budget,
                st.reliable_rx_buffer_len(),
                discovery_bytes,
                memory.max_queue_budget,
                schema_bytes,
                memory.max_queue_budget,
                network_variable_cache_bytes,
                memory.max_queue_budget,
                st.managed_variable_latest.len(),
            ),
        );
        out
    }

    #[cfg(test)]
    pub(crate) fn debug_end_to_end_pending_destination_count(
        &self,
        packet_id: u64,
    ) -> Option<usize> {
        let st = self.state.lock();
        st.end_to_end_reliable_tx
            .get(&packet_id)
            .map(|sent| sent.pending_destinations.len())
    }

    #[cfg(test)]
    pub(crate) fn debug_end_to_end_tracked_count(&self) -> usize {
        let st = self.state.lock();
        st.end_to_end_reliable_tx.len()
    }

    #[cfg(test)]
    pub(crate) fn debug_reliable_return_route_count(&self) -> usize {
        let st = self.state.lock();
        st.reliable_return_routes.len()
    }

    #[cfg(test)]
    pub(crate) fn debug_side_storage(&self) -> (usize, usize) {
        let st = self.state.lock();
        (st.sides.len(), st.sides.capacity())
    }

    #[cfg(test)]
    pub(crate) fn debug_queue_lengths(&self) -> (usize, usize, usize) {
        let st = self.state.lock();
        (
            st.received_queue.len(),
            st.transmit_queue.len(),
            st.recent_rx.len(),
        )
    }

    #[cfg(test)]
    pub(crate) fn debug_shared_queue_bytes_used(&self) -> usize {
        let st = self.state.lock();
        st.shared_queue_bytes_used()
    }

    #[cfg(test)]
    pub(crate) fn debug_recent_rx_capacity(&self) -> (usize, usize) {
        let st = self.state.lock();
        (st.recent_rx.capacity(), st.recent_rx.max_bytes())
    }

    /// Compute a de-dupe hash for a RouterItem.
    /// Uses packet ID for Packet items, and attempts to extract packet ID from
    /// packed bytes. If extraction fails, hashes raw bytes as a fallback.
    fn get_hash(item: &RouterItem) -> u64 {
        match item {
            RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => pkt.packet_id(),
            RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => {
                match wire_format::packet_id_from_wire(bytes.as_ref()) {
                    Ok(id) => id,
                    Err(_e) => {
                        // Fallback: if bytes are malformed (or compression feature mismatch),
                        // hash raw bytes so we can still dedupe identical network duplicates.
                        let h: u64 = 0x9E37_79B9_7F4A_7C15;
                        hash_bytes_u64(h, bytes.as_ref())
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Remove a hash from the ring buffer of recent RX IDs.
    fn remove_pkt_id(&self, item: &RouterItem) {
        let hash = Self::get_hash(item);
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        st.recent_rx.remove_value(&hash);
    }

    /// Compute a de-dupe ID for a RouterItem and record it.
    /// Returns true if this item was seen recently (and should be skipped).
    fn is_duplicate_pkt(&self, item: &RouterItem) -> TelemetryResult<bool> {
        let id = Self::get_hash(item);
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        if st.recent_rx.contains(&id) {
            Ok(true)
        } else {
            st.push_recent_rx(id)?;
            Ok(false)
        }
    }

    /// Error helper when we have a full Packet.
    ///
    /// Sends a TelemetryError packet to all local endpoints except the failed one (if any).
    /// If no local endpoints remain, falls back to `fallback_stdout`.
    fn handle_callback_error(
        &self,
        pkt: &Packet,
        dest: Option<DataEndpoint>,
        e: TelemetryError,
        called_from_queue: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let device = self.sender_arc();
        let error_msg = match dest {
            Some(failed_local) => format!(
                "Handler for endpoint {:?} failed on device {:?}: {:?}",
                failed_local, device, e
            ),
            None => format!("TX Handler failed on device {:?}: {:?}", device, e),
        };

        let mut recipients: Vec<DataEndpoint> = pkt
            .endpoints()
            .iter()
            .copied()
            .filter(|&ep| self.cfg.is_local_endpoint(ep))
            .collect();
        recipients.sort_unstable();
        recipients.dedup();

        if let Some(failed_local) = dest {
            recipients.retain(|&ep| ep != failed_local);
        }

        // A side TX failure cannot be reported through the same failed
        // transport. Doing so recursively creates TelemetryError packets until
        // an embedded caller exhausts its stack.
        if recipients.is_empty() && dest.is_none() {
            fallback_stdout(&error_msg);
            return Ok(());
        }

        // Local endpoint failures may still be reported to the packet's other
        // endpoints when no local error recipient exists.
        if recipients.is_empty() {
            recipients = pkt.endpoints().to_vec();
            recipients.sort_unstable();
            recipients.dedup();
            if let Some(failed_local) = dest {
                recipients.retain(|&ep| ep != failed_local);
            }
        }

        if recipients.is_empty() {
            fallback_stdout(&error_msg);
            return Ok(());
        }

        let payload = make_error_payload(&error_msg);

        let sender = self.sender_arc();
        let error_pkt = Packet::new(
            DataType::TelemetryError,
            &recipients,
            sender.as_ref(),
            self.packet_timestamp_ms(),
            payload,
        )?;

        self.emit_internal_tx(
            RouterTxItem::Broadcast(RouterItem::Packet(error_pkt)),
            false,
            called_from_queue,
        )
    }

    // ---------- PUBLIC API: queues ----------

    /// Drain the transmit queue fully.
    #[inline]
    pub fn process_tx_queue(&self) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        self.process_tx_queue_with_timeout(0)
    }

    /// Drain both TX and RX queues fully (same semantics as `*_with_timeout(0)`).
    #[inline]
    pub fn process_all_queues(&self) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        self.process_all_queues_with_timeout(0)
    }

    /// Clear both the transmit and receive queues without processing.
    #[inline]
    pub fn clear_queues(&self) {
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        st.transmit_queue.clear();
        st.received_queue.clear();
        drop(st);
        let _ = self.isr_rx_queue.clear();
    }

    /// Clear only the receive queue without processing.
    #[inline]
    pub fn clear_rx_queue(&self) {
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        st.received_queue.clear();
        drop(st);
        let _ = self.isr_rx_queue.clear();
    }

    /// Clear only the transmit queue without processing.
    #[inline]
    pub fn clear_tx_queue(&self) {
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        st.transmit_queue.clear();
        st.tx_priority_burst = 0;
    }

    fn pop_transmit_queue_locked(st: &mut RouterInner) -> Option<TxQueued> {
        st.transmit_queue
            .pop_front_fair(&mut st.tx_priority_burst, MAX_PRIORITY_BURST, |item| {
                item.priority
            })
    }

    /// Process packets in the transmit queue for up to `timeout_ms` milliseconds.
    /// If `timeout_ms == 0`, drains the queue fully.
    fn process_tx_queue_with_timeout_impl(&self, timeout_ms: u32) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let start = self.clock.now_ms();
        loop {
            self.process_reliable_timeouts()?;
            self.process_end_to_end_reliable_timeouts()?;
            #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
            let _ = self.drain_queued_discovery_rx_before_tx()?;
            let pkt_opt = {
                let mut st = self.state.lock();
                Self::pop_transmit_queue_locked(&mut st)
            };
            let Some(pkt) = pkt_opt else { break };
            self.tx_item_impl(pkt.item, pkt.ignore_local, true)?;
            if timeout_ms != 0 && self.clock.now_ms().wrapping_sub(start) >= timeout_ms as u64 {
                break;
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Process packets in the transmit queue for up to `timeout_ms` milliseconds.
    /// If `timeout_ms == 0`, drains the queue fully.
    pub fn process_tx_queue_with_timeout(&self, timeout_ms: u32) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
        let _ = self.poll_timesync()?;
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        let _ = self.poll_discovery()?;
        self.process_tx_queue_with_timeout_impl(timeout_ms)
    }

