BREP_kernel 0.10.0

//! The stripe network: a whole selection blended as one construction.
//!
//! # Why this is not a loop over single-edge fillets
//!
//! Blending one edge at a time means every blend after the first is built
//! against a solid the previous ones have already cut, and a corner where two
//! or three of them meet has to be RECONSTRUCTED afterwards from whatever they
//! left behind.  That is the origin of both classic failures: a cutter run
//! past its edge to make a boolean assemble removes material the fillet never
//! touches, and a corner closure that has to identify leftover caps by
//! distance heuristics silently gives up and leaves the corner unmade.
//!
//! Here nothing is cut until everything is known.  Every stripe is marched
//! against the ORIGINAL solid, so the result cannot depend on selection order;
//! every corner is solved from the corner ball ([`solve_corner_ball`]) before
//! any topology changes; and each stripe is then trimmed to the station where
//! its own rolling ball IS the corner ball.  At that station the stripe's
//! contact points ARE the ball's tangency points, so:
//!
//!   * the two stripes sharing a face end their contact rails at the same
//!     point and the face's loop closes with no connector and no leftover;
//!   * at a STAR (every edge at the vertex selected) the stripe's end
//!     cross-section is an arc of the corner sphere, so it can be the shared
//!     edge with the corner patch — exactly tangent, with nothing to intersect;
//!   * at a MITER (two edges selected, the third sharp) the two blends run on
//!     past the ball and are trimmed against each other along their seam,
//!     marched as a level set from the ball's tangency point (`miter.rs`);
//!   * no boolean is involved anywhere, so no cutter can overshoot.
//!
//! Every vertex of the selection is classified once — free end, miter, or
//! star — so a selection mixing them (a face perimeter with one star corner)
//! is one construction, not a composition of per-corner special cases.
//! Configurations the lane does not construct refuse BY NAME: a smooth (G1)
//! two-edge vertex, which is a chain and not a corner; mixed-convexity
//! corners, where the convex stripe has no closure at all because it never
//! reaches the vertex — it switches CARRIERS onto the concave stripes'
//! surfaces and dies in a pole, measured in `runout.rs`; re-entrant
//! miters (the blends wrap the concave edge instead of meeting in a seam);
//! no-common-ball stars.  A CHAMFER reaches the lane too: its stripes are the
//! same march with a chord section (`cross_section_basis`), its STAR closes
//! with the facet those chords bound (`build_chamfer_corner_facet`), its FLUSH
//! join shares one chord where a fillet shares one arc, and its MITER trims the
//! two bevels against each other along a seam marched on the chamfer's OWN
//! level — the signed distance to the sibling's ruled bevel, because the
//! sibling's rolling-ball CANAL is a surface a bevel is not (`bevel_level`).
//! Only the re-entrant corner refuses by name and takes the cutter
//! composition.

use crate::{KernelRefusal, KernelStage, OrRefuse, RefusalClass};
use crate::topology::{BrepSolid, CoedgeRecord, EdgeRecord, FaceRecord, VertexRecord};
use crate::{NurbsCurve, Vec3};

use super::collapse::{check_collapse_closure, collapse_full_width};
use super::corner::*;
use super::edge::*;
use super::miter::*;
use super::restrict::{restrict_third_faces, StripeFaces};
use super::stations::*;

#[path = "network/cap.rs"]
mod cap;

/// One selected edge, marched and fitted against the original solid.
struct Stripe<'a> {
    edge: &'a EdgeRecord,
    first: BlendMate<'a>,
    second: BlendMate<'a>,
    rows: FittedRows,
    name: Option<String>,
    /// Which ends, start then finish, run out into a pole (`pole_end`).
    poles: [bool; 2],
    /// What the stripe's ladder measured and what step 7 reads again on the
    /// shipped windows.
    measure: StripeMeasure,
    law: super::StripeRadius,
    end_radius: [f64; 2],
}

/// One rung of a stripe's ladder: its rows, parameters, stations, the exact
/// dense centres (a fillet's wall verdict), and its vertex-window reading.
struct StripeRung {
    rows: FittedRows,
    parameters: Vec<f64>,
    stations: Vec<Station>,
    dense: OpenDenseCentres,
    reading: OpenRungReading,
}

/// A stripe's measurement: the shipped rung's parameters, stations and dense
/// centres (for the shipped-window reading), whether its ladder ACCEPTED it on
/// the vertex window (else the top rung shipped unaccepted), its vertex-window
/// reading, why its construction request stopped, the request rungs
/// attempted, whether the edge is stationary at a vertex (a missing rail is
/// then unread), and whether the wall is judged at all (a fillet).
struct StripeMeasure {
    parameters: Vec<f64>,
    stations: Vec<Station>,
    dense: OpenDenseCentres,
    ladder_accepted: bool,
    ladder_reading: OpenRungReading,
    unmet: Option<crate::BudgetReason>,
    request_rungs: usize,
    stationary_end: bool,
    wall_check: bool,
    exact_lane: bool,
}

impl Stripe<'_> {
    /// The blend loop's walk over an end slot runs first-rim -> second-rim
    /// exactly when this is true (see `build_open_surgery`).
    fn walk_first_to_second(&self, at_start: bool) -> bool {
        let blend_cr_forward = !self.first.coedge.forward;
        if at_start {
            !blend_cr_forward
        } else {
            blend_cr_forward
        }
    }

    fn at_start(&self, vertex: u64) -> bool {
        self.edge.start_vertex_id == vertex
    }
}

/// A seated corner ball with its tangency vertices committed.
struct Corner {
    center: Vec3,
    /// True when the ball sits inside the material (every incident edge
    /// convex); false when it sits in the air (every incident edge concave).
    outward: bool,
    /// Face id -> the ball's tangency point on that face, and the vertex id
    /// committed for it.
    tangency: Vec<(u64, Vec3, u64)>,
    radius: f64,
}

impl Corner {
    fn tangency_on(&self, face_id: u64) -> Result<(Vec3, u64), KernelRefusal> {
        self.tangency
            .iter()
            .find(|(id, _, _)| *id == face_id)
            .map(|(_, point, vertex)| (*point, *vertex))
            .ok_or_else(|| {
                format!("blend network: the corner ball has no tangency on face {face_id}")
            }).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "ok_or_else")
    }
}

/// What the selection does at one vertex.
enum VertexKind<'a> {
    /// A star: every edge at the vertex is selected; closed by a patch of the
    /// corner ball.
    Star { corner: Corner },
    /// `corner`'s tangency points are the per-face RAIL/RAIL points
    /// (`solve_rail_rail_point`), its centre the classification ball's; each
    /// stripe ends on the rib through its two points and the ribs are filled
    /// by the ribbon Coons patch (`build_ribbon_star_patch`).
    RibbonStar { corner: Corner },
    /// A miter: two selected edges, the third sharp.  `shared` is the face
    /// both stripes touch; `sharp` the unselected edge; the ball still seats
    /// on the three faces and supplies P, the point both shared-face rails
    /// stop at.
    Miter {
        corner: Corner,
        shared: &'a FaceRecord,
        sharp: &'a EdgeRecord,
    },
    /// A flush join: two selected edges meeting SMOOTHLY (G1).  The rolling
    /// ball is the same ball on the same (or tangent-continuous) faces on
    /// both sides, so both stripes stop at ONE section and share ONE arc,
    /// with no patch.
    ///
    /// On the same two faces that section is the vertex's own.  When the two
    /// stripes' side faces differ (a planar wall running into a cylindrical
    /// one, a cone side into the round on its rim), the ball changes carrier
    /// where its side CONTACT crosses the seam between those faces, and that
    /// is not the vertex section unless the seam happens to lie in the
    /// vertex's normal plane: `join` is the ball seated on the seam
    /// ([`solve_flush_seam_ball`]), and the seam is trimmed at its contact.
    Flush { join: Option<FlushJoin> },
    /// Two equal-radius fillets wrap the unselected sharp edge instead of
    /// intersecting in a seam: convex cap fillets around a concave notch,
    /// or concave boss-base fillets around a convex edge. Each stripe stops
    /// where its wall rail reaches the sharp edge; revolving that section
    /// between the two stops produces a horn-torus sector sharing their pole.
    Reentrant {
        cap: &'a FaceRecord,
        sharp: &'a EdgeRecord,
    },
    /// Lane L (2026-10-14): a MIXED star — one CONCAVE stripe Q between two
    /// walls and two CONVEX stripes, each on one of those walls and the cap
    /// they share, at a planar corner whose walls stand normal to the cap (at
    /// any concave angle to each other), Q's axis normal to the cap (§6.9.7, the class `round_mixed_concave_corner` closes behind the
    /// cutter).  No ball touches all three faces from one side; the rolling
    /// ball rides Q's rim, its centre 2r from Q's axis and r below the cap,
    /// so the closure is the exact torus sector bounded by the two convex
    /// stripes' end sections, Q's inner-equator section and the cap's contact
    /// arc.  Behind `BREP_BLEND_MIXED_STAR`.
    MixedStar(MixedStar),
}

/// The closed-form points of a [`VertexKind::MixedStar`] corner.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
struct MixedStar {
    radius: f64,
    cap: u64,
    wall_a: u64,
    wall_b: u64,
    /// Stripe indices: the concave stripe and the convex stripes on wall A
    /// and on wall B.
    q: usize,
    a: usize,
    b: usize,
    /// Q's inner-equator ends on the walls, and the cap contact ends.
    v_a: Vec3,
    v_b: Vec3,
    w_a: Vec3,
    w_b: Vec3,
    /// Q's axis at the inner-equator level, its direction (away from the cap
    /// into the material's side), and the convex stripes' ball centres at
    /// their stops.
    q_v: Vec3,
    q_w: Vec3,
    axis: Vec3,
    c_a: Vec3,
    c_b: Vec3,
}

/// `BREP_BLEND_MIXED_STAR=1` lets the network close a mixed star
/// ([`VertexKind::MixedStar`]), `=0` is the escape hatch. Promoted 2026-10-15
/// (lane L's record: census with it on — cases OK, integration 417/0, lib
/// green once the three cutter-composition tests were pinned to the
/// composition).
const MIXED_STAR_DEFAULT: bool = true;

thread_local! {
    static MIXED_STAR_FOR_TEST: std::cell::Cell<Option<bool>> = const { std::cell::Cell::new(None) };
}

pub(crate) fn mixed_star_on() -> bool {
    if let Some(forced) = MIXED_STAR_FOR_TEST.with(|forced| forced.get()) {
        return forced;
    }
    match std::env::var("BREP_BLEND_MIXED_STAR").as_deref() {
        Ok("0") | Ok("off") => false,
        Ok("1") | Ok("on") => true,
        _ => MIXED_STAR_DEFAULT,
    }
}


/// The outward normal of a PLANAR face, or `None`.
fn planar_outward_normal(face: &FaceRecord) -> Option<Vec3> {
    let Some(crate::AnalyticSurface::Plane { u_dir, v_dir, .. }) = face.surface.analytic() else {
        return None;
    };
    let normal = u_dir.cross(*v_dir).normalized().ok()?;
    Some(if face.same_sense { normal } else { normal.scale(-1.0) })
}

/// Whether the three stripes at `point` are a [`VertexKind::MixedStar`],
/// and its closed-form points when they are.  `None` for every other
/// configuration, which the classification then reads as before.
fn detect_mixed_star(
    mates: &[(&EdgeRecord, BlendMate, BlendMate)],
    stripe_indices: &[usize],
    point: Vec3,
    radius: f64,
) -> Option<MixedStar> {
    if stripe_indices.len() != 3 || !(radius > 0.0) {
        return None;
    }
    let convex: Vec<(usize, bool)> = stripe_indices
        .iter()
        .map(|&index| {
            let (edge, first, second) = &mates[index];
            edge_is_convex(edge, first, second).ok().map(|convex| (index, convex))
        })
        .collect::<Option<Vec<_>>>()?;
    let concave: Vec<usize> = convex.iter().filter(|(_, c)| !*c).map(|(i, _)| *i).collect();
    let rims: Vec<usize> = convex.iter().filter(|(_, c)| *c).map(|(i, _)| *i).collect();
    let ([q], [r0, r1]) = (concave.as_slice(), rims.as_slice()) else {
        return None;
    };
    let faces_of = |index: usize| [mates[index].1.face, mates[index].2.face];
    let [q0, q1] = faces_of(*q);
    // Each rim shares exactly one face with Q (its wall); the rims share the cap.
    let wall_of = |index: usize| -> Option<(&FaceRecord, &FaceRecord)> {
        let [f0, f1] = faces_of(index);
        match (f0.id == q0.id || f0.id == q1.id, f1.id == q0.id || f1.id == q1.id) {
            (true, false) => Some((f0, f1)),
            (false, true) => Some((f1, f0)),
            _ => None,
        }
    };
    let (wall_a, cap_a) = wall_of(*r0)?;
    let (wall_b, cap_b) = wall_of(*r1)?;
    if cap_a.id != cap_b.id || wall_a.id == wall_b.id {
        return None;
    }
    let (na, nb, nc) = (planar_outward_normal(wall_a)?, planar_outward_normal(wall_b)?, planar_outward_normal(cap_a)?);
    // Both walls stand normal to the cap (Q's axis is the cap's normal); the
    // walls themselves meet at any concave angle.
    let k = na.dot(nb);
    if na.dot(nc).abs() > 1e-9 || nb.dot(nc).abs() > 1e-9 || k <= -1.0 + 1e-6 {
        return None;
    }
    for face in [wall_a, wall_b, cap_a] {
        // The corner must lie on every plane (the faces meet at the vertex).
        let Some(crate::AnalyticSurface::Plane { origin, .. }) = face.surface.analytic() else {
            return None;
        };
        let normal = planar_outward_normal(face)?;
        if normal.dot(point.sub(*origin)).abs() > 1e-7 * (1.0 + radius) {
            return None;
        }
    }
    // Q's axis: in the cap plane, r off both walls into the air —
    // corner + r/(1 + n_a·n_b)·(n_a + n_b).  Each rim's centre line runs r
    // inside its wall and r below the cap, so it is 2r from Q's axis and
    // tangent to the torus' centre circle: its stop centre is the foot of
    // the perpendicular, q_v − 2r·n_wall, and the ball touches Q at
    // q_v − r·n_wall (on the wall) and the cap at q_w − 2r·n_wall.
    let r = radius;
    let q_w = point.add(na.add(nb).scale(r / (1.0 + k)));
    let q_v = q_w.sub(nc.scale(r));
    Some(MixedStar {
        radius: r,
        cap: cap_a.id,
        wall_a: wall_a.id,
        wall_b: wall_b.id,
        q: *q,
        a: *r0,
        b: *r1,
        v_a: q_v.sub(na.scale(r)),
        v_b: q_v.sub(nb.scale(r)),
        w_a: q_w.sub(na.scale(2.0 * r)),
        w_b: q_w.sub(nb.scale(2.0 * r)),
        q_v,
        q_w,
        axis: nc.scale(-1.0),
        c_a: q_v.sub(na.scale(2.0 * r)),
        c_b: q_v.sub(nb.scale(2.0 * r)),
    })
}

/// The overshoot ladder for the marches, as fractions of the edge span.  A
/// stripe that ends at a corner needs no overshoot there (its stop station is
/// INSIDE the edge, a tangency setback short of the vertex); the ladder is
/// still needed for free ends, whose support crossings sit at or past the
/// endpoint.
pub(super) const OVERSHOOTS: [f64; 4] = [0.08, 0.16, 0.28, 0.45];

fn mate_at_radius<'a>(mate: &BlendMate<'a>, radius: f64) -> BlendMate<'a> {
    BlendMate {
        face: mate.face,
        coedge: mate.coedge,
        loop_index: mate.loop_index,
        rho: mate.rho.signum() * radius,
    }
}

/// Unit tangent of `edge` at `vertex`, pointing AWAY from it.
pub(super) fn tangent_away_from(edge: &EdgeRecord, vertex: u64) -> Result<Vec3, KernelRefusal> {
    let (t, sign) = if edge.start_vertex_id == vertex {
        (edge.t0, 1.0)
    } else {
        (edge.t1, -1.0)
    };
    // At a vertex, where an involute flank's Hermite fit is stationary: read
    // the one-sided limit from inside the edge.
    edge.curve
        .unit_tangent(t, edge.t0, edge.t1)
        .map(|tangent| tangent.scale(sign))
        .map_err(|error| format!("blend network: edge {}: {error}", edge.id)).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "unit_tangent")
}

/// Whether `edge` is STATIONARY at `vertex` — its first derivative there is too
/// short to normalize, so [`tangent_away_from`] answered with the one-sided
/// limit rather than the derivative. Reads the same parameter it does.
fn stationary_at_vertex(edge: &EdgeRecord, vertex: u64) -> Result<bool, KernelRefusal> {
    let t = if edge.start_vertex_id == vertex {
        edge.t0
    } else {
        edge.t1
    };
    Ok(edge.curve.derivatives(t, 1).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "derivatives")?[1].normalized().is_err())
}

/// The two mating faces of every selected edge, with the signed radius the
/// march offsets each of them by.  Read off the ORIGINAL solid: `rho` is the
/// side the rolling ball sits on, so it is the edge's convexity in the form
/// the corner solve needs.
pub(super) fn stripe_mates<'a>(
    solid: &'a BrepSolid,
    edge_ids: &[u64],
    radius: f64,
) -> Result<Vec<(&'a EdgeRecord, BlendMate<'a>, BlendMate<'a>)>, KernelRefusal> {
    let laws = vec![super::StripeRadius::Constant(radius); edge_ids.len()];
    stripe_mates_laws(solid, edge_ids, &laws)
}

/// [`stripe_mates`] with a radius law per edge: the signs are probed at the
/// law's value at the edge's parameter midpoint (where `signed_radii` probes
/// first), as the single open edge's variable lane does; the magnitude a
/// mate carries is that midpoint value, and every solve at a vertex takes
/// the stripe's END radius instead (`Stripe::end_radius`).
fn stripe_mates_laws<'a>(
    solid: &'a BrepSolid,
    edge_ids: &[u64],
    laws: &[super::StripeRadius],
) -> Result<Vec<(&'a EdgeRecord, BlendMate<'a>, BlendMate<'a>)>, KernelRefusal> {
    let mut mates: Vec<(&EdgeRecord, BlendMate, BlendMate)> = Vec::with_capacity(edge_ids.len());
    for (&edge_id, law) in edge_ids.iter().zip(laws) {
        let radius = law.at_fraction(0.5);
        let edge = solid
            .edges
            .iter()
            .find(|candidate| candidate.id == edge_id)
            .ok_or_else(|| format!("blend network: edge {edge_id} not found")).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "ok_or_else")?;
        if edge.start_vertex_id == edge.end_vertex_id {
            return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Classify, "closed_edge_corner", format!(
                "blend network: edge {edge_id} is closed and has no corner to share"
            )));
        }
        let (first_face, first_loop, first_coedge) = locate_mate(solid, edge_id, None)?;
        let (second_face, second_loop, second_coedge) =
            locate_mate(solid, edge_id, Some((first_face.id, first_loop)))?;
        let (rho1, rho2) = signed_radii(
            edge,
            first_face,
            first_coedge,
            second_face,
            second_coedge,
            radius,
        )?;
        mates.push((
            edge,
            BlendMate {
                face: first_face,
                coedge: first_coedge,
                loop_index: first_loop,
                rho: rho1,
            },
            BlendMate {
                face: second_face,
                coedge: second_coedge,
                loop_index: second_loop,
                rho: rho2,
            },
        ));
    }
    Ok(mates)
}

/// Which selected edges (indices into `mates`) meet at which vertex.
fn stripes_by_vertex(mates: &[(&EdgeRecord, BlendMate, BlendMate)]) -> Vec<(u64, Vec<usize>)> {
    let mut vertex_stripes: Vec<(u64, Vec<usize>)> = Vec::new();
    for (index, (edge, _, _)) in mates.iter().enumerate() {
        for vertex in [edge.start_vertex_id, edge.end_vertex_id] {
            match vertex_stripes.iter_mut().find(|(id, _)| *id == vertex) {
                Some((_, list)) => list.push(index),
                None => vertex_stripes.push((vertex, vec![index])),
            }
        }
    }
    vertex_stripes
}

/// A corner where the selection mixes convexity: at `point` two of the
/// selected edges share a face but want the rolling ball on OPPOSITE sides of
/// it, one blend cutting material away from that face while the other adds
/// material against it.  `convex` and `concave` are indices into the selection.
pub(crate) struct MixedCorner {
    pub(crate) vertex: u64,
    pub(crate) point: Vec3,
    pub(crate) convex: Vec<usize>,
    pub(crate) concave: Vec<usize>,
}

/// The one network refusal the fillet ladder must not paper over: a corner
/// where MORE THAN ONE selected edge is concave and at least one is convex.
///
/// Mixing convexity at a vertex is not by itself unbuildable. The re-entrant
/// vertex of a notch — ONE concave edge with the convex edges that run into
/// it — is closed by the horn-torus sector about that concave edge's own
/// blend, because the ball can roll round it from one convex blend to the
/// other (`round_concave_chain_corner`, `round_convex_corner`, §6.9.7). Its
/// MIRROR — two or more concave edges meeting a convex one — has no closure
/// here at all: the convex blend RUNS OUT against the concave beads partway
/// along its edge, which is the vertex blend nothing in this kernel
/// constructs. `runout.rs` measures what that run-out is — two carrier
/// switches onto the concave stripes' own surfaces and a degenerate pole —
/// and the refusal reports its stations. That boundary is empirical, one
/// concave edge against two, not a rule derived from the balls' sides — the
/// notch splits those the same way and is built.
///
/// So `fillet_edges` reports that class as a TERMINAL refusal rather than
/// retrying it on the cutter, whose answer for it is a shredded solid: sliver
/// end caps at every unclosed corner and a renamed carrier face.
pub(crate) fn mixed_convexity_corner(
    solid: &BrepSolid,
    edge_ids: &[u64],
    radius: f64,
) -> Option<MixedCorner> {
    mixed_convexity_corners(solid, edge_ids, radius).into_iter().next()
}

/// Every mixed-convexity corner of the selection, in vertex order — the
/// runout composition (`runout.rs`) needs BOTH ends of each convex edge,
/// where [`mixed_convexity_corner`] reports the first for the refusal.
pub(crate) fn mixed_convexity_corners(
    solid: &BrepSolid,
    edge_ids: &[u64],
    radius: f64,
) -> Vec<MixedCorner> {
    let mut found = Vec::new();
    let Ok(mates) = stripe_mates(solid, edge_ids, radius) else {
        return found;
    };
    for (vertex_id, stripe_indices) in stripes_by_vertex(&mates) {
        if stripe_indices.len() < 2 {
            continue;
        }
        let mut faces: Vec<(u64, f64)> = Vec::new();
        let mut mixed = false;
        for &index in &stripe_indices {
            for mate in [&mates[index].1, &mates[index].2] {
                match faces.iter().find(|(id, _)| *id == mate.face.id) {
                    Some((_, rho)) => mixed |= (*rho - mate.rho).abs() > 1e-9 * (1.0 + radius),
                    None => faces.push((mate.face.id, mate.rho)),
                }
            }
        }
        if !mixed {
            continue;
        }
        let Some(point) = solid
            .vertices
            .iter()
            .find(|vertex| vertex.id == vertex_id)
            .map(|vertex| vertex.point)
        else {
            continue;
        };
        let mut convex = Vec::new();
        let mut concave = Vec::new();
        for &index in &stripe_indices {
            let (edge, first, second) = &mates[index];
            match edge_is_convex(edge, first, second) {
                Ok(true) => convex.push(index),
                Ok(false) => concave.push(index),
                // Unclassifiable: the corner is still mixed, it just cannot be
                // described edge by edge.  Report it with the side left empty.
                Err(_) => {}
            }
        }
        // Exactly one concave edge is the re-entrant closure's own shape, and
        // it is constructed; only its mirror is refused.
        if concave.len() < 2 || convex.is_empty() {
            continue;
        }
        found.push(MixedCorner {
            vertex: vertex_id,
            point,
            convex,
            concave,
        });
    }
    found
}

/// The inside-corner refusal's name: two selected concave edges over an
/// unselected concave sharp edge.
pub(crate) const REENTRANT_CONCAVE_WHAT: &str = "reentrant_concave";

/// Whether `refusal` is the inside-corner classification above.
pub(crate) fn is_reentrant_concave(refusal: &KernelRefusal) -> bool {
    matches!(&refusal.class, RefusalClass::UnsupportedGeometry { what } if what == REENTRANT_CONCAVE_WHAT)
}

/// `BREP_BLEND_CONCAVE_MITER`: send an inside corner (two selected concave
/// edges over a concave sharp edge) down the two-edge miter lane instead of
/// refusing it by name. `=0`/`off` is the escape hatch. Promoted 2026-10-15
/// (lane L's census with it on: the 96 cases OK, integration and lib green
/// but for three refusal pins whose refusal moves one corner further, to the
/// one-ended concave-third end).
const CONCAVE_MITER_DEFAULT: bool = true;

thread_local! {
    static CONCAVE_MITER_FOR_TEST: std::cell::Cell<Option<bool>> = const { std::cell::Cell::new(None) };
}

pub(crate) fn concave_miter_on() -> bool {
    if let Some(forced) = CONCAVE_MITER_FOR_TEST.with(|forced| forced.get()) {
        return forced;
    }
    match std::env::var("BREP_BLEND_CONCAVE_MITER").as_deref() {
        Ok("0") | Ok("off") => false,
        Ok("1") | Ok("on") => true,
        _ => CONCAVE_MITER_DEFAULT,
    }
}


// BREP named hunk: begin lcount234_creased_seam_join_20261016
/// `BREP_BLEND_CREASED_SEAM`: close a smooth vertex whose two side faces CREASE
/// along their seam down the two-edge miter lane, with the seam as its sharp
/// edge, instead of refusing it as "not a flush join". The two balls then meet
/// the seam at different points when the seam's faces turn their normals out of
/// the shared face's normal plane, and the closure is the miter's asymmetric
/// one (`solve_miter`): the seam leaves the shallower blend through its side
/// rail at P, and a connector on that blend's side face runs to S on the seam.
/// `=0`/`off` is the escape hatch. Promoted 2026-10-17 (no case reaches a
/// creased BUILD yet, lCount_234 reaches the lane at five vertices and is
/// declined by the corner ball's carrier-extension guard, the same final
/// refusal either way).
const CREASED_SEAM_DEFAULT: bool = true;

thread_local! {
    static CREASED_SEAM_FOR_TEST: std::cell::Cell<Option<bool>> = const { std::cell::Cell::new(None) };
}

pub(crate) fn creased_seam_on() -> bool {
    if let Some(forced) = CREASED_SEAM_FOR_TEST.with(|forced| forced.get()) {
        return forced;
    }
    match std::env::var("BREP_BLEND_CREASED_SEAM").as_deref() {
        Ok("0") | Ok("off") => false,
        Ok("1") | Ok("on") => true,
        _ => CREASED_SEAM_DEFAULT,
    }
}

// BREP named hunk: end lcount234_creased_seam_join_20261016

/// Whether each selected edge is CONVEX (its ball inside the material), in
/// selection order; `None` when the selection's mates cannot be read.
pub(crate) fn selection_convexity(solid: &BrepSolid, edge_ids: &[u64], radius: f64) -> Option<Vec<bool>> {
    let mates = stripe_mates(solid, edge_ids, radius).ok()?;
    mates
        .iter()
        .map(|(edge, first, second)| edge_is_convex(edge, first, second).ok())
        .collect()
}

/// A selected edge with NO blend strip left on it: the corner balls seated at
/// its two ends touch a mate face they share at the same point, or past each
/// other, so the two corner setbacks consume the whole edge (every edge of a
/// 20-cube at r = 10, where each face shrinks to a point and the answer is
/// the r = 10 sphere).  `edge` is an index into the selection; `stops` are
/// the two tangency points on `face_id`, start corner then end corner.
pub(crate) struct DegenerateSetback {
    pub(crate) edge: usize,
    pub(crate) face_id: u64,
    pub(crate) stops: [Vec3; 2],
    pub(crate) strip: f64,
    pub(crate) bar: f64,
    /// True when the two setbacks run PAST each other along the edge (the
    /// radius is beyond the limit), false when they meet within the bar.
    pub(crate) crossed: bool,
}

/// The network refusal that must be TERMINAL for the whole selection rather
/// than a fall-through: a star–star edge whose strip pinches out.
///
/// Inside the network the same condition is caught on the marched rows
/// (`build_open_surgery`'s pinch check), but a refusal there falls through
/// to the cutter composition and the maximal-valid-subset search, and
/// neither can do better on a degenerate selection: on the r = 10 cube the
/// search returned NINE walls over a 5174 volume against the sphere's 4189.
/// So the condition is decided here, before anything is cut, from the corner
/// balls alone — at a star every stripe stops exactly at the ball's tangency
/// point on each of its mate faces, so the strip between two stars is the
/// distance between their tangency points on the face the stripe shares
/// with both, and no march is needed to measure it.  A miter's far station
/// is the seam's exit, not a tangency, so only star–star edges are decided
/// here; the in-network check keeps the rest.
///
/// `None` when nothing is degenerate OR when the balls cannot be seated at
/// all — the network reports its own refusal for that.
pub(crate) fn degenerate_corner_setbacks(
    solid: &BrepSolid,
    edge_ids: &[u64],
    radius: f64,
) -> Option<DegenerateSetback> {
    let mates = stripe_mates(solid, edge_ids, radius).ok()?;
    let scale = solid
        .vertices
        .iter()
        .fold(0.0f64, |worst, vertex| worst.max(vertex.point.length()))
        .max(1.0);
    let bar = corner_station_bar(scale, radius);
    // vertex id -> (face id, the ball's tangency point on it)
    let mut stars: Vec<(u64, Vec<(u64, Vec3)>)> = Vec::new();
    for (vertex_id, stripe_indices) in stripes_by_vertex(&mates) {
        if stripe_indices.len() < 3 {
            continue;
        }
        let point = solid
            .vertices
            .iter()
            .find(|vertex| vertex.id == vertex_id)?
            .point;
        let mut faces: Vec<(&FaceRecord, f64)> = Vec::new();
        let mut consistent = true;
        for &index in &stripe_indices {
            for mate in [&mates[index].1, &mates[index].2] {
                match faces.iter().find(|(face, _)| face.id == mate.face.id) {
                    Some((_, rho)) => {
                        consistent &= (*rho - mate.rho).abs() <= 1e-9 * (1.0 + radius);
                    }
                    None => faces.push((mate.face, mate.rho)),
                }
            }
        }
        // Not a star (an unselected edge at the vertex) or mixed: not this
        // check's question.
        if !consistent || faces.len() != stripe_indices.len() {
            continue;
        }
        let face_refs: Vec<&FaceRecord> = faces.iter().map(|(face, _)| *face).collect();
        let rho_of = |id: u64| faces.iter().find(|(face, _)| face.id == id).map(|(_, rho)| *rho);
        let Ok(prepared) = corner_faces(&face_refs, &rho_of, point) else {
            continue;
        };
        let Ok(ball) = solve_corner_ball(&prepared, scale) else {
            continue;
        };
        if ball.residual > 1e-7 * (1.0 + scale) {
            continue;
        }
        stars.push((
            vertex_id,
            ball.contacts
                .iter()
                .map(|contact| (contact.face_id, contact.point))
                .collect(),
        ));
    }
    let tangency = |vertex: u64, face_id: u64| -> Option<Vec3> {
        stars
            .iter()
            .find(|(id, _)| *id == vertex)?
            .1
            .iter()
            .find(|(id, _)| *id == face_id)
            .map(|(_, point)| *point)
    };
    for (index, (edge, first, second)) in mates.iter().enumerate() {
        if edge.start_vertex_id == edge.end_vertex_id {
            continue;
        }
        let chord = vertex_point_of(solid, edge.end_vertex_id)
            .ok()?
            .sub(vertex_point_of(solid, edge.start_vertex_id).ok()?);
        for mate in [first, second] {
            let (Some(from), Some(to)) = (
                tangency(edge.start_vertex_id, mate.face.id),
                tangency(edge.end_vertex_id, mate.face.id),
            ) else {
                continue;
            };
            let span = to.sub(from);
            let strip = span.length();
            let crossed = strip > bar && span.dot(chord) < 0.0;
            if strip <= bar || crossed {
                return Some(DegenerateSetback {
                    edge: index,
                    face_id: mate.face.id,
                    stops: [from, to],
                    strip,
                    bar,
                    crossed,
                });
            }
        }
    }
    None
}

