Qit/

core.rs

/*!
Qubit struct used for simulation and complex number struct that composes it.

In this library, qubits are represented by vectors of complex numbers, and gates are defined as structs that change vectors of complex numbers.
"gates" has basic 1-bit operators such as H, Z, Y, and Z, 2-bit operators such as CX, and a struct that uses them all as one operator.

# Example usage
```
use Qit::{circuits::wrapping_qadd_const, core::{Qubits, Applicable}};
let q_in = Qubits::from_num(3, 4);
// q_in = |0100⟩
let add = wrapping_qadd_const(&vec![0, 1, 2], 3);
// add * |b⟩ = |b + 3⟩
let q_out = add.apply(q_in);
q_out.print_cmps();
// |000⟩ : +0.000 +0.000i
// |001⟩ : +0.000 +0.000i
// |010⟩ : +0.000 +0.000i
// |011⟩ : +0.000 +0.000i
// |100⟩ : +0.000 +0.000i
// |101⟩ : +0.000 +0.000i
// |110⟩ : +0.000 +0.000i
// |111⟩ : +1.000 +0.000i
```
*/

use std::fmt;
use std::ops;

/**
 Complex numbers implemented with functions required for quantum simulation
 It is implemented with the only purpose of expressing quantum bits.

 # Example usage
 ```
use Qit::core::Comp;
let zero = Comp::zero();
println!("{}", zero);
// +0.000 +0.000i
let re: f64 = 1.0;
let im: f64 = -30.0;
let c = Comp::new(re, im);
println!("{}", c);
// +0.200 -30.000i
let c1 = Comp::new(2.0, 1.0);
let c2 = Comp::new(1.0, 2.0);
let add_c1c2 = c1 + c2;
assert_eq!(add_c1c2, Comp::new(3.0, 3.0));

let sub_c1c2 = c1 - c2;
assert_eq!(sub_c1c2, Comp::new(1.0, -1.0));

let mul_c1c2 = c1 * c2;
assert_eq!(mul_c1c2, Comp::new(0.0, 5.0));

let f1: f64 = 2.0;
let add_c1f1 = c1 + f1;
assert_eq!(add_c1f1, Comp::new(4.0, 1.0));

let sub_c1f1 = c1 - f1;
assert_eq!(sub_c1f1, Comp::new(0.0, 1.0));

let mul_c1f1 = c1 * f1;
assert_eq!(mul_c1f1, Comp::new(4.0, 2.0));
 ```
 */
#[derive(PartialEq, Debug, Clone, Copy)]
pub struct Comp(pub f64, pub f64);

// pub mod circuits;
// pub mod gates;
pub mod mod_funcs;

impl Comp {
    pub fn new(re: f64, im: f64) -> Self {
        return Comp(re, im);
    }

    pub fn abs_square(&self) -> f64 {
        return self.0 * self.0 + self.1 * self.1;
    }

    pub fn zero() -> Self {
        return Comp(0.0, 0.0);
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for Comp {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(
            f,
            "{:+.3} {:+.3}i",
            (self.0 * 1000.0).round() / 1000.0,
            (self.1 * 1000.0).round() / 1000.0
        )
    }
}

impl ops::Add<Comp> for Comp {
    type Output = Comp;
    fn add(self, _rhs: Comp) -> Comp {
        return Comp(self.0 + _rhs.0, self.1 + _rhs.1);
    }
}

impl ops::Add<f64> for Comp {
    type Output = Comp;
    fn add(self, rhs: f64) -> Comp {
        return Comp(self.0 + rhs, self.1);
    }
}

impl ops::Sub<Comp> for Comp {
    type Output = Comp;
    fn sub(self, _rhs: Comp) -> Comp {
        return Comp(self.0 - _rhs.0, self.1 - _rhs.1);
    }
}

impl ops::Sub<f64> for Comp {
    type Output = Comp;
    fn sub(self, rhs: f64) -> Comp {
        return Comp(self.0 - rhs, self.1);
    }
}

impl ops::Mul<Comp> for Comp {
    type Output = Comp;
    fn mul(self, _rhs: Comp) -> Comp {
        return Comp(
            self.0 * _rhs.0 - self.1 * _rhs.1,
            self.0 * _rhs.1 + self.1 * _rhs.0,
        );
    }
}

impl ops::Mul<f64> for Comp {
    type Output = Comp;
    fn mul(self, rhs: f64) -> Comp {
        return Comp(self.0 * rhs, self.1 * rhs);
    }
}

/**
struct representing a collection of pseudo-qubits.

# Example usage
```
use Qit::core::{pop_from_probs, Qubits};
let qbit = Qubits::from_num(2, 1);
qbit.print_probs();
// |00⟩ :   0%
// |01⟩ : 100%
// |10⟩ :   0%
// |11⟩ :   0%
qbit.print_cmps();
// |00⟩ : +0.000 +0.000i
// |01⟩ : +1.000 +0.000i
// |10⟩ : +0.000 +0.000i
// |11⟩ : +0.000 +0.000i
let probs = qbit._measure(&vec![0, 1]);
println!("{probs:#?}");
// [
//     0.0,
//     1.0,
//     0.0,
//     0.0,
// ]
println!("{}", pop_from_probs(&probs, 2));
// 1
```
 */
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct Qubits {
    pub size: usize,
    pub bits: Vec<Comp>,
}

impl Qubits {
    /**
    A function that creates a qubit that represents the input value