    /// Process a single queued receive item.
    #[inline]
    fn process_rx_queue_item(&self, item: RouterRxItem) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        self.rx_item(&item, true)
    }

    /// Process packets in the receive queue for up to `timeout_ms` milliseconds.
    /// If `timeout_ms == 0`, drains the queue fully.
    fn process_rx_queue_with_timeout_impl(&self, timeout_ms: u32) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let start = self.clock.now_ms();
        loop {
            let item_opt = self.isr_rx_queue.pop_front().unwrap_or(None).or_else(|| {
                let mut st = self.state.lock();
                st.received_queue.pop_front()
            });
            let Some(item) = item_opt else { break };
            self.process_rx_queue_item(item)?;
            if timeout_ms != 0 && self.clock.now_ms().wrapping_sub(start) >= timeout_ms as u64 {
                break;
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Process packets in the receive queue for up to `timeout_ms` milliseconds.
    /// If `timeout_ms == 0`, drains the queue fully.
    pub fn process_rx_queue_with_timeout(&self, timeout_ms: u32) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
        let _ = self.poll_timesync()?;
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        let _ = self.poll_discovery()?;
        self.process_rx_queue_with_timeout_impl(timeout_ms)
    }

    /// Process both transmit and receive queues for up to `timeout_ms` milliseconds.
    /// If `timeout_ms == 0`, drains both queues fully.
    fn process_all_queues_with_timeout_impl(&self, timeout_ms: u32) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        if timeout_ms == 0 {
            loop {
                let mut did_any = false;
                self.process_reliable_timeouts()?;
                self.process_end_to_end_reliable_timeouts()?;
                #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
                if self.drain_queued_discovery_rx_before_tx()? {
                    did_any = true;
                }

                if let Some(pkt) = {
                    let mut st = self.state.lock();
                    Self::pop_transmit_queue_locked(&mut st)
                } {
                    self.tx_item_impl(pkt.item, pkt.ignore_local, true)?;
                    did_any = true;
                }

                if let Some(item) = self.isr_rx_queue.pop_front().unwrap_or(None).or_else(|| {
                    let mut st = self.state.lock();
                    st.received_queue.pop_front()
                }) {
                    self.process_rx_queue_item(item)?;
                    did_any = true;
                }

                if !did_any {
                    break;
                }
            }
            return Ok(());
        }

        let tx_budget_ms = u64::from(timeout_ms / 2);
        let rx_budget_ms = u64::from(timeout_ms) - tx_budget_ms;

        let tx_start = self.clock.now_ms();
        loop {
            self.process_reliable_timeouts()?;
            self.process_end_to_end_reliable_timeouts()?;
            #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
            let _ = self.drain_queued_discovery_rx_before_tx()?;
            let pkt_opt = {
                let mut st = self.state.lock();
                Self::pop_transmit_queue_locked(&mut st)
            };
            let Some(pkt) = pkt_opt else { break };
            self.tx_item_impl(pkt.item, pkt.ignore_local, true)?;
            if self.clock.now_ms().wrapping_sub(tx_start) >= tx_budget_ms {
                break;
            }
        }

        let rx_start = self.clock.now_ms();
        loop {
            let item_opt = self.isr_rx_queue.pop_front().unwrap_or(None).or_else(|| {
                let mut st = self.state.lock();
                st.received_queue.pop_front()
            });
            let Some(item) = item_opt else { break };
            self.process_rx_queue_item(item)?;
            if self.clock.now_ms().wrapping_sub(rx_start) >= rx_budget_ms {
                break;
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Process both transmit and receive queues for up to `timeout_ms` milliseconds.
    /// If `timeout_ms == 0`, drains both queues fully.
    pub fn process_all_queues_with_timeout(&self, timeout_ms: u32) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
        let _ = self.poll_timesync()?;
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        let _ = self.poll_discovery()?;
        self.process_all_queues_with_timeout_impl(timeout_ms)
    }

    /// Runs one application-loop maintenance cycle.
    ///
    /// This polls built-in time sync and discovery when those features are compiled in, then
    /// drains queued TX/RX work for up to `timeout_ms` milliseconds.
    pub fn periodic(&self, timeout_ms: u32) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
        let _ = self.poll_timesync()?;

        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        {
            let _ = self.poll_discovery()?;
        }

        self.process_all_queues_with_timeout_impl(timeout_ms)
    }

    /// Runs one application-loop maintenance cycle without polling built-in time sync.
    ///
    /// Discovery is still polled when that feature is compiled in, then queued TX/RX work is
    /// drained for up to `timeout_ms` milliseconds.
    pub fn periodic_no_timesync(&self, timeout_ms: u32) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        {
            let _ = self.poll_discovery()?;
        }

        self.process_all_queues_with_timeout_impl(timeout_ms)
    }

    /// Enqueue an item for later transmission with flags.
    #[inline]
    fn tx_queue_item_with_flags(
        &self,
        item: RouterTxItem,
        ignore_local: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let priority = match &item {
            RouterTxItem::Broadcast(data) => Self::router_item_priority(data)?,
            RouterTxItem::EndToEndReplay { .. } => {
                Self::router_item_priority_bumped(DataType::ReliableAck)
            }
            RouterTxItem::ToSide { data, .. } => Self::router_item_priority(data)?,
            RouterTxItem::ReliableReplay { bytes, .. } => {
                let ty = wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref())?.ty;
                Self::router_item_priority_bumped(ty)
            }
        };
        self.tx_queue_item_with_priority(item, ignore_local, priority)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn tx_queue_item_with_priority(
        &self,
        item: RouterTxItem,
        ignore_local: bool,
        priority: u8,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        st.push_transmit(TxQueued {
            item,
            ignore_local,
            priority,
        })?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Enqueue an item for later transmission (default: local dispatch enabled).
    #[inline]
    fn tx_queue_item(&self, item: RouterTxItem) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        self.tx_queue_item_with_flags(item, false)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn try_enter_side_tx(&self) -> Option<crate::lock::ReentryGuard<'_>> {
        self.side_tx_gate.try_enter()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn side_tx_active(&self) -> bool {
        self.side_tx_gate.is_active()
    }

    // ---------- PUBLIC API: RX queue ----------

    /// Drain the receive queue fully.
    #[inline]
    pub fn process_rx_queue(&self) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        self.process_rx_queue_with_timeout(0)
    }

    /// Enqueue packed bytes for RX processing as locally-originated input.
    #[inline]
    pub fn rx_packed_queue(&self, bytes: &[u8]) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let data = RouterItem::Packed(Arc::from(bytes));
        let priority = Self::router_item_priority(&data)?;
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        st.push_received(RouterRxItem {
            src: None,
            data,
            priority,
        })?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// ISR-safe, non-blocking enqueue of packed bytes for RX processing.
    ///
    /// Returns `TelemetryError::Io("rx queue busy")` if another context is
    /// currently mutating the ISR RX queue.
    #[inline]
    pub fn rx_packed_queue_isr(&self, bytes: &[u8]) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let data = RouterItem::Packed(Arc::from(bytes));
        let priority = Self::router_item_priority(&data)?;
        self.isr_rx_queue.push_back_prioritized(RouterRxItem {
            src: None,
            data,
            priority,
        })
    }

    /// Enqueue a decoded packet for RX processing as locally-originated input.
    #[inline]
    pub fn rx_queue(&self, pkt: Packet) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        pkt.validate()?;
        let data = RouterItem::Packet(pkt);
        let priority = Self::router_item_priority(&data)?;
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        st.push_received(RouterRxItem {
            src: None,
            data,
            priority,
        })?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// ISR-safe, non-blocking enqueue of a packet for RX processing.
    ///
    /// Returns `TelemetryError::Io("rx queue busy")` if another context is
    /// currently mutating the ISR RX queue.
    #[inline]
    pub fn rx_queue_isr(&self, pkt: Packet) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        pkt.validate()?;
        let data = RouterItem::Packet(pkt);
        let priority = Self::router_item_priority(&data)?;
        self.isr_rx_queue.push_back_prioritized(RouterRxItem {
            src: None,
            data,
            priority,
        })
    }