/// Blend every edge in `edge_ids` as one network.
///
/// `edge_names` is parallel to `edge_ids` (the per-edge blend-face name);
/// `corner_name` names each star patch after the input indices meeting there.
/// Errors — always named — leave the caller's solid untouched.
pub(crate) fn blend_star_network(
    solid: &BrepSolid,
    edge_ids: &[u64],
    radius: f64,
    chamfer: bool,
    edge_names: &[Option<String>],
    corner_name: &dyn Fn(&[usize]) -> Option<String>,
) -> Result<BrepSolid, KernelRefusal> {
    blend_star_network_with_corner_policy(solid, edge_ids, radius, chamfer, edge_names, corner_name, true)
}

/// A runout's intermediate ring needs miter seams as carrier-switch witnesses.
/// Those seams are consumed by its final walls, rather than shipped as corners.
pub(crate) fn blend_star_network_with_corner_policy(
    solid: &BrepSolid,
    edge_ids: &[u64],
    radius: f64,
    chamfer: bool,
    edge_names: &[Option<String>],
    corner_name: &dyn Fn(&[usize]) -> Option<String>,
    wrap_concave: bool,
) -> Result<BrepSolid, KernelRefusal> {
    let laws = vec![super::StripeRadius::Constant(radius); edge_ids.len()];
    blend_star_network_laws(solid, edge_ids, &laws, chamfer, edge_names, corner_name, wrap_concave)
}

/// A stripe is marched at its law, with the law's domain laid between the
/// stripe's two corner stations so that its END value holds at the corner
/// (not at the vertex, and the user's end radius must hold there); every
/// corner ball, miter seam, patch and cap is solved at the end radii, which
/// the stripes meeting at a vertex must agree on. A constant law on every
/// edge is the constant-radius network, byte for byte.
pub(crate) fn blend_star_network_laws(
    solid: &BrepSolid,
    edge_ids: &[u64],
    laws: &[super::StripeRadius],
    chamfer: bool,
    edge_names: &[Option<String>],
    corner_name: &dyn Fn(&[usize]) -> Option<String>,
    wrap_concave: bool,
) -> Result<BrepSolid, KernelRefusal> {
    // A network that refuses takes back the notes its stripes recorded.
    let mark = super::blend_notes_mark();
    let result = blend_star_network_building(solid, edge_ids, laws, chamfer, edge_names, corner_name, wrap_concave);
    if result.is_err() {
        super::blend_notes_truncate(mark);
    }
    result
}

fn blend_star_network_building(
    solid: &BrepSolid,
    edge_ids: &[u64],
    laws: &[super::StripeRadius],
    chamfer: bool,
    edge_names: &[Option<String>],
    corner_name: &dyn Fn(&[usize]) -> Option<String>,
    wrap_concave: bool,
) -> Result<BrepSolid, KernelRefusal> {
    if edge_ids.is_empty() {
        return Err(KernelRefusal::input(KernelStage::Collect, "empty_selection", "blend network: no edges selected"));
    }
    if laws.len() != edge_ids.len() || laws.iter().any(|law| !law.is_positive()) {
        return Err(KernelRefusal::input(KernelStage::Collect, "radius", "blend network: radius must be positive"));
    }
    // The selection's one radius when every law is that constant; otherwise
    // the largest radius any law takes, which is what the tolerance bars and
    // the restriction's reach are sized by. Every CONSTRUCTION below takes
    // its radius from the stripe or the corner it builds, never from this.
    let radius = laws.iter().map(super::StripeRadius::largest).fold(0.0f64, f64::max);
    let _network_timing = super::BlendTimer::start("timing.network_ms");
    let analysis = super::BlendTimer::start("timing.network_analysis_ms");
    // ---- 1. Mates and signed radii, from the ORIGINAL solid. ----
    let mates = stripe_mates_laws(solid, edge_ids, laws)?;

    // ---- 2. Which selected edges meet at which vertex. ----
    let vertex_stripes = stripes_by_vertex(&mates);
    analysis.stop();

    // ---- 3. Seat a ball in every shared vertex, before anything is cut. ----
    let corner_balls = super::BlendTimer::start("timing.corner_balls_ms");
    let mut result = solid.clone();
    let mut take_id = fresh_id_source(solid);
    let scale = solid
        .vertices
        .iter()
        .fold(0.0f64, |worst, vertex| worst.max(vertex.point.length()))
        .max(1.0);
    let mut corners: Vec<(u64, Vec<usize>, VertexKind)> = Vec::new();
    // The smooth vertices whose side faces crease along their seam, closed
    // down the miter lane (`creased_seam_on`).
    let mut creased_vertices: Vec<u64> = Vec::new();
    let mut vertex_radii: Vec<(u64, f64)> = Vec::new();
    for (vertex_id, stripe_indices) in &vertex_stripes {
        if stripe_indices.len() < 2 {
            continue;
        }
        let point = solid
            .vertices
            .iter()
            .find(|vertex| vertex.id == *vertex_id)
            .ok_or_else(|| format!("blend network: vertex {vertex_id} missing")).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "ok_or_else")?
            .point;
        // Lane L: a mixed star (one concave + two convex stripes at an
        // orthogonal planar corner) is its own kind, read before the faces'
        // sides are compared (they disagree there by construction).
        if !chamfer && stripe_indices.len() == 3 && mixed_star_on() {
            let ends: Vec<f64> = stripe_indices
                .iter()
                .map(|&index| laws[index].end(mates[index].0.start_vertex_id == *vertex_id))
                .collect();
            let constant = stripe_indices.iter().all(|&index| laws[index].constant().is_some());
            if constant && ends.iter().all(|end| (end - ends[0]).abs() <= 1e-12 * (1.0 + ends[0])) {
                if let Some(mixed) = detect_mixed_star(&mates, stripe_indices, point, ends[0]) {
                    vertex_radii.push((*vertex_id, ends[0]));
                    corners.push((*vertex_id, stripe_indices.clone(), VertexKind::MixedStar(mixed)));
                    continue;
                }
            }
        }
        // The faces around the corner are the mates of the stripes that end
        // there, with the signed offset each stripe was marched at.
        let mut faces: Vec<(&FaceRecord, f64, usize)> = Vec::new();
        // `faces` then carries the LARGER magnitude (what the
        // classification ball and the bars at this vertex are sized by) and
        // the vertex is an UNEQUAL corner, which only the convex two-edge
        // miter builds below. `(face, the two radii)` for the message.
        let mut unequal: Option<(u64, f64, f64)> = None;
        for &index in stripe_indices {
            let end_radius = laws[index].end(mates[index].0.start_vertex_id == *vertex_id);
            for mate in [&mates[index].1, &mates[index].2] {
                let rho_end = mate.rho.signum() * end_radius;
                match faces.iter_mut().find(|(face, _, _)| face.id == mate.face.id) {
                    Some((_, rho, uses)) => {
                        if rho.signum() != rho_end.signum() {
                            return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Classify, "mixed_convexity", format!(
                                "blend network: the stripes at vertex {vertex_id} disagree on \
                                 which side of face {} the ball sits (mixed convexity)",
                                mate.face.id
                            )));
                        }
                        if (*rho - rho_end).abs() > 1e-9 * (1.0 + radius) {
                            if unequal.is_none() {
                                unequal = Some((mate.face.id, rho.abs(), end_radius));
                            }
                            if rho_end.abs() > rho.abs() {
                                *rho = rho_end;
                            }
                        }
                        *uses += 1;
                    }
                    None => faces.push((mate.face, rho_end, 1)),
                }
            }
        }
        // The one radius every solve at this vertex uses (C2): the stripes'
        // common end radius, which the loop above has just checked — or, at
        // an unequal corner, the larger of them.
        let corner_radius = faces.iter().map(|(_, rho, _)| rho.abs()).fold(0.0f64, f64::max);
        vertex_radii.push((*vertex_id, corner_radius));
        let tapered_here = stripe_indices.iter().any(|&index| laws[index].constant().is_none());
        let is_star = stripe_indices.len() >= 3;
        let refuse_unequal = |why: &str| -> KernelRefusal {
            let (face_id, first, second) = unequal.unwrap_or((0, 0.0, 0.0));
            KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Classify, "unequal_corner_radius", format!(
                "blend network: the stripes at vertex {vertex_id} end at different radii \
                 on face {face_id} ({first:.6} and {second:.6}); {why}"
            ))
        };
        let mut ribbon_star = false;
        if unequal.is_some() {
            if is_star {
                if !super::no_common_ball_star_on() {
                    return Err(refuse_unequal("an unequal-radius star has no common ball and its N-sided fill is not in this lane"));
                }
                if tapered_here {
                    return Err(refuse_unequal("an unequal-radius star at a varying radius is not in this lane"));
                }
                ribbon_star = true;
            } else {
                if !super::unequal_miter_on() {
                    return Err(refuse_unequal("an unequal-radius corner is not in this lane"));
                }
                if tapered_here {
                    return Err(refuse_unequal("an unequal-radius corner at a varying radius is not in this lane"));
                }
            }
        }
        if is_star && faces.len() != stripe_indices.len() {
            return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Classify, "partial_corner_selection", format!(
                "blend network: vertex {vertex_id} has {} selected edges around {} faces — \
                 not every edge at the corner is selected, so no ball seats there",
                stripe_indices.len(),
                faces.len()
            )));
        }
        // A two-edge vertex: a G1 continuation is a CHAIN, not a corner (one
        // stripe should run through it — `blend_smooth_chain`); otherwise the
        // two stripes must share exactly one face with one sharp edge
        // between the other two.
        let mut miter: Option<(&FaceRecord, &EdgeRecord)> = None;
        let mut creased = false;
        if !is_star {
            let [a, b] = [stripe_indices[0], stripe_indices[1]];
            let tangent_a = tangent_away_from(mates[a].0, *vertex_id)?;
            let tangent_b = tangent_away_from(mates[b].0, *vertex_id)?;
            if tangent_a.dot(tangent_b) <= -(1.0 - 1e-6) {
                if unequal.is_some() {
                    return Err(refuse_unequal("a flush join at two radii is a step, not a corner, and is not in this lane"));
                }
                if tapered_here {
                    return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Classify, "tapered_flush_join", format!(
                        "blend network: a tapered stripe runs through the smooth vertex {vertex_id}; \
                         a flush join at a varying radius is not in this lane"
                    )));
                }
                match flush_join(solid, &mates[a], &mates[b], *vertex_id, point, scale) {
                    Ok(join) => {
                        if std::env::var("BREP_DEBUG_NETWORK").is_ok() {
                            match &join {
                                Some(join) => eprintln!(
                                    "flush join at vertex {vertex_id} (edges {} and {}): ball centre ({:.6}, {:.6}, {:.6}); contacts {}",
                                    mates[a].0.id,
                                    mates[b].0.id,
                                    join.center.x,
                                    join.center.y,
                                    join.center.z,
                                    join.contacts
                                        .iter()
                                        .map(|contact| format!(
                                            "faces {:?} at ({:.6}, {:.6}, {:.6}) seam {:?}",
                                            contact.faces, contact.point.x, contact.point.y, contact.point.z, contact.seam
                                        ))
                                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                                        .join("; ")
                                ),
                                None => eprintln!("flush join at vertex {vertex_id} (edges {} and {}): the vertex section (same two faces)", mates[a].0.id, mates[b].0.id),
                            }
                        }
                        corners.push((*vertex_id, stripe_indices.clone(), VertexKind::Flush { join }));
                        continue;
                    }
                    // A creased seam (the side faces tangent only at the
                    // vertex) goes down the miter lane, its seam the sharp
                    // edge.
                    Err(refusal)
                        if creased_seam_on()
                            && matches!(&refusal.class, crate::RefusalClass::UnsupportedGeometry { what } if what == "flush_join") =>
                    {
                        if std::env::var("BREP_DEBUG_NETWORK").is_ok() {
                            eprintln!("creased seam at vertex {vertex_id}: {refusal}; trying the miter lane");
                        }
                        creased = true;
                        creased_vertices.push(*vertex_id);
                    }
                    Err(refusal) => return Err(refusal),
                }
            }
            if faces.len() != 3 {
                return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Classify, "corner_face_count", format!(
                    "blend network: vertex {vertex_id} has two selected edges around {} faces \
                     (expected exactly three: one shared, one on each side)",
                    faces.len()
                )));
            }
            let shared = faces
                .iter()
                .find(|(_, _, uses)| *uses == 2)
                .map(|(face, _, _)| *face)
                .ok_or_else(|| {
                    format!("blend network: the two edges at vertex {vertex_id} share no face")
                }).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "ok_or_else")?;
            let others: Vec<&FaceRecord> = faces
                .iter()
                .filter(|(face, _, _)| face.id != shared.id)
                .map(|(face, _, _)| *face)
                .collect();
            // The sharp edge borders both non-shared faces at the vertex.
            let (other_a, other_b) = (others[0], others[1]);
            let sharp_a = boundary_edge_at_vertex(solid, other_a, *vertex_id, mates[a].0.id)
                .or_else(|_| boundary_edge_at_vertex(solid, other_a, *vertex_id, mates[b].0.id))?;
            let sharp_b = boundary_edge_at_vertex(solid, other_b, *vertex_id, mates[a].0.id)
                .or_else(|_| boundary_edge_at_vertex(solid, other_b, *vertex_id, mates[b].0.id))?;
            if sharp_a != sharp_b {
                return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Classify, "corner_sharp_edges", format!(
                    "blend network: vertex {vertex_id} has more than one unselected edge \
                     between the side faces (found {sharp_a} and {sharp_b})"
                )));
            }
            let sharp = solid
                .edges
                .iter()
                .find(|edge| edge.id == sharp_a)
                .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "sharp_edge", "blend network: the sharp edge vanished"))?;
            if sharp.start_vertex_id == sharp.end_vertex_id {
                return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Classify, "closed_sharp_edge", "blend network: the sharp edge at a miter is closed"));
            }
            // Opposite convexities wrap the sharp edge rather than seating
            // a three-plane ball whose two cylinders meet in a sharp seam.
            // Oblique concave corners retain their asymmetric miter lane.
            let sharp_convex = sharp_edge_is_convex(solid, sharp, other_a, other_b, corner_radius)?;
            let selected_convex = [a, b].iter().all(|&index| {
                let (edge, first, second) = &mates[index];
                edge_is_convex(edge, first, second).unwrap_or(false)
            });
            let selected_concave = [a, b].iter().all(|&index| {
                let (edge, first, second) = &mates[index];
                edge_is_convex(edge, first, second).is_ok_and(|convex| !convex)
            });
            // A ball outside the material wraps a convex boss corner just
            // as a ball inside wraps a concave notch. Both are horn sectors;
            // intersecting the two concave stripes instead makes a sharp seam.
            let plane_normal = |face: &FaceRecord| match face.surface.analytic() {
                Some(crate::AnalyticSurface::Plane { u_dir, v_dir, .. }) => u_dir.cross(*v_dir).normalized().ok(),
                _ => None,
            };
            let perpendicular_cap = plane_normal(shared).zip(plane_normal(other_a))
                .zip(plane_normal(other_b))
                .is_some_and(|((cap, a), b)| cap.dot(a).abs() < 1e-6 && cap.dot(b).abs() < 1e-6);
            if (!sharp_convex && selected_convex)
                || (wrap_concave && !chamfer && sharp_convex && selected_concave && perpendicular_cap) {
                if unequal.is_some() {
                    return Err(refuse_unequal("the horn-torus closure at a re-entrant vertex needs one ball and is not in this lane at two radii"));
                }
                if tapered_here {
                    return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Classify, "tapered_reentrant", format!(
                        "blend network: a tapered stripe ends at the re-entrant vertex {vertex_id}; \
                         the horn-torus closure at a varying radius is not in this lane"
                    )));
                }
                corners.push((
                    *vertex_id,
                    stripe_indices.clone(),
                    VertexKind::Reentrant { cap: shared, sharp },
                ));
                continue;
            }
            if !sharp_convex && !concave_miter_on() {
                // An INSIDE corner: every edge at the vertex is concave and
                // two are selected.  This is not the horn torus's mirror (the
                // horn's mirror is two concave stripes over a CONVEX sharp
                // edge, built above): a ball in the air here is seated by all
                // three faces at once and cannot wrap the sharp edge without
                // entering a wall, so the two pads meet in a SEAM from their
                // floor rails' crossing up to the sharp edge — the mirror of
                // the convex two-edge miter.  `BREP_BLEND_CONCAVE_MITER=1`
                // sends it down that miter lane; off, refused by name.
                return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Classify, REENTRANT_CONCAVE_WHAT, format!(
                    "blend network: vertex {vertex_id} at ({:.3}, {:.3}, {:.3}) is an inside corner: the selected \
                     concave edges {} and {} meet the unselected concave edge {}; the ball in the air is seated by \
                     all three faces and cannot wrap that edge, so the closure is the two pads' seam up to it (the \
                     mirror of the convex two-edge miter, not of the horn torus), which this lane does not build",
                    point.x, point.y, point.z, mates[a].0.id, mates[b].0.id, sharp.id
                )));
            }
            miter = Some((shared, sharp));
        }
        let face_refs: Vec<&FaceRecord> = faces.iter().map(|(face, _, _)| *face).collect();
        let rho_of = |id: u64| {
            faces
                .iter()
                .find(|(face, _, _)| face.id == id)
                .map(|(_, rho, _)| *rho)
        };
        // A creased seam's side faces are tangent AT the vertex, where the
        // corner-ball Newton is singular, so it is seeded a radius up the seam.
        let seed = match (creased, miter) {
            (true, Some((_, sharp))) => point.add(tangent_away_from(sharp, *vertex_id)?.scale(corner_radius)),
            _ => point,
        };
        let prepared = corner_faces(&face_refs, &rho_of, seed)?;
        let ball = solve_corner_ball(&prepared, scale)?;
        if creased && std::env::var("BREP_DEBUG_NETWORK").is_ok() {
            eprintln!("creased seam corner ball at vertex {vertex_id}: centre {:?} residual {:.3e} contacts {:?}", ball.center, ball.residual, ball.contacts.iter().map(|c| (c.face_id, c.point)).collect::<Vec<_>>());
        }
        // The residual IS the common-ball test: N = 3 always has a root, and
        // beyond that a non-zero residual means the fillet cylinders have no
        // single inscribed sphere and the notch needs an N-sided fill.
        let bar = 1e-7 * (1.0 + scale);
        if ball.residual > bar && !ribbon_star {
            if is_star && super::no_common_ball_star_on() && !tapered_here {
                ribbon_star = true;
            } else {
                return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Refine, "n_sided_corner", format!(
                    "blend network: the {} fillets at vertex {vertex_id} have no common inscribed \
                     ball (residual {:.3e} > {bar:.3e}); an N-sided corner fill is not implemented",
                    stripe_indices.len(),
                    ball.residual
                )));
            }
        }
        // Which side of the walls the ball sits on is the corner's
        // convexity: inside the material on every face (convex, the patch
        // faces away from the centre) or in the air on every face (concave,
        // the patch faces toward it).  One of each is a MIXED corner, whose
        // closure is not a sphere at all (the torus-sector class) and is
        // refused here by name.
        let mut inside = 0usize;
        let mut in_air = 0usize;
        for contact in &ball.contacts {
            let face = face_refs
                .iter()
                .find(|face| face.id == contact.face_id)
                .ok_or(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Refine, "ball_off_corner", "blend network: the ball touched a face that is not at the corner"))?;
            let face_outward = if face.same_sense {
                contact.normal
            } else {
                contact.normal.scale(-1.0)
            };
            let ball_inside_material = ball.center.sub(contact.point).dot(face_outward) < 0.0;
            if ball_inside_material {
                inside += 1;
            } else {
                in_air += 1;
            }
            // At a miter whose ball sits INSIDE the material the ball must
            // touch each SIDE face on the face itself, not on its carrier
            // beyond a concave edge: two convex edges meeting at a re-entrant
            // vertex (their third edge concave) have no seam — the ball rolls
            // round the concave edge instead and the closure is a horn torus,
            // which this lane does not build.
            //
            // A ball in the AIR is the mirror case and this test says nothing
            // there: two CONCAVE edges mitering over a convex sharp edge (the
            // base of a boss, a rib standing on a floor) seat their ball on
            // the far side of that sharp edge, so its contact with each side
            // wall is ALWAYS beyond the wall's own boundary — the sliver runs
            // past the corner and the two blends meet in the seam through
            // that contact.  The re-entrant class those two are told apart by
            // is the sharp edge's convexity, which `sharp_edge_is_convex`
            // already decided above.
            if let Some((shared, _)) = miter.filter(|_| ball_inside_material) {
                if contact.face_id != shared.id {
                    let class = crate::parameter_point_in_face(
                        face,
                        crate::Vec2 {
                            x: contact.uv[0],
                            y: contact.uv[1],
                        },
                        1e-6,
                    ).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "parameter_point_in_face")?;
                    // ON the boundary is not beyond it.  The ball of a miter
                    // whose radius is the side face's own width touches that
                    // face at its far corner: the two blends consume the shared
                    // face and both side faces whole at the corner (10-cube,
                    // two top edges, r = d = 10).  That is the ordinary miter
                    // with its shared-face rails collapsed to a point, which
                    // the surgery and `collapse_full_width` build; a contact
                    // BEYOND the boundary is the re-entrant class below.
                    if class != crate::PolygonClass::Inside
                        && class != crate::PolygonClass::Boundary
                    {
                        return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Classify, "reentrant_horn_torus", format!(
                            "blend network: vertex {vertex_id} is re-entrant — the ball \
                             touches face {} beyond its edge, so the two blends do not meet \
                             in a seam but wrap the concave edge (horn-torus closure, not in \
                             this lane)",
                            contact.face_id
                        )));
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        let outward = match (inside, in_air) {
            (_, 0) => true,
            (0, _) => false,
            _ => {
                return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Classify, "mixed_corner", format!(
                    "blend network: vertex {vertex_id} mixes convex and concave edges ({inside} \
                     faces with the ball inside, {in_air} with it in the air); a mixed corner \
                     is not closed by a sphere and this lane does not build it"
                )))
            }
        };
        // A corner is always OUTSIDE its own inscribed ball (a cube corner
        // sits at r√3 from the centre, a nearly flat one at r).  A centre
        // solved on the wrong branch fails this before anything is cut.
        if point.sub(ball.center).length() < corner_radius * (1.0 - 1e-6) {
            return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "ball_branch", format!(
                "blend network: the ball solved at vertex {vertex_id} swallows the corner \
                 itself ({:.6} < {corner_radius}) — wrong branch",
                point.sub(ball.center).length()
            )));
        }
        // The point both shared-face rails stop at is their RAIL/RAIL point,
        // the one contact on the shared face that the two stripes' balls, each
        // at its own radius, share (`solve_rail_rail_point`); the seam starts
        // there. Only the convex miter is built: a concave one seats its balls
        // past the vertex and the seam runs back into the span, which this row
        // has not measured. Stripe `index`'s part in a rail/rail solve on face
        // `shared_id`: its other mate is the side face, each at the stripe's
        // signed end radius.
        let rail_rail_stripe = |index: usize, shared_id: u64| -> RailRailStripe<'_> {
            let end_radius = laws[index].end(mates[index].0.start_vertex_id == *vertex_id);
            let (_, first, second) = &mates[index];
            let (on_shared, on_side) = if first.face.id == shared_id {
                (first, second)
            } else {
                (second, first)
            };
            RailRailStripe {
                side: on_side.face,
                rho_shared: on_shared.rho.signum() * end_radius,
                rho_side: on_side.rho.signum() * end_radius,
            }
        };
        let rail_rail = match (unequal, miter) {
            (Some(_), Some((shared, _))) => {
                if !outward {
                    return Err(refuse_unequal("a concave unequal-radius corner is not in this lane"));
                }
                let described = [rail_rail_stripe(stripe_indices[0], shared.id), rail_rail_stripe(stripe_indices[1], shared.id)];
                let solved = solve_rail_rail_point(shared, [&described[0], &described[1]], point, scale)?;
                if std::env::var("BREP_DEBUG_NETWORK").is_ok() {
                    eprintln!(
                        "network unequal miter at vertex {vertex_id}: rail/rail point {:?} on face {} \
                         (uv {:?}, residual {:.3e}), centres {:?}",
                        solved.point, shared.id, solved.uv, solved.residual, solved.centers
                    );
                }
                Some(solved)
            }
            _ => None,
        };
        // Only the convex star is built.
        let star_points: Vec<(u64, RailRailPoint)> = if ribbon_star {
            if chamfer {
                return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Refine, "n_sided_corner", format!(
                    "blend network: the {} chamfers at vertex {vertex_id} have no common inscribed \
                     ball; the ribbon fill is a fillet's and a chamfer's facet is not in this lane",
                    stripe_indices.len()
                )));
            }
            if !outward {
                return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Refine, "n_sided_corner", format!(
                    "blend network: the {} fillets at vertex {vertex_id} have no common inscribed \
                     ball and the corner is concave; the ribbon fill is not in this lane there",
                    stripe_indices.len()
                )));
            }
            let mut solved = Vec::with_capacity(faces.len());
            for (face, _, _) in &faces {
                let bordering: Vec<usize> = stripe_indices
                    .iter()
                    .copied()
                    .filter(|&index| mates[index].1.face.id == face.id || mates[index].2.face.id == face.id)
                    .collect();
                if bordering.len() != 2 {
                    return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "star_face_stripes", format!(
                        "blend network: face {} at vertex {vertex_id} borders {} selected stripes, not two",
                        face.id,
                        bordering.len()
                    )));
                }
                let described = [rail_rail_stripe(bordering[0], face.id), rail_rail_stripe(bordering[1], face.id)];
                let point_on = solve_rail_rail_point(face, [&described[0], &described[1]], point, scale)?;
                if std::env::var("BREP_DEBUG_NETWORK").is_ok() {
                    eprintln!(
                        "network ribbon star at vertex {vertex_id}: rail/rail point {:?} on face {} \
                         (residual {:.3e})",
                        point_on.point, face.id, point_on.residual
                    );
                }
                solved.push((face.id, point_on));
            }
            solved
        } else {
            Vec::new()
        };
        // Commit the tangency vertices a star needs on every face; a miter
        // only needs the one on the shared face, and creates its other rim
        // vertices from the seam.
        let mut tangency = Vec::with_capacity(ball.contacts.len());
        for contact in &ball.contacts {
            let needed = match miter {
                Some((shared, _)) => contact.face_id == shared.id,
                None => true,
            };
            let point = match (&rail_rail, miter) {
                (Some(solved), Some((shared, _))) if contact.face_id == shared.id => solved.point,
                _ => star_points
                    .iter()
                    .find(|(face_id, _)| *face_id == contact.face_id)
                    .map(|(_, solved)| solved.point)
                    .unwrap_or(contact.point),
            };
            let id = if needed {
                let id = take_id();
                result.vertices.push(VertexRecord { id, point });
                id
            } else {
                0
            };
            tangency.push((contact.face_id, point, id));
        }
        let corner = Corner {
            center: ball.center,
            outward,
            tangency,
            radius: corner_radius,
        };
        let kind = match miter {
            Some((shared, sharp)) => VertexKind::Miter {
                corner,
                shared,
                sharp,
            },
            None if ribbon_star => VertexKind::RibbonStar { corner },
            None => VertexKind::Star { corner },
        };
        corners.push((*vertex_id, stripe_indices.clone(), kind));
    }

    // §6.11 closes a chamfered corner differently from a filleted one, and
    // EVERY kind is built here now: a star's stripes stop at the ball and
    // their end CHORDS bound the facet they bound; a miter's two bevels trim
    // each other along the seam `solve_miter` marches on the chamfer's own
    // level; a flush join shares one chord where a fillet shares one arc; and
    // a re-entrant corner revolves that chord about the concave edge into a
    // CONE where a fillet's ball envelope gives the horn torus.  No chamfer
    // corner reaches the cutter composition any more.

    corner_balls.stop();
    super::record_count("count.corners", corners.len() as u64);