    1.0 * |number⟩
    */
    pub fn from_num(size: usize, number: usize) -> Self {
        assert!((1 << size) > number);
        let mut bits = vec![Comp::zero(); 1 << size];
        bits[number] = Comp(1.0, 0.0);
        return Qubits {
            size: size,
            bits: bits,
        };
    }

    pub fn from_comp(size: usize, number: usize, comp: Comp) -> Self {
        assert!((1 << size) > number);
        assert!(comp.abs_square() == 1.0);
        let mut bits = vec![Comp::zero(); 1 << size];
        bits[number] = comp;
        return Qubits {
            size: size,
            bits: bits,
        };
    }

    pub fn from_bits(size: usize, bits: Vec<Comp>) -> Self {
        assert_eq!(1 << size, bits.len());
        return Qubits {
            size: size,
            bits: bits,
        };
    }

    /**
     * Output |0...0⟩ Qubit of input size
     */
    pub fn zeros(size: usize) -> Self {
        let mut bits = vec![Comp::zero(); 1 << size];
        bits[0] = Comp(1.0, 0.0);
        return Qubits {
            size: size,
            bits: bits,
        };
    }

    /**
     * Output the probability of outputting each bit string as a vector
     */
    pub fn print_probs(&self) {
        for index in 0..(1 << self.size) {
            println!(
                "|{index:0>size$b}⟩ : {prob:>3}%",
                index = index,
                size = self.size,
                prob = (self.bits[index].abs_square() * 100.0).round()
            );
        }
    }

    /**
     * Output all bit strings and their corresponding complex numbers
     */
    pub fn print_cmps(&self) {
        for index in 0..(1 << self.size) {
            println!(
                "|{index:0>size$b}⟩ : {cmp}",
                index = index,
                size = self.size,
                cmp = self.bits[index]
            );
        }
    }

    pub fn probs(&self) -> Vec<f64> {
        let mut prob = vec![0.0; (1 << self.size)];
        for index in 0..(1 << self.size) {
            prob[index] = self.bits[index].abs_square();
        }
        return prob;
    }

    /**
     * Function to obtain the most probable qubit string
     */
    pub fn pop_most_plausible(&self) -> usize {
        let mut max_prob = 0.0;
        let mut max_idx = 0;
        for i in 0..(1 << self.size) {
            let prob = self.bits[i].abs_square();
            if max_prob < prob {
                max_prob = prob;
                max_idx = i;
            }
        }
        return max_idx;
    }

    /**
    Function to obtain probability distribution of qubits
     */
    pub fn _measure(&self, tar: &[usize]) -> Vec<f64> {
        let mut probs: Vec<f64> = Vec::new();
        for _ in 0..(1 << tar.len()) {
            probs.push(0.0);
        }
        for i in 0..(1 << self.size) {
            let mut tar_idx = 0;
            for j in 0..tar.len() {
                tar_idx |= (1 & (i >> tar[j])) << j;
            }
            probs[tar_idx] += self.bits[i].abs_square();
        }

        return probs;
    }

    pub fn _print_measure(&self, tar: &[usize]) {
        let mut probs: Vec<f64> = Vec::new();
        for _ in 0..(1 << tar.len()) {
            probs.push(0.0);
        }
        for i in 0..(1 << self.size) {
            let mut tar_idx = 0;
            for j in 0..tar.len() {
                tar_idx |= (1 & (i >> tar[j])) << j;
            }
            probs[tar_idx] += self.bits[i].abs_square();
        }

        for index in 0..(1 << tar.len()) {
            println!(
                "|{index:0>size$b}⟩ : {prob:>3.2}%",
                index = index,
                size = tar.len(),
                prob = (probs[index] * 10000.0).round() / 100.0
            );
        }
    }
}

/**
 Minimum traits that gates that manipulate qubits must satisfy
*/
pub trait Applicable {
    fn apply(&self, qubits: Qubits) -> Qubits {
        let it = BitSlideIndex::new(1 << qubits.size, 0);
        return self.apply_iter(qubits, &it);
    }
    fn name(&self) -> String;
    fn apply_iter(&self, qubits: Qubits, iter: &BitSlideIndex) -> Qubits;
}

/**
struct used internally when applying gates
 */
pub struct BitSlideIndex {
    idx: usize,
    pub mask: usize,
    to: usize,
}

impl BitSlideIndex {
    pub fn new(to: usize, mask: usize) -> Self {
        return BitSlideIndex {
            idx: 0,
            mask: mask,
            to: to,
        };
    }

    pub fn merge(&self, other: usize) -> Self {
        if self.mask & other > 0 {
            println!("self.mask:{:b}, other_mask:{:b}", self.mask, other);
            panic!("invalid mask was input.");
        }
        return BitSlideIndex {
            idx: 0,
            mask: self.mask | other,
            to: self.to,
        };
    }

    pub fn init(&mut self) {
        self.idx = 0;
    }
}

impl Iterator for BitSlideIndex {
    type Item = usize;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        let idx = self.idx;
        if (idx & self.mask) != self.mask {
            let idx = idx | self.mask;
            self.idx = idx + 1;
            if idx < self.to {
                return Some(idx);
            }
        } else {
            self.idx = idx + 1;
            if idx < self.to {
                return Some(idx);
            }
        }
        return None;
    }
}

/**
Trait that implements make gates inversed
 */
pub trait Inversible {
    fn inverse(&mut self) {}
}

/**
A trait that combines the Applicable and Inversible traits.
 */
pub trait Operator: Applicable + Inversible {}

/**
Obtain the observed bit string from the probability distribution extracted from the measure function
 */
pub fn pop_from_probs(probs: &[f64], size: usize) -> usize {
    use rand::prelude::*;

    loop {
        let mut r: f64 = rand::thread_rng().gen();
        for i in 0..(1 << size) {
            r -= probs[i];
            if r < 0.0 {
                return i;
            }
        }
    }
}