    /// Enqueue a decoded packet for RX processing with an explicit ingress side.
    #[inline]
    pub fn rx_queue_from_side(&self, pkt: Packet, side: RouterSideId) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        self.ensure_side_ingress_enabled(side)?;
        pkt.validate()?;
        let data = RouterItem::Packet(pkt);
        let priority = Self::router_item_priority(&data)?;
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        st.push_received(RouterRxItem {
            src: Some(side),
            data,
            priority,
        })?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// ISR-safe, non-blocking enqueue of a packet with explicit source side.
    ///
    /// Returns `TelemetryError::Io("rx queue busy")` if another context is
    /// currently mutating the ISR RX queue.
    #[inline]
    pub fn rx_queue_from_side_isr(&self, pkt: Packet, side: RouterSideId) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        self.ensure_side_ingress_enabled(side)?;
        pkt.validate()?;
        let data = RouterItem::Packet(pkt);
        let priority = Self::router_item_priority(&data)?;
        self.isr_rx_queue.push_back_prioritized(RouterRxItem {
            src: Some(side),
            data,
            priority,
        })
    }

    /// Enqueue packed bytes for RX processing with an explicit ingress side.
    #[inline]
    pub fn rx_packed_queue_from_side(
        &self,
        bytes: &[u8],
        side: RouterSideId,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        self.ensure_side_ingress_enabled(side)?;
        let Some(decoded) = self.decode_side_transport_frame(side, bytes)? else {
            return Ok(());
        };
        let data = RouterItem::Packed(decoded);
        let priority = Self::router_item_priority(&data)?;
        let mut st = self.state.lock();
        st.push_received(RouterRxItem {
            src: Some(side),
            data,
            priority,
        })?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// ISR-safe, non-blocking enqueue of packed bytes with source side.
    ///
    /// Returns `TelemetryError::Io("rx queue busy")` if another context is
    /// currently mutating the ISR RX queue.
    #[inline]
    pub fn rx_packed_queue_from_side_isr(
        &self,
        bytes: &[u8],
        side: RouterSideId,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        self.ensure_side_ingress_enabled(side)?;
        let data = RouterItem::Packed(Arc::from(bytes));
        let priority = Self::router_item_priority(&data)?;
        self.isr_rx_queue.push_back_prioritized(RouterRxItem {
            src: Some(side),
            data,
            priority,
        })
    }

    fn retry_with_attempts<F, T, E>(&self, times: usize, f: F) -> Result<(T, usize), (E, usize)>
    where
        F: Fn() -> Result<T, E>,
    {
        let mut last_err = None;
        for attempt in 0..times {
            match f() {
                Ok(v) => return Ok((v, attempt + 1)),
                Err(e) => last_err = Some((e, attempt + 1)),
            }
        }
        Err(last_err.expect("times > 0"))
    }

    /// Check if the specified endpoint has a packet handler registered.
    #[inline]
    fn endpoint_has_packet_handler(&self, ep: DataEndpoint) -> bool {
        self.cfg
            .handlers
            .iter()
            .any(|h| h.endpoint == ep && matches!(h.handler, EndpointHandlerFn::Packet(_)))
    }

    /// Check if the specified endpoint has a packed handler registered.
    #[inline]
    fn endpoint_has_packed_handler(&self, ep: DataEndpoint) -> bool {
        self.cfg
            .handlers
            .iter()
            .any(|h| h.endpoint == ep && matches!(h.handler, EndpointHandlerFn::Packed(_)))
    }

    fn packet_has_local_handler(&self, pkt: &Packet) -> bool {
        pkt.endpoints()
            .iter()
            .copied()
            .any(|ep| self.endpoint_has_packet_handler(ep) || self.endpoint_has_packed_handler(ep))
    }

    /// Call the specified endpoint handler with retries on failure.
    ///
    /// - `data` is present when called from RX processing (queue or immediate).
    /// - `pkt_for_ctx` is required for Packet handlers.
    /// - `env_for_ctx` provides header-only context when we haven't unpacked.
    fn call_handler_with_retries(
        &self,
        dest: DataEndpoint,
        handler: &EndpointHandler,
        data: Option<&[u8]>,
        pkt_for_ctx: Option<&Packet>,
        env_for_ctx: Option<&wire_format::TelemetryEnvelope>,
        called_from_queue: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let owned_tmp: Option<RouterItem>;

        let item_for_ctx: &RouterItem = match (data, pkt_for_ctx) {
            (Some(d), _) => {
                owned_tmp = Some(RouterItem::Packed(Arc::from(d)));
                owned_tmp.as_ref().unwrap()
            }
            (None, Some(pkt)) => {
                owned_tmp = Some(RouterItem::Packet(pkt.clone()));
                owned_tmp.as_ref().unwrap()
            }
            (None, None) => {
                debug_assert!(
                    false,
                    "call_handler_with_retries called without data or packet context"
                );
                return Ok(());
            }
        };

        match (&handler.handler, data) {
            (EndpointHandlerFn::Packet(f), _) => {
                let pkt = pkt_for_ctx.expect("Packet handler requires Packet context");
                with_retries(
                    self,
                    dest,
                    item_for_ctx,
                    pkt_for_ctx,
                    env_for_ctx,
                    called_from_queue,
                    || f(pkt),
                )
            }

            (EndpointHandlerFn::Packed(f), Some(bytes)) => with_retries(
                self,
                dest,
                item_for_ctx,
                pkt_for_ctx,
                env_for_ctx,
                called_from_queue,
                || f(bytes),
            ),

            (EndpointHandlerFn::Packed(_), None) => Ok(()),
        }
    }

    /// Error helper when we only have an envelope (no full packet).
    ///
    /// Sends a TelemetryError packet to all local endpoints except the failed one (if any).
    /// If no local endpoints remain, falls back to `fallback_stdout`.
    fn handle_callback_error_from_env(
        &self,
        env: &wire_format::TelemetryEnvelope,
        dest: Option<DataEndpoint>,
        e: TelemetryError,
        called_from_queue: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        let mut recipients: Vec<DataEndpoint> = env
            .endpoints
            .iter()
            .copied()
            .filter(|&ep| self.cfg.is_local_endpoint(ep))
            .collect();
        recipients.sort_unstable();
        recipients.dedup();
        if let Some(failed) = dest {
            recipients.retain(|&ep| ep != failed);
        }

        let device = self.sender_arc();
        let error_msg = format!(
            "Handler for endpoint {:?} failed on device {:?}: {:?}",
            dest, device, e
        );

        if recipients.is_empty() && dest.is_none() {
            fallback_stdout(&error_msg);
            return Ok(());
        }

        if recipients.is_empty() {
            recipients = env.endpoints.to_vec();
            recipients.sort_unstable();
            recipients.dedup();
            if let Some(failed) = dest {
                recipients.retain(|&ep| ep != failed);
            }
        }

        if recipients.is_empty() {
            fallback_stdout(&error_msg);
            return Ok(());
        }

        let payload = make_error_payload(&error_msg);

        let error_pkt = Packet::new(
            DataType::TelemetryError,
            &recipients,
            &env.sender.clone(),
            env.timestamp_ms,
            payload,
        )?;
        self.emit_internal_tx(
            RouterTxItem::Broadcast(RouterItem::Packet(error_pkt)),
            false,
            called_from_queue,
        )
    }

    fn handle_internal_reliable_packet(
        &self,
        pkt: &Packet,
        src: Option<RouterSideId>,
        called_from_queue: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<bool> {
        if !matches!(
            pkt.data_type(),
            DataType::ReliableAck | DataType::ReliablePartialAck | DataType::ReliablePacketRequest
        ) {
            return Ok(false);
        }

        let Some(src) = src else {
            return Ok(false);
        };