    // ---- 4. March and fit every stripe, against the ORIGINAL solid. ----
    let vertex_radius_of = |vertex: u64| -> Option<f64> {
        vertex_radii.iter().find(|(id, _)| *id == vertex).map(|(_, radius)| *radius)
    };
    let mut stripes: Vec<Stripe> = Vec::with_capacity(mates.len());
    super::record_count("count.stripes", mates.len() as u64);
    for (index, (edge, first, second)) in mates.iter().enumerate() {
        // Where the rows are broken: at each vertex, or — at a flush join
        // across a seam — at the seam ball, the section where this stripe's
        // side contact leaves its carrier (`march_open_stations_ending`).
        let mut ends = [edge.t0, edge.t1];
        for (slot, vertex) in [edge.start_vertex_id, edge.end_vertex_id].into_iter().enumerate() {
            if let Some((_, _, VertexKind::Flush { join: Some(join) })) =
                corners.iter().find(|(id, _, _)| *id == vertex)
            {
                let before = ends[slot];
                ends[slot] = section_parameter_through(edge, join.center, ends[slot], scale)
                    .map_err(|error| {
                        format!(
                            "blend network: edge {}'s section through the flush join's ball at \
                             vertex {vertex}: {error}",
                            edge.id
                        )
                    }).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "map_err")?;
                if std::env::var("BREP_DEBUG_NETWORK").is_ok() {
                    eprintln!(
                        "flush join at vertex {vertex}: edge {}'s end moves from t={before:.6} to the seam ball's section t={:.6} (edge t in [{:.6}, {:.6}]); ball centre {:?}",
                        edge.id, ends[slot], edge.t0, edge.t1, join.center
                    );
                }
            }
        }
        let law = &laws[index];
        let end_radius = [law.end(true), law.end(false)];
        // A constant law is the constant radius everywhere, whatever the
        // ends read.
        let law_ends: [f64; 2] = {
            let mut law_ends = ends;
            if law.constant().is_none() {
                for (slot, vertex) in [edge.start_vertex_id, edge.end_vertex_id].into_iter().enumerate() {
                    if let Some((_, _, VertexKind::Star { corner } | VertexKind::Miter { corner, .. })) =
                        corners.iter().find(|(id, _, _)| *id == vertex)
                    {
                        law_ends[slot] = section_parameter_through(edge, corner.center, law_ends[slot], scale)
                            .map_err(|error| {
                                format!(
                                    "blend network: edge {}'s section through the corner ball at \
                                     vertex {vertex}: {error}",
                                    edge.id
                                )
                            }).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "map_err")?;
                    }
                }
            }
            law_ends
        };
        // A tapered stripe's rows are BROKEN at its corner stations, as a
        // flush join's are at the seam ball: the march pins a station on each
        // (`open_station_parameters`), so the law's end value — and the kink
        // where it goes flat — sits ON an interpolation node and the fitted
        // rail passes through the corner ball's tangency point exactly,
        // instead of a cubic through the neighbouring stations missing it by
        // the kink's sagitta (4.7e-4 on the 10-box taper 1 → 2).
        if law.constant().is_none() {
            ends = law_ends;
        }
        let radius_at = |t: f64| -> f64 {
            match law.constant() {
                Some(radius) => radius,
                None => law.at_fraction((t - law_ends[0]) / (law_ends[1] - law_ends[0])),
            }
        };
        // The constant a wall is judged against: a tapered stripe has no
        // single rolling ball (as the open edge's variable lane), so its wall
        // is not judged and it takes no exact lane.
        let wall_radius = law.constant();
        // The open march climbs when its FITTED RAILS do not stand on the
        // carriers they are tangent to, read between the stations they were
        // fitted through (`rails_off_carriers`).  Measured, not estimated: a
        // sagitta rule over the same stripes drove the lobe to 229 stations and
        // cost this document 49.6%, because a curvature estimate cannot see
        // that a stripe is already exact.  Here the five straight stripes of
        // the notched cap read 7e-15 on rung zero and never climb, and only the
        // two genuinely curved, genuinely fitted ones pay.
        //
        // The bar is HALF `intersection_fit`, and the halving is the only new
        // number here.  `intersection_fit` is the right family -- it is
        // literally "maximum geometric error accepted while fitting", the same
        // quantity step 2 holds a marched seam to -- but its VALUE was set for
        // an SSI curve, whose consumer is a trim.  A blend rail's consumer is a
        // FACE, whose area enters the solid's volume, and the measured transfer
        // on a filleted part is about tenfold: on the notched cap 2026-09-16 a
        // rail 1.419e-6 off its cylinder puts the solid 1.618e-5 off its closed
        // form.  So a rail sitting exactly at `intersection_fit` (2e-6 here)
        // leaves that row twice outside its own 1e-5 band, and the bar has to
        // be tighter than the contract it comes from.
        //
        // Measured across the bar, notched cap (delta against the closed form,
        // and the whole document's replay, best of three alternating):
        //
        //   bar             delta        cap      revolve_test  bore mouth
        //   2e-6 = fit     -1.618e-5     +0%          +0%           +0%     RED
        //   1e-6 = fit/2   +3.128e-6     +5%         +22%           +0%
        //   2e-7 = 2*model -7.897e-7    +55%         +73%          +16%
        //   1e-7 = model   -1.126e-6   +150%
        //
        // The two tighter bars buy no accuracy the band can see and cost what
        // this project rejects, so the ladder stops at fit/2.
        // A free end whose two mates run tangent into it is a POLE: the
        // section shrinks to the vertex, the march stops there instead of
        // overshooting, and the end is closed by that point (step 6).  The
        // test is a positive identification: a vertex whose offsets cannot be
        // read (no regular normal in reach) is not called a pole, and keeps
        // the free end's own construction and refusals.
        let mut poles = [false, false];
        for (slot, vertex) in [edge.start_vertex_id, edge.end_vertex_id].into_iter().enumerate() {
            if corners.iter().any(|(id, _, _)| *id == vertex) {
                continue;
            }
            let (first_end, second_end) = (mate_at_radius(first, end_radius[slot]), mate_at_radius(second, end_radius[slot]));
            poles[slot] =
                pole_end(edge, &first_end, &second_end, slot == 0, corner_station_bar(scale, end_radius[slot]))
                    .unwrap_or(false);
        }
        let bounded_ends = [edge.start_vertex_id, edge.end_vertex_id].map(|vertex| {
            !corners.iter().any(|(id, _, _)| *id == vertex)
                && solid.edges.iter().any(|boundary| {
                    boundary.degenerate && boundary.start_vertex_id == vertex
                })
        });
        let rail_bar = 0.5 * crate::KernelTolerances::for_solid(solid, 1e-7).intersection_fit;
        // The ladder this stripe climbs: the shared rungs, and past them the
        // rungs a CONCAVE corner at either end asks for.  The shared rungs
        // are fractions of the edge's own span, and a concave corner's ball
        // sits a fixed distance past the vertex — about a radius, more
        // between oblique walls — so an edge shorter than about two radii
        // can never carry its rail to that ball on them, and the network
        // refused the whole selection ("contact rail ... misses the corner
        // ball's tangency point") before the cutter capped the corner.  The
        // rungs added here are read off the corner ball already seated
        // (`concave_corner_reach`); nothing changes for a stripe the shared
        // rungs settle, because the climb stops at the first rung that does.
        // A FLUSH JOIN across a seam places its stop where the stripe's side
        // contact crosses the seam (`ends`, the section through the seam
        // ball), and that can sit well past the vertex: on the 2026-10-17
        // shell report the torus|column stripe's contact crosses the pad's
        // rail 0.94 of the stripe's own span beyond its vertex, so no shared
        // rung carried the rows to the stop and the join refused "outside
        // the marched rows" on every rung. The reach a flush end asks for is
        // read off `ends` exactly as a concave corner's is read off its ball.
        let flush_reach = {
            let span = (edge.t1 - edge.t0).abs();
            [(edge.t0 - ends[0]) / span, (ends[1] - edge.t1) / span]
                .into_iter()
                .filter(|reach| reach.is_finite())
                .fold(0.0f64, f64::max)
        };
        let ladder = concave_corner_ladder(edge, &corners, flush_reach);
        // The rung's MEASUREMENT, as the open edge's (C3): rails positive and
        // finite inside the rail bar on samples of both rails, and -- a FILLET
        // only (the network's one scalar radius is constant by construction;
        // a chamfer is not judged) -- the wall against the rolling ball's
        // exact centres at `intersection_fit`, then the construction request
        // toward `model` on this same ladder (STATIONS doubling to
        // MAX_OPEN_STATIONS). The ladder can read only the VERTEX window: the
        // shipped windows are fixed by the end plans, and are read again there
        // (step 7) before any claim is made about what ships.
        let wall_check = !chamfer && wall_radius.is_some() && super::station_refinement_on();
        let wall_bar = crate::KernelTolerances::for_solid(solid, 1e-7).intersection_fit;
        let model = crate::KernelTolerances::for_solid(solid, 1e-7).model;
        let accepts = |reading: &OpenRungReading| {
            reading.rails_read()
                && reading.rails <= rail_bar
                && (!wall_check || reading.worst_wall().is_some_and(|wall| wall <= wall_bar))
        };
        let meets_model = |reading: &OpenRungReading| reading.worst_wall().is_some_and(|wall| wall <= model);
        let mut chosen: Option<(FittedRows, Vec<f64>, StationRefinement, Vec<Station>, [usize; 2], OpenDenseCentres)> = None;
        let mut last_error: Option<KernelRefusal> = None;
        let mut station_count = super::stations::STATIONS;
        let mut accepted: Option<StripeRung> = None;
        let mut unaccepted: Option<StripeRung> = None;
        let mut request_rungs = 0usize;
        let mut unmet: Option<crate::BudgetReason> = None;
        // Its stations are solved once (every station is a translate of the
        // first, and the fit below checks exactly that), and the ladder's
        // refinement, fold probe, dense centres and ball-resolve wall reading —
        // tautologies on an exact extrusion — are not run; the wall is read
        // directly off the exact rows (`exact_extrusion_wall_readings`). A fit
        // that does not come back exact hands the stripe to the ladder.
        let extrusion = wall_radius.and_then(|_| extrusion_direction(edge, first, second));
        let mut exact_lane = super::exact_lane_on() && extrusion.is_some();
        // The exact REVOLUTION lane (`exact_revolution_on`): a circular
        // edge between a plane and a coaxial revolution carrier is one
        // section revolved. Decided before any station is solved, for a
        // stripe whose two ends a corner stops (a free end's crossing lies
        // in the overshoot, where the carrier's ruled extension and the
        // circle the rows follow part company); the rows are built by
        // `exact_revolution_rows`, which declines by name to the ladder
        // when its witness does not hold.
        let cornered_ends = [edge.start_vertex_id, edge.end_vertex_id]
            .iter()
            .all(|vertex| corners.iter().any(|(id, _, _)| id == vertex));
        let mut revolution = if exact_lane || wall_radius.is_none() || !cornered_ends || !super::exact_revolution_on() {
            None
        } else {
            revolution_lane_axis(edge, first, second)
        };
        // On an edge STATIONARY at a vertex (its derivative vanishes there) the
        // carrier projection stalls near that end: zero_tangent_sites'
        // stationary start read 3.02e-2 for a rail that sits exactly on its
        // plane y = 0 (worst point (0.030, 0, 4.5)); a pcurve-seeded Newton
        // read 3.6e-4 there, and the rail-to-pcurve distance 1.2e-3. There a
        // rail that misses is reported UNREAD, never as that distance.
        let stationary_end = [edge.t0, edge.t1].into_iter().any(|t| {
            edge.curve
                .derivatives(t, 1)
                .map_or(false, |derivatives| derivatives[1].normalized().is_err())
        });
        'rung: loop {
        // A rung climbed to after acceptance is a request rung ATTEMPTED.
        if accepted.is_some() {
            request_rungs += 1;
        }
        chosen = None;
        for &overshoot in &ladder {
            let march_timing = super::BlendTimer::start("timing.march_ms");
            let rung_measure: &'static str = match station_count {
                64 => "timing.march.stations_64_ms",
                128 => "timing.march.stations_128_ms",
                256 => "timing.march.stations_256_ms",
                _ => "timing.march.stations_other_ms",
            };
            let rung_timing = super::BlendTimer::start(rung_measure);
            // Both exact lanes march once, with no refinement, dense centres
            // or fold probe (tautologies on an extrusion; the revolution lane
            // declines a wall that could fold before the rows are built).
            let probes_off = exact_lane || revolution.is_some();
            let marched = march_open_stations_core(
                edge, first, second, &radius_at, overshoot, ends, station_count, poles, bounded_ends,
                if probes_off { None } else { super::station_refinement_on().then_some(rail_bar) },
                if wall_check && !probes_off { OPEN_WALL_CENTRES } else { 0 },
                !probes_off,
            );
            let march_ms = march_timing.stop();
            rung_timing.stop();
            match marched {
                Ok((stations, vertex_indices, refinement, dense)) => {
                    let mut stations = stations;
                    let mut parameters = station_parameters(&stations);
                    // A boundary station (`StationRefinement::boundary_inserted`)
                    // whose chord parameter does not increase on a neighbour's
                    // is one the rows fit would refuse ("parameters must be
                    // strictly increasing"): on the F6 ring of the 2026-10-17
                    // report a crossing 1e-14..1e-8 of a spacing from a flush
                    // join's station got plain stations that solved to the
                    // join's own contacts. Exactly those stations are dropped
                    // — the fit's own test, on the fit's own parameters — and
                    // a dropped crossing leaves its break at the neighbour it
                    // coincides with. Nothing else moves (F7 keeps every one
                    // of its 24 crossings).
                    let mut vertex_indices = vertex_indices;
                    let mut boundary_breaks: Vec<usize> = refinement.boundary_breaks.iter().flatten().copied().collect();
                    for &inserted in refinement.boundary_inserted[..refinement.boundary_inserted_count].iter().rev() {
                        if inserted == 0 || inserted + 1 >= stations.len() {
                            continue;
                        }
                        let with_previous = parameters[inserted] <= parameters[inserted - 1];
                        let with_next = parameters[inserted + 1] <= parameters[inserted];
                        if !(with_previous || with_next) {
                            continue;
                        }
                        stations.remove(inserted);
                        parameters = station_parameters(&stations);
                        for vertex in vertex_indices.iter_mut() {
                            if *vertex > inserted {
                                *vertex -= 1;
                            }
                        }
                        for break_index in boundary_breaks.iter_mut() {
                            if *break_index > inserted {
                                *break_index -= 1;
                            } else if *break_index == inserted {
                                *break_index = if with_previous { inserted - 1 } else { inserted };
                            }
                        }
                        super::record_count("count.march.boundary_stations_coincident", 1);
                        if std::env::var("BREP_DEBUG_NETWORK").is_ok() {
                            eprintln!("open march: edge {}'s boundary station {inserted} coincides with its neighbour in the rows' chord parameter; dropped", edge.id);
                        }
                    }
                    boundary_breaks.sort_unstable();
                    boundary_breaks.dedup();
                    let fit_timing = super::BlendTimer::start("timing.rows_fit_ms");
                    let fitted = if let Some(axis) = revolution {
                        match exact_revolution_rows(&stations, vertex_indices, chamfer, axis, wall_radius.unwrap_or(radius), first, second) {
                            Ok(ExactRevolution { rows, parameters: exact_parameters, stations: exact_stations }) => {
                                parameters = exact_parameters;
                                stations = exact_stations;
                                Ok(rows)
                            }
                            Err(reason) => {
                                // Not one section revolved: the ladder takes
                                // the stripe from its first rung, every
                                // probe on.
                                super::record_count("count.march.exact_revolution_declined", 1);
                                if std::env::var("BREP_DEBUG_NETWORK").is_ok() {
                                    eprintln!("open march: edge {}'s stations are not an exact revolution ({reason}); the ladder takes it", edge.id);
                                }
                                revolution = None;
                                continue 'rung;
                            }
                        }
                    } else {
                        fit_open_rows_breaking_at(&stations, &parameters, chamfer, Some(vertex_indices), extrusion, &boundary_breaks).and_then(|rows| {
                            // The fitted wall itself must not double back
                            // along a row (`fold::check_rows_loop`).
                            super::fold::check_rows_loop(&rows, &stations, &parameters, Some(vertex_indices), radius, vec![first.face.id, second.face.id], scale)?;
                            Ok(rows)
                        })
                    };
                    let at_vertices = vertex_stations(&parameters, vertex_indices);
                    let fit_ms = fit_timing.stop();
                    if exact_lane && !fitted.as_ref().map_or(false, |rows| rows.exact_extrusion) {
                        // The stations did not come back as translates of one
                        // section: not this lane.  The ladder takes the stripe
                        // from its first rung, with every probe on.
                        super::record_count("count.march.exact_lane_declined", 1);
                        if std::env::var("BREP_DEBUG_NETWORK").is_ok() {
                            eprintln!("open march: edge {}'s stations are not an exact extrusion; the ladder takes it", edge.id);
                        }
                        exact_lane = false;
                        continue 'rung;
                    }
                    if exact_lane {
                        super::record_count("count.march.exact_lane", 1);
                    }
                    if let Ok(rows) = &fitted {
                        super::record_count(
                            if rows.exact_extrusion {
                                "count.rows.exact_extrusion"
                            } else if rows.revolution_axis.is_some() {
                                "count.rows.exact_revolution"
                            } else {
                                "count.rows.fitted"
                            },
                            1,
                        );
                    }
                    if super::timing::enabled() && std::env::var_os("BREP_PROFILE").is_some() {
                        eprintln!(
                            "blend.stripe edge={} stations={station_count} overshoot={overshoot:.3} \
                             marched={} inserted={} march_ms={march_ms:.3} fit_ms={fit_ms:.3} exact={}",
                            edge.id,
                            parameters.len(),
                            refinement.inserted,
                            fitted.as_ref().map_or(false, |rows| rows.exact_extrusion)
                        );
                    }
                    match fitted {
                        Ok(mut rows) => {
                            rows.vertex_stations = at_vertices;
                            let settled_ends: [bool; 2] = std::array::from_fn(|slot| {
                                let vertex = [edge.start_vertex_id, edge.end_vertex_id][slot];
                                let at_start = slot == 0;
                                // A pole's station is the vertex itself.
                                if poles[slot] {
                                    return true;
                                }
                                if let Some((_, _, kind)) =
                                    corners.iter().find(|(id, _, _)| *id == vertex)
                                {
                                    return corner_rails_reach(
                                        &rows,
                                        first,
                                        second,
                                        kind,
                                        corner_station_bar(scale, radius),
                                    );
                                }
                                resolve_free_end(
                                    solid, edge.id, first, second, &rows, vertex, at_start
                                ).is_ok_and(|(end, reached)| {
                                    reached && (!bounded_ends[slot]
                                        || [end.cr_parameter, end.cs_parameter].iter()
                                            .all(|t| *t > RIM_MARGIN && *t < 1.0 - RIM_MARGIN))
                                })
                            });
                            let settled = settled_ends.iter().all(|reached| *reached);
                            if std::env::var("BREP_DEBUG_NETWORK").is_ok() {
                                eprintln!(
                                    "rung: edge {} overshoot {overshoot:.3} stations {} ends [{:.6}, {:.6}] marched t [{:.6}, {:.6}] vertex stations {:?} settled {settled_ends:?}",
                                    edge.id,
                                    parameters.len(),
                                    ends[0],
                                    ends[1],
                                    edge.t0 - overshoot * (edge.t1 - edge.t0),
                                    edge.t1 + overshoot * (edge.t1 - edge.t0),
                                    vertex_indices,
                                );
                            }
                            let bounded_reached = (0..2)
                                .all(|slot| !bounded_ends[slot] || settled_ends[slot]);
                            if (chosen.is_none() || settled) && bounded_reached
                            {
                                chosen = Some((rows, parameters.clone(), refinement, stations, vertex_indices, dense));
                            }
                            if settled {
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                        // A fold of the rows is terminal, as the march's own
                        // fold verdict is on the open lane: the ladder's next
                        // rung fits the same looping wall.
                        Err(error) if super::fold::is_wall_fold(&error) => return Err(error),
                        Err(error) => last_error = Some(error),
                    }
                }
                Err(error) => last_error = Some(error),
            }
        }
        let Some((rows, parameters, refinement, stations, vertex_indices, dense)) = chosen.take() else {
            // A request rung that cannot be built: the accepted rung stands.
            if accepted.is_some() {
                unmet = Some(crate::BudgetReason::Incoherent);
                break;
            }
            // The final successful coarse station may still precede the
            // end-face crossing. A denser march can reach it without ever
            // evaluating the singular pole beyond it.
            if bounded_ends.iter().any(|bounded| *bounded)
                && station_count < super::stations::MAX_OPEN_STATIONS
            {
                station_count *= 2;
                continue;
            }
            return Err(last_error.unwrap_or_else(|| {
                KernelRefusal::internal(
                    KernelStage::Refine,
                    "network_march",
                    format!("blend network: the march failed on edge {}", edge.id),
                )
            }));
        };
        // The VERTEX window, both rails and the wall over it (the ladder's
        // scope; the shipped windows are read at step 7).
        let window = {
            let (low, high) = (vertex_indices[0].min(vertex_indices[1]), vertex_indices[0].max(vertex_indices[1]));
            shipped_window(&parameters, parameters[low], parameters[high])
        };
        let reading_timing = super::BlendTimer::start("timing.rung_reading_ms");
        let rails_timing = super::BlendTimer::start("timing.rung_reading.rails_ms");
        let (rails, rail_samples) =
            rails_on_shipped_windows(&rows, &parameters, &stations, [&first.face.surface, &second.face.surface], [window, window]);
        rails_timing.stop();
        let walls_timing = super::BlendTimer::start("timing.rung_reading.walls_ms");
        let walls_why = match (wall_check, window) {
            (true, Some(window)) if rows.revolution_axis.is_some() => exact_revolution_wall_readings(&rows, &parameters, window, wall_radius.unwrap_or(radius)),
            (true, Some(window)) if exact_lane => exact_extrusion_wall_readings(&rows, &parameters, window, wall_radius.unwrap_or(radius)),
            (true, Some(window)) => open_wall_readings_why(&rows, &parameters, &stations, window, &dense, wall_radius.unwrap_or(radius)),
            _ => Vec::new(),
        };
        walls_timing.stop();
        reading_timing.stop();
        let first_unread = walls_why.iter().find_map(|wall| wall.as_ref().err().cloned());
        let walls: Vec<Option<f64>> = walls_why.into_iter().map(|wall| wall.ok()).collect();
        let mut reading = OpenRungReading {
            station_count,
            stations: parameters.len(),
            rails,
            rail_samples,
            walls,
            first_unread,
            refine_exit: refinement.exit,
            inserted: refinement.inserted,
        };
        // A stationary edge's rail that misses is UNREAD (above), before
        // anything reads the verdict, so the trace and the report agree.
        if stationary_end && !(reading.rails_read() && reading.rails <= rail_bar) {
            reading.rails = f64::NAN;
        }
        if std::env::var("BREP_DEBUG_NETWORK").is_ok() {
            // Beside it, the lane's former instrument (clamped carrier
            // projection between the vertex stations), for comparison only.
            let clamped = rails_off_carriers(&rows, &parameters, [&first.face.surface, &second.face.surface]);
            eprintln!(
                "open march: edge {} at {station_count} stations (+{} refined, {:?}; {} in all), \
                 rails {:.3e} off their carriers' extension (clamped projection {:?}; bar {rail_bar:.3e}), \
                 wall {:?} (bar {wall_bar:.3e}){}",
                edge.id,
                refinement.inserted,
                refinement.exit,
                parameters.len(),
                reading.rails,
                clamped.map_err(|error| error.message),
                reading.worst_wall(),
                if accepted.is_some() { ", a request rung" } else { "" }
            );
        }
        let accepted_now = accepts(&reading);
        let rung = StripeRung { rows, parameters, stations, dense, reading };
        if accepted.is_none() {
            if accepted_now {
                let met = !wall_check || meets_model(&rung.reading);
                accepted = Some(rung);
                if met {
                    break;
                }
            } else if station_count < super::stations::MAX_OPEN_STATIONS {
                station_count *= 2;
                continue;
            } else {
                // The ladder is spent and the rung is still not accepted: the
                // wall ships (a body that built before is never turned into a
                // refusal here), UNACCEPTED, and step 7 reports it typed.
                if stationary_end {
                    if std::env::var("BREP_DEBUG_NETWORK").is_ok() {
                        eprintln!(
                            "open march: edge {} is stationary at a vertex; its rails' reading is \
                             reported unread, never as a distance",
                            edge.id
                        );
                    }
                } else {
                    // A refinement that converged left no mid-span miss to name.
                    let worst = if refinement.worst_miss > 0.0 {
                        format!(
                            ", worst mid-span miss {:.2e} at edge parameter {:.6}",
                            refinement.worst_miss, refinement.worst_t
                        )
                    } else {
                        String::new()
                    };
                    super::record_blend_note(format!(
                        "blend: edge {}'s rails stand {:.2e} off their carriers after {} stations \
                         (bar {rail_bar:.1e}; local refinement {:?}, {} stations inserted{worst}); the \
                         wall ships as marched",
                        edge.id,
                        rung.reading.rails,
                        rung.parameters.len(),
                        refinement.exit,
                        refinement.inserted,
                    ));
                }
                unaccepted = Some(rung);
                break;
            }
        } else {
            if !accepted_now {
                unmet = Some(crate::BudgetReason::Rejected);
                break;
            }
            let met = meets_model(&rung.reading);
            accepted = Some(rung);
            if met {
                unmet = None;
                break;
            }
        }
        // Accepted, short of `model`: one more rung if the budget allows.
        if station_count < super::stations::MAX_OPEN_STATIONS {
            station_count *= 2;
        } else {
            unmet = Some(crate::BudgetReason::StationCeiling);
            break;
        }
        }
        let (ladder_accepted, rung) = match (accepted, unaccepted) {
            (Some(rung), _) => (true, rung),
            (None, Some(rung)) => (false, rung),
            (None, None) => {
                return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "network_ladder", "blend network: the stripe ladder ended without a rung"));
            }
        };
        let StripeRung { rows, parameters, stations, dense, reading } = rung;
        super::record_count("count.stations_shipped", parameters.len() as u64);
        super::record_count("count.request_rungs", request_rungs as u64);
        if !ladder_accepted {
            super::record_count("count.stripes_unaccepted", 1);
        }
        stripes.push(Stripe {
            edge,
            first: BlendMate {
                face: first.face,
                coedge: first.coedge,
                loop_index: first.loop_index,
                rho: first.rho,
            },
            second: BlendMate {
                face: second.face,
                coedge: second.coedge,
                loop_index: second.loop_index,
                rho: second.rho,
            },
            rows,
            name: edge_names.get(index).cloned().flatten(),
            poles,
            measure: StripeMeasure {
                parameters,
                stations,
                dense,
                ladder_accepted,
                ladder_reading: reading,
                unmet,
                request_rungs,
                stationary_end,
                wall_check,
                exact_lane,
            },
            law: law.clone(),
            end_radius,
        });
    }

    // Row parameter where `stripe`'s rail on `face_id` passes through
    // `point` — the stop station of a corner.  Both rows share one
    // parameterisation, so either rail reports the same station; the caller
    // asks for the rail it is about to trim.
    let station_on = |stripe: &Stripe, face_id: u64, point: Vec3| -> Result<f64, KernelRefusal> {
        let row = if stripe.first.face.id == face_id {
            &stripe.rows.cr
        } else if stripe.second.face.id == face_id {
            &stripe.rows.cs
        } else {
            return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "stripe_face", format!(
                "blend network: edge {} does not touch face {face_id}",
                stripe.edge.id
            )));
        };
        rail_station(row, point, corner_station_bar(scale, radius)).map_err(|reason| match reason {
            RailMiss::OffRail(distance) => format!(
                "blend network: edge {}'s contact rail on face {face_id} misses the corner \
                 ball's tangency point by {distance:.3e}",
                stripe.edge.id
            ),
            RailMiss::OffSpan(station) => format!(
                "blend network: the corner station for edge {} lands at {station:.6}, outside \
                 the marched rows — the radius is too large for this edge",
                stripe.edge.id
            ),
            RailMiss::Projection(error) => error,
        }).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "map_err")
    };

    // Free ends and the horn-torus lane both climb `support_crossing`'s
    // tolerance ladder; a crossing that only resolves on a looser rung builds
    // what the tight rung refused, so the network's answer is gated on being a
    // valid solid (see `SpokeCrossings`).
    let mut crossings = SpokeCrossings::default();