        if pkt.data_type() == DataType::ReliableAck
            && Self::is_end_to_end_ack_sender(pkt.sender())
            && let Ok(packet_id) = Self::decode_end_to_end_reliable_ack(pkt.payload())
        {
            let mut st = self.state.lock();
            if let Some(sent) = st.end_to_end_reliable_tx.get_mut(&packet_id) {
                if let Some(sender_hash) = Self::decode_end_to_end_ack_sender_hash(pkt.sender()) {
                    sent.pending_destinations.remove(&sender_hash);
                    if sent.pending_destinations.is_empty() {
                        st.end_to_end_reliable_tx.remove(&packet_id);
                    }
                    return Ok(true);
                }
                st.end_to_end_reliable_tx.remove(&packet_id);
                return Ok(true);
            }
            return Ok(false);
        }

        let vals = pkt.data_as_u32()?;
        if vals.len() != 2 {
            return Err(TelemetryError::Unpack("bad reliable control payload"));
        }
        let ty = DataType::try_from_u32(vals[0]).ok_or(TelemetryError::InvalidType)?;
        let seq = vals[1];

        match pkt.data_type() {
            DataType::ReliableAck => {
                self.handle_reliable_ack(src, ty, seq);
                Ok(true)
            }
            DataType::ReliablePartialAck => {
                self.handle_reliable_partial_ack(src, ty, seq);
                Ok(true)
            }
            DataType::ReliablePacketRequest => {
                self.queue_reliable_retransmit(src, ty, seq, called_from_queue)?;
                Ok(true)
            }
            _ => Ok(false),
        }
    }

    /// Core receive function handling both Packet and Packed items.
    ///
    /// Relay mode: if a destination endpoint has no matching local handler and the packet has
    /// any remotely-forwardable endpoints, the router will rebroadcast the packet ONCE, excluding
    /// the ingress side.
    fn rx_item(&self, item: &RouterRxItem, called_from_queue: bool) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        if let Some(src) = item.src {
            self.ensure_side_ingress_enabled(src)?;
            match &item.data {
                RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => {
                    let bytes = wire_format::pack_packet(pkt).len();
                    self.note_side_rx(src, pkt.data_type(), bytes, true);
                }
                RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => {
                    if let Ok(env) = wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref()) {
                        self.note_side_rx(src, env.ty, bytes.len(), true);
                    }
                }
            }
            match &item.data {
                RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => {
                    if is_reliable_type(pkt.data_type())
                        && !is_internal_control_type(pkt.data_type())
                    {
                        self.note_reliable_return_route(src, pkt.packet_id());
                    }
                }
                RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => {
                    if let Ok(env) = wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref())
                        && is_reliable_type(env.ty)
                        && !is_internal_control_type(env.ty)
                        && let Ok(packet_id) = wire_format::packet_id_from_wire(bytes.as_ref())
                    {
                        self.note_reliable_return_route(src, packet_id);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        match &item.data {
            RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => {
                if !is_internal_control_type(pkt.data_type()) {
                    self.remember_managed_variable_packet(pkt)?;
                }
            }
            RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => {
                if let Ok(env) = wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref())
                    && !is_internal_control_type(env.ty)
                    && self.is_managed_variable_type(env.ty)
                {
                    let pkt = wire_format::unpack_packet(bytes.as_ref())?;
                    pkt.validate()?;
                    self.remember_managed_variable_packet(&pkt)?;
                }
            }
        }
        let mut released_buffered: Vec<Arc<[u8]>> = Vec::new();
        if let (Some(src), RouterItem::Packed(bytes)) = (item.src, &item.data) {
            let (_opts, handler_is_packed, hop_reliable_enabled) = {
                let st = self.state.lock();
                let side_ref = Self::side_ref(&st, src)?;
                let opts = side_ref.opts;
                (
                    opts,
                    matches!(side_ref.tx_handler, RouterTxHandlerFn::Packed(_)),
                    opts.reliable_enabled
                        && self.cfg.reliable_enabled()
                        && !self.side_has_multiple_announcers_locked(&st, src, self.clock.now_ms()),
                )
            };

            if hop_reliable_enabled && handler_is_packed {
                let frame = match wire_format::peek_frame_info(bytes.as_ref()) {
                    Ok(frame) => frame,
                    Err(e) => {
                        if matches!(e, TelemetryError::Unpack(msg) if msg == "crc32 mismatch") {
                            if let Ok(frame) =
                                wire_format::peek_frame_info_unchecked(bytes.as_ref())
                                && is_reliable_type(frame.envelope.ty)
                                && let Some(hdr) = frame.reliable
                            {
                                let unordered =
                                    (hdr.flags & wire_format::RELIABLE_FLAG_UNORDERED) != 0;
                                let unsequenced =
                                    (hdr.flags & wire_format::RELIABLE_FLAG_UNSEQUENCED) != 0;

                                if !unsequenced {
                                    let requested = if unordered {
                                        hdr.seq
                                    } else {
                                        let mut st = self.state.lock();
                                        let rx_state = self.reliable_rx_state_mut(
                                            &mut st,
                                            src,
                                            frame.envelope.ty,
                                        );
                                        rx_state.expected_seq.min(hdr.seq)
                                    };
                                    self.queue_reliable_packet_request(
                                        src,
                                        frame.envelope.ty,
                                        requested,
                                        called_from_queue,
                                    )?;
                                }
                            }
                            return Ok(());
                        }
                        return Err(e);
                    }
                };
                if is_reliable_type(frame.envelope.ty)
                    && let Some(hdr) = frame.reliable
                {
                    if frame.ack_only() {
                        self.handle_reliable_ack(src, frame.envelope.ty, hdr.ack);
                        return Ok(());
                    }
                    let unordered = (hdr.flags & wire_format::RELIABLE_FLAG_UNORDERED) != 0;
                    let unsequenced = (hdr.flags & wire_format::RELIABLE_FLAG_UNSEQUENCED) != 0;

                    if !unsequenced {
                        if unordered {
                            self.queue_reliable_ack(
                                src,
                                frame.envelope.ty,
                                hdr.seq,
                                called_from_queue,
                            )?;
                        } else {
                            let mut release: Vec<Arc<[u8]>> = Vec::new();
                            let mut last_delivered = None;
                            let mut ack_old = None;
                            let mut request_missing = None;
                            let mut partial_ack = None;
                            {
                                let mut st = self.state.lock();
                                let rx_state =
                                    self.reliable_rx_state_mut(&mut st, src, frame.envelope.ty);
                                let expected_seq = rx_state.expected_seq;
                                if hdr.seq < expected_seq {
                                    ack_old = Some(expected_seq.saturating_sub(1));
                                } else if hdr.seq > expected_seq {
                                    request_missing = Some(expected_seq);
                                    partial_ack = Some(hdr.seq);
                                    st.buffer_reliable_rx(
                                        src,
                                        frame.envelope.ty,
                                        hdr.seq,
                                        bytes.clone(),
                                    )?;
                                } else {
                                    release.push(bytes.clone());
                                    last_delivered = Some(hdr.seq);
                                    let mut next_expected = hdr.seq.wrapping_add(1);
                                    while let Some(buf) = rx_state.buffered.remove(&next_expected) {
                                        release.push(buf);
                                        last_delivered = Some(next_expected);
                                        let next = next_expected.wrapping_add(1);
                                        next_expected = if next == 0 { 1 } else { next };
                                    }
                                    rx_state.expected_seq = next_expected;
                                }
                            }

                            if let Some(ack_seq) = ack_old {
                                self.queue_reliable_ack(
                                    src,
                                    frame.envelope.ty,
                                    ack_seq,
                                    called_from_queue,
                                )?;
                                return Ok(());
                            }
                            if let Some(request_seq) = request_missing {
                                if let Some(partial_seq) = partial_ack {
                                    self.queue_reliable_partial_ack(
                                        src,
                                        frame.envelope.ty,
                                        partial_seq,
                                        called_from_queue,
                                    )?;
                                }
                                self.queue_reliable_packet_request(
                                    src,
                                    frame.envelope.ty,
                                    request_seq,
                                    called_from_queue,
                                )?;
                                return Ok(());
                            }

                            if let Some(ack_seq) = last_delivered {
                                self.queue_reliable_ack(
                                    src,
                                    frame.envelope.ty,
                                    ack_seq,
                                    called_from_queue,
                                )?;
                            }

                            released_buffered.extend(release.into_iter().skip(1));
                        }
                    }
                }
            } else {
                match wire_format::peek_frame_info(bytes.as_ref()) {
                    Ok(frame) => {
                        if frame.ack_only() {
                            return Ok(());
                        }
                    }
                    Err(e) => {
                        if matches!(e, TelemetryError::Unpack(msg) if msg == "crc32 mismatch") {
                            return Ok(());
                        }
                        return Err(e);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if self.is_duplicate_pkt(&item.data)? {
            if item.src.is_some() {
                let local_sender = self.sender_arc();
                match &item.data {
                    RouterItem::Packet(pkt)
                        if (is_reliable_type(pkt.data_type())
                            || !pkt.wire_target_senders().is_empty())
                            && pkt.sender() != local_sender.as_ref()
                            && self.item_targets_local_sender(&item.data)?
                            && self.packet_has_local_handler(pkt) =>
                    {
                        self.queue_end_to_end_reliable_ack(pkt, called_from_queue)?;
                    }
                    RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => {
                        if let Ok(pkt) = wire_format::unpack_packet(bytes.as_ref())
                            && (is_reliable_type(pkt.data_type())
                                || !pkt.wire_target_senders().is_empty())
                            && pkt.sender() != local_sender.as_ref()
                            && self.item_targets_local_sender(&item.data)?
                            && self.packet_has_local_handler(&pkt)
                        {
                            let packet_id = wire_format::packet_id_from_wire(bytes.as_ref())
                                .unwrap_or_else(|_| pkt.packet_id());
                            self.queue_end_to_end_reliable_ack_for_packet_id(
                                packet_id,
                                called_from_queue,
                            )?;
                        }
                    }
                    _ => {}
                }
            }
            return Ok(());
        }

        self.dispatch_rx_data(item, called_from_queue)?;

        for release_bytes in released_buffered {
            let release_data = RouterItem::Packed(release_bytes.clone());
            if self.is_duplicate_pkt(&release_data)? {
                continue;
            }
            let release_item = RouterRxItem {
                src: item.src,
                priority: Self::router_item_priority(&release_data)?,
                data: release_data,
            };
            self.dispatch_rx_data(&release_item, called_from_queue)?;
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_rx_data(
        &self,
        item: &RouterRxItem,
        called_from_queue: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        match &item.data {
            RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => {
                pkt.validate()?;

                if self.handle_internal_reliable_packet(pkt, item.src, called_from_queue)? {
                    return Ok(());
                }

                if pkt.data_type() == DataType::P2pMessage {
                    if self.item_targets_local_sender(&item.data)? {
                        self.dispatch_p2p_packet(pkt)?;
                        if item.src.is_some() {
                            self.queue_end_to_end_reliable_ack(pkt, called_from_queue)?;
                        }
                    }
                    if self.should_route_remote(&item.data, item.src)? {
                        self.relay_send(
                            RouterItem::Packet(pkt.to_owned()),
                            item.src,
                            called_from_queue,
                        )?;
                    }
                    return Ok(());
                }

                #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
                if matches!(
                    pkt.data_type(),
                    DataType::TimeSyncAnnounce
                        | DataType::TimeSyncRequest
                        | DataType::TimeSyncResponse
                ) {
                    self.handle_internal_timesync_packet(pkt, item.src, called_from_queue)?;
                    return Ok(());
                }

                if self.learn_discovery_packet(pkt, item.src, called_from_queue)? {
                    // Reachability advertisements are hop-local. Learning one
                    // schedules this Router's own aggregated, split-horizon
                    // snapshot; transparently relaying the original packet
                    // would make a distant sender look physically adjacent.
                    if !discovery_is_hop_local_advertisement(pkt.data_type())
                        && self.should_route_remote(&item.data, item.src)?
                    {
                        self.relay_send(
                            RouterItem::Packet(pkt.to_owned()),
                            item.src,
                            called_from_queue,
                        )?;
                    }
                    return Ok(());
                }

                let mut eps: Vec<DataEndpoint> = pkt.endpoints().to_vec();
                eps.sort_unstable();
                eps.dedup();
                let had_local_handler = eps.iter().copied().any(|ep| {
                    self.endpoint_has_packet_handler(ep) || self.endpoint_has_packed_handler(ep)
                });

                let has_remote = self.should_route_remote(&item.data, item.src)?;
                let targets_local = self.item_targets_local_sender(&item.data)?;

                let has_packed_local = eps
                    .iter()
                    .copied()
                    .any(|ep| self.endpoint_has_packed_handler(ep));
                let bytes_opt = if has_packed_local {
                    Some(wire_format::pack_packet(pkt))
                } else {
                    None
                };

                if targets_local {
                    for dest in eps {
                        for h in self.cfg.handlers.iter().filter(|h| h.endpoint == dest) {
                            let result = match (&h.handler, &bytes_opt) {
                                (EndpointHandlerFn::Packed(_), Some(bytes)) => self
                                    .call_handler_with_retries(
                                        dest,
                                        h,
                                        Some(bytes.as_ref()),
                                        Some(pkt),
                                        None,
                                        called_from_queue,
                                    ),
                                (EndpointHandlerFn::Packed(_), None) => {
                                    let bytes = wire_format::pack_packet(pkt);
                                    self.call_handler_with_retries(
                                        dest,
                                        h,
                                        Some(bytes.as_ref()),
                                        Some(pkt),
                                        None,
                                        called_from_queue,
                                    )
                                }
                                (EndpointHandlerFn::Packet(_), _) => self
                                    .call_handler_with_retries(
                                        dest,
                                        h,
                                        None,
                                        Some(pkt),
                                        None,
                                        called_from_queue,
                                    ),
                            };
                            if result.is_err()
                                && let Some(src) = item.src
                            {
                                self.note_side_local_handler_failure(
                                    src,
                                    pkt.data_type(),
                                    runtime_max_handler_retries(),
                                );
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }

                if let Some(src) = item.src
                    && had_local_handler
                    && targets_local
                {
                    self.note_side_local_delivery(src, pkt.data_type());
                }

                if item.src.is_some()
                    && had_local_handler
                    && targets_local
                    && (is_reliable_type(pkt.data_type()) || !pkt.wire_target_senders().is_empty())
                {
                    self.queue_end_to_end_reliable_ack(pkt, called_from_queue)?;
                }

                if has_remote {
                    let relay_item = RouterItem::Packet(pkt.to_owned());
                    self.relay_send(relay_item, item.src, called_from_queue)?;
                }

                Ok(())
            }
            RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => {
                let env = wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref())?;

                if matches!(
                    env.ty,
                    DataType::ReliableAck
                        | DataType::ReliablePartialAck
                        | DataType::ReliablePacketRequest
                ) {
                    let pkt = wire_format::unpack_packet(bytes.as_ref())?;
                    pkt.validate()?;
                    let _ =
                        self.handle_internal_reliable_packet(&pkt, item.src, called_from_queue)?;
                    return Ok(());
                }

                if env.ty == DataType::P2pMessage {
                    let pkt = wire_format::unpack_packet(bytes.as_ref())?;
                    pkt.validate()?;
                    if self.item_targets_local_sender(&item.data)? {
                        self.dispatch_p2p_packet(&pkt)?;
                        if item.src.is_some() {
                            let packet_id = wire_format::packet_id_from_wire(bytes.as_ref())
                                .unwrap_or_else(|_| pkt.packet_id());
                            self.queue_end_to_end_reliable_ack_for_packet_id(
                                packet_id,
                                called_from_queue,
                            )?;
                        }
                    }
                    if self.should_route_remote(&item.data, item.src)? {
                        self.relay_send(RouterItem::Packet(pkt), item.src, called_from_queue)?;
                    }
                    return Ok(());
                }