    // ---- 5. Turn every corner into per-stripe end plans. ----
    let end_plans_timing = super::BlendTimer::start("timing.end_plans_ms");
    struct PendingPatch {
        center: Vec3,
        outward: bool,
        normals: Vec<Vec3>,
        arcs: Vec<EdgeRecord>,
        name: Option<String>,
        radius: f64,
    }
    /// A sharp edge to trim once the stripes are in, and the connector to
    /// splice next to a stripe's rail on a face.
    struct PendingMiter {
        vertex: u64,
        sharp_edge: u64,
        sharp_parameter: f64,
        sharp_vertex: u64,
        /// (stripe index whose rail the connector continues from, the face
        /// it lies on, connector edge id, its pcurve on that face — stored
        /// from the rail's end to the sharp edge)
        connector: Option<(usize, u64, u64, NurbsCurve)>,
    }
    struct PendingRibbonPatch {
        center: Vec3,
        outward: bool,
        /// (stripe index, the rib stored in the stripe's loop-walk direction,
        /// its pcurve on that blend in the same direction)
        ribs: Vec<(usize, EdgeRecord, NurbsCurve)>,
        name: Option<String>,
    }
    /// Samples along a rib's parameter line for its fit.
    const RIB_SAMPLES: usize = 48;
    let mut end_plans: Vec<[Option<EndPlan>; 2]> =
        (0..stripes.len()).map(|_| [None, None]).collect();
    let mut patches: Vec<PendingPatch> = Vec::new();
    let mut ribbon_patches: Vec<PendingRibbonPatch> = Vec::new();
    let mut pending_miters: Vec<PendingMiter> = Vec::new();
    // Whether a full-width miter consumed a sharp edge whole (see
    // `collapse_full_width`).
    let mut consumed_sharp_edge = false;
    // It is named here, before any corner is closed, instead of surfacing
    // as the generic `stripe_pinch` of step 7. A full-width channel, whose
    // two stops are one point within the band, is not crossed and collapses
    // as before.
    //
    // On the switch (`crossed_rails_on`) the stripe is CONVERTED
    // (`corner/crossed.rs`): both neighbours end at their rail/rail point
    // `M` on the shared face (the last ball that fits between their side
    // faces), the stripe keeps only its side-face rail, each neighbour gets
    // a rib from `M` down to that rail's end on the sharp edge (the hood's
    // level set on the neighbour's blend), and the stripe's face becomes the
    // hood: its section stretched to the quarter ellipse through `M`.  The
    // two corners are then one patch and the loop below skips them.
    struct CrossedStripe {
        index: usize,
        shared: u64,
        u_start: f64,
        u_finish: f64,
        strip: f64,
        p_start: Vec3,
        p_finish: Vec3,
    }
    let mut crossed: Vec<CrossedStripe> = Vec::new();
    for (index, stripe) in stripes.iter().enumerate() {
        let corner_at = |vertex: u64| -> Option<(u64, &Corner)> {
            corners.iter().find(|(id, _, _)| *id == vertex).and_then(|(_, _, kind)| match kind {
                VertexKind::Miter { corner, shared, .. } => Some((shared.id, corner)),
                _ => None,
            })
        };
        let (Some((shared_start, corner_start)), Some((shared_finish, corner_finish))) =
            (corner_at(stripe.edge.start_vertex_id), corner_at(stripe.edge.end_vertex_id))
        else {
            continue;
        };
        if shared_start != shared_finish || stripe.edge.start_vertex_id == stripe.edge.end_vertex_id {
            continue;
        }
        let shared = shared_start;
        let (p_start, _) = corner_start.tangency_on(shared)?;
        let (p_finish, _) = corner_finish.tangency_on(shared)?;
        let (Ok(u_start), Ok(u_finish)) =
            (station_on(stripe, shared, p_start), station_on(stripe, shared, p_finish))
        else {
            // A stop the rail does not reach is the corner's own refusal, below.
            continue;
        };
        let strip = p_finish.sub(p_start).length();
        let chord = vertex_point_of(solid, stripe.edge.end_vertex_id)?
            .sub(vertex_point_of(solid, stripe.edge.start_vertex_id)?);
        let band = consumed_band(solid);
        if strip > band && (u_finish < u_start || p_finish.sub(p_start).dot(chord) < 0.0) {
            super::record_count("count.crossed_rails", 1);
            crossed.push(CrossedStripe { index, shared, u_start, u_finish, strip, p_start, p_finish });
        }
    }
    let refuse_crossed = |crossing: &CrossedStripe, why: &str| -> KernelRefusal {
        KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Refine, "crossed_rails", format!(
            "blend network: edge {}'s rails cross — the corner stops at its two ends run \
             {:.3e} past each other on face {} (stations {:.6} and {:.6}), so the rail between \
             them points against the edge (C4); the radius exceeds the face between the two \
             corners, and {why}",
            stripes[crossing.index].edge.id, crossing.strip, crossing.shared, crossing.u_start, crossing.u_finish
        ))
    };
    if let Some(first) = crossed.first().filter(|_| !super::crossed_rails_on()) {
        return Err(refuse_crossed(first, "converting the stripe into a rib between the merged corners is not built here"));
    }
    let mut handled_corners: Vec<u64> = Vec::new();
    let mut converted_rows: Vec<(usize, FittedRows)> = Vec::new();
    for crossing in &crossed {
        let r_index = crossing.index;
        let r_stripe = &stripes[r_index];
        let shared_id = crossing.shared;
        if chamfer {
            return Err(refuse_crossed(crossing, "the hood over the merged corners is a fillet's; a chamfer's is not built"));
        }
        let corner_parts = |vertex: u64| -> Result<(&Corner, &FaceRecord, &EdgeRecord, &Vec<usize>), KernelRefusal> {
            corners
                .iter()
                .find(|(id, _, _)| *id == vertex)
                .and_then(|(_, indices, kind)| match kind {
                    VertexKind::Miter { corner, shared, sharp } => Some((corner, *shared, *sharp, indices)),
                    _ => None,
                })
                .ok_or_else(|| KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "crossed_corner", "blend network: a crossed stripe's corner vanished"))
        };
        let (v_start, v_finish) = (r_stripe.edge.start_vertex_id, r_stripe.edge.end_vertex_id);
        let (corner_start, shared_face, sharp_start, indices_start) = corner_parts(v_start)?;
        let (corner_finish, _, sharp_finish, indices_finish) = corner_parts(v_finish)?;
        if handled_corners.contains(&v_start) || handled_corners.contains(&v_finish) {
            return Err(refuse_crossed(crossing, "two crossed stripes share a corner, which the conversion does not merge"));
        }
        let other = |indices: &Vec<usize>| indices.iter().copied().find(|&index| index != r_index);
        let (Some(f_index), Some(b_index)) = (other(indices_start), other(indices_finish)) else {
            return Err(refuse_crossed(crossing, "a corner has no second stripe"));
        };
        if f_index == b_index {
            return Err(refuse_crossed(crossing, "both corners are closed by one neighbouring stripe (a two-edge loop), which the conversion does not merge"));
        }
        if !(corner_start.outward && corner_finish.outward) {
            return Err(refuse_crossed(crossing, "the corners are concave; the hood over the merged corners is built at convex corners only"));
        }
        let radius_here = corner_start.radius;
        let agree = |value: f64| (value - radius_here).abs() <= 1e-9 * (1.0 + radius_here);
        let end_radius_at = |index: usize, vertex: u64| -> f64 {
            let stripe = &stripes[index];
            stripe.end_radius[usize::from(!stripe.at_start(vertex))]
        };
        if !(agree(corner_finish.radius)
            && agree(end_radius_at(r_index, v_start))
            && agree(end_radius_at(r_index, v_finish))
            && agree(end_radius_at(f_index, v_start))
            && agree(end_radius_at(b_index, v_finish))
            && stripes[r_index].law.constant().is_some())
        {
            return Err(refuse_crossed(crossing, "the stripes meet at different radii; the hood over the merged corners is built at one constant radius"));
        }
        let plane_outward = |face: &FaceRecord| -> Option<Vec3> {
            match face.surface.analytic() {
                Some(crate::AnalyticSurface::Plane { u_dir, v_dir, .. }) => {
                    let normal = u_dir.cross(*v_dir).normalized().ok()?;
                    Some(if face.same_sense { normal } else { normal.scale(-1.0) })
                }
                _ => None,
            }
        };
        let top_is_first_r = r_stripe.first.face.id == shared_id;
        let r_side_face = if top_is_first_r { r_stripe.second.face } else { r_stripe.first.face };
        let (Some(n_top), Some(n_side)) = (plane_outward(shared_face), plane_outward(r_side_face)) else {
            return Err(refuse_crossed(crossing, "the hood over the merged corners needs a planar shared face and a planar side face"));
        };
        // M: where the two neighbours' rails on the shared face cross.
        let rail_rail_of = |index: usize, vertex: u64| -> RailRailStripe<'_> {
            let stripe = &stripes[index];
            let end_radius = end_radius_at(index, vertex);
            let (on_shared, on_side) = if stripe.first.face.id == shared_id {
                (&stripe.first, &stripe.second)
            } else {
                (&stripe.second, &stripe.first)
            };
            RailRailStripe {
                side: on_side.face,
                rho_shared: on_shared.rho.signum() * end_radius,
                rho_side: on_side.rho.signum() * end_radius,
            }
        };
        let described = [rail_rail_of(f_index, v_start), rail_rail_of(b_index, v_finish)];
        let seed = crossing.p_start.add(crossing.p_finish).scale(0.5);
        let m = solve_rail_rail_point(shared_face, [&described[0], &described[1]], seed, scale).map_err(|error| {
            refuse_crossed(crossing, &format!("the two neighbouring stripes' rails on the shared face do not cross ({})", error.message))
        })?;
        let origin = vertex_point_of(solid, v_start)?;
        let a = -m.point.sub(origin).dot(n_side);
        if !(a > radius_here * (1.0 + 1e-9)) {
            return Err(refuse_crossed(crossing, &format!(
                "the neighbours' rail/rail point stands {a:.6} inside the side face, not beyond the stripe's own rail at {radius_here:.6}"
            )));
        }
        let frame = HoodFrame { n_top, n_side, origin, a, r: radius_here };
        let hood = hood_rows(&r_stripe.rows, top_is_first_r, &frame)?;
        if std::env::var("BREP_DEBUG_NETWORK").is_ok() {
            eprintln!(
                "network crossed stripe {}: rail/rail point {:?} (residual {:.3e}), hood semi-axes {a:.6} by {radius_here:.6}",
                r_stripe.edge.id, m.point, m.residual
            );
        }
        let m_vertex = take_id();
        result.vertices.push(VertexRecord { id: m_vertex, point: m.point });
        // The two corners' shared-face vertices (step 3's balls' tangency
        // points) are not on the body: nothing ends there.
        for corner in [corner_start, corner_finish] {
            if let Some((_, _, id)) = corner.tangency.iter().find(|(face_id, _, _)| *face_id == shared_id) {
                if *id != 0 {
                    result.vertices.retain(|vertex| vertex.id != *id);
                }
            }
        }
        let fit_tolerance = crate::KernelTolerances::for_solid(solid, 1e-7).intersection_fit;
        let band = consumed_band(solid);
        let hood_top_line = if top_is_first_r { &hood.cr } else { &hood.cs };
        let r_side_row = if top_is_first_r { &r_stripe.rows.cs } else { &r_stripe.rows.cr };
        for (vertex_id, sharp, n_index) in [(v_start, sharp_start, f_index), (v_finish, sharp_finish, b_index)] {
            let n_stripe = &stripes[n_index];
            let n_at_start = n_stripe.at_start(vertex_id);
            let n_top_first = n_stripe.first.face.id == shared_id;
            let (n_side_row, z_top, z_side) = if n_top_first {
                (&n_stripe.rows.cs, 0.0, 1.0)
            } else {
                (&n_stripe.rows.cr, 1.0, 0.0)
            };
            let u_top_n = station_on(n_stripe, shared_id, m.point)?;
            let (u_side_n, _, q_point_n, escalated_n) = support_crossing(solid, n_side_row, sharp, n_at_start).map_err(|error| {
                refuse_crossed(crossing, &format!("edge {}'s side rail does not reach the sharp edge at vertex {vertex_id} ({})", n_stripe.edge.id, error.message))
            })?;
            crossings.note(escalated_n);
            let r_at_start = r_stripe.at_start(vertex_id);
            let (u_side_r, t_sharp, q_point, escalated_r) = support_crossing(solid, r_side_row, sharp, r_at_start).map_err(|error| {
                refuse_crossed(crossing, &format!("the stripe's side rail does not reach the sharp edge at vertex {vertex_id} ({})", error.message))
            })?;
            crossings.note(escalated_r);
            if q_point_n.sub(q_point).length() > band {
                return Err(refuse_crossed(crossing, &format!(
                    "the two side rails meet the sharp edge at vertex {vertex_id} {:.3e} apart",
                    q_point_n.sub(q_point).length()
                )));
            }
            // The rail's end on the sharp edge: the far vertex itself when
            // the side faces are consumed down to it (full height).
            let far_vertex = if sharp.start_vertex_id == vertex_id { sharp.end_vertex_id } else { sharp.start_vertex_id };
            let far_point = vertex_point_of(solid, far_vertex)?;
            let q_vertex = if q_point.sub(far_point).length() <= band {
                far_vertex
            } else {
                let id = take_id();
                result.vertices.push(VertexRecord { id, point: q_point });
                id
            };
            // The rib on the neighbour: the hood's level set on its blend,
            // from M down to Q, fitted on both surfaces.
            let marched = march_rib(
                &n_stripe.rows.surface,
                &hood.surface,
                &frame,
                m.point,
                u_top_n,
                z_top,
                q_point,
                u_side_n,
                z_side,
                n_stripe.edge.id,
            )?;
            let n_surface = &n_stripe.rows.surface;
            let hood_surface = &hood.surface;
            let (rib_curve, rib_on_n, rib_on_hood) = fit_marched(
                &marched,
                "merged-corner rib",
                &|point: Vec3| Ok(off_surface(n_surface, point)?.max(off_surface(hood_surface, point)?)),
                fit_tolerance,
            )?;
            let domain = rib_curve.domain().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "domain")?;
            let rib_id = take_id();
            result.edges.push(EdgeRecord {
                id: rib_id,
                curve: rib_curve,
                t0: domain[0],
                t1: domain[1],
                start_vertex_id: m_vertex,
                end_vertex_id: q_vertex,
                degenerate: false,
                name: None,
            });
            // The plans: the rib is stored from M (the shared rim) to Q
            // (the far rim); each stripe's loop walks it in its own sense.
            let plan = |top_first: bool, walk_p_to_far: bool, u_top: f64, u_side: f64, pcurve: &NurbsCurve| -> Result<EndPlan, KernelRefusal> {
                let (cr_parameter, cs_parameter, first_vertex, second_vertex) = if top_first {
                    (u_top, u_side, m_vertex, q_vertex)
                } else {
                    (u_side, u_top, q_vertex, m_vertex)
                };
                let edges = if walk_p_to_far {
                    vec![(rib_id, true, pcurve.clone())]
                } else {
                    vec![(rib_id, false, pcurve.reversed().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "reversed")?)]
                };
                Ok(EndPlan::Miter(MiterEnd { cr_parameter, cs_parameter, first_vertex, second_vertex, edges }))
            };
            let walk_n = n_stripe.walk_first_to_second(n_at_start) == n_top_first;
            end_plans[n_index][usize::from(!n_at_start)] = Some(plan(n_top_first, walk_n, u_top_n, u_side_n, &rib_on_n)?);
            let u_top_r = crate::project_point_to_curve(hood_top_line, m.point)
                .or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "project_point_to_curve")?
                .u;
            let walk_r = r_stripe.walk_first_to_second(r_at_start) == top_is_first_r;
            end_plans[r_index][usize::from(!r_at_start)] = Some(plan(top_is_first_r, walk_r, u_top_r, u_side_r, &rib_on_hood)?);
            pending_miters.push(PendingMiter {
                vertex: vertex_id,
                sharp_edge: sharp.id,
                sharp_parameter: t_sharp,
                sharp_vertex: q_vertex,
                connector: None,
            });
            handled_corners.push(vertex_id);
        }
        converted_rows.push((r_index, hood));
        super::record_count("count.crossed_rails_converted", 1);
    }
    // BREP_PROFILE split of the end plans, one measure per corner kind's loop.
    let stars_miters_timing = super::BlendTimer::start("timing.end_plans.stars_miters_ms");
    for (vertex_id, stripe_indices, kind) in &corners {
        if handled_corners.contains(vertex_id) {
            continue;
        }
        match kind {
            // Planned below, once every star and miter is in.
            VertexKind::Reentrant { .. } | VertexKind::Flush { .. } | VertexKind::MixedStar(_) => continue,
            VertexKind::Star { corner } => {
                let radius = corner.radius;
                let mut arcs: Vec<EdgeRecord> = Vec::with_capacity(stripe_indices.len());
                let mut normals: Vec<Vec3> = Vec::with_capacity(stripe_indices.len());
                for (_, point, _) in &corner.tangency {
                    normals.push(point.sub(corner.center).normalized().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "normalized")?);
                }
                for &index in stripe_indices {
                    let stripe = &stripes[index];
                    let at_start = stripe.at_start(*vertex_id);
                    let (first_point, first_vertex) = corner.tangency_on(stripe.first.face.id)?;
                    let (second_point, second_vertex) =
                        corner.tangency_on(stripe.second.face.id)?;
                    let station_first = station_on(stripe, stripe.first.face.id, first_point)?;
                    let station_second =
                        station_on(stripe, stripe.second.face.id, second_point)?;
                    if (station_first - station_second).abs() > 1e-3 {
                        return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "stripe_vertex_stations", format!(
                            "blend network: edge {} meets vertex {vertex_id} at inconsistent \
                             stations ({station_first:.6} on one support, {station_second:.6} \
                             on the other)",
                            stripe.edge.id
                        )));
                    }
                    let station = (station_first + station_second) * 0.5;
                    // The cross-section at the stop station is an arc of the
                    // corner sphere from one tangency point to the other.  It
                    // is stored in the direction the blend face's loop walks
                    // it, so the blend uses it forward and the patch, which
                    // always takes its boundary the other way round, reversed.
                    let walk_first_to_second = stripe.walk_first_to_second(at_start);
                    let (from, to, from_vertex, to_vertex) = if walk_first_to_second {
                        (first_point, second_point, first_vertex, second_vertex)
                    } else {
                        (second_point, first_point, second_vertex, first_vertex)
                    };
                    // §6.11: the chamfer's section at the stop station is the
                    // CHORD between the same two tangency points the fillet
                    // arcs between — the iso-parameter line of a ruled bevel.
                    let arc = if chamfer {
                        crate::make_line(from, to).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "make_line")?
                    } else {
                        corner_section_arc(corner.center, radius, from, to)?
                    };
                    let arc_domain = arc.domain().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "domain")?;
                    let arc_edge_id = take_id();
                    let record = EdgeRecord {
                        id: arc_edge_id,
                        curve: arc,
                        t0: arc_domain[0],
                        t1: arc_domain[1],
                        start_vertex_id: from_vertex,
                        end_vertex_id: to_vertex,
                        degenerate: false,
                        name: None,
                    };
                    result.edges.push(record.clone());
                    arcs.push(record);
                    // The blend surface's own parameter space: z runs 0 -> 1
                    // from the first support row to the second, so the
                    // cross-section is the iso-parameter line at the stop
                    // station, walked in the same direction as the arc.
                    let arc_blend_pcurve = if walk_first_to_second {
                        crate::sweep_topology::parameter_line(station, 0.0, station, 1.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "parameter_line")?
                    } else {
                        crate::sweep_topology::parameter_line(station, 1.0, station, 0.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "parameter_line")?
                    };
                    end_plans[index][usize::from(!at_start)] = Some(EndPlan::Corner(CornerEnd {
                        cr_parameter: station,
                        cs_parameter: station,
                        first_vertex,
                        second_vertex,
                        arc_edge_id,
                        arc_blend_pcurve,
                    }));
                }
                patches.push(PendingPatch {
                    center: corner.center,
                    outward: corner.outward,
                    normals,
                    arcs,
                    name: corner_name(stripe_indices),
                    radius,
                });
            }
            VertexKind::RibbonStar { corner } => {
                // The stripe's end is a miter-shaped plan (two different
                // stop stations, one closing edge); the patch is built in
                // step 7 from the ribs.
                let fit_tolerance = crate::KernelTolerances::for_solid(solid, 1e-7).intersection_fit;
                let mut ribs: Vec<(usize, EdgeRecord, NurbsCurve)> = Vec::with_capacity(stripe_indices.len());
                for &index in stripe_indices {
                    let stripe = &stripes[index];
                    let at_start = stripe.at_start(*vertex_id);
                    let (first_point, first_vertex) = corner.tangency_on(stripe.first.face.id)?;
                    let (second_point, second_vertex) = corner.tangency_on(stripe.second.face.id)?;
                    let u_first = station_on(stripe, stripe.first.face.id, first_point)?;
                    let u_second = station_on(stripe, stripe.second.face.id, second_point)?;
                    let walk_first_to_second = stripe.walk_first_to_second(at_start);
                    // The rib leaves each rail/rail point along the OTHER
                    // stripe's rail on that face, toward the vertex.  On a
                    // cylindrical blend that direction is the ruling, along
                    // which the blend's normal does not turn, so the Coons
                    // patch's two ribbons at that corner ask for the same
                    // twist (the vertex-enclosure obstruction vanishes:
                    // `ribbon_star.rs`); the rib and the crossing rail then
                    // continue each other through the point.  The direction
                    // is pulled back into the blend's (u, z) space by least
                    // squares on the surface's first derivatives.
                    let vertex_point = vertex_point_of(solid, *vertex_id)?;
                    let leave_along = |face_id: u64, at: Vec3, uv: [f64; 2]| -> Result<[f64; 2], KernelRefusal> {
                        let other = stripe_indices
                            .iter()
                            .copied()
                            .find(|&other| other != index && (stripes[other].first.face.id == face_id || stripes[other].second.face.id == face_id))
                            .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "star_rail_pair", format!(
                                "blend network: no second stripe on face {face_id} at vertex {vertex_id}"
                            )))?;
                        let other_stripe = &stripes[other];
                        let rail = if other_stripe.first.face.id == face_id { &other_stripe.rows.cr } else { &other_stripe.rows.cs };
                        let u_other = station_on(other_stripe, face_id, at)?;
                        let derivatives = rail.derivatives(u_other, 1).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "derivatives")?;
                        let mut direction = derivatives[1].normalized().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "normalized")?;
                        if direction.dot(vertex_point.sub(at)) < 0.0 {
                            direction = direction.scale(-1.0);
                        }
                        let surface_derivatives = stripe.rows.surface.derivatives(uv[0], uv[1], 1).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "derivatives")?;
                        let (s_u, s_z) = (surface_derivatives[1][0], surface_derivatives[0][1]);
                        // Least squares: [s_u s_z] [du dz]ᵀ ≈ direction.
                        let (a, b, c) = (s_u.dot(s_u), s_u.dot(s_z), s_z.dot(s_z));
                        let (r0, r1) = (s_u.dot(direction), s_z.dot(direction));
                        let det = a * c - b * b;
                        if !(det.abs() > 1e-18) {
                            return Err(KernelRefusal::ill_posed(KernelStage::Refine, "rib_direction", format!(
                                "blend network: the blend of edge {} is singular at its rail/rail point on face {face_id}",
                                stripe.edge.id
                            )));
                        }
                        Ok([(c * r0 - b * r1) / det, (a * r1 - b * r0) / det])
                    };
                    let (from, to) = if walk_first_to_second {
                        (([u_first, 0.0], first_point, first_vertex), ([u_second, 1.0], second_point, second_vertex))
                    } else {
                        (([u_second, 1.0], second_point, second_vertex), ([u_first, 0.0], first_point, first_vertex))
                    };
                    let (face_from, face_to) = if walk_first_to_second {
                        (stripe.first.face.id, stripe.second.face.id)
                    } else {
                        (stripe.second.face.id, stripe.first.face.id)
                    };
                    let d_from = leave_along(face_from, from.1, from.0)?;
                    let d_to = leave_along(face_to, to.1, to.0)?;
                    // Into the strip from z = 0, out of it toward z = 1: the
                    // Hermite's end tangent at `to` points along the rib's
                    // travel, i.e. AGAINST the direction that leaves `to`.
                    let chord = ((to.0[0] - from.0[0]).powi(2) + (to.0[1] - from.0[1]).powi(2)).sqrt();
                    let unit = |d: [f64; 2]| -> Result<[f64; 2], KernelRefusal> {
                        let length = (d[0] * d[0] + d[1] * d[1]).sqrt();
                        if !(length > 0.0) {
                            return Err(KernelRefusal::ill_posed(KernelStage::Refine, "rib_direction", "blend network: a rib's leaving direction is zero"));
                        }
                        Ok([d[0] / length * chord, d[1] / length * chord])
                    };
                    let (t_from, t_to) = (unit(d_from)?, unit([-d_to[0], -d_to[1]])?);
                    if !(t_from[1] * (to.0[1] - from.0[1]) > 0.0 && t_to[1] * (to.0[1] - from.0[1]) > 0.0) {
                        return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Refine, "n_sided_corner", format!(
                            "blend network: edge {}'s rib would leave its rail/rail point away from its strip \
                             (directions {t_from:?} and {t_to:?} in (u, z)); the ribbon fill is not built here",
                            stripe.edge.id
                        )));
                    }
                    let hermite = |fraction: f64| -> [f64; 2] {
                        let (s2, s3) = (fraction * fraction, fraction * fraction * fraction);
                        let (h00, h10, h01, h11) = (2.0 * s3 - 3.0 * s2 + 1.0, s3 - 2.0 * s2 + fraction, -2.0 * s3 + 3.0 * s2, s3 - s2);
                        [
                            h00 * from.0[0] + h10 * t_from[0] + h01 * to.0[0] + h11 * t_to[0],
                            h00 * from.0[1] + h10 * t_from[1] + h01 * to.0[1] + h11 * t_to[1],
                        ]
                    };
                    let mut marched = MarchedCurve { points: Vec::new(), uv_first: Vec::new(), uv_second: Vec::new() };
                    for sample in 0..=RIB_SAMPLES {
                        let fraction = sample as f64 / RIB_SAMPLES as f64;
                        let uv = hermite(fraction);
                        let point = if sample == 0 {
                            from.1
                        } else if sample == RIB_SAMPLES {
                            to.1
                        } else {
                            stripe.rows.surface.evaluate_extended(uv[0], uv[1]).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate_extended")?
                        };
                        marched.points.push(point);
                        marched.uv_first.push(uv);
                        marched.uv_second.push(uv);
                    }
                    let surface = &stripe.rows.surface;
                    let (rib_curve, rib_pcurve, _) = fit_marched(
                        &marched,
                        "rib",
                        &|point: Vec3| off_surface(surface, point),
                        fit_tolerance,
                    )?;
                    let domain = rib_curve.domain().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "domain")?;
                    let rib_id = take_id();
                    let record = EdgeRecord {
                        id: rib_id,
                        curve: rib_curve,
                        t0: domain[0],
                        t1: domain[1],
                        start_vertex_id: from.2,
                        end_vertex_id: to.2,
                        degenerate: false,
                        name: None,
                    };
                    result.edges.push(record.clone());
                    end_plans[index][usize::from(!at_start)] = Some(EndPlan::Miter(MiterEnd {
                        cr_parameter: u_first,
                        cs_parameter: u_second,
                        first_vertex,
                        second_vertex,
                        edges: vec![(rib_id, true, rib_pcurve.clone())],
                    }));
                    ribs.push((index, record, rib_pcurve));
                }
                ribbon_patches.push(PendingRibbonPatch {
                    center: corner.center,
                    outward: corner.outward,
                    ribs,
                    name: corner_name(stripe_indices),
                });
            }
            VertexKind::Miter {
                corner,
                shared,
                sharp,
            } => {
                let radius = corner.radius;
                let [mut ia, mut ib] = [stripe_indices[0], stripe_indices[1]];
                // That stripe's sections — planes normal to its own edge,
                // which lies in the side face — cross the rail transversally,
                // so the exit bisects cleanly; on the LARGER stripe's domain
                // the same exit is a tangency of the level (the box fixture:
                // its sections are parallel to the side face, and the level's
                // minimum just touches zero there) and the bisection lost the
                // seam by name (`miter_exit_seam`). So the smaller stripe
                // marches the seam; equal radii keep the selection's order.
                let end_radius_at = |index: usize| -> f64 {
                    let stripe = &stripes[index];
                    stripe.end_radius[usize::from(!stripe.at_start(*vertex_id))]
                };
                if end_radius_at(ib) < end_radius_at(ia) * (1.0 - 1e-9) {
                    std::mem::swap(&mut ia, &mut ib);
                }
                let (p_point, p_vertex) = corner.tangency_on(shared.id)?;
                let describe = |index: usize| -> Result<MiterStripe, KernelRefusal> {
                    let stripe = &stripes[index];
                    let shared_first = stripe.first.face.id == shared.id;
                    let other_face = if shared_first {
                        stripe.second.face
                    } else {
                        stripe.first.face
                    };
                    let at_start = stripe.at_start(*vertex_id);
                    Ok(MiterStripe {
                        rows: &stripe.rows,
                        shared_first,
                        at_start,
                        u_ball: station_on(stripe, shared.id, p_point)?,
                        other_face,
                        radius: stripe.end_radius[usize::from(!at_start)],
                    })
                };
                let mut described = [describe(ia)?, describe(ib)?];
                let fit_tolerance = crate::KernelTolerances::for_solid(solid, 1e-7).intersection_fit;
                // At a creased seam whose two side rails reach the seam at
                // DIFFERENT points the closure must be the asymmetric one,
                // and their separation is second order in the crease (1.5e-4
                // on the tilted fixture at r = 1), far inside the miter's
                // 1e-6 symmetric bar: read at that bar, the follower's rail
                // was pulled onto the leader's seam point (P = S) and the
                // body read 1.1e-4 off its oracle.  Where the rails reach the
                // seam at one point (a seam in the shared face's normal plane:
                // P = S exactly) nothing changes.
                let creased_bar = if creased_vertices.contains(vertex_id) {
                    let rail_on_seam = |index: usize| -> Result<Vec3, KernelRefusal> {
                        let stripe = &stripes[index];
                        let side_row = if stripe.first.face.id == shared.id { &stripe.rows.cs } else { &stripe.rows.cr };
                        Ok(support_crossing(solid, side_row, sharp, stripe.at_start(*vertex_id))?.2)
                    };
                    let apart = rail_on_seam(ia)?.sub(rail_on_seam(ib)?).length();
                    if std::env::var("BREP_DEBUG_NETWORK").is_ok() {
                        eprintln!("creased seam at vertex {vertex_id}: the side rails reach the seam {apart:.3e} apart");
                    }
                    (apart > 1e-9 * (1.0 + scale)).then(|| 1e-10 * (1.0 + radius))
                } else {
                    None
                };
                let _miter_timing = super::BlendTimer::start("timing.end_plans.miter_ms");
                let solve = |described: &[MiterStripe; 2]| {
                    solve_miter(
                        [&described[0], &described[1]],
                        radius,
                        chamfer,
                        sharp,
                        scale,
                        fit_tolerance,
                        consumed_band(solid),
                        creased_bar,
                    )
                };
                // A seam that FOLDS in the leader's sections where it meets
                // the follower's far rail (`miter_seam_fold`) is marched on
                // the follower's domain instead, where that rail is the
                // leader's own and its crossing is transversal.
                let closure = match solve(&described) {
                    Err(refusal) if super::miter::is_miter_seam_fold(&refusal) => {
                        if std::env::var("BREP_DEBUG_NETWORK").is_ok() {
                            eprintln!("miter at vertex {vertex_id}: {refusal}; marching the seam on the other stripe");
                        }
                        super::record_count("count.miter.fold_swapped", 1);
                        std::mem::swap(&mut ia, &mut ib);
                        described = [describe(ia)?, describe(ib)?];
                        solve(&described)?
                    }
                    other => other?,
                };
                if std::env::var("BREP_DEBUG_NETWORK").is_ok() {
                    let seam = match &closure {
                        MiterClosure::Symmetric { seam, .. } => seam,
                        MiterClosure::Asymmetric { seam, .. } => seam,
                    };
                    // The seam must ride BOTH walls: for a fillet that is the
                    // two canals, for a chamfer the two bevels — the same two
                    // surfaces their levels are written against.
                    let mut worst = 0.0f64;
                    for point in &seam.points {
                        for index in [ia, ib] {
                            let rows = &stripes[index].rows;
                            let own_radius = described[usize::from(index == ib)].radius;
                            let d = if chamfer {
                                crate::project_point_to_surface(&rows.surface, *point)
                                    .map(|p| p.distance)
                                    .unwrap_or(f64::NAN)
                            } else {
                                rows.center
                                    .as_ref()
                                    .and_then(|center| {
                                        crate::project_point_to_curve(center, *point).ok()
                                    })
                                    .map(|p| (p.distance - own_radius).abs())
                                    .unwrap_or(f64::NAN)
                            };
                            worst = worst.max(d);
                        }
                    }
                    let what = if chamfer { "off both bevels" } else { "|dist-to-centre - r|" };
                    eprintln!(
                        "network seam at vertex {vertex_id}: {} samples, worst {what} {worst:.3e}",
                        seam.points.len()
                    );
                }