                #[cfg(feature = "timesync")]
                if matches!(
                    env.ty,
                    DataType::TimeSyncAnnounce
                        | DataType::TimeSyncRequest
                        | DataType::TimeSyncResponse
                ) {
                    let pkt = wire_format::unpack_packet(bytes.as_ref())?;
                    pkt.validate()?;
                    self.handle_internal_timesync_packet(&pkt, item.src, called_from_queue)?;
                    return Ok(());
                }

                #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
                if discovery::is_discovery_type(env.ty) {
                    let pkt = wire_format::unpack_packet(bytes.as_ref())?;
                    pkt.validate()?;
                    let _ = self.learn_discovery_packet(&pkt, item.src, called_from_queue)?;
                    if !discovery_is_hop_local_advertisement(env.ty)
                        && self.should_route_remote(&item.data, item.src)?
                    {
                        self.relay_send(RouterItem::Packet(pkt), item.src, called_from_queue)?;
                    }
                    return Ok(());
                }

                let any_packet_needed = env
                    .endpoints
                    .iter()
                    .copied()
                    .any(|ep| self.endpoint_has_packet_handler(ep));

                let mut pkt_opt = if any_packet_needed {
                    let pkt = wire_format::unpack_packet(bytes.as_ref())?;
                    pkt.validate()?;
                    Some(pkt)
                } else {
                    None
                };

                let mut eps: Vec<DataEndpoint> = env.endpoints.iter().copied().collect();
                eps.sort_unstable();
                eps.dedup();
                let had_local_handler = eps.iter().copied().any(|ep| {
                    self.endpoint_has_packet_handler(ep) || self.endpoint_has_packed_handler(ep)
                });

                let has_remote = self.should_route_remote(&item.data, item.src)?;
                let targets_local = self.item_targets_local_sender(&item.data)?;

                if targets_local {
                    for dest in eps {
                        for h in self.cfg.handlers.iter().filter(|h| h.endpoint == dest) {
                            let result = match &h.handler {
                                EndpointHandlerFn::Packed(_) => self.call_handler_with_retries(
                                    dest,
                                    h,
                                    Some(bytes.as_ref()),
                                    pkt_opt.as_ref(),
                                    Some(&env),
                                    called_from_queue,
                                ),
                                EndpointHandlerFn::Packet(_) => {
                                    if pkt_opt.is_none() {
                                        let pkt = wire_format::unpack_packet(bytes.as_ref())?;
                                        pkt.validate()?;
                                        pkt_opt = Some(pkt);
                                    }
                                    let pkt_ref = pkt_opt.as_ref().expect("just set");
                                    self.call_handler_with_retries(
                                        dest,
                                        h,
                                        None,
                                        Some(pkt_ref),
                                        Some(&env),
                                        called_from_queue,
                                    )
                                }
                            };
                            if result.is_err()
                                && let Some(src) = item.src
                            {
                                self.note_side_local_handler_failure(
                                    src,
                                    env.ty,
                                    runtime_max_handler_retries(),
                                );
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }

                if item.src.is_some()
                    && had_local_handler
                    && targets_local
                    && (is_reliable_type(env.ty) || !env.target_senders.is_empty())
                    && let Some(pkt) = pkt_opt.as_ref()
                {
                    let packet_id = wire_format::packet_id_from_wire(bytes.as_ref())
                        .unwrap_or_else(|_| pkt.packet_id());
                    self.queue_end_to_end_reliable_ack_for_packet_id(packet_id, called_from_queue)?;
                }

                if has_remote {
                    let relay_item = match pkt_opt {
                        Some(ref p) => RouterItem::Packet(p.clone()),
                        None => RouterItem::Packed(bytes.clone()),
                    };
                    self.relay_send(relay_item, item.src, called_from_queue)?;
                }

                Ok(())
            }
        }
    }

    fn dispatch_local_for_item(
        &self,
        item: &RouterItem,
        called_from_queue: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        match item {
            RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => {
                pkt.validate()?;
                if is_internal_control_type(pkt.data_type()) {
                    return Ok(());
                }
                self.ensure_e2e_policy_supported_for_type(pkt.data_type())?;
                if !self.item_targets_local_sender(item)? {
                    return Ok(());
                }

                let mut eps: Vec<DataEndpoint> = pkt.endpoints().to_vec();
                eps.sort_unstable();
                eps.dedup();

                let has_packed_local = eps
                    .iter()
                    .copied()
                    .any(|ep| self.endpoint_has_packed_handler(ep));
                let bytes_opt = if has_packed_local {
                    Some(wire_format::pack_packet(pkt))
                } else {
                    None
                };

                for dest in eps {
                    for h in self.cfg.handlers.iter().filter(|h| h.endpoint == dest) {
                        match (&h.handler, &bytes_opt) {
                            (EndpointHandlerFn::Packed(_), Some(bytes)) => {
                                self.call_handler_with_retries(
                                    dest,
                                    h,
                                    Some(bytes.as_ref()),
                                    Some(pkt),
                                    None,
                                    called_from_queue,
                                )?;
                            }
                            (EndpointHandlerFn::Packed(_), None) => {
                                let bytes = wire_format::pack_packet(pkt);
                                self.call_handler_with_retries(
                                    dest,
                                    h,
                                    Some(bytes.as_ref()),
                                    Some(pkt),
                                    None,
                                    called_from_queue,
                                )?;
                            }
                            (EndpointHandlerFn::Packet(_), _) => {
                                self.call_handler_with_retries(
                                    dest,
                                    h,
                                    None,
                                    Some(pkt),
                                    None,
                                    called_from_queue,
                                )?;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => {
                let env = wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref())?;
                if is_internal_control_type(env.ty) {
                    return Ok(());
                }
                self.ensure_e2e_policy_supported_for_type(env.ty)?;
                if !self.item_targets_local_sender(item)? {
                    return Ok(());
                }

                let any_packet_needed = env
                    .endpoints
                    .iter()
                    .copied()
                    .any(|ep| self.endpoint_has_packet_handler(ep));

                let mut pkt_opt = if any_packet_needed {
                    let pkt = wire_format::unpack_packet(bytes.as_ref())?;
                    pkt.validate()?;
                    Some(pkt)
                } else {
                    None
                };

                let mut eps: Vec<DataEndpoint> = env.endpoints.iter().copied().collect();
                eps.sort_unstable();
                eps.dedup();