                // Commit the vertices and edges the closure names, then hand
                // each stripe its end plan in its loop's walk order.
                let commit_curve = |result: &mut BrepSolid,
                                    take_id: &mut dyn FnMut() -> u64,
                                    curve: NurbsCurve,
                                    from: u64,
                                    to: u64|
                 -> Result<u64, KernelRefusal> {
                    let domain = curve.domain().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "domain")?;
                    let id = take_id();
                    result.edges.push(EdgeRecord {
                        id,
                        curve,
                        t0: domain[0],
                        t1: domain[1],
                        start_vertex_id: from,
                        end_vertex_id: to,
                        degenerate: false,
                        name: None,
                    });
                    Ok(id)
                };
                let commit_vertex = |result: &mut BrepSolid,
                                     take_id: &mut dyn FnMut() -> u64,
                                     point: Vec3|
                 -> u64 {
                    let id = take_id();
                    result.vertices.push(VertexRecord { id, point });
                    id
                };
                // A plan for stripe `index` whose end is closed by `edges`
                // listed from P (the shared rim) to the far rim, with pcurves
                // on this stripe's blend in that same direction.
                let plan_for = |index: usize,
                                far_station: f64,
                                far_vertex: u64,
                                edges: Vec<(u64, NurbsCurve)>|
                 -> Result<EndPlan, KernelRefusal> {
                    let stripe = &stripes[index];
                    let at_start = stripe.at_start(*vertex_id);
                    let shared_first = stripe.first.face.id == shared.id;
                    let u_ball = described[usize::from(index == ib)].u_ball;
                    let (cr_parameter, cs_parameter, first_vertex, second_vertex) =
                        if shared_first {
                            (u_ball, far_station, p_vertex, far_vertex)
                        } else {
                            (far_station, u_ball, far_vertex, p_vertex)
                        };
                    // The walk runs P -> far exactly when the loop walks
                    // first -> second and P is on the first side, or the
                    // reverse of both.
                    let walk_p_to_far = stripe.walk_first_to_second(at_start) == shared_first;
                    let slot = if walk_p_to_far {
                        edges
                            .into_iter()
                            .map(|(id, pcurve)| (id, true, pcurve))
                            .collect()
                    } else {
                        edges
                            .into_iter()
                            .rev()
                            .map(|(id, pcurve)| Ok((id, false, pcurve.reversed().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "reversed")?)))
                            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, KernelRefusal>>()?
                    };
                    Ok(EndPlan::Miter(MiterEnd {
                        cr_parameter,
                        cs_parameter,
                        first_vertex,
                        second_vertex,
                        edges: slot,
                    }))
                };
                let slot_of = |index: usize| usize::from(!stripes[index].at_start(*vertex_id));
                // Where the closure lands on the sharp edge.  At full width it
                // lands on the sharp edge's FAR vertex (the side faces are
                // consumed down to it), and that vertex is the point, not a
                // fresh one beside it: the sharp edge is then consumed whole
                // rather than trimmed to nothing (`consume_sharp_edge`).
                let far_vertex = if sharp.start_vertex_id == *vertex_id {
                    sharp.end_vertex_id
                } else {
                    sharp.start_vertex_id
                };
                let far_point = vertex_point_of(solid, far_vertex)?;
                let band = consumed_band(solid);
                let commit_on_sharp =
                    |result: &mut BrepSolid, take_id: &mut dyn FnMut() -> u64, point: Vec3| {
                        if point.sub(far_point).length() <= band {
                            far_vertex
                        } else {
                            commit_vertex(result, take_id, point)
                        }
                    };
                match closure {
                    MiterClosure::Symmetric {
                        seam_fit: (curve, on_a, on_b),
                        exit,
                        sharp_parameter,
                        ..
                    } => {
                        let q_point = sharp.curve.evaluate(sharp_parameter).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?;
                        let q_vertex = commit_on_sharp(&mut result, &mut take_id, q_point);
                        let seam_id =
                            commit_curve(&mut result, &mut take_id, curve, p_vertex, q_vertex)?;
                        end_plans[ia][slot_of(ia)] =
                            Some(plan_for(ia, exit[0], q_vertex, vec![(seam_id, on_a)])?);
                        end_plans[ib][slot_of(ib)] =
                            Some(plan_for(ib, exit[1], q_vertex, vec![(seam_id, on_b)])?);
                        pending_miters.push(PendingMiter {
                            vertex: *vertex_id,
                            sharp_edge: sharp.id,
                            sharp_parameter,
                            sharp_vertex: q_vertex,
                            connector: None,
                        });
                    }
                    MiterClosure::Asymmetric {
                        seam,
                        seam_fit: (seam_curve, seam_on_a, seam_on_b),
                        leader,
                        exit_leader,
                        connector_fit: (connector_curve, on_follower, on_face),
                        exit_follower,
                        sharp_parameter,
                        ..
                    } => {
                        let (leader_index, follower_index) = if leader == 0 {
                            (ia, ib)
                        } else {
                            (ib, ia)
                        };
                        let exit_point = *seam.points.last().ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "miter_seam", "miter: empty seam"))?;
                        let x_vertex = commit_vertex(&mut result, &mut take_id, exit_point);
                        // At a creased seam S is where the FOLLOWER's own ball
                        // touches the seam: seated exactly (the flush join's
                        // seam ball on the follower's carriers) rather than
                        // read off the connector's marched end, which carries
                        // the follower rail's fit (1.6e-9 on the tilted
                        // fixture at r = 1).
                        let (sharp_parameter, q_point) = if creased_bar.is_some() {
                            let follower = &stripes[follower_index];
                            let (on_shared, on_side) = if follower.first.face.id == shared.id {
                                (&follower.first, &follower.second)
                            } else {
                                (&follower.second, &follower.first)
                            };
                            let ball = solve_flush_seam_ball(
                                on_shared.face,
                                on_shared.rho,
                                on_side.face,
                                on_side.rho,
                                sharp,
                                *vertex_id,
                                vertex_point_of(solid, *vertex_id)?,
                                scale,
                            )?;
                            (ball.seam_parameter, ball.seam_point)
                        } else {
                            (sharp_parameter, sharp.curve.evaluate(sharp_parameter).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?)
                        };
                        let q_vertex = commit_on_sharp(&mut result, &mut take_id, q_point);
                        let seam_id = commit_curve(
                            &mut result,
                            &mut take_id,
                            seam_curve,
                            p_vertex,
                            x_vertex,
                        )?;
                        let connector_id = commit_curve(
                            &mut result,
                            &mut take_id,
                            connector_curve,
                            x_vertex,
                            q_vertex,
                        )?;
                        // Seam images are stored on stripe 0 then stripe 1.
                        let (seam_on_leader, seam_on_follower) = if leader == 0 {
                            (seam_on_a, seam_on_b)
                        } else {
                            (seam_on_b, seam_on_a)
                        };
                        end_plans[leader_index][slot_of(leader_index)] = Some(plan_for(
                            leader_index,
                            exit_leader,
                            x_vertex,
                            vec![(seam_id, seam_on_leader)],
                        )?);
                        end_plans[follower_index][slot_of(follower_index)] = Some(plan_for(
                            follower_index,
                            exit_follower,
                            q_vertex,
                            vec![(seam_id, seam_on_follower), (connector_id, on_follower)],
                        )?);
                        pending_miters.push(PendingMiter {
                            vertex: *vertex_id,
                            sharp_edge: sharp.id,
                            sharp_parameter,
                            sharp_vertex: q_vertex,
                            connector: Some((
                                leader_index,
                                described[usize::from(leader != 0)].other_face.id,
                                connector_id,
                                on_face,
                            )),
                        });
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Re-entrant corners: stop each stripe where its wall rail reaches the
    // concave edge, share the pole there, and close with the horn-torus
    // sector between the two end sections plus the cap arc between the two
    // cap rails.
    struct PendingHorn {
        vertex: u64,
        cap_face: u64,
        sharp_edge: u64,
        sharp_parameter: f64,
        pole_vertex: u64,
        pole: Vec3,
        axis: Vec3,
        /// Per stripe (in `stripe_indices` order): its index, the stored
        /// section arc (pole <-> cap point), its cap-rail vertex and point,
        /// and its ball centre at the stop.
        ends: Vec<(usize, EdgeRecord, u64, Vec3, Vec3)>,
        name: Option<String>,
    }
    let mut pending_horns: Vec<PendingHorn> = Vec::new();
    stars_miters_timing.stop();
    let reentrant_timing = super::BlendTimer::start("timing.end_plans.reentrant_ms");
    for (vertex_id, stripe_indices, kind) in &corners {
        let radius = vertex_radius_of(*vertex_id).unwrap_or(radius);
        let VertexKind::Reentrant { cap, sharp } = kind else {
            continue;
        };
        let corner_point = solid
            .vertices
            .iter()
            .find(|vertex| vertex.id == *vertex_id)
            .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "reentrant_vertex", "blend network: re-entrant vertex missing"))?
            .point;
        // Each stripe's wall rail meets the concave edge at the pole; both
        // must meet it at the SAME point (equal wall dihedrals), and the ball
        // centre there must sit over the pole exactly one radius out.
        let mut ends: Vec<(usize, f64, f64, Vec3, Vec3, Vec3)> = Vec::new(); // (index, u_stop, t_pole, pole, cap point, centre)
        for &index in stripe_indices {
            let stripe = &stripes[index];
            let at_start = stripe.at_start(*vertex_id);
            let cap_first = stripe.first.face.id == cap.id;
            let (wall_rail, cap_rail) = if cap_first {
                (&stripe.rows.cs, &stripe.rows.cr)
            } else {
                (&stripe.rows.cr, &stripe.rows.cs)
            };
            let (u_stop, t_pole, pole, escalated) = support_crossing(solid, wall_rail, sharp, at_start)
                .map_err(|error| {
                    format!(
                        "blend network: edge {}'s wall rail does not reach the concave edge at \
                         vertex {vertex_id} ({error})",
                        stripe.edge.id
                    )
                }).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "map_err")?;
            crossings.note(escalated);
            if !(u_stop > RIM_MARGIN && u_stop < 1.0 - RIM_MARGIN) {
                return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "concave_stop", format!(
                    "blend network: edge {}'s stop at the concave edge lands at {u_stop:.6}, \
                     outside the marched rows",
                    stripe.edge.id
                )));
            }
            let cap_point = cap_rail.evaluate(u_stop).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?;
            let center = stripe
                .rows
                .center
                .as_ref()
                .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "centre_path", "blend network: stripe rows carry no centre path"))?
                .evaluate(u_stop).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?;
            ends.push((index, u_stop, t_pole, pole, cap_point, center));
        }
        let pole = ends[0].3;
        let pole_gap = ends[1].3.sub(pole).length();
        if pole_gap > 1e-6 * (1.0 + radius) {
            return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Refine, "horn_torus_dihedrals", format!(
                "blend network: the two blends at vertex {vertex_id} reach the concave edge \
                 {pole_gap:.3e} apart (unequal wall dihedrals) — the closure is not a horn torus \
                 and this lane does not build it"
            )));
        }
        let axis = tangent_away_from(sharp, *vertex_id)?;
        for (index, u_stop, _, _, cap_point, center) in &ends {
            // The section at the stop must be a meridian of the torus about
            // the concave edge: its plane (normal = the stripe's direction
            // there) must contain the axis, and its centre must sit one
            // radius from the pole, perpendicular to the axis.
            let stripe = &stripes[*index];
            let centre_path = stripe
                .rows
                .center
                .as_ref()
                .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "centre_path", "blend network: stripe rows carry no centre path"))?;
            let [c0, c1] = centre_path.domain().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "domain")?;
            let direction = centre_path.unit_tangent(*u_stop, c0, c1).map_err(|error| {
                format!(
                    "blend network: edge {}'s centre path at u = {u_stop}: {error}",
                    stripe.edge.id
                )
            }).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "map_err")?;
            let radial = center.sub(pole);
            if direction.dot(axis).abs() > 1e-6
                || (radial.length() - radius).abs() > 1e-6 * (1.0 + radius)
                || radial.dot(axis).abs() > 1e-6 * (1.0 + radius)
            {
                return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Refine, "horn_torus_tilt", format!(
                    "blend network: edge {}'s section at vertex {vertex_id} is not a meridian \
                     of the horn torus about the concave edge (tilted class) — not in this lane",
                    stripe.edge.id
                )));
            }
            if (cap_point.sub(corner_point).length() - radius).abs() > 1e-6 * (1.0 + radius) {
                return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Refine, "horn_torus_cap", format!(
                    "blend network: edge {}'s cap rail stops {:.6} from the re-entrant vertex, \
                     not one radius — the cap is not planar or the walls are not perpendicular \
                     to it",
                    stripe.edge.id,
                    cap_point.sub(corner_point).length()
                )));
            }
        }
        let pole_vertex = {
            let id = take_id();
            result.vertices.push(VertexRecord { id, point: pole });
            id
        };
        let mut committed: Vec<(usize, EdgeRecord, u64, Vec3, Vec3)> = Vec::new();
        for (index, u_stop, _, _, cap_point, center) in &ends {
            let stripe = &stripes[*index];
            let at_start = stripe.at_start(*vertex_id);
            let cap_first = stripe.first.face.id == cap.id;
            let cap_vertex = take_id();
            result.vertices.push(VertexRecord {
                id: cap_vertex,
                point: *cap_point,
            });
            // The section arc of the ball at the stop, from the cap point to
            // the pole, stored in the blend loop's walk direction like a star
            // arc.
            let (first_point, first_vertex, second_point, second_vertex) = if cap_first {
                (*cap_point, cap_vertex, pole, pole_vertex)
            } else {
                (pole, pole_vertex, *cap_point, cap_vertex)
            };
            let walk_first_to_second = stripe.walk_first_to_second(at_start);
            let (from, to, from_vertex, to_vertex) = if walk_first_to_second {
                (first_point, second_point, first_vertex, second_vertex)
            } else {
                (second_point, first_point, second_vertex, first_vertex)
            };
            // §6.11: a chamfer's section at the stop is the CHORD between
            // the ball's two contacts, exactly as at a star — and here one of
            // those contacts is the POLE, the single point where the ball
            // touches the concave edge.
            let arc = if chamfer {
                crate::make_line(from, to).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "make_line")?
            } else {
                corner_section_arc(*center, radius, from, to)?
            };
            let arc_domain = arc.domain().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "domain")?;
            let arc_edge_id = take_id();
            let record = EdgeRecord {
                id: arc_edge_id,
                curve: arc,
                t0: arc_domain[0],
                t1: arc_domain[1],
                start_vertex_id: from_vertex,
                end_vertex_id: to_vertex,
                degenerate: false,
                name: None,
            };
            result.edges.push(record.clone());
            let arc_blend_pcurve = if walk_first_to_second {
                crate::sweep_topology::parameter_line(*u_stop, 0.0, *u_stop, 1.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "parameter_line")?
            } else {
                crate::sweep_topology::parameter_line(*u_stop, 1.0, *u_stop, 0.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "parameter_line")?
            };
            end_plans[*index][usize::from(!at_start)] = Some(EndPlan::Corner(CornerEnd {
                cr_parameter: *u_stop,
                cs_parameter: *u_stop,
                first_vertex,
                second_vertex,
                arc_edge_id,
                arc_blend_pcurve,
            }));
            committed.push((*index, record, cap_vertex, *cap_point, *center));
        }
        pending_horns.push(PendingHorn {
            vertex: *vertex_id,
            cap_face: cap.id,
            sharp_edge: sharp.id,
            sharp_parameter: ends[0].2,
            pole_vertex,
            pole,
            axis,
            ends: committed,
            name: corner_name(stripe_indices),
        });
    }

    // Lane L, mixed stars: each convex stripe stops at its section through
    // its wall's tangency point V (where Q's rail on that wall meets its
    // own), Q stops at its inner-equator section V_A..V_B; the cap's contact
    // arc W_A..W_B and the torus sector are sewn after the stripes.
    struct PendingMixedStar {
        vertex: u64,
        mixed: MixedStar,
        /// The three end-section arcs: rim A, rim B, Q.
        arcs: [EdgeRecord; 3],
        v_a: u64,
        v_b: u64,
        w_a: u64,
        w_b: u64,
        name: Option<String>,
    }
    let mut pending_mixed: Vec<PendingMixedStar> = Vec::new();
    reentrant_timing.stop();
    let mixed_star_timing = super::BlendTimer::start("timing.end_plans.mixed_star_ms");
    for (vertex_id, stripe_indices, kind) in &corners {
        let VertexKind::MixedStar(mixed) = kind else {
            continue;
        };
        let mut new_vertex = |point: Vec3, result: &mut BrepSolid| {
            let id = take_id();
            result.vertices.push(VertexRecord { id, point });
            id
        };
        let v_a = new_vertex(mixed.v_a, &mut result);
        let v_b = new_vertex(mixed.v_b, &mut result);
        let w_a = new_vertex(mixed.w_a, &mut result);
        let w_b = new_vertex(mixed.w_b, &mut result);
        // (stripe, [(face, point, vertex); 2], ball centre at the stop)
        let plans = [
            (mixed.a, [(mixed.wall_a, mixed.v_a, v_a), (mixed.cap, mixed.w_a, w_a)], mixed.c_a),
            (mixed.b, [(mixed.wall_b, mixed.v_b, v_b), (mixed.cap, mixed.w_b, w_b)], mixed.c_b),
            (mixed.q, [(mixed.wall_a, mixed.v_a, v_a), (mixed.wall_b, mixed.v_b, v_b)], mixed.q_v),
        ];
        let mut arcs: Vec<EdgeRecord> = Vec::with_capacity(3);
        for (index, contacts, center) in plans {
            let stripe = &stripes[index];
            let at_start = stripe.at_start(*vertex_id);
            let station_0 = station_on(stripe, contacts[0].0, contacts[0].1)?;
            let station_1 = station_on(stripe, contacts[1].0, contacts[1].1)?;
            if (station_0 - station_1).abs() > 1e-3 {
                return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "mixed_star_stations", format!(
                    "blend network: edge {} meets the mixed star at vertex {vertex_id} at inconsistent \
                     stations ({station_0:.6} and {station_1:.6})",
                    stripe.edge.id
                )));
            }
            let station = 0.5 * (station_0 + station_1);
            let on = |face_id: u64| contacts.iter().find(|(face, _, _)| *face == face_id).copied();
            let (_, first_point, first_vertex) = on(stripe.first.face.id).ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(
                KernelStage::Refine, "mixed_star_face", "blend network: a mixed star stripe misses its face"))?;
            let (_, second_point, second_vertex) = on(stripe.second.face.id).ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(
                KernelStage::Refine, "mixed_star_face", "blend network: a mixed star stripe misses its face"))?;
            let walk_first_to_second = stripe.walk_first_to_second(at_start);
            let (from, to, from_vertex, to_vertex) = if walk_first_to_second {
                (first_point, second_point, first_vertex, second_vertex)
            } else {
                (second_point, first_point, second_vertex, first_vertex)
            };
            let arc = corner_section_arc(center, mixed.radius, from, to)?;
            let arc_domain = arc.domain().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "domain")?;
            let record = EdgeRecord {
                id: take_id(),
                curve: arc,
                t0: arc_domain[0],
                t1: arc_domain[1],
                start_vertex_id: from_vertex,
                end_vertex_id: to_vertex,
                degenerate: false,
                name: None,
            };
            result.edges.push(record.clone());
            let arc_blend_pcurve = if walk_first_to_second {
                crate::sweep_topology::parameter_line(station, 0.0, station, 1.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "parameter_line")?
            } else {
                crate::sweep_topology::parameter_line(station, 1.0, station, 0.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "parameter_line")?
            };
            end_plans[index][usize::from(!at_start)] = Some(EndPlan::Corner(CornerEnd {
                cr_parameter: station,
                cs_parameter: station,
                first_vertex,
                second_vertex,
                arc_edge_id: record.id,
                arc_blend_pcurve,
            }));
            arcs.push(record);
        }
        let arcs: [EdgeRecord; 3] = arcs.try_into().map_err(|_| KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "mixed_star_arcs", "blend network: a mixed star needs three arcs"))?;
        pending_mixed.push(PendingMixedStar {
            vertex: *vertex_id,
            mixed: *mixed,
            arcs,
            v_a,
            v_b,
            w_a,
            w_b,
            name: corner_name(stripe_indices),
        });
    }

    // Flush joins: both stripes stop at their own vertex section, which is
    // the same ball on both sides, and share one arc.
    struct PendingFlush {
        vertex: u64,
        /// The seam edges between the two stripes' differing side faces, to
        /// trim at the rims on them: (edge id, parameter, rim).
        seam_trims: Vec<(u64, f64, u64)>,
    }
    let mut pending_flush: Vec<PendingFlush> = Vec::new();
    mixed_star_timing.stop();
    let flush_timing = super::BlendTimer::start("timing.end_plans.flush_ms");
    for (vertex_id, stripe_indices, kind) in &corners {
        let radius = vertex_radius_of(*vertex_id).unwrap_or(radius);
        let VertexKind::Flush { join } = kind else {
            continue;
        };
        let [ia, ib] = [stripe_indices[0], stripe_indices[1]];
        let section = |index: usize| -> Result<(f64, Vec3, Vec3, Vec3), KernelRefusal> {
            let stripe = &stripes[index];
            if let Some(join) = join {
                // Across a seam: the stripe stops where its rails pass the
                // seam ball's contacts, and the section IS that ball's, so
                // both stripes carry the same points to the bar below.  The
                // station is read on a rail whose contact sits on a seam —
                // where that rail changes carrier — and the other rail must
                // pass its own contact there.
                let contact = |face_id: u64| {
                    join.contact_on(face_id).ok_or_else(|| {
                        format!(
                            "blend network: the flush join at vertex {vertex_id} has no contact \
                             on edge {}'s face {face_id}",
                            stripe.edge.id
                        )
                    })
                };
                let (first_contact, second_contact) =
                    (contact(stripe.first.face.id).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "contact")?, contact(stripe.second.face.id).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "contact")?);
                let seam_first = first_contact.seam.is_some();
                let (lead_face, lead_row, lead, other_face, other_row, other) = if seam_first {
                    (
                        stripe.first.face.id,
                        &stripe.rows.cr,
                        first_contact,
                        stripe.second.face.id,
                        &stripe.rows.cs,
                        second_contact,
                    )
                } else {
                    (
                        stripe.second.face.id,
                        &stripe.rows.cs,
                        second_contact,
                        stripe.first.face.id,
                        &stripe.rows.cr,
                        first_contact,
                    )
                };
                let station_bar = corner_station_bar(scale, radius);
                let station = rail_station(lead_row, lead.point, station_bar).map_err(
                    |reason| match reason {
                        RailMiss::OffRail(distance) => format!(
                            "blend network: edge {}'s contact rail on face {lead_face} misses \
                             the flush join's seam contact at vertex {vertex_id} by \
                             {distance:.3e}",
                            stripe.edge.id
                        ),
                        RailMiss::OffSpan(station) => format!(
                            "blend network: the flush join station for edge {} lands at \
                             {station:.6}, outside the marched rows",
                            stripe.edge.id
                        ),
                        RailMiss::Projection(error) => error,
                    },
                ).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "map_err")?;
                let other_miss = other_row.evaluate(station).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?.sub(other.point).length();
                if other_miss > station_bar {
                    return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Refine, "flush_join", format!(
                        "blend network: edge {}'s contact rail on face {other_face} misses the \
                         flush join's contact at vertex {vertex_id} by {other_miss:.3e} at the \
                         station its seam contact is on",
                        stripe.edge.id
                    )));
                }
                return Ok((station, first_contact.point, second_contact.point, join.center));
            }
            let at_start = stripe.at_start(*vertex_id);
            let station = stripe
                .rows
                .vertex_stations
                .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "vertex_stations", "blend network: stripe rows carry no vertex stations"))?
                [usize::from(!at_start)];
            if !(station > RIM_MARGIN && station < 1.0 - RIM_MARGIN) {
                return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "vertex_section", format!(
                    "blend network: edge {}'s vertex section lands at {station:.6}, outside \
                     the marched rows",
                    stripe.edge.id
                )));
            }
            let center = stripe
                .rows
                .center
                .as_ref()
                .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "centre_path", "blend network: stripe rows carry no centre path"))?
                .evaluate(station).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?;
            Ok((
                station,
                stripe.rows.cr.evaluate(station).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?,
                stripe.rows.cs.evaluate(station).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?,
                center,
            ))
        };
        let (station_a, cr_a, cs_a, center_a) = section(ia)?;
        let (station_b, cr_b, cs_b, center_b) = section(ib)?;
        let bar = 1e-6 * (1.0 + radius);
        if center_a.sub(center_b).length() > bar {
            return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Refine, "flush_join", format!(
                "blend network: the two blends at the smooth vertex {vertex_id} sit on \
                 different balls ({:.3e} apart) — not a flush join",
                center_a.sub(center_b).length()
            )));
        }
        // Pair stripe b's rims with stripe a's by position (the mates may be
        // different faces that are tangent there).
        let (b_first_matches_a_first, mismatch) = {
            let direct = cr_b.sub(cr_a).length().max(cs_b.sub(cs_a).length());
            let crossed = cr_b.sub(cs_a).length().max(cs_b.sub(cr_a).length());
            if direct <= crossed {
                (true, direct)
            } else {
                (false, crossed)
            }
        };
        if mismatch > bar {
            return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Refine, "flush_join", format!(
                "blend network: the two sections at the smooth vertex {vertex_id} differ by \
                 {mismatch:.3e} — not a flush join"
            )));
        }
        // Shared rim vertices, keyed by stripe a's first/second sides.
        let rim_first = take_id();
        result.vertices.push(VertexRecord {
            id: rim_first,
            point: cr_a,
        });
        let rim_second = take_id();
        result.vertices.push(VertexRecord {
            id: rim_second,
            point: cs_a,
        });
        // One arc, stored in stripe a's walk direction; stripe b walks it the
        // other way (its loop runs opposite across the shared edge), which
        // the corner plan expresses by storing... no: a corner plan always
        // uses its arc forward.  So commit the arc in a's walk direction and
        // give b a plan whose arc pcurve runs the same 3D way — b's walk is
        // guaranteed opposite by manifoldness, so b uses `forward = false`.
        // `CornerEnd` cannot say that; a `MiterEnd` can.
        let stripe_a = &stripes[ia];
        let at_start_a = stripe_a.at_start(*vertex_id);
        let walk_a_first_to_second = stripe_a.walk_first_to_second(at_start_a);
        let (from, to, from_vertex, to_vertex) = if walk_a_first_to_second {
            (cr_a, cs_a, rim_first, rim_second)
        } else {
            (cs_a, cr_a, rim_second, rim_first)
        };
        // §6.11: the shared section is the one both stripes stop at, and a
        // chamfer's is the CHORD between the two rims a fillet arcs between.
        // Nothing else about a flush join depends on its shape — the two
        // stripes' agreement was already measured on the ball's centre and on
        // the rim points themselves, which are the chord's own ends.
        let arc = if chamfer {
            crate::make_line(from, to).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "make_line")?
        } else {
            corner_section_arc(center_a, radius, from, to)?
        };
        let arc_domain = arc.domain().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "domain")?;
        let arc_edge_id = take_id();
        result.edges.push(EdgeRecord {
            id: arc_edge_id,
            curve: arc,
            t0: arc_domain[0],
            t1: arc_domain[1],
            start_vertex_id: from_vertex,
            end_vertex_id: to_vertex,
            degenerate: false,
            name: None,
        });
        let pcurve_a = if walk_a_first_to_second {
            crate::sweep_topology::parameter_line(station_a, 0.0, station_a, 1.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "parameter_line")?
        } else {
            crate::sweep_topology::parameter_line(station_a, 1.0, station_a, 0.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "parameter_line")?
        };
        end_plans[ia][usize::from(!at_start_a)] = Some(EndPlan::Corner(CornerEnd {
            cr_parameter: station_a,
            cs_parameter: station_a,
            first_vertex: rim_first,
            second_vertex: rim_second,
            arc_edge_id,
            arc_blend_pcurve: pcurve_a,
        }));
        // Stripe b: its first/second rims map onto a's by the pairing above.
        let stripe_b = &stripes[ib];
        let at_start_b = stripe_b.at_start(*vertex_id);
        let (b_first_vertex, b_second_vertex) = if b_first_matches_a_first {
            (rim_first, rim_second)
        } else {
            (rim_second, rim_first)
        };
        // b's walk over the slot, first-rim -> second-rim or the reverse, in
        // terms of the arc's stored direction (a's walk).  The stored arc
        // runs a-first -> a-second when `walk_a_first_to_second`.
        let b_walk_first_to_second = stripe_b.walk_first_to_second(at_start_b);
        let b_walk_in_a_terms = b_walk_first_to_second == b_first_matches_a_first;
        let forward = b_walk_in_a_terms == walk_a_first_to_second;
        let pcurve_b = if b_walk_first_to_second {
            crate::sweep_topology::parameter_line(station_b, 0.0, station_b, 1.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "parameter_line")?
        } else {
            crate::sweep_topology::parameter_line(station_b, 1.0, station_b, 0.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "parameter_line")?
        };
        end_plans[ib][usize::from(!at_start_b)] = Some(EndPlan::Miter(MiterEnd {
            cr_parameter: station_b,
            cs_parameter: station_b,
            first_vertex: b_first_vertex,
            second_vertex: b_second_vertex,
            edges: vec![(arc_edge_id, forward, pcurve_b)],
        }));
        if forward {
            return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "flush_join_orientation", format!(
                "blend network: the two blends at the smooth vertex {vertex_id} walk their \
                 shared section the same way — inconsistent orientation"
            )));
        }
        // Where the side faces differ, each seam between them runs from the
        // vertex through the ball's contact on it, and is trimmed there.
        let seam_trims = join
            .iter()
            .flat_map(|join| &join.contacts)
            .filter_map(|contact| {
                let (seam_id, parameter) = contact.seam?;
                let rim = if contact.faces.contains(&stripe_a.first.face.id) {
                    rim_first
                } else {
                    rim_second
                };
                Some((seam_id, parameter, rim))
            })
            .collect();
        pending_flush.push(PendingFlush {
            vertex: *vertex_id,
            seam_trims,
        });
    }

    let mut pending_caps: Vec<PendingCap> = Vec::new();

    flush_timing.stop();
    let free_ends_timing = super::BlendTimer::start("timing.end_plans.free_ends_ms");
    // ---- 6. Free ends keep the §6.9 transverse construction — or, where
    //         the edge runs smoothly into an unselected one, a CAP. ----
    for (index, stripe) in stripes.iter().enumerate() {
        for (slot, (vertex, at_start)) in [
            (stripe.edge.start_vertex_id, true),
            (stripe.edge.end_vertex_id, false),
        ]
        .into_iter()
        .enumerate()
        {
            if end_plans[index][slot].is_some() {
                continue;
            }
            if stripe.poles[slot] {
                end_plans[index][slot] = Some(EndPlan::Corner(plan_pole_end(
                    solid,
                    &mut result,
                    &mut take_id,
                    stripe,
                    vertex,
                    at_start,
                )?));
                continue;
            }
            match resolve_free_end(
                solid,
                stripe.edge.id,
                &stripe.first,
                &stripe.second,
                &stripe.rows,
                vertex,
                at_start,
            ) {
                Ok((end, _)) => {
                    crossings.note(end.escalated);
                    end_plans[index][slot] = Some(EndPlan::Free(end));
                }
                Err(free_error) => {
                    // A nearly tangent line/arc junction can have no free-end
                    // crossing, or put it beyond the marched rows. Retry those
                    // failures with a vertex section only within a small
                    // angular window (about 0.8 degrees). A cap at a genuine
                    // corner can validate but erase the notch needed by a
                    // later convex-corner closure (the acute-prism cases).
                    // This does not snap the junction to tangency; the cap's
                    // carrier legs, restriction and validation still have to
                    // prove that the section closes on the original solid.
                    let continuing = [stripe.first.face, stripe.second.face]
                        .iter()
                        .find_map(|face| {
                            let id = boundary_edge_at_vertex(solid, face, vertex, stripe.edge.id)
                                .ok()?;
                            let boundary = solid.edges.iter().find(|e| e.id == id)?;
                            let own = tangent_away_from(stripe.edge, vertex).ok()?;
                            let other = tangent_away_from(boundary, vertex).ok()?;
                            let alignment = own.dot(other);
                            let tangent = alignment <= -(1.0 - 1e-6);
                            let missing_crossing = matches!(
                                &free_error.class,
                                RefusalClass::UnsupportedGeometry { what }
                                    if what == "support_crossing_uv_outside"
                                        || what == "support_crossing_uv_none"
                                        || what == super::edge::END_TANGENT_CONTINUATION_WHAT
                            );
                            (tangent || (missing_crossing && alignment <= -(1.0 - 1e-4)))
                                .then_some((boundary, tangent))
                        });
                    let Some((boundary, tangent)) = continuing else {
                        return Err(free_error);
                    };
                    // Before the tangent reads took the one-sided limit, a
                    // stationary edge here read as "does not continue" and
                    // refused with `free_error`. The limit now says it does
                    // continue, but no fixture has shown a stripe capped
                    // through a stationary join to be the right body, so the
                    // direction is read and the cap is not built.
                    if stationary_at_vertex(stripe.edge, vertex)?
                        || stationary_at_vertex(boundary, vertex)?
                    {
                        return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Refine, "stationary_join", format!(
                            "blend network: edge {} continues smoothly into edge {} at vertex \
                             {vertex} only by the one-sided limit of a stationary tangent (a \
                             first derivative that vanishes at the vertex); a stripe capped \
                             through a stationary join is not verified, so it is not built",
                            stripe.edge.id, boundary.id
                        )));
                    }
                    let (plan, needs_validation) = plan_cap_end(
                        solid,
                        &mut result,
                        &mut take_id,
                        stripe,
                        vertex,
                        at_start,
                        stripe.end_radius[slot],
                        &mut pending_caps,
                    )?;
                    crossings.note(needs_validation || !tangent);
                    end_plans[index][slot] = Some(EndPlan::Cap(plan));
                }
            }
        }
    }

    free_ends_timing.stop();
    end_plans_timing.stop();
    // ---- 7. Sew: every stripe, then the corner patches and the miter
    //         trims, then one prune. ----
    let surgery_timing = super::BlendTimer::start("timing.surgery_ms");
    let mut sewn: Vec<SewnStripe> = Vec::with_capacity(stripes.len());
    // Each FILLET stripe's shipped wall, read on what ships and owed typed
    // where it does not meet its bars: bound to its sewn face at the end.
    let mut owed: Vec<OwedWallReport> = Vec::new();
    for (index, stripe) in stripes.iter().enumerate() {
        let [start_plan, finish_plan] = std::mem::replace(&mut end_plans[index], [None, None]);
        let (Some(start_plan), Some(finish_plan)) = (start_plan, finish_plan) else {
            return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "stripe_end_plan", "blend network: a stripe end was left unplanned"));
        };
        // The two ends must leave some rail between them.  When the corner
        // setbacks from both ends meet or cross, the edge is shorter than the
        // fillet is wide and its blend strip pinches out — a configuration
        // this lane names rather than builds (pinch splitting is not
        // implemented).
        //
        // "Some rail" is a LENGTH, measured on the rail itself, and the bar
        // is the one the corner stations were accepted under
        // (`corner_station_bar`): two stops closer than that are the same
        // point by this lane's own standard, and two stops farther apart
        // bound a strip the surgery splits like any other.  It used to be
        // read in ROW PARAMETER against `RIM_MARGIN`, which is the margin a
        // single station needs from the row's END, not a strip width — and
        // 2e-3 of a row is 0.04 on a 20-long edge, so every strip narrower
        // than that (all twelve edges of a 20-cube at r ≥ 9.99, a strip of
        // 0.02) was refused as a pinch and fell through to the cutter
        // composition, which returned a validating solid with half the
        // part's volume again.  The row's parameter is not a length.
        //
        // A strip within `consumed_band` of nothing is the FULL-WIDTH corner:
        // the two stops are one point, the surgery builds no rail there, and
        // `collapse_full_width` identifies the rims and drops what lost its
        // area.  Any wider strip is kept as a face — it is at least a sliver
        // wide, the same rule the consumed width follows — and only stops that
        // CROSS by more than the band are a pinch.  The bar used to be the
        // corner station's own (1.8e-5 on a 10-cube), which sent every strip
        // under it to the cutter composition; at 1e-5 short of full width that
        // built a collapsed 5F/8E/5V miter 8.0e-4 off its closed form.
        let band = consumed_band(solid);
        let converted = converted_rows.iter().find(|(converted_index, _)| *converted_index == index).map(|(_, rows)| rows);
        let stripe_rows: &FittedRows = converted.unwrap_or(&stripe.rows);
        for (row, start, finish, which) in [
            (
                &stripe_rows.cr,
                start_plan.cr_parameter(),
                finish_plan.cr_parameter(),
                "first",
            ),
            (
                &stripe_rows.cs,
                start_plan.cs_parameter(),
                finish_plan.cs_parameter(),
                "second",
            ),
        ] {
            let strip = row.evaluate(finish).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?.sub(row.evaluate(start).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?).length();
            if finish <= start && strip > band {
                return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Refine, "stripe_pinch", format!(
                    "blend network: edge {} is shorter than the two corner setbacks that meet \
                     on it (its {which} rail would run from {start:.6} to {finish:.6}, stops \
                     {strip:.3e} past each other against a band of {band:.3e}); the blend strip \
                     pinches out and pinch splitting is not implemented",
                    stripe.edge.id
                )));
            }
        }
        let rows = FittedRows {
            surface: stripe_rows.surface.clone(),
            cr: stripe_rows.cr.clone(),
            cs: stripe_rows.cs.clone(),
            cr_pcurve: stripe_rows.cr_pcurve.clone(),
            cs_pcurve: stripe_rows.cs_pcurve.clone(),
            u_domain: stripe_rows.u_domain,
            center: None,
            exact_extrusion: stripe_rows.exact_extrusion,
            vertex_stations: stripe_rows.vertex_stations,
            revolution_axis: stripe_rows.revolution_axis,
        };
        // The SHIPPED windows: each rail between the parameters its two end
        // plans trim it to (corner station, pole, flush join, miter, cap or
        // free-end crossing), retained overshoot included; the wall over
        // their envelope.
        let spans = [
            shipped_span(&stripe.measure.parameters, &stripe_rows.cr, start_plan.cr_parameter(), finish_plan.cr_parameter(), band),
            shipped_span(&stripe.measure.parameters, &stripe_rows.cs, start_plan.cs_parameter(), finish_plan.cs_parameter(), band),
        ];
        let report_timing = super::BlendTimer::start("timing.surgery.wall_report_ms");
        let report = if converted.is_some() {
            None
        } else {
            shipped_wall_report(stripe, spans, stripe.law.constant().unwrap_or(radius), solid)
        };
        report_timing.stop();
        sewn.push(build_open_surgery(
            solid,
            &mut result,
            &mut take_id,
            stripe.edge,
            &stripe.first,
            &stripe.second,
            rows,
            [start_plan, finish_plan],
            stripe.name.as_deref(),
        )?);
        if let Some((reason, bar, measured, detail)) = report {
            let face_id = sewn[sewn.len() - 1].blend_face_id;
            // The wall AS SEWN (an exact extrusion is transposed at sewing). A
            // surgery that returned a face it did not sew is incoherent: it
            // refuses, as the open edge's lane does, rather than drop what the
            // wall owes.
            let face = result.shells.iter().flat_map(|shell| &shell.faces).find(|face| face.id == face_id).ok_or_else(|| {
                KernelRefusal::internal(
                    KernelStage::Sew,
                    "network_blend_face",
                    format!("blend network: edge {}'s sewn blend face {face_id} is not in the body it was sewn into", stripe.edge.id),
                )
            })?;
            owed.push(OwedWallReport {
                edge: stripe.edge.id,
                name: stripe.name.clone(),
                surface: face.surface.clone(),
                reason,
                bar,
                measured,
                detail,
            });
        }
    }
    let closures_timing = super::BlendTimer::start("timing.surgery.closures_ms");
    for patch in patches {
        let face = if chamfer {
            build_chamfer_corner_facet(
                patch.center,
                &patch.normals,
                &patch.arcs,
                patch.outward,
                patch.name.as_deref(),
                &mut take_id,
            )?
        } else {
            let (face, pole) = build_corner_patch_exact(
                patch.center,
                patch.radius,
                &patch.normals,
                &patch.arcs,
                patch.outward,
                patch.name.as_deref(),
                &mut take_id,
            )?;
            if let Some(edge) = pole {
                result.edges.push(edge);
            }
            face
        };
        let shell_index = result
            .shells
            .iter()
            .position(|shell| !shell.faces.is_empty())
            .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "shell", "blend network: the solid has no shell to sew the corner patch into"))?;
        result.shells[shell_index].faces.push(face);
    }
    for patch in ribbon_patches {
        let ribs: Vec<RibbonRib<'_>> = patch
            .ribs
            .iter()
            .map(|(index, edge, pcurve)| RibbonRib {
                edge: edge.clone(),
                surface: &stripes[*index].rows.surface,
                pcurve: pcurve.clone(),
            })
            .collect();
        let (face, reading) = build_ribbon_star_patch(&ribs, patch.center, patch.outward, patch.name.as_deref(), &mut take_id)?;
        super::record_count("count.ribbon_star_fills", 1);
        if super::timing::enabled() && std::env::var_os("BREP_PROFILE").is_some() {
            eprintln!(
                "blend.ribbon_star residual={:.3e} scale={:.3e} twist={:.3e}",
                reading.cross_derivative_residual, reading.cross_derivative_scale, reading.twist_discrepancy
            );
        }
        let shell_index = result
            .shells
            .iter()
            .position(|shell| !shell.faces.is_empty())
            .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "shell", "blend network: the solid has no shell to sew the ribbon fill into"))?;
        result.shells[shell_index].faces.push(face);
    }
    for miter in pending_miters {
        // The sharp edge loses its corner end: it now starts at the seam's
        // exit on it, on both faces it borders — or, where the exit IS its far
        // vertex, it is gone.
        let consumed_whole = result
            .edges
            .iter()
            .find(|edge| edge.id == miter.sharp_edge)
            .is_some_and(|edge| {
                edge.start_vertex_id == miter.sharp_vertex || edge.end_vertex_id == miter.sharp_vertex
            });
        if consumed_whole {
            // An ASYMMETRIC miter whose connector ends on the far vertex is
            // the full-width case of the connector's face: the follower's
            // rail on its other mate lands on that vertex (a boss whose side
            // face is exactly one radius wide, the reported star rib whose
            // inner vertices sit one radius off the plate), the sharp edge is
            // consumed whole, and the connector takes its place on the
            // leader's other face — between the leader's rail and whatever
            // edge followed the sharp edge at the far vertex (spliced by
            // vertex adjacency below, since there is no sharp edge left to
            // be adjacent to).  Measured 2026-10-01 on that rib at r = 1:
            // refused here by name, the group fell to the cutter's capped
            // corners.
            consume_sharp_edge(&mut result, miter.sharp_edge);
            consumed_sharp_edge = true;
            if miter.connector.is_none() {
                continue;
            }
        } else {
            trim_edge_at(
                &mut result,
                miter.sharp_edge,
                miter.sharp_parameter,
                miter.vertex,
                miter.sharp_vertex,
            )?;
        }
        let Some((leader_index, face_id, connector_id, on_face)) = miter.connector else {
            continue;
        };
        // The connector sits on the leader's other face between the
        // leader's rail there (which ends at the seam's exit) and the
        // trimmed sharp edge (which starts where the connector ends).
        let leader = &stripes[leader_index];
        let rail_id = if leader.first.face.id == face_id {
            sewn[leader_index].cr_edge_id
        } else {
            sewn[leader_index].cs_edge_id
        }
        .ok_or_else(|| {
            format!(
                "{RAIL_COLLAPSE_UNSUPPORTED} the miter connector at vertex {} runs from a leader \
                 rail that collapsed to a point",
                miter.vertex
            )
        }).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "ok_or_else")?;
        // The rail's two ends and the connector's start (the seam's exit),
        // read before the face is borrowed: with the sharp edge consumed
        // whole the connector is placed by this adjacency instead.
        let vertices_of = |result: &BrepSolid, id: u64| {
            result
                .edges
                .iter()
                .find(|edge| edge.id == id)
                .map(|edge| (edge.start_vertex_id, edge.end_vertex_id))
                .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(
                    KernelStage::Sew,
                    "connector_edges",
                    "blend network: a miter edge vanished before the connector was spliced",
                ))
        };
        let (rail_start, rail_end) = vertices_of(&result, rail_id)?;
        let (connector_start, _) = vertices_of(&result, connector_id)?;
        let coedge_id = take_id();
        let face = result
            .shells
            .iter_mut()
            .flat_map(|shell| &mut shell.faces)
            .find(|face| face.id == face_id)
            .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "connector_face", "blend network: the connector's face is missing"))?;
        let mut spliced = false;
        for loop_record in &mut face.loops {
            let count = loop_record.coedges.len();
            let Some(rail_at) = loop_record
                .coedges
                .iter()
                .position(|coedge| coedge.edge_id == rail_id)
            else {
                continue;
            };
            let (insert_at, forward, pcurve) = if consumed_whole {
                // No sharp edge to be adjacent to: the connector follows the
                // rail when the rail's walk ends at the seam's exit, and
                // precedes it (reversed) when the walk starts there.
                let rail = &loop_record.coedges[rail_at];
                let (walk_start, walk_end) = if rail.forward {
                    (rail_start, rail_end)
                } else {
                    (rail_end, rail_start)
                };
                if walk_end == connector_start {
                    (rail_at + 1, true, on_face.clone())
                } else if walk_start == connector_start {
                    (rail_at, false, on_face.reversed().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "reversed")?)
                } else {
                    return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(
                        KernelStage::Sew,
                        "connector_adjacency",
                        "blend network: the leader's rail does not end at the seam's exit on \
                         the connector's face",
                    ));
                }
            } else {
                let Some(sharp_at) = loop_record
                    .coedges
                    .iter()
                    .position(|coedge| coedge.edge_id == miter.sharp_edge)
                else {
                    continue;
                };
                if (rail_at + 1) % count == sharp_at {
                    // rail -> connector -> sharp: the walk runs from the rail's
                    // end (the seam's exit) to the sharp edge, the stored sense.
                    (rail_at + 1, true, on_face.clone())
                } else if (sharp_at + 1) % count == rail_at {
                    (sharp_at + 1, false, on_face.reversed().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "reversed")?)
                } else {
                    return Err(
                        KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "connector_adjacency", "blend network: the leader's rail and the sharp edge are not adjacent on \
                         the connector's face"),
                    );
                }
            };
            loop_record.coedges.insert(
                insert_at,
                CoedgeRecord {
                    id: coedge_id,
                    edge_id: connector_id,
                    forward,
                    pcurve,
                },
            );
            spliced = true;
            break;
        }
        if !spliced {
            return Err(
                KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "connector_loop", "blend network: no loop on the connector's face holds the leader's rail and \
                 the sharp edge"),
            );
        }
    }
    for horn in pending_horns {
        let radius = vertex_radius_of(horn.vertex).unwrap_or(radius);
        trim_edge_at(
            &mut result,
            horn.sharp_edge,
            horn.sharp_parameter,
            horn.vertex,
            horn.pole_vertex,
        )?;
        let corner_point = solid
            .vertices
            .iter()
            .find(|vertex| vertex.id == horn.vertex)
            .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "reentrant_vertex", "blend network: re-entrant vertex missing"))?
            .point;
        let [(index_a, arc_a, cap_a, cap_point_a, center_a), (index_b, arc_b, cap_b, cap_point_b, center_b)] =
            <[_; 2]>::try_from(horn.ends).map_err(|_| KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "horn_ends", "blend network: a horn needs two ends"))?;
        // The cap arc: the torus's tangency with the cap, a circle of one
        // radius about the re-entrant vertex from one cap point to the other.
        let cap_arc = corner_section_arc(corner_point, radius, cap_point_a, cap_point_b)?;
        let cap_domain = cap_arc.domain().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "domain")?;
        let cap_arc_id = take_id();
        result.edges.push(EdgeRecord {
            id: cap_arc_id,
            curve: cap_arc.clone(),
            t0: cap_domain[0],
            t1: cap_domain[1],
            start_vertex_id: cap_a,
            end_vertex_id: cap_b,
            degenerate: false,
            name: None,
        });
        // Splice it into the cap's loop between the two cap rails.
        let cap_forward_on_cap: bool;
        let horn_rail = |index: usize| {
            if stripes[index].first.face.id == horn.cap_face {
                sewn[index].cr_edge_id
            } else {
                sewn[index].cs_edge_id
            }
            .ok_or_else(|| {
                format!(
                    "{RAIL_COLLAPSE_UNSUPPORTED} a cap rail at the re-entrant vertex {} collapsed \
                     to a point",
                    horn.vertex
                )
            })
        };
        let (rail_a, rail_b) = (horn_rail(index_a).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "horn_rail")?, horn_rail(index_b).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "horn_rail")?);
        {
            let cap_face = result
                .shells
                .iter_mut()
                .flat_map(|shell| &mut shell.faces)
                .find(|face| face.id == horn.cap_face)
                .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "cap_face", "blend network: the cap face is missing"))?;
            let cap_pcurve = {
                // The cap is planar here (checked above): its pcurve is the
                // projection of the arc's samples.
                let mut samples = Vec::with_capacity(17);
                let mut parameters = Vec::with_capacity(17);
                for k in 0..=16 {
                    let t = cap_domain[0] + (cap_domain[1] - cap_domain[0]) * k as f64 / 16.0;
                    let point = cap_arc.evaluate(t).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?;
                    let projection = crate::project_point_to_surface(&cap_face.surface, point).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "project_point_to_surface")?;
                    samples.push(crate::Vec4::from_point(
                        Vec3::new(projection.u, projection.v, 0.0),
                        1.0,
                    ));
                    parameters.push(k as f64 / 16.0);
                }
                crate::fit::interpolate_homogeneous(&samples, 3, &parameters).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "interpolate_homogeneous")?
            };
            let mut spliced: Option<bool> = None;
            for loop_record in &mut cap_face.loops {
                let count = loop_record.coedges.len();
                let (Some(at_a), Some(at_b)) = (
                    loop_record.coedges.iter().position(|c| c.edge_id == rail_a),
                    loop_record.coedges.iter().position(|c| c.edge_id == rail_b),
                ) else {
                    continue;
                };
                let (insert_at, forward, pcurve) = if (at_a + 1) % count == at_b {
                    (at_a + 1, true, cap_pcurve.clone())
                } else if (at_b + 1) % count == at_a {
                    (at_b + 1, false, cap_pcurve.reversed().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "reversed")?)
                } else {
                    return Err(
                        KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "cap_rails", "blend network: the two cap rails are not adjacent on the cap"),
                    );
                };
                loop_record.coedges.insert(
                    insert_at,
                    CoedgeRecord {
                        id: take_id(),
                        edge_id: cap_arc_id,
                        forward,
                        pcurve,
                    },
                );
                spliced = Some(forward);
                break;
            }
            let Some(forward) = spliced else {
                return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "cap_loop", "blend network: no cap loop holds both cap rails"));
            };
            cap_forward_on_cap = forward;
        }
        // The horn-torus sector: the generatrix is the first stripe's section
        // arc run from the pole to its cap point, revolved about the concave
        // edge through the pole by the angle between the two ball centres.
        let radial_a = center_a.sub(horn.pole).normalized().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "normalized")?;
        let radial_b = center_b.sub(horn.pole).normalized().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "normalized")?;
        let sweep = radial_a.dot(radial_b).clamp(-1.0, 1.0).acos();
        if sweep < 1e-9 {
            return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "horn_torus_sweep", "blend network: degenerate horn-torus sweep"));
        }
        let revolve_axis = if radial_a.cross(radial_b).dot(horn.axis) > 0.0 {
            horn.axis
        } else {
            horn.axis.scale(-1.0)
        };
        // The generatrix IS the stripe's end section, so the closure follows
        // the section's shape: a fillet revolves the ball's ARC and gets the
        // horn torus; a chamfer revolves the CHORD and gets a CONE, apex at
        // the pole. The pole is the same point at every pivot angle — it is
        // where the ball touches the concave edge — so the chord has one end
        // pinned to the axis, and sweeping that is a cone by construction.
        // `make_revolution` already takes a generatrix meeting the axis: the
        // horn torus is degenerate at the pole in exactly the same way.
        let generatrix = if chamfer {
            crate::make_line(horn.pole, cap_point_a).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "make_line")?
        } else {
            corner_section_arc(center_a, radius, horn.pole, cap_point_a)?
        };
        let surface = crate::make_revolution(horn.pole, revolve_axis, &generatrix, sweep).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "make_revolution")?;
        // Sanity: the far meridian lands on the second stripe's cap point.
        let far = surface.evaluate(1.0, 1.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?;
        if far.sub(cap_point_b).length() > 1e-6 * (1.0 + radius) {
            return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "horn_torus_closure", format!(
                "blend network: the horn torus does not close on the second cap point ({:.3e} off)",
                far.sub(cap_point_b).length()
            )));
        }
        let pole_edge_id = take_id();
        result.edges.push(EdgeRecord {
            id: pole_edge_id,
            curve: crate::make_line(horn.pole, horn.pole).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "make_line")?,
            t0: 0.0,
            t1: 1.0,
            start_vertex_id: horn.pole_vertex,
            end_vertex_id: horn.pole_vertex,
            degenerate: true,
            name: None,
        });
        let pl = |u0, v0, u1, v1| crate::sweep_topology::parameter_line(u0, v0, u1, v1);
        // Every shared edge is used with the sense OPPOSITE to its
        // neighbour: the blends use their section arcs forward (they were
        // stored in the blends' walk direction), the cap uses the cap arc
        // with the sense the splice gave it.  Those three senses fix the
        // walk; the u/v boundaries are: u = 0 meridian = arc_a, v = 1 = the
        // cap arc, u = 1 meridian = arc_b, v = 0 = the pole.
        let a_walks_down = arc_a.start_vertex_id == horn.pole_vertex; // forward=false walks cap_a -> pole
        let b_walks_up = arc_b.end_vertex_id == horn.pole_vertex; // forward=false walks pole -> cap_b
        let cap_walks_back = cap_forward_on_cap; // horn uses !cap_forward: cap_b -> cap_a iff the cap walked a -> b
        if a_walks_down != b_walks_up || a_walks_down != cap_walks_back {
            return Err(
                KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "horn_boundary_walk", "blend network: the blends and the cap do not walk the horn's boundary \
                 consistently"),
            );
        }
        let coedges = if a_walks_down {
            // cap_a -> pole -> (pole edge) -> cap_b -> cap_a
            vec![
                CoedgeRecord {
                    id: take_id(),
                    edge_id: arc_a.id,
                    forward: false,
                    pcurve: pl(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "pl")?,
                },
                CoedgeRecord {
                    id: take_id(),
                    edge_id: pole_edge_id,
                    forward: true,
                    pcurve: pl(0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "pl")?,
                },
                CoedgeRecord {
                    id: take_id(),
                    edge_id: arc_b.id,
                    forward: false,
                    pcurve: pl(1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "pl")?,
                },
                CoedgeRecord {
                    id: take_id(),
                    edge_id: cap_arc_id,
                    forward: false,
                    pcurve: pl(1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "pl")?,
                },
            ]
        } else {
            // pole -> cap_a -> cap_b -> pole -> (pole edge)
            vec![
                CoedgeRecord {
                    id: take_id(),
                    edge_id: arc_a.id,
                    forward: false,
                    pcurve: pl(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "pl")?,
                },
                CoedgeRecord {
                    id: take_id(),
                    edge_id: cap_arc_id,
                    forward: true,
                    pcurve: pl(0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "pl")?,
                },
                CoedgeRecord {
                    id: take_id(),
                    edge_id: arc_b.id,
                    forward: false,
                    pcurve: pl(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "pl")?,
                },
                CoedgeRecord {
                    id: take_id(),
                    edge_id: pole_edge_id,
                    forward: true,
                    pcurve: pl(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "pl")?,
                },
            ]
        };
        // Orient at the tangency with the common cap. This works for both
        // material sides of the rolling ball and for every radius.
        let contact = surface.evaluate(0.5, 1.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?;
        let cap = solid.shells.iter().flat_map(|shell| &shell.faces)
            .find(|face| face.id == horn.cap_face)
            .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "cap_face", "blend network: missing horn cap"))?;
        let projection = crate::project_point_to_surface(&cap.surface, contact)
            .or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "project")?;
        let cap_normal = cap.surface.normal(projection.u, projection.v)
            .or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "normal")?;
        let outward = if cap.same_sense { cap_normal } else { cap_normal.scale(-1.0) };
        let surface_normal = surface.normal(0.5, 1.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "normal")?;
        let same_sense = surface_normal.dot(outward) > 0.0;
        let loop_id = take_id();
        let face = FaceRecord {
            id: take_id(),
            surface,
            same_sense,
            loops: vec![crate::topology::LoopRecord {
                id: loop_id,
                coedges,
            }],
            name: horn.name,
        };
        let shell_index = result
            .shells
            .iter()
            .position(|shell| !shell.faces.is_empty())
            .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "shell", "blend network: the solid has no shell to sew the horn torus into"))?;
        result.shells[shell_index].faces.push(face);
    }
    for pending in pending_mixed {
        sew_mixed_star(&mut result, solid, &mut take_id, &stripes, &sewn, pending.vertex, &pending.mixed, &pending.arcs, [pending.v_a, pending.v_b, pending.w_a, pending.w_b], pending.name)?;
    }
    for flush in pending_flush {
        for (seam_id, parameter, rim) in flush.seam_trims {
            trim_edge_at(&mut result, seam_id, parameter, flush.vertex, rim)?;
        }
    }
    for cap in pending_caps {
        sew_cap(&mut result, &mut take_id, cap)?;
    }
    // A miter at a revolved pole cuts away its degenerate boundary as well
    // as the two selected edges. The replacement rails already meet at their
    // new rim; retaining the old point edge would reopen that face's loop.
    let mut consumed_poles = Vec::new();
    for face in result.shells.iter().flat_map(|shell| &shell.faces) {
        for ring in &face.loops {
            let n = ring.coedges.len();
            for (i, coedge) in ring.coedges.iter().enumerate() {
                let edge = result.edges.iter().find(|e| e.id == coedge.edge_id)
                    .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "pole_edge",
                        "blend network: pole cleanup references a missing edge"))?;
                if !edge.degenerate || n < 3 {
                    continue;
                }
                let (_, before) = coedge_walk(&result, &ring.coedges[(i + n - 1) % n])?;
                let (after, _) = coedge_walk(&result, &ring.coedges[(i + 1) % n])?;
                if before == after && before != edge.start_vertex_id {
                    consumed_poles.push(edge.id);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    for edge in consumed_poles {
        // A shared degenerate edge may still bound another face's chart.
        // Only this face's isolated pole is known to have been consumed.
        let uses = result.shells.iter().flat_map(|shell| &shell.faces)
            .flat_map(|face| &face.loops).flat_map(|ring| &ring.coedges)
            .filter(|coedge| coedge.edge_id == edge).count();
        if uses == 1 {
            consume_sharp_edge(&mut result, edge);
        }
    }
    // Full-width corners: every collapsed rail's rims are one vertex, and the
    // faces that identification leaves without area go.  The passes below see
    // the collapsed body, so a mate or a rail that went is left out of them
    // exactly as a consumed one is.
    let identified: Vec<(u64, u64)> =
        sewn.iter().flat_map(|stripe| stripe.identified.iter().copied()).collect();
    let collapse = collapse_full_width(
        solid,
        &mut result,
        &identified,
        consumed_sharp_edge,
        consumed_band(solid),
    )?;
    let face_exists = |result: &BrepSolid, id: u64| {
        result.shells.iter().flat_map(|shell| &shell.faces).any(|face| face.id == id)
    };
    for stripe in &mut sewn {
        stripe.cr_edge_id = stripe.cr_edge_id.map(|id| collapse.edge(id));
        stripe.cs_edge_id = stripe.cs_edge_id.map(|id| collapse.edge(id));
    }
    for (index, stripe) in stripes.iter().enumerate() {
        for (side, face) in [stripe.first.face.id, stripe.second.face.id].into_iter().enumerate() {
            sewn[index].consumed[side] |= !face_exists(&result, face);
        }
    }
    // A rail that wrapped a PERIODIC mate crosses that carrier's seam
    // meridian; split it there and trim the seam edge the blend just ate the
    // end of, so the carrier keeps its seam-in-one-loop structure.
    //
    // A mate the stripe CONSUMED whole is gone, and its rail is the existing
    // edge the blend was sewn onto: there is no carrier left to split and no
    // rail this operation built, so both are left out.  The face across that
    // edge keeps the loop it had, which already closed.
    let mut rail_faces: Vec<(u64, u64)> = Vec::with_capacity(sewn.len() * 2);
    for (index, stripe) in stripes.iter().enumerate() {
        for (side, face, rail) in [
            (0, stripe.first.face.id, sewn[index].cr_edge_id),
            (1, stripe.second.face.id, sewn[index].cs_edge_id),
        ] {
            if let (false, Some(rail)) = (sewn[index].consumed[side], rail) {
                rail_faces.push((face, rail));
            }
        }
    }
    let mut rail_edges: Vec<u64> = rail_faces.iter().map(|(_, rail)| *rail).collect();
    let mut seam_faces: Vec<u64> = rail_faces.iter().map(|(face, _)| *face).collect();
    seam_faces.sort_unstable();
    seam_faces.dedup();
    for face_id in seam_faces {
        // One seam pair per periodic direction, so a second pass only ever
        // finds the u-and-v case; the bound keeps a mis-detection from looping.
        for _ in 0..2 {
            let Some(plan) = plan_carrier_seam_split(&result, &rail_edges, face_id)? else {
                break;
            };
            if std::env::var("BREP_DEBUG_NETWORK").is_ok() {
                match &plan {
                    CarrierSeamRepair::Split(plan) => eprintln!(
                        "carrier seam: face {face_id} seam {} crossed by rail {} — split",
                        plan.seam_edge, plan.rail_edge
                    ),
                    CarrierSeamRepair::Trim(plan) => eprintln!(
                        "carrier seam: face {face_id} seam {} met by rails at vertex {} — re-footed",
                        plan.seam_edge, plan.rim_vertex
                    ),
                }
            }
            match plan {
                CarrierSeamRepair::Split(plan) => {
                    let original_rail = plan.rail_edge;
                    let pieces = apply_carrier_seam_split(&mut result, &mut take_id, plan)?;
                    // Both descendants retain this operation's constructed-rail
                    // provenance. A second retained meridian can cross one piece of
                    // the very rail the first seam split replaced.
                    rail_edges.retain(|&edge| edge != original_rail);
                    rail_edges.extend(pieces);
                }
                // The rails already meet on the meridian: no rail changes, the
                // seam is re-footed on their shared rim vertex.
                CarrierSeamRepair::Trim(plan) => apply_carrier_seam_trim(&mut result, plan)?,
            }
        }
    }
    closures_timing.stop();
    surgery_timing.stop();
    let restriction_timing = super::BlendTimer::start("timing.restriction_ms");
    // Restrict every stripe against the THIRD faces it crosses. ---- The
    // surgery above re-trimmed each stripe's two MATES and nothing else, which
    // is complete only while the swept volume touches nothing but them. Where a
    // third face crosses it, the stripe is trimmed against that face directly
    // here — rails located from the blend face's own loop, because the seam
    // split above may already have replaced the ids `sewn` recorded. A crossing
    // this lane does not construct refuses BY NAME, and the group falls to the
    // cutter exactly as it did before (item 1). A stripe whose blend face
    // collapsed (a full-width star's bevel) swept no area, so nothing can cross
    // it.
    let stripe_faces: Vec<StripeFaces> = stripes
        .iter()
        .enumerate()
        .filter(|(index, _)| face_exists(&result, sewn[*index].blend_face_id))
        .map(|(index, stripe)| {
            Ok(StripeFaces {
                blend_face: sewn[index].blend_face_id,
                mates: [stripe.first.face.id, stripe.second.face.id],
                consumed: sewn[index].consumed,
                convex: edge_is_convex(stripe.edge, &stripe.first, &stripe.second)?,
                size: stripe.law.largest(),
            })
        })
        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, KernelRefusal>>()?;
    if std::env::var("BREP_NO_THIRD_FACE_TRIM").is_err() {
        let policy = crate::KernelTolerances::for_solid(solid, 1e-7);
        let third_faces_timing = super::BlendTimer::start("timing.restriction.third_faces_ms");
        let fragments = restrict_third_faces(&mut result, &mut take_id, &stripe_faces, &policy)?;
        third_faces_timing.stop();
        // The closures — every face the network built that is not a stripe's
        // wall — against the voids under them (`restrict_closures`).  A piece
        // a restriction cut off a mate is an input face, not a closure.
        let original_faces: Vec<u64> = solid
            .shells
            .iter()
            .flat_map(|shell| &shell.faces)
            .map(|face| face.id)
            .chain(fragments)
            .collect();
        let walls: Vec<u64> = sewn.iter().map(|stripe| stripe.blend_face_id).collect();
        let closures: Vec<u64> = result
            .shells
            .iter()
            .flat_map(|shell| &shell.faces)
            .map(|face| face.id)
            .filter(|id| !original_faces.contains(id) && !walls.contains(id))
            .collect();
        let closures_timing = super::BlendTimer::start("timing.restriction.closures_ms");
        super::restrict::restrict_closures(&mut result, &mut take_id, &closures, solid, radius, &policy)?;
        closures_timing.stop();
    }