                for dest in eps {
                    for h in self.cfg.handlers.iter().filter(|h| h.endpoint == dest) {
                        match &h.handler {
                            EndpointHandlerFn::Packed(_) => {
                                self.call_handler_with_retries(
                                    dest,
                                    h,
                                    Some(bytes.as_ref()),
                                    pkt_opt.as_ref(),
                                    Some(&env),
                                    called_from_queue,
                                )?;
                            }
                            EndpointHandlerFn::Packet(_) => {
                                if pkt_opt.is_none() {
                                    let pkt = wire_format::unpack_packet(bytes.as_ref())?;
                                    pkt.validate()?;
                                    pkt_opt = Some(pkt);
                                }
                                let pkt_ref = pkt_opt.as_ref().expect("just set");
                                self.call_handler_with_retries(
                                    dest,
                                    h,
                                    None,
                                    Some(pkt_ref),
                                    Some(&env),
                                    called_from_queue,
                                )?;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Internal TX implementation used by `tx*()`, `tx_queue*()`, and relay-mode rebroadcast.
    ///
    /// - Broadcast items are sent to all sides when remote forwarding is required.
    /// - ToSide items are sent only to the specified side.
    /// - If `ignore_local` is false, local handlers are invoked once.
    fn tx_item_impl(
        &self,
        item: RouterTxItem,
        ignore_local: bool,
        called_from_queue: bool,
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        match item {
            RouterTxItem::Broadcast(data) => {
                self.ensure_e2e_policy_supported_for_type(Self::item_data_type(&data)?)?;
                if let RouterItem::Packet(pkt) = &data
                    && !is_internal_control_type(pkt.data_type())
                {
                    self.remember_managed_variable_packet(pkt)?;
                }
                #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
                let is_discovery = matches!(&data, RouterItem::Packet(pkt) if discovery::is_discovery_type(pkt.data_type()))
                    || matches!(&data, RouterItem::Packed(bytes)
                        if wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref())
                            .map(|env| discovery::is_discovery_type(env.ty))
                            .unwrap_or(false));
                if !ignore_local {
                    if self.is_duplicate_pkt(&data)? {
                        return Ok(());
                    }
                    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
                    if !is_discovery
                        && !matches!(&data, RouterItem::Packet(pkt) if is_internal_control_type(pkt.data_type()))
                        && !matches!(&data, RouterItem::Packed(bytes)
                            if wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref())
                                .map(|env| is_internal_control_type(env.ty))
                                .unwrap_or(false))
                    {
                        self.dispatch_local_for_item(&data, called_from_queue)?;
                    }
                    #[cfg(not(feature = "discovery"))]
                    if !matches!(&data, RouterItem::Packet(pkt) if is_internal_control_type(pkt.data_type()))
                        && !matches!(&data, RouterItem::Packed(bytes)
                            if wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref())
                                .map(|env| is_internal_control_type(env.ty))
                                .unwrap_or(false))
                    {
                        self.dispatch_local_for_item(&data, called_from_queue)?;
                    }
                }

                let send_remote = match &data {
                    RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => {
                        pkt.validate()?;
                        self.should_route_remote(&data, None)?
                    }
                    RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => {
                        let _ = wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref())?;
                        self.should_route_remote(&data, None)?
                    }
                };

                if !send_remote {
                    return Ok(());
                }
                let mut data = data;
                let ty = match &data {
                    RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => pkt.data_type(),
                    RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref())?.ty,
                };
                if !ignore_local && !is_internal_control_type(ty) {
                    #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
                    {
                        let pending = {
                            let st = self.state.lock();
                            let mut pending =
                                self.expected_end_to_end_destinations_locked(&st, &data)?;
                            self.filter_trackable_end_to_end_destinations_locked(
                                &st,
                                ty,
                                &mut pending,
                            );
                            pending
                        };
                        if !pending.is_empty() {
                            let mut targets: Vec<u64> = pending.keys().copied().collect();
                            targets.sort_unstable();
                            targets.dedup();
                            data = self.attach_wire_contract_to_item(data, &targets)?;
                            self.register_end_to_end_reliable_tx(&data)?;
                        }
                    }
                }
                let RemoteSidePlan::Target(sides) = self.remote_side_plan(&data, None)?;
                for (idx, side) in sides.iter().copied().enumerate() {
                    if let Err(e) = self.send_reliable_to_side(side, data.clone(), false) {
                        if Self::is_side_tx_busy(&e) {
                            for retry_side in sides[idx..].iter().copied() {
                                self.tx_queue_item_with_flags(
                                    RouterTxItem::ToSide {
                                        src: None,
                                        dst: retry_side,
                                        data: data.clone(),
                                    },
                                    true,
                                )?;
                            }
                            return Ok(());
                        }
                        match &data {
                            RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => {
                                let _ = self.handle_callback_error(pkt, None, e, called_from_queue);
                            }
                            RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => {
                                if let Ok(env) = wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref()) {
                                    let _ = self.handle_callback_error_from_env(
                                        &env,
                                        None,
                                        e,
                                        called_from_queue,
                                    );
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        return Err(TelemetryError::HandlerError("tx handler failed"));
                    }
                }
            }
            RouterTxItem::ToSide { src, dst, data } => {
                self.ensure_e2e_policy_supported_for_type(Self::item_data_type(&data)?)?;
                if let RouterItem::Packet(pkt) = &data
                    && !is_internal_control_type(pkt.data_type())
                {
                    self.remember_managed_variable_packet(pkt)?;
                }
                if !ignore_local {
                    if self.is_duplicate_pkt(&data)? {
                        return Ok(());
                    }
                    let suppress_local = matches!(&data, RouterItem::Packet(pkt) if is_internal_control_type(pkt.data_type()))
                        || matches!(&data, RouterItem::Packed(bytes)
                            if wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref())
                                .map(|env| is_internal_control_type(env.ty))
                                .unwrap_or(false));
                    if !suppress_local {
                        self.dispatch_local_for_item(&data, called_from_queue)?;
                    }
                }
                let allowed = {
                    let mut st = self.state.lock();
                    let ty = match &data {
                        RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => Some(pkt.data_type()),
                        RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => {
                            Some(wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref())?.ty)
                        }
                    };
                    let route_allowed = self.route_allowed_locked(&st, src, ty, dst);
                    #[cfg(all(feature = "discovery", feature = "timesync"))]
                    let timesync_allowed = ty
                        .map(|ty| {
                            Self::timesync_allowed_for_side_locked(
                                &mut st,
                                dst,
                                ty,
                                self.clock.now_ms(),
                            )
                        })
                        .unwrap_or(true);
                    #[cfg(not(all(feature = "discovery", feature = "timesync")))]
                    let timesync_allowed = true;
                    route_allowed && timesync_allowed
                };
                if !allowed {
                    return Ok(());
                }
                if let Err(e) = self.send_reliable_to_side(dst, data.clone(), src.is_some()) {
                    if Self::is_side_tx_busy(&e) {
                        self.tx_queue_item_with_flags(
                            RouterTxItem::ToSide { src, dst, data },
                            true,
                        )?;
                        return Ok(());
                    }
                    match &data {
                        RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => {
                            let _ = self.handle_callback_error(pkt, None, e, called_from_queue);
                        }
                        RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => {
                            if let Ok(env) = wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref()) {
                                let _ = self.handle_callback_error_from_env(
                                    &env,
                                    None,
                                    e,
                                    called_from_queue,
                                );
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    return Err(TelemetryError::HandlerError("tx handler failed"));
                }
            }
            RouterTxItem::EndToEndReplay { packet_id } => {
                let Some((data, mut sides)) = self.end_to_end_retransmit_sides(packet_id) else {
                    return Ok(());
                };
                if sides.is_empty() {
                    let RemoteSidePlan::Target(fallback_sides) =
                        self.remote_side_plan(&data, None)?;
                    sides = fallback_sides;
                }
                for (idx, side) in sides.iter().copied().enumerate() {
                    if let Err(e) = self.send_reliable_to_side(side, data.clone(), false) {
                        if Self::is_side_tx_busy(&e) {
                            for retry_side in sides[idx..].iter().copied() {
                                self.tx_queue_item_with_flags(
                                    RouterTxItem::ToSide {
                                        src: None,
                                        dst: retry_side,
                                        data: data.clone(),
                                    },
                                    true,
                                )?;
                            }
                            return Ok(());
                        }
                        match &data {
                            RouterItem::Packet(pkt) => {
                                let _ = self.handle_callback_error(pkt, None, e, called_from_queue);
                            }
                            RouterItem::Packed(bytes) => {
                                if let Ok(env) = wire_format::peek_envelope(bytes.as_ref()) {
                                    let _ = self.handle_callback_error_from_env(
                                        &env,
                                        None,
                                        e,
                                        called_from_queue,
                                    );
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        return Err(TelemetryError::HandlerError("tx handler failed"));
                    }
                }
            }
            RouterTxItem::ReliableReplay { dst, bytes } => {
                let frame = wire_format::peek_frame_info(bytes.as_ref())?;
                let ty = frame.envelope.ty;
                let Some(hdr) = frame.reliable else {
                    return Ok(());
                };
                {
                    let mut st = self.state.lock();
                    let tx_state = self.reliable_tx_state_mut(&mut st, dst, ty);
                    if !tx_state.sent.contains_key(&hdr.seq) {
                        return Ok(());
                    }
                }
                if let Err(e) = self.send_reliable_raw_to_side(dst, bytes.clone(), false) {
                    if Self::is_side_tx_busy(&e) {
                        self.tx_queue_item_with_flags(
                            RouterTxItem::ReliableReplay { dst, bytes },
                            true,
                        )?;
                        return Ok(());
                    }
                    return Err(e);
                }
                let mut st = self.state.lock();
                let tx_state = self.reliable_tx_state_mut(&mut st, dst, ty);
                if let Some(sent) = tx_state.sent.get_mut(&hdr.seq) {
                    sent.last_send_ms = self.clock.now_ms();
                    sent.queued = false;
                }
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Transmit a telemetry item immediately (remote + local).
    #[inline]
    fn tx_item(&self, item: RouterTxItem) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        self.tx_item_impl(item, false, false)
    }