    restriction_timing.stop();
    let gate_timing = super::BlendTimer::start("timing.network_gate_ms");
    prune_orphan_vertices(&mut result);
    if !collapse.merged_edges.is_empty() {
        let blend_faces: Vec<u64> = sewn.iter().map(|stripe| stripe.blend_face_id).collect();
        result = absorb_cosurface_halves(result, &collapse.merged_edges, &blend_faces)?;
    }
    let snap = sewn.iter().fold(0.0f64, |worst, stripe| worst.max(stripe.snap));
    check_snap_closure(solid, &result, snap)?;
    if collapse.changed() {
        check_collapse_closure(solid, &result)?;
    }
    let built = crossings.gate(result)?;
    gate_timing.stop();
    // Only a network that BUILT owes its reports. Each binds to its wall on
    // the built body by exact name and exact surface (the consumer's own
    // rule); a wall a later step replaced (absorbed, rebuilt) cannot carry a
    // typed report, so its deficit is named in a note instead -- never
    // dropped, never claimed met.
    for report in owed {
        let carried = built.shells.iter().flat_map(|shell| &shell.faces).any(|face| {
            face.name == report.name && super::same_surface(&face.surface, &report.surface)
        });
        if carried {
            super::record_wall_model_report(super::WallModelReport {
                name: report.name,
                surface: report.surface,
                request: report.bar,
                residual: report.measured,
                detail: Some(report.detail),
                budget: report.reason,
            });
        } else {
            super::record_blend_note(format!(
                "blend network: edge {}'s shipped wall owes a {:?} report ({:.3e} against {:.3e}; {}), but a \
                 later network step replaced its face, so it is named here instead",
                report.edge, report.reason.reason, report.measured, report.bar, report.detail
            ));
        }
    }
    Ok(built)
}

/// A FILLET stripe's shipped-wall report, owed until its face is bound.
struct OwedWallReport {
    edge: u64,
    name: Option<String>,
    surface: crate::NurbsSurface,
    reason: crate::ApproximationBudget,
    bar: f64,
    measured: f64,
    detail: String,
}

/// What one rail of a stripe SHIPS between its two end plans' parameters.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
enum ShippedSpan {
    /// A window `[start, finish]` of the rows' parameters.
    Window([f64; 2]),
    /// A VALIDATED full-width collapse: the stops meet or cross, and the rail
    /// between them is within `consumed_band` (the same rule, read the same
    /// way, as the sewing loop's pinch check, which refuses anything wider).
    Collapsed,
    /// Neither: a stop that is not finite, lies outside the marched rows, or
    /// a strip that cannot be read. Never taken for a collapse.
    Unread,
}

fn shipped_span(parameters: &[f64], row: &NurbsCurve, start: f64, finish: f64, band: f64) -> ShippedSpan {
    let (Some(&first), Some(&last)) = (parameters.first(), parameters.last()) else {
        return ShippedSpan::Unread;
    };
    let inside = |t: f64| t.is_finite() && t >= first && t <= last;
    if !(inside(start) && inside(finish)) {
        return ShippedSpan::Unread;
    }
    if finish > start {
        return ShippedSpan::Window([start, finish]);
    }
    let strip = row.evaluate(finish).ok().zip(row.evaluate(start).ok()).map(|(a, b)| a.sub(b).length());
    match strip {
        Some(strip) if strip.is_finite() && strip <= band => ShippedSpan::Collapsed,
        _ => ShippedSpan::Unread,
    }
}

/// What a stripe's SHIPPED wall owes, read on the spans its end plans trim
/// it to: `None` when nothing ships (BOTH rails a validated collapse:
/// [`ShippedSpan::Collapsed`]) or when it meets its bars (and, a fillet,
/// `model`). An unread span is never a collapse: it is an unread rail.
/// Otherwise the
/// typed budget, the bar and the measured value, and the detail text:
/// - rails or wall over their acceptance bars, or unreadable, on the SHIPPED
///   windows -- whether or not the ladder accepted the vertex window -- is an
///   acceptance deficit (`Unaccepted` / `Unread`, `blend.wall_acceptance`);
/// - an accepted shipped wall short of `model` is the construction request's
///   (`blend.wall_model`), with the reason its ladder stopped.
/// A chamfer's wall is not judged (rails only). On an edge stationary at a
/// vertex a rail over its bar is reported UNREAD.
fn shipped_wall_report(
    stripe: &Stripe,
    spans: [ShippedSpan; 2],
    radius: f64,
    solid: &BrepSolid,
) -> Option<(crate::ApproximationBudget, f64, f64, String)> {
    if spans.iter().all(|span| matches!(span, ShippedSpan::Collapsed)) {
        return None;
    }
    let windows = spans.map(|span| match span {
        ShippedSpan::Window(window) => Some(window),
        ShippedSpan::Collapsed | ShippedSpan::Unread => None,
    });
    let measure = &stripe.measure;
    let tolerances = crate::KernelTolerances::for_solid(solid, 1e-7);
    let rail_bar = 0.5 * tolerances.intersection_fit;
    let (wall_bar, model) = (tolerances.intersection_fit, tolerances.model);
    let rails_timing = super::BlendTimer::start("timing.surgery.wall_report.rails_ms");
    let (rails, rail_samples) = rails_on_shipped_windows(
        &stripe.rows,
        &measure.parameters,
        &measure.stations,
        [&stripe.first.face.surface, &stripe.second.face.surface],
        windows,
    );
    rails_timing.stop();
    // The wall over the envelope of what ships (a collapsed rail ships no
    // span of its own); with an unread rail, or nothing to envelope, no wall
    // interval is read and the wall is unread.
    let envelope = windows.iter().flatten().fold(None, |envelope: Option<[f64; 2]>, window| {
        Some(envelope.map_or(*window, |known| [known[0].min(window[0]), known[1].max(window[1])]))
    });
    let any_unread = spans.iter().any(|span| matches!(span, ShippedSpan::Unread));
    let walls_timing = super::BlendTimer::start("timing.surgery.wall_report.walls_ms");
    let walls_why = match (measure.wall_check, envelope, any_unread) {
        (true, Some(envelope), false) if stripe.rows.revolution_axis.is_some() => {
            exact_revolution_wall_readings(&stripe.rows, &measure.parameters, envelope, radius)
        }
        (true, Some(envelope), false) if measure.exact_lane => {
            exact_extrusion_wall_readings(&stripe.rows, &measure.parameters, envelope, radius)
        }
        (true, Some(envelope), false) => {
            open_wall_readings_why(&stripe.rows, &measure.parameters, &measure.stations, envelope, &measure.dense, radius)
        }
        _ => Vec::new(),
    };
    walls_timing.stop();
    let first_unread = walls_why.iter().find_map(|wall| wall.as_ref().err().cloned());
    let walls: Vec<Option<f64>> = walls_why.into_iter().map(|wall| wall.ok()).collect();
    let ladder = &measure.ladder_reading;
    let mut shipped = OpenRungReading {
        station_count: ladder.station_count,
        stations: ladder.stations,
        rails,
        rail_samples,
        walls,
        first_unread,
        refine_exit: ladder.refine_exit,
        inserted: ladder.inserted,
    };
    // Rails READ: a finite, nonnegative reading, every shipped window
    // sampled, a validated collapsed rail counting as read with nothing to
    // sample, an unread span never.
    let rails_read = |reading: &OpenRungReading| {
        reading.rails.is_finite()
            && reading.rails >= 0.0
            && spans.iter().zip(reading.rail_samples).all(|(span, samples)| match span {
                ShippedSpan::Window(_) => samples > 0,
                ShippedSpan::Collapsed => true,
                ShippedSpan::Unread => false,
            })
    };
    if measure.stationary_end && !(rails_read(&shipped) && shipped.rails <= rail_bar) {
        shipped.rails = f64::NAN;
    }
    let read = rails_read(&shipped);
    let accepted = read
        && shipped.rails <= rail_bar
        && (!measure.wall_check || shipped.worst_wall().is_some_and(|wall| wall <= wall_bar));
    let rungs_past_first = (ladder.station_count / STATIONS).trailing_zeros() as usize;
    let scope = format!(
        "read on the shipped spans {spans:?}; the ladder {} the vertex window at {} stations a rung (rails {:.3e}, wall {:?}); \
         the shipped rung's local rail refinement ended {:?} with {} stations inserted",
        if measure.ladder_accepted { "accepted" } else { "never accepted" },
        ladder.station_count,
        ladder.rails,
        ladder.worst_wall(),
        ladder.refine_exit,
        ladder.inserted
    );
    let budget = |reason: crate::BudgetReason, rounds_used: usize| crate::ApproximationBudget {
        reason,
        rounds_used,
        rounds_limit: OPEN_REQUEST_RUNGS,
        stations: ladder.stations,
        station_limit: REFINE_STATION_FACTOR * (MAX_OPEN_STATIONS + 1),
        mechanism: crate::BudgetMechanism::StationRungs,
        measured_component: crate::MeasuredComponent::Wall,
        unread: 0,
    };
    if !accepted {
        let (reason, bar, measured, deficit) =
            acceptance_deficit(&shipped, rail_bar, wall_bar, measure.wall_check, read, "the shipped windows fail acceptance");
        let rounds = if measure.ladder_accepted { measure.request_rungs } else { rungs_past_first };
        return Some((budget(reason, rounds), bar, measured, format!("{deficit}; {scope}")));
    }
    if measure.wall_check {
        let declared = shipped.worst_wall()?;
        if !(declared <= model) {
            let reason = measure.unmet.unwrap_or(crate::BudgetReason::StationCeiling);
            return Some((budget(reason, measure.request_rungs), model, declared, scope));
        }
    }
    None
}


/// Where a collapse merged the rails of two blends that ride ONE carrier —
/// the front and back rounds of a full-width channel are the two halves of one
/// cylinder, meeting along the top face's collapsed slit — make them one face,
/// and join the section arcs split at that rail's ends.  The merge is the
/// boolean's own same-carrier merge at its model tolerance
/// (`absorb_faces_into_carriers`, as the cutter scaffold settles its caps),
/// which moves no boundary; a merge its checks refuse leaves the two halves
/// standing, which is a valid body.  The absorbed half's name goes with it.
fn absorb_cosurface_halves(
    result: BrepSolid,
    merged_edges: &[(u64, u64)],
    blend_faces: &[u64],
) -> Result<BrepSolid, KernelRefusal> {
    let tolerance =
        crate::KernelTolerances::for_solid(&result, crate::BooleanOptions::default().tolerance)
            .model;
    let mut absorbed = rustc_hash::FxHashSet::default();
    let mut rail_ends = rustc_hash::FxHashSet::default();
    for &(_, kept) in merged_edges {
        let faces: Vec<&FaceRecord> = result
            .shells
            .iter()
            .flat_map(|shell| &shell.faces)
            .filter(|face| {
                face.loops
                    .iter()
                    .flat_map(|loop_record| &loop_record.coedges)
                    .any(|coedge| coedge.edge_id == kept)
            })
            .collect();
        let [first, second] = faces[..] else {
            continue;
        };
        if !(blend_faces.contains(&first.id) && blend_faces.contains(&second.id)) {
            continue;
        }
        if !crate::face_merge::faces_are_cosurface(first, second, tolerance)
            ?
        {
            continue;
        }
        absorbed.insert(first.id.max(second.id));
        if let Some(edge) = result.edges.iter().find(|edge| edge.id == kept) {
            rail_ends.insert(edge.start_vertex_id);
            rail_ends.insert(edge.end_vertex_id);
        }
    }
    if absorbed.is_empty() {
        return Ok(result);
    }
    let Ok(merged) = crate::face_merge::absorb_faces_into_carriers(&result, tolerance, &absorbed)
    else {
        return Ok(result);
    };
    Ok(match crate::coalesce::merge_curve_continuation_edges_at(&merged, tolerance, &rail_ends) {
        Ok(joined) if joined.validate().is_empty() => joined,
        _ => merged,
    })
}

/// Delete a sharp edge a full-width miter consumed whole: the seam closed on
/// its far vertex, so both faces it bordered lose it (and, consumed to their
/// far edges, collapse with it in `collapse_full_width`).
fn consume_sharp_edge(result: &mut BrepSolid, edge_id: u64) {
    for face in result.shells.iter_mut().flat_map(|shell| &mut shell.faces) {
        for loop_record in &mut face.loops {
            loop_record.coedges.retain(|coedge| coedge.edge_id != edge_id);
        }
    }
    result.edges.retain(|edge| edge.id != edge_id);
}

/// A cap's bulkhead, waiting for the stripes to be in so its arc and legs
/// exist: the plane's frame and the three edges in the bulkhead's own walk.
struct PendingCap {
    plane_origin: Vec3,
    plane_u: Vec3,
    plane_v: Vec3,
    plane_normal: Vec3,
    /// (edge id, stored start vertex, stored end vertex)
    arc: (u64, u64, u64),
    first_leg: (u64, u64, u64),
    second_leg: (u64, u64, u64),
    /// The bulkhead's outward normal must point along this (away from the
    /// stripe): the sliver's cross-section faces the continuing edge.
    outward: Vec3,
    name: Option<String>,
}

/// Plan a cap at `vertex`: commit the section curve and its two carrier
/// legs to the sharp vertex, and record the planar bulkhead. The boolean
/// requires validation when the curved-carrier construction was used.
#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
fn plan_cap_end(
    solid: &BrepSolid,
    result: &mut BrepSolid,
    take_id: &mut dyn FnMut() -> u64,
    stripe: &Stripe,
    vertex: u64,
    at_start: bool,
    radius: f64,
    pending: &mut Vec<PendingCap>,
) -> Result<(CapEnd, bool), KernelRefusal> {
    let sharp_point = solid
        .vertices
        .iter()
        .find(|candidate| candidate.id == vertex)
        .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "cap_vertex", "blend network: cap vertex missing"))?
        .point;
    let station = stripe
        .rows
        .vertex_stations
        .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "vertex_stations", "blend network: stripe rows carry no vertex stations"))?[usize::from(!at_start)];
    if !(station > RIM_MARGIN && station < 1.0 - RIM_MARGIN) {
        return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "vertex_section", format!(
            "blend network: edge {}'s vertex section lands at {station:.6}, outside the \
             marched rows",
            stripe.edge.id
        )));
    }
    let first_point = stripe.rows.cr.evaluate(station).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?;
    let second_point = stripe.rows.cs.evaluate(station).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?;
    let center = stripe
        .rows
        .center
        .as_ref()
        .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "centre_path", "blend network: stripe rows carry no centre path"))?
        .evaluate(station).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?;
    // The section plane: through the vertex, normal = the edge's tangent.
    let normal = tangent_away_from(stripe.edge, vertex)?;
    // A curved carrier's ball contacts need not lie in the centre's
    // section plane. Intersect that plane with the rails and the carriers
    // instead of mistaking the marched circular section for a planar cut.
    let planar = [first_point, second_point, center].iter().all(|point| {
        point.sub(sharp_point).dot(normal).abs() <= 1e-5 * (1.0 + radius)
    });
    let straight_legs = [(first_point, &stripe.first), (second_point, &stripe.second)]
        .into_iter().all(|(point, mate)| {
            crate::project_point_to_surface(&mate.face.surface, point.add(sharp_point).scale(0.5))
                .is_ok_and(|projection| projection.distance <= 1e-6 * (1.0 + radius))
        });
    let section = if planar && straight_legs {
        None
    } else {
        // A split of one continuous rim has the SAME boundary edge on both
        // mates. It is not a face junction: leave it to the tangent-chain
        // lane, which follows the complete rim (and handles its folds).
        // Capping that artificial split would silently shorten the fillet.
        let first_boundary = boundary_edge_at_vertex(solid, stripe.first.face, vertex, stripe.edge.id)?;
        let second_boundary = boundary_edge_at_vertex(solid, stripe.second.face, vertex, stripe.edge.id)?;
        if first_boundary == second_boundary {
            return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(
                KernelStage::Classify,
                "cap_continuous_rim",
                "blend network: curved cap on a split continuous rim requires the tangent-chain lane",
            ));
        }
        Some(cap::plane_section(stripe, sharp_point, normal, station, at_start)?)
    };
    let (cr_parameter, cs_parameter, first_point, second_point) = match &section {
        Some(section) => (section.cr, section.cs, section.first, section.second),
        None => (station, station, first_point, second_point),
    };
    // The legs meet at the EXISTING vertex — the continuing edge still ends
    // there, and a fresh vertex at the same point would leave every loop
    // through it open.
    let sharp_vertex = vertex;
    let first_vertex = take_id();
    result.vertices.push(VertexRecord {
        id: first_vertex,
        point: first_point,
    });
    let second_vertex = take_id();
    result.vertices.push(VertexRecord {
        id: second_vertex,
        point: second_point,
    });
    // The arc in the blend loop's walk direction.
    let walk_first_to_second = stripe.walk_first_to_second(at_start);
    let (from, to, from_vertex, to_vertex) = if walk_first_to_second {
        (first_point, second_point, first_vertex, second_vertex)
    } else {
        (second_point, first_point, second_vertex, first_vertex)
    };
    let arc = if let Some(section) = &section {
        if walk_first_to_second {
            section.curve.clone()
        } else {
            section.curve.reversed().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "reversed")?
        }
    } else {
        corner_section_arc(center, radius, from, to)?
    };
    let arc_domain = arc.domain().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "domain")?;
    let arc_edge_id = take_id();
    result.edges.push(EdgeRecord {
        id: arc_edge_id,
        curve: arc,
        t0: arc_domain[0],
        t1: arc_domain[1],
        start_vertex_id: from_vertex,
        end_vertex_id: to_vertex,
        degenerate: false,
        name: None,
    });
    let arc_blend_pcurve = if let Some(section) = &section {
        if walk_first_to_second {
            section.pcurve.clone()
        } else {
            section.pcurve.reversed().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "reversed")?
        }
    } else if walk_first_to_second {
        crate::sweep_topology::parameter_line(station, 0.0, station, 1.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "parameter_line")?
    } else {
        crate::sweep_topology::parameter_line(station, 1.0, station, 0.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "parameter_line")?
    };
    // Legs from rim to vertex. Keep the traced curves and pcurves on curved
    // carriers; the original straight-leg lane uses the projected endpoints.
    let mut leg = |rim_point: Vec3,
                   rim_vertex: u64,
                   face: &FaceRecord,
                   curved: Option<&(NurbsCurve, NurbsCurve)>|
     -> Result<(u64, NurbsCurve), KernelRefusal> {
        let id = take_id();
        result.edges.push(EdgeRecord {
            id,
            curve: match curved {
                Some((curve, _)) => curve.clone(),
                None => crate::make_line(rim_point, sharp_point).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "make_line")?,
            },
            t0: 0.0,
            t1: 1.0,
            start_vertex_id: rim_vertex,
            end_vertex_id: sharp_vertex,
            degenerate: false,
            name: None,
        });
        if let Some((_, pcurve)) = curved {
            return Ok((id, pcurve.clone()));
        }
        let a = crate::project_point_to_surface(&face.surface, rim_point).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "project_point_to_surface")?;
        let b = crate::project_point_to_surface(&face.surface, sharp_point).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "project_point_to_surface")?;
        Ok((id, crate::sweep_topology::parameter_line(a.u, a.v, b.u, b.v).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "parameter_line")?))
    };
    let first_leg = leg(first_point, first_vertex, stripe.first.face, section.as_ref().map(|s| &s.legs[0]))?;
    let second_leg = leg(second_point, second_vertex, stripe.second.face, section.as_ref().map(|s| &s.legs[1]))?;
    // The bulkhead plane's frame: u along first->second rim, v completing.
    let plane_u = second_point.sub(first_point).normalized().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "normalized")?;
    let plane_v = normal.cross(plane_u).normalized().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "normalized")?;
    pending.push(PendingCap {
        plane_origin: sharp_point,
        plane_u,
        plane_v,
        plane_normal: normal,
        arc: (arc_edge_id, from_vertex, to_vertex),
        first_leg: (first_leg.0, first_vertex, sharp_vertex),
        second_leg: (second_leg.0, second_vertex, sharp_vertex),
        outward: normal.scale(-1.0),
        name: stripe.name.clone(),
    });
    Ok((
        CapEnd {
            cr_parameter,
            cs_parameter,
            first_vertex,
            second_vertex,
            arc_edge_id,
            arc_blend_pcurve,
            first_leg,
            second_leg,
            sharp_vertex,
        },
        section.is_some(),
    ))
}

/// Sew a cap's bulkhead: a planar face in the section plane whose loop is
/// leg (vertex -> first rim), arc (first rim -> second rim), leg (second rim
/// -> vertex), each used with the sense OPPOSITE to its neighbour (the blend
/// walks the arc forward; the mates walk the legs rim -> vertex where the
/// rail ends at the rim).
fn sew_cap(
    result: &mut BrepSolid,
    take_id: &mut dyn FnMut() -> u64,
    cap: PendingCap,
) -> Result<(), KernelRefusal> {
    // A plane patch large enough to hold the bulkhead with its origin set
    // back so the cap sits inside the patch's parameter square: the section
    // spans at most a few radii around the vertex.
    let reach = {
        let a = vertex_point_of(result, cap.first_leg.1)?;
        let b = vertex_point_of(result, cap.second_leg.1)?;
        a.sub(cap.plane_origin)
            .length()
            .max(b.sub(cap.plane_origin).length())
            .max(1e-6)
            * 4.0
    };
    let origin = cap
        .plane_origin
        .sub(cap.plane_u.scale(reach))
        .sub(cap.plane_v.scale(reach));
    let plane = crate::make_plane(origin, cap.plane_u, cap.plane_v, 2.0 * reach, 2.0 * reach).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "make_plane")?;
    let uv_of = |point: Vec3| -> Result<(f64, f64), KernelRefusal> {
        let projection = crate::project_point_to_surface(&plane, point).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "project_point_to_surface")?;
        Ok((projection.u, projection.v))
    };
    let edge_by_id = |id: u64| -> Result<&EdgeRecord, KernelRefusal> {
        result
            .edges
            .iter()
            .find(|edge| edge.id == id)
            .ok_or_else(|| format!("blend network: cap edge {id} missing")).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "ok_or_else")
    };
    // How the blend uses the arc: forward.  The bulkhead uses it reversed,
    // so its walk runs arc-end -> arc-start; the legs then run start-rim
    // -> vertex ... wait: walk = [leg from vertex to arc-END rim]? Build the
    // loop by chaining vertices: start at the sharp vertex, take the leg
    // ending at the arc's stored END, the arc reversed, then the other leg
    // back to the vertex.
    let (arc_id, arc_start, arc_end) = cap.arc;
    let leg_to = |rim: u64| -> Result<(u64, u64, u64), KernelRefusal> {
        for leg in [cap.first_leg, cap.second_leg] {
            if leg.1 == rim {
                return Ok(leg);
            }
        }
        Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "cap_leg", "blend network: cap leg for the rim is missing"))
    };
    let leg_in = leg_to(arc_end)?; // stored rim -> vertex; walked vertex -> rim: forward = false
    let leg_out = leg_to(arc_start)?; // stored rim -> vertex; walked rim -> vertex: forward = true
    // Every cap edge lies in this plane. Map the entire curve so curved
    // carrier/plane legs retain their shape and traversal parameterization.
    let mapped_pcurve = |id: u64| -> Result<NurbsCurve, KernelRefusal> {
        let edge = edge_by_id(id)?;
        let mut mapped = Vec::with_capacity(edge.curve.control_points.len());
        for control in &edge.curve.control_points {
            let point = control.point().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "point")?;
            let (u, v) = uv_of(point)?;
            mapped.push(crate::Vec4 { x: u * control.w, y: v * control.w, z: 0.0, w: control.w });
        }
        NurbsCurve::new(edge.curve.degree, edge.curve.knots.clone(), mapped)
            .or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "new")
    };
    let coedges = vec![
        CoedgeRecord {
            id: take_id(),
            edge_id: leg_in.0,
            forward: false,
            pcurve: mapped_pcurve(leg_in.0)?.reversed().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "reversed")?,
        },
        CoedgeRecord {
            id: take_id(),
            edge_id: arc_id,
            forward: false,
            pcurve: mapped_pcurve(arc_id)?.reversed().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "reversed")?,
        },
        CoedgeRecord {
            id: take_id(),
            edge_id: leg_out.0,
            forward: true,
            pcurve: mapped_pcurve(leg_out.0)?,
        },
    ];
    let plane_normal = plane.normal(0.5, 0.5).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "normal")?;
    let same_sense = plane_normal.dot(cap.outward) > 0.0;
    let loop_id = take_id();
    let face = FaceRecord {
        id: take_id(),
        surface: plane,
        same_sense,
        loops: vec![crate::topology::LoopRecord {
            id: loop_id,
            coedges,
        }],
        name: cap.name.map(|name| format!("{name}:CAP")),
    };
    let _ = cap.plane_normal;
    let shell_index = result
        .shells
        .iter()
        .position(|shell| !shell.faces.is_empty())
        .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "shell", "blend network: the solid has no shell to sew the cap into"))?;
    result.shells[shell_index].faces.push(face);
    Ok(())
}

fn vertex_point_of(solid: &BrepSolid, id: u64) -> Result<Vec3, KernelRefusal> {
    solid
        .vertices
        .iter()
        .find(|vertex| vertex.id == id)
        .map(|vertex| vertex.point)
        .ok_or_else(|| format!("blend network: vertex {id} missing")).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "ok_or_else")
}

/// Why a corner's tangency point is not on a stripe's fitted rail.
enum RailMiss {
    /// The rail passes `f64` away from the point — a fit disagreement, not a
    /// span that stops short.
    OffRail(f64),
    /// The rail passes THROUGH the point, but at a station outside the
    /// marched span (the row would have to be extrapolated to reach it).
    OffSpan(f64),
    Projection(String),
}

/// A fitted rail on a curved carrier reproduces the marched contacts between
/// stations only to its interpolation error, which grows with the carrier's
/// size (a radius-50 rail with 64 stations lands ~3e-5 off), so the bar is the
/// model scale's, not the radius's.
fn corner_station_bar(scale: f64, radius: f64) -> f64 {
    1e-6 * (1.0 + scale.max(radius))
}

/// The row parameter where `row` passes through `point`, or why it does not.
/// The shared vertex sits at the ball's point; the rail end is healed onto it
/// afterwards.
fn rail_station(row: &NurbsCurve, point: Vec3, bar: f64) -> Result<f64, RailMiss> {
    let projection =
        crate::project_point_to_curve(row, point).map_err(RailMiss::Projection)?;
    if projection.distance > bar {
        return Err(RailMiss::OffRail(projection.distance));
    }
    if !(projection.u > RIM_MARGIN && projection.u < 1.0 - RIM_MARGIN) {
        return Err(RailMiss::OffSpan(projection.u));
    }
    Ok(projection.u)
}