    // ---------- PUBLIC API: RX immediate ----------

    /// Process packed bytes immediately as locally-originated input.
    ///
    /// If this call occurs while a side TX callback is already on the stack, the bytes are queued
    /// instead of being processed re-entrantly.
    #[inline]
    pub fn rx_packed(&self, bytes: &[u8]) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        if self.side_tx_active() {
            return self.rx_packed_queue(bytes);
        }
        let data = RouterItem::Packed(Arc::from(bytes));
        let item = RouterRxItem {
            src: None,
            priority: Self::router_item_priority(&data)?,
            data,
        };
        self.rx_item(&item, false)
    }

    /// Process a decoded packet immediately as locally-originated input.
    ///
    /// If this call occurs while a side TX callback is already on the stack, the packet is queued
    /// instead of being processed re-entrantly.
    #[inline]
    pub fn rx(&self, pkt: &Packet) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        if self.side_tx_active() {
            return self.rx_queue(pkt.clone());
        }
        let data = RouterItem::Packet(pkt.clone());
        let item = RouterRxItem {
            src: None,
            priority: Self::router_item_priority(&data)?,
            data,
        };
        self.rx_item(&item, false)
    }

    /// Process a decoded packet immediately with an explicit ingress side id.
    ///
    /// If this call occurs while a side TX callback is already on the stack, the packet is queued
    /// instead of being processed re-entrantly.
    #[inline]
    pub fn rx_from_side(&self, pkt: &Packet, side: RouterSideId) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        if self.side_tx_active() {
            return self.rx_queue_from_side(pkt.clone(), side);
        }
        self.ensure_side_ingress_enabled(side)?;
        let data = RouterItem::Packet(pkt.clone());
        let item = RouterRxItem {
            src: Some(side),
            priority: Self::router_item_priority(&data)?,
            data,
        };
        self.rx_item(&item, false)
    }

    /// Process packed bytes immediately with an explicit ingress side id.
    ///
    /// If this call occurs while a side TX callback is already on the stack, the bytes are queued
    /// instead of being processed re-entrantly.
    #[inline]
    pub fn rx_packed_from_side(&self, bytes: &[u8], side: RouterSideId) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        if self.side_tx_active() {
            return self.rx_packed_queue_from_side(bytes, side);
        }
        self.ensure_side_ingress_enabled(side)?;
        let Some(decoded) = self.decode_side_transport_frame(side, bytes)? else {
            return Ok(());
        };
        let data = RouterItem::Packed(decoded);
        let item = RouterRxItem {
            src: Some(side),
            priority: Self::router_item_priority(&data)?,
            data,
        };
        self.rx_item(&item, false)
    }

    // ---------- PUBLIC API: TX immediate ----------

    /// Transmit a decoded packet immediately.
    ///
    /// The router delivers locally where appropriate and forwards toward eligible sides. If called
    /// from inside a side TX callback, the packet is queued instead of being sent re-entrantly.
    #[inline]
    pub fn tx(&self, pkt: Packet) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        let _ = self.poll_discovery()?;
        if self.side_tx_active() {
            return self.tx_queue_item(RouterTxItem::Broadcast(RouterItem::Packet(pkt)));
        }
        self.tx_item(RouterTxItem::Broadcast(RouterItem::Packet(pkt)))
    }

    /// Transmit packed bytes immediately.
    ///
    /// If called from inside a side TX callback, the bytes are queued instead of being sent
    /// re-entrantly.
    #[inline]
    pub fn tx_packed(&self, pkt: Arc<[u8]>) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        let _ = self.poll_discovery()?;
        if self.side_tx_active() {
            return self.tx_queue_item(RouterTxItem::Broadcast(RouterItem::Packed(pkt)));
        }
        self.tx_item(RouterTxItem::Broadcast(RouterItem::Packed(pkt)))
    }

    // ---------- PUBLIC API: TX queue ----------

    /// Queue a decoded packet for later transmission.
    #[inline]
    pub fn tx_queue(&self, pkt: Packet) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        let _ = self.poll_discovery()?;
        self.tx_queue_item(RouterTxItem::Broadcast(RouterItem::Packet(pkt)))
    }

    /// Queue packed bytes for later transmission.
    #[inline]
    pub fn tx_packed_queue(&self, data: Arc<[u8]>) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        let _ = self.poll_discovery()?;
        self.tx_queue_item(RouterTxItem::Broadcast(RouterItem::Packed(data)))
    }

    // ---------- PUBLIC API: logging ----------

    /// Build a packet from typed elements and send it immediately.
    ///
    /// `ty` selects the schema message type and `data` must match that type's expected element
    /// width and count. If called from inside a side TX callback, the built packet is queued.
    #[inline]
    pub fn log<T: LeBytes>(&self, ty: DataType, data: &[T]) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        let _ = self.poll_discovery()?;
        if self.side_tx_active() {
            return self.log_queue(ty, data);
        }
        let sender = self.sender_arc();
        log_raw(
            sender.as_ref(),
            ty,
            data,
            self.packet_timestamp_ms(),
            |pkt| self.tx_item(RouterTxItem::Broadcast(RouterItem::Packet(pkt))),
        )
    }

    /// Build a packet from typed elements and queue it for later transmission.
    #[inline]
    pub fn log_queue<T: LeBytes>(&self, ty: DataType, data: &[T]) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        let _ = self.poll_discovery()?;
        let sender = self.sender_arc();
        log_raw(
            sender.as_ref(),
            ty,
            data,
            self.packet_timestamp_ms(),
            |pkt| self.tx_queue_item(RouterTxItem::Broadcast(RouterItem::Packet(pkt))),
        )
    }

    /// Build a packet with an explicit timestamp and send it immediately.
    #[inline]
    pub fn log_ts<T: LeBytes>(
        &self,
        ty: DataType,
        timestamp: u64,
        data: &[T],
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        let _ = self.poll_discovery()?;
        if self.side_tx_active() {
            return self.log_queue_ts(ty, timestamp, data);
        }
        let sender = self.sender_arc();
        log_raw(sender.as_ref(), ty, data, timestamp, |pkt| {
            self.tx_item(RouterTxItem::Broadcast(RouterItem::Packet(pkt)))
        })
    }

    /// Build a packet with an explicit timestamp and queue it for later transmission.
    #[inline]
    pub fn log_queue_ts<T: LeBytes>(
        &self,
        ty: DataType,
        timestamp: u64,
        data: &[T],
    ) -> TelemetryResult<()> {
        #[cfg(feature = "discovery")]
        let _ = self.poll_discovery()?;
        let sender = self.sender_arc();
        log_raw(sender.as_ref(), ty, data, timestamp, |pkt| {
            self.tx_queue_item(RouterTxItem::Broadcast(RouterItem::Packet(pkt)))
        })
    }
}