/// The overshoot, as a fraction of `edge`'s parameter span, that carries a
/// stripe's rails to the ball of the CONCAVE corner at `vertex` — or `None`
/// where that end asks nothing of the ladder: no corner there, a convex one
/// (its ball sits inside the span), a flush join or a re-entrant closure
/// (their own lanes place the stop), a ball that does not sit past the
/// vertex, or a stationary end (no speed to read the parameter off).
///
/// The march reads the edge past its ends as the straight continuation in
/// the end derivative (`derivatives_extended`), so the station whose section
/// plane holds the ball's centre lies exactly `beyond / |C'(vertex)|` past
/// the vertex in parameter, where `beyond` is the centre's distance past the
/// vertex along the edge's outward tangent.  Every tangency point of the ball
/// is in that section plane, so a rail that reaches it reaches them all.
fn concave_corner_reach(
    edge: &EdgeRecord,
    corners: &[(u64, Vec<usize>, VertexKind<'_>)],
    vertex: u64,
    at_start: bool,
) -> Option<f64> {
    let (_, _, kind) = corners.iter().find(|(id, _, _)| *id == vertex)?;
    let corner = match kind {
        VertexKind::Star { corner } | VertexKind::RibbonStar { corner } | VertexKind::Miter { corner, .. } => corner,
        VertexKind::Flush { .. } | VertexKind::Reentrant { .. } | VertexKind::MixedStar(_) => return None,
    };
    if corner.outward {
        return None;
    }
    let t = if at_start { edge.t0 } else { edge.t1 };
    let derivatives = edge.curve.derivatives(t, 1).ok()?;
    let speed = derivatives[1].length();
    let tangent = derivatives[1].normalized().ok()?;
    // Outward: against the parameter direction at the start of a span that
    // runs up in t, along it at the end — and the reverse on a span that
    // runs down.
    let runs_up = edge.t1 >= edge.t0;
    let away = if at_start == runs_up { tangent.scale(-1.0) } else { tangent };
    let beyond = corner.center.sub(derivatives[0]).dot(away);
    let span = (edge.t1 - edge.t0).abs();
    if !(beyond > 0.0) || !(speed > 0.0) || !(span > 0.0) {
        return None;
    }
    Some(beyond / speed / span)
}

/// The overshoot ladder for one stripe of the network: [`OVERSHOOTS`], and
/// past its last rung the rungs a concave corner at either end needs
/// ([`concave_corner_reach`]) or a flush join's seam-ball stop needs
/// (`flush_reach`, the stop's distance past the vertex as a fraction of the
/// span; zero when no end has one).  `rail_station` wants the tangency point
/// inside the fitted row by `RIM_MARGIN`, so the needed fraction itself would
/// land it on the row's rim: the rungs stand a quarter and then a whole of
/// the need beyond it.  Two rungs, no more — each is a full march, paid again
/// on every retry of the group's subset search.
fn concave_corner_ladder(
    edge: &EdgeRecord,
    corners: &[(u64, Vec<usize>, VertexKind<'_>)],
    flush_reach: f64,
) -> Vec<f64> {
    let mut ladder = OVERSHOOTS.to_vec();
    // The overshoot (as a fraction of the edge's span) that carries the rows
    // past every stop the ends ask for: a concave corner's ball, or a flush
    // join's seam ball (`flush_reach`, read off the stripe's `ends`).
    let needed = [(edge.start_vertex_id, true), (edge.end_vertex_id, false)]
        .into_iter()
        .filter_map(|(vertex, at_start)| concave_corner_reach(edge, corners, vertex, at_start))
        .fold(flush_reach.max(0.0), f64::max);
    let top = *OVERSHOOTS.last().unwrap_or(&0.0);
    for factor in [1.25, 2.0] {
        let rung = needed * factor;
        if rung > top {
            ladder.push(rung);
        }
    }
    ladder
}

/// Whether `rows` — a stripe marched at one rung of the overshoot ladder —
/// already reaches the tangency points the corner at one of its ends was
/// solved on, which is what the surgery will ask of it (`station_on`).
///
/// A CONVEX corner seats its ball inside the material, so its tangency points
/// sit on the rails INSIDE the edge's own span (the familiar setback) and any
/// rung reaches them.  A CONCAVE one seats it in the air PAST the vertex — the
/// base of a boss, a rib standing on a floor: the two floor rails cross one
/// radius beyond the corner — so the march has to overshoot far enough to
/// carry the rail there.  Reporting that here is what makes the ladder climb
/// for it instead of settling on the first rung and refusing later.
fn corner_rails_reach(
    rows: &FittedRows,
    first: &BlendMate,
    second: &BlendMate,
    kind: &VertexKind,
    bar: f64,
) -> bool {
    let reaches = |face_id: u64, point: Vec3| {
        let row = if first.face.id == face_id {
            &rows.cr
        } else if second.face.id == face_id {
            &rows.cs
        } else {
            return false;
        };
        let station = rail_station(row, point, bar);
        if std::env::var("BREP_DEBUG_NETWORK").is_ok() {
            eprintln!(
                "corner reach: face {face_id} point ({:.6}, {:.6}, {:.6}) -> {}",
                point.x,
                point.y,
                point.z,
                match &station {
                    Ok(u) => format!("on the rail at {u:.6}"),
                    Err(RailMiss::OffRail(distance)) => format!("off the rail by {distance:.3e} (bar {bar:.3e})"),
                    Err(RailMiss::OffSpan(u)) => format!("off the span at {u:.6}"),
                    Err(RailMiss::Projection(error)) => format!("projection failed: {error}"),
                }
            );
        }
        station.is_ok()
    };
    let on = |corner: &Corner, face_id: u64| {
        corner
            .tangency_on(face_id)
            .map(|(point, _)| reaches(face_id, point))
            .unwrap_or(false)
    };
    match kind {
        VertexKind::Star { corner } | VertexKind::RibbonStar { corner } => {
            on(corner, first.face.id) && on(corner, second.face.id)
        }
        // A miter only reads the tangency on the SHARED face; its other rim
        // vertices come from the seam.
        VertexKind::Miter { corner, shared, .. } => on(corner, shared.id),
        // A flush join across a seam stops where the rails pass the seam
        // ball's two contacts, which can sit past the vertex — beyond the
        // edge's own span on the stripe whose carrier the ball leaves.
        VertexKind::Flush { join: Some(join) } => [first.face.id, second.face.id]
            .into_iter()
            .all(|face_id| {
                join.contact_on(face_id)
                    .is_some_and(|contact| reaches(face_id, contact.point))
            }),
        // Their own lanes decide where these stop.
        VertexKind::Reentrant { .. } | VertexKind::Flush { join: None } => true,
        // Every stripe of a mixed star stops at two closed-form contacts.
        VertexKind::MixedStar(mixed) => {
            let contact = |face_id: u64| -> Option<Vec3> {
                let (a, b) = (first.face.id, second.face.id);
                let pair = |x: u64, y: u64| (a == x && b == y) || (a == y && b == x);
                if pair(mixed.wall_a, mixed.cap) {
                    Some(if face_id == mixed.wall_a { mixed.v_a } else { mixed.w_a })
                } else if pair(mixed.wall_b, mixed.cap) {
                    Some(if face_id == mixed.wall_b { mixed.v_b } else { mixed.w_b })
                } else if pair(mixed.wall_a, mixed.wall_b) {
                    Some(if face_id == mixed.wall_a { mixed.v_a } else { mixed.v_b })
                } else {
                    None
                }
            };
            [first.face.id, second.face.id]
                .into_iter()
                .all(|face_id| contact(face_id).is_some_and(|point| reaches(face_id, point)))
        }
    }
}

/// Sew a [`VertexKind::MixedStar`]: splice the cap's contact arc W_A..W_B
/// (2r about Q's axis) between the two rims' cap rails, and the exact torus
/// sector — rim A's end section revolved about Q's axis to rim B's — bounded
/// by the two rims' end arcs, Q's inner-equator arc and the cap arc, each
/// shared edge used opposite to its neighbour.
#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
fn sew_mixed_star(
    result: &mut BrepSolid,
    solid: &BrepSolid,
    take_id: &mut dyn FnMut() -> u64,
    stripes: &[Stripe],
    sewn: &[SewnStripe],
    vertex: u64,
    mixed: &MixedStar,
    arcs: &[EdgeRecord; 3],
    [v_a, v_b, w_a, w_b]: [u64; 4],
    name: Option<String>,
) -> Result<(), KernelRefusal> {
    let r = mixed.radius;
    let cap_rail = |index: usize| -> Result<u64, KernelRefusal> {
        if stripes[index].first.face.id == mixed.cap { sewn[index].cr_edge_id } else { sewn[index].cs_edge_id }
            .ok_or_else(|| KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Sew, RAIL_COLLAPSE_WHAT, format!(
                "{RAIL_COLLAPSE_UNSUPPORTED} a cap rail at the mixed star {vertex} collapsed to a point"
            )))
    };
    let (rail_a, rail_b) = (cap_rail(mixed.a)?, cap_rail(mixed.b)?);
    let cap_arc = corner_section_arc(mixed.q_w, 2.0 * r, mixed.w_a, mixed.w_b)?;
    let cap_domain = cap_arc.domain().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "domain")?;
    let cap_arc_id = take_id();
    result.edges.push(EdgeRecord {
        id: cap_arc_id,
        curve: cap_arc.clone(),
        t0: cap_domain[0],
        t1: cap_domain[1],
        start_vertex_id: w_a,
        end_vertex_id: w_b,
        degenerate: false,
        name: None,
    });
    let cap_forward_on_cap = {
        let cap_face = result
            .shells
            .iter_mut()
            .flat_map(|shell| &mut shell.faces)
            .find(|face| face.id == mixed.cap)
            .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "cap_face", "blend network: the mixed star's cap is missing"))?;
        // The cap is planar (detected): the arc's exact affine image.
        let cap_pcurve = crate::pcurve::build_pcurve_on_surface(&cap_face.surface, &cap_arc).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "build_pcurve")?;
        let mut spliced: Option<bool> = None;
        for loop_record in &mut cap_face.loops {
            let count = loop_record.coedges.len();
            let (Some(at_a), Some(at_b)) = (
                loop_record.coedges.iter().position(|c| c.edge_id == rail_a),
                loop_record.coedges.iter().position(|c| c.edge_id == rail_b),
            ) else {
                continue;
            };
            let (insert_at, forward, pcurve) = if (at_a + 1) % count == at_b {
                (at_a + 1, true, cap_pcurve.clone())
            } else if (at_b + 1) % count == at_a {
                (at_b + 1, false, cap_pcurve.reversed().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "reversed")?)
            } else {
                return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "mixed_star_cap_rails", "blend network: the mixed star's two cap rails are not adjacent on the cap"));
            };
            loop_record.coedges.insert(insert_at, CoedgeRecord { id: take_id(), edge_id: cap_arc_id, forward, pcurve });
            spliced = Some(forward);
            break;
        }
        spliced.ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "mixed_star_cap_loop", "blend network: no cap loop holds both of the mixed star's cap rails"))?
    };
    // The sector: rim A's end section run V_A -> W_A, revolved about Q's
    // axis through q_v by the angle between the two rims' ball centres.
    let radial_a = mixed.c_a.sub(mixed.q_v).normalized().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "normalized")?;
    let radial_b = mixed.c_b.sub(mixed.q_v).normalized().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "normalized")?;
    let sweep = radial_a.dot(radial_b).clamp(-1.0, 1.0).acos();
    if sweep < 1e-9 {
        return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "mixed_star_sweep", "blend network: degenerate mixed star sweep"));
    }
    let revolve_axis = if radial_a.cross(radial_b).dot(mixed.axis) > 0.0 { mixed.axis } else { mixed.axis.scale(-1.0) };
    let generatrix = corner_section_arc(mixed.c_a, r, mixed.v_a, mixed.w_a)?;
    let surface = crate::make_revolution(mixed.q_v, revolve_axis, &generatrix, sweep).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "make_revolution")?;
    let [u0, u1] = surface.domain_u().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "domain_u")?;
    let [g0, g1] = generatrix.domain().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "domain")?;
    let far = surface.evaluate(u1, g1).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?;
    if far.sub(mixed.w_b).length() > 1e-6 * (1.0 + r) {
        return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "mixed_star_closure", format!(
            "blend network: the mixed star's torus does not close on W_B ({:.3e} off)",
            far.sub(mixed.w_b).length()
        )));
    }
    let uv = |id: u64| -> Option<(f64, f64)> {
        if id == v_a { Some((u0, g0)) } else if id == w_a { Some((u0, g1)) } else if id == v_b { Some((u1, g0)) } else if id == w_b { Some((u1, g1)) } else { None }
    };
    // Sides with the senses opposite their neighbours: the blends use their
    // end arcs forward, the cap uses the cap arc as spliced.
    let cap_arc_record = result.edges.iter().find(|e| e.id == cap_arc_id).cloned().ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "mixed_star_cap_arc", "blend network: the cap arc vanished"))?;
    let sides: [(EdgeRecord, bool); 4] = [
        (arcs[0].clone(), false),
        (arcs[1].clone(), false),
        (arcs[2].clone(), false),
        (cap_arc_record, !cap_forward_on_cap),
    ];
    let walk = |edge: &EdgeRecord, forward: bool| if forward { (edge.start_vertex_id, edge.end_vertex_id) } else { (edge.end_vertex_id, edge.start_vertex_id) };
    let mut order = vec![0usize];
    let mut cursor = walk(&sides[0].0, sides[0].1).1;
    for _ in 0..3 {
        let next = (0..4)
            .find(|s| !order.contains(s) && walk(&sides[*s].0, sides[*s].1).0 == cursor)
            .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "mixed_star_walk", "blend network: the blends and the cap do not walk the mixed star's boundary consistently"))?;
        cursor = walk(&sides[next].0, sides[next].1).1;
        order.push(next);
    }
    if cursor != walk(&sides[0].0, sides[0].1).0 {
        return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "mixed_star_loop", "blend network: the mixed star's boundary does not close"));
    }
    let mut coedges = Vec::with_capacity(4);
    for s in order {
        let (edge, forward) = &sides[s];
        let (start, end) = walk(edge, *forward);
        let (Some((su, sv)), Some((eu, ev))) = (uv(start), uv(end)) else {
            return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "mixed_star_uv", "blend network: a mixed star side ends off the sector's corners"));
        };
        coedges.push(CoedgeRecord {
            id: take_id(),
            edge_id: edge.id,
            forward: *forward,
            pcurve: crate::sweep_topology::parameter_line(su, sv, eu, ev).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "parameter_line")?,
        });
    }
    // Orient at the tangency with the cap, as the horn torus does.
    let (um, gm) = (0.5 * (u0 + u1), g1);
    let contact = surface.evaluate(um, gm).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?;
    let cap = solid.shells.iter().flat_map(|shell| &shell.faces)
        .find(|face| face.id == mixed.cap)
        .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "cap_face", "blend network: missing mixed star cap"))?;
    let projection = crate::project_point_to_surface(&cap.surface, contact).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "project")?;
    let cap_normal = cap.surface.normal(projection.u, projection.v).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "normal")?;
    let outward = if cap.same_sense { cap_normal } else { cap_normal.scale(-1.0) };
    let surface_normal = surface.normal(um, gm).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "normal")?;
    let same_sense = surface_normal.dot(outward) > 0.0;
    let loop_id = take_id();
    let face = FaceRecord {
        id: take_id(),
        surface,
        same_sense,
        loops: vec![crate::topology::LoopRecord { id: loop_id, coedges }],
        name,
    };
    let shell_index = result
        .shells
        .iter()
        .position(|shell| !shell.faces.is_empty())
        .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "shell", "blend network: the solid has no shell to sew the mixed star into"))?;
    result.shells[shell_index].faces.push(face);
    Ok(())
}

/// Whether the SHARP edge between `wall_a` and `wall_b` is convex, by the
/// rule `analyze_edge` uses: one wall's into-material direction dives below
/// the other wall's plane.
fn sharp_edge_is_convex(
    solid: &BrepSolid,
    sharp: &EdgeRecord,
    wall_a: &FaceRecord,
    wall_b: &FaceRecord,
    radius: f64,
) -> Result<bool, KernelRefusal> {
    let _ = solid;
    let t = (sharp.t0 + sharp.t1) * 0.5;
    let point = sharp.curve.evaluate(t).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?;
    let tangent = sharp
        .curve
        .unit_tangent(t, sharp.t0, sharp.t1)
        .map_err(|error| format!("blend network: sharp edge {}: {error}", sharp.id)).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "unit_tangent")?;
    let probe = (radius * 0.25).max(1e-4);
    let into_a = crate::fillet::into_face_direction(wall_a, point, tangent, point, tangent, probe)?;
    let into_b = crate::fillet::into_face_direction(wall_b, point, tangent, point, tangent, probe)?;
    let outward = |face: &FaceRecord| -> Result<Vec3, KernelRefusal> {
        let projection = crate::project_point_to_surface(&face.surface, point).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "project_point_to_surface")?;
        let normal = raw_normal(&face.surface, projection.u, projection.v)?;
        Ok(if face.same_sense { normal } else { normal.scale(-1.0) })
    };
    let (n_a, n_b) = (outward(wall_a)?, outward(wall_b)?);
    Ok(into_a.dot(n_b) < -1e-9 || into_b.dot(n_a) < -1e-9)
}

/// Whether a selected edge is convex: its ball (offset by the signed radii
/// the march uses) sits inside the material on both mates.
pub(super) fn edge_is_convex(edge: &EdgeRecord, first: &BlendMate, second: &BlendMate) -> Result<bool, KernelRefusal> {
    let t = (edge.t0 + edge.t1) * 0.5;
    let mut inside = true;
    for mate in [first, second] {
        let uv = edge_uv_on_face(mate.coedge, edge, t)?;
        let normal = raw_normal(&mate.face.surface, uv[0], uv[1])?;
        let face_outward = if mate.face.same_sense { normal } else { normal.scale(-1.0) };
        // centre = p + rho * n_raw; inside the material iff that offset runs
        // against the outward normal.
        inside &= normal.scale(mate.rho).dot(face_outward) < 0.0;
    }
    Ok(inside)
}

/// The corner ball's cross-section between two of its tangency points: the
/// radius-`radius` arc about `center` running the short way from `from` to
/// `to`.  This is simultaneously the stripe's end section and one side of the
/// spherical corner patch, which is why the two meet exactly.
fn corner_section_arc(
    center: Vec3,
    radius: f64,
    from: Vec3,
    to: Vec3,
) -> Result<NurbsCurve, KernelRefusal> {
    let x_axis = from.sub(center).normalized().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "normalized")?;
    let toward = to.sub(center).normalized().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "normalized")?;
    let y_axis = toward.sub(x_axis.scale(toward.dot(x_axis))).normalized().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "normalized")?;
    let sweep = toward.dot(x_axis).clamp(-1.0, 1.0).acos();
    if !(sweep > 1e-9) {
        return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "corner_section_arc", "blend network: the corner section arc is degenerate"));
    }
    crate::make_arc(center, x_axis, y_axis, radius, 0.0, sweep).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "make_arc")
}

/// Close a stripe end that runs out into a POLE (`pole_end`): the march
/// stopped on the vertex itself, where both rails arrive at the one point the
/// section has shrunk to, so the end is that vertex — kept, not rebuilt — and
/// the blend face's loop closes across it on a DEGENERATE edge, the way a
/// revolution closes on its pole.  Nothing on either mate is trimmed: each
/// rail simply replaces the blended edge up to the vertex, where the mates'
/// own boundaries still meet.
fn plan_pole_end(
    solid: &BrepSolid,
    result: &mut BrepSolid,
    take_id: &mut dyn FnMut() -> u64,
    stripe: &Stripe,
    vertex: u64,
    at_start: bool,
) -> Result<CornerEnd, KernelRefusal> {
    let point = solid
        .vertices
        .iter()
        .find(|candidate| candidate.id == vertex)
        .ok_or_else(|| format!("blend network: pole vertex {vertex} missing")).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "ok_or_else")?
        .point;
    let station = stripe
        .rows
        .vertex_stations
        .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "vertex_stations", "blend network: stripe rows carry no vertex stations"))?
        [usize::from(!at_start)];
    let [low, high] = stripe.rows.cr.domain().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "domain")?;
    if station != if at_start { low } else { high } {
        return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "pole_station", format!(
            "blend network: edge {}'s pole station {station:.6} is not the end of its rows",
            stripe.edge.id
        )));
    }
    // Both rails must arrive AT the vertex: the rows were marched onto it,
    // so anything past the station bar is a march that did not.
    let bar = corner_station_bar(
        solid
            .vertices
            .iter()
            .fold(0.0f64, |worst, candidate| worst.max(candidate.point.length()))
            .max(1.0),
        stripe.first.rho.abs(),
    );
    for (row, which) in [(&stripe.rows.cr, "first"), (&stripe.rows.cs, "second")] {
        let miss = row.evaluate(station).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?.sub(point).length();
        if miss > bar {
            return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "pole_rail", format!(
                "blend network: edge {}'s {which} rail ends {miss:.3e} off its pole vertex                  {vertex}",
                stripe.edge.id
            )));
        }
    }
    let pole_edge_id = take_id();
    result.edges.push(EdgeRecord {
        id: pole_edge_id,
        curve: crate::make_line(point, point).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "make_line")?,
        t0: 0.0,
        t1: 1.0,
        start_vertex_id: vertex,
        end_vertex_id: vertex,
        degenerate: true,
        name: None,
    });
    let arc_blend_pcurve = if stripe.walk_first_to_second(at_start) {
        crate::sweep_topology::parameter_line(station, 0.0, station, 1.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "parameter_line")?
    } else {
        crate::sweep_topology::parameter_line(station, 1.0, station, 0.0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "parameter_line")?
    };
    Ok(CornerEnd {
        cr_parameter: station,
        cs_parameter: station,
        first_vertex: vertex,
        second_vertex: vertex,
        arc_edge_id: pole_edge_id,
        arc_blend_pcurve,
    })
}

/// One of the two contacts of a flush join's ball, and what it lies on.
struct FlushContact {
    /// The faces the contact lies on: the one face both stripes run along, or
    /// the two faces of the seam it sits on (one carrier of each stripe).
    faces: Vec<u64>,
    point: Vec3,
    /// The seam the contact sits on and its parameter there, when the
    /// stripes' carriers change across one: the point where the rolling ball
    /// changes carrier, and where the seam is trimmed.
    seam: Option<(u64, f64)>,
}

/// The ball a flush join seats where its two stripes' carriers change.
struct FlushJoin {
    center: Vec3,
    contacts: [FlushContact; 2],
}

impl FlushJoin {
    /// The ball's contact on `face_id`, a carrier of one of the stripes.
    fn contact_on(&self, face_id: u64) -> Option<&FlushContact> {
        self.contacts.iter().find(|contact| contact.faces.contains(&face_id))
    }
}

/// What a flush join at `vertex_id` stops on: nothing but the vertex section
/// when the two stripes run along the same two faces, else the ball seated on
/// the seam between the side faces that differ — or, when NEITHER face carries
/// over, on both seams at once.
///
/// # Why not the vertex section
///
/// The vertex section is where the two EDGES meet; the ball changes carrier
/// where its CONTACT crosses the seam, and the two coincide only when the seam
/// lies in the vertex's normal plane (a stadium cap's straight wall running
/// into its round, the seam a ruling straight down the wall). A seam that
/// crosses the edge obliquely — a wall standing across a cone whose rim is
/// rounded, the seams being circles — puts the carrier switch past the vertex
/// on one stripe or the other, and the two vertex sections are different balls
/// on carriers that are only G1 there: measured on the 2026-09-15 report
/// (r = 0.1 against an r = 2.5 round), 1.1e-5 apart where the cone meets the
/// round and 3.5e-4 where the round meets the top, which is the ruled
/// continuation's departure `½·d²·κ` over the 0.0425 the plane stripe's contact
/// sits beyond the round's rim. Each stripe's own rail then runs off its face
/// into the other's, and the loops come back crossing themselves.
///
/// # When both carriers change
///
/// A straight edge running on into the crease two rounds leave where they
/// meet (a box edge beside a corner whose other two edges are filleted) hands
/// its ball over on BOTH sides: each plane runs tangent into its own round
/// across its own seam. The ball changes carrier where each contact crosses
/// its seam, and those two crossings are one section only when one ball
/// touches both seams — which the symmetric corner does, both seams being
/// the rounds' tangent rails in the vertex's normal plane. It is solved as
/// the single-seam ball on the first seam and then REQUIRED to touch the
/// second: a ball whose other contact misses its seam crosses the two at
/// different sections, and between them the ball rolls on one face of each
/// pair, a stretch no edge carries and this join does not build.
fn flush_join(
    solid: &BrepSolid,
    a: &(&EdgeRecord, BlendMate, BlendMate),
    b: &(&EdgeRecord, BlendMate, BlendMate),
    vertex_id: u64,
    vertex_point: Vec3,
    scale: f64,
) -> Result<Option<FlushJoin>, KernelRefusal> {
    let shared: Vec<&BlendMate> = [&a.1, &a.2]
        .into_iter()
        .filter(|mate| [&b.1, &b.2].iter().any(|other| other.face.id == mate.face.id))
        .collect();
    if shared.len() == 2 {
        return Ok(None);
    }
    let bounds = |face_id: u64, edge_id: u64| {
        solid
            .shells
            .iter()
            .flat_map(|shell| &shell.faces)
            .filter(|face| face.id == face_id)
            .flat_map(|face| &face.loops)
            .flat_map(|loop_record| &loop_record.coedges)
            .any(|coedge| coedge.edge_id == edge_id)
    };
    // A seam: an edge at the vertex bordering one carrier of each stripe,
    // other than the two selected edges.
    let seam_between = |face_a: u64, face_b: u64| {
        solid.edges.iter().find(|edge| {
            (edge.start_vertex_id == vertex_id || edge.end_vertex_id == vertex_id)
                && edge.id != a.0.id
                && edge.id != b.0.id
                && bounds(face_a, edge.id)
                && bounds(face_b, edge.id)
        })
    };
    // Seated on stripe a's carrier; stripe b's must seat the SAME ball at the
    // seam contact, which is what "the side faces are tangent across the
    // seam" means. A seam with a crease would put b's ball elsewhere, and
    // there is no flush join.
    let bar = corner_station_bar(scale, a.1.rho.abs());
    let across = |mate: &BlendMate, seam_point: Vec3, center: Vec3| -> Result<(), KernelRefusal> {
        let on = crate::project_point_to_surface(&mate.face.surface, seam_point).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "project_point_to_surface")?;
        let seated = blend_offset(&mate.face.surface).at(on.u, on.v, mate.rho).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "at")?.point;
        let apart = seated.sub(center).length();
        if on.distance > bar || apart > bar {
            return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Refine, "flush_join", format!(
                "blend network: the side faces at the smooth vertex {vertex_id} are not tangent \
                 across their seam — the two blends seat balls {apart:.3e} apart on it \
                 ({:.3e} off face {}) — not a flush join",
                on.distance, mate.face.id
            )));
        }
        Ok(())
    };
    if let [shared] = shared.as_slice() {
        let side_of = |first: &BlendMate<'_>, second: &BlendMate<'_>| -> (u64, f64) {
            if first.face.id == shared.face.id {
                (second.face.id, second.rho)
            } else {
                (first.face.id, first.rho)
            }
        };
        let ((side_a_id, rho_a), (side_b_id, _)) = (side_of(&a.1, &a.2), side_of(&b.1, &b.2));
        let side_a = if a.1.face.id == side_a_id { a.1.face } else { a.2.face };
        let side_b = if b.1.face.id == side_b_id { &b.1 } else { &b.2 };
        let seam = seam_between(side_a.id, side_b.face.id).ok_or_else(|| {
            format!(
                "blend network: the side faces at the smooth vertex {vertex_id} differ but \
                 share no seam edge there"
            )
        }).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "ok_or_else")?;
        let ball = solve_flush_seam_ball(
            shared.face,
            shared.rho,
            side_a,
            rho_a,
            seam,
            vertex_id,
            vertex_point,
            scale,
        )?;
        across(side_b, ball.seam_point, ball.center)?;
        return Ok(Some(FlushJoin {
            center: ball.center,
            contacts: [
                FlushContact {
                    faces: vec![shared.face.id],
                    point: ball.shared_point,
                    seam: None,
                },
                FlushContact {
                    faces: vec![side_a.id, side_b.face.id],
                    point: ball.seam_point,
                    seam: Some((seam.id, ball.seam_parameter)),
                },
            ],
        }));
    }
    // Neither carrier carries over: pair each of a's carriers with the one of
    // b's across a seam at the vertex.
    let pair = |mate: &BlendMate| {
        [&b.1, &b.2]
            .into_iter()
            .find_map(|other| seam_between(mate.face.id, other.face.id).map(|seam| (other, seam)))
    };
    let (Some((b_first, seam_first)), Some((b_second, seam_second))) = (pair(&a.1), pair(&a.2))
    else {
        return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Refine, "flush_join", format!(
            "blend network: both side pairs differ at the smooth vertex {vertex_id}, and not \
             each carrier runs into the other blend's across a seam there"
        )));
    };
    if b_first.face.id == b_second.face.id || seam_first.id == seam_second.id {
        return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Refine, "flush_join", format!(
            "blend network: both side pairs differ at the smooth vertex {vertex_id}, and both \
             carriers run into one face of the other blend"
        )));
    }
    // The first switch: the ball touching a's second carrier and its first ON
    // the first seam — the single-seam ball.
    let ball = solve_flush_seam_ball(
        a.2.face,
        a.2.rho,
        a.1.face,
        a.1.rho,
        seam_first,
        vertex_id,
        vertex_point,
        scale,
    )?;
    // The second switch must be the same ball: its contact on a's second
    // carrier sits ON the second seam, strictly inside it.
    let on_second = crate::project_point_to_curve(&seam_second.curve, ball.shared_point).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "project_point_to_curve")?;
    let span = seam_second.t1 - seam_second.t0;
    let fraction = (on_second.u - seam_second.t0) / span;
    if on_second.distance > bar {
        return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Refine, "flush_join", format!(
            "blend network: both carriers change at the smooth vertex {vertex_id}, and the ball \
             crosses their seams at different sections — seated on seam edge {}, its contact on \
             face {} stands {:.3e} off seam edge {} — so between the two switches it rolls on \
             one face of each pair, which this join does not build",
            seam_first.id, a.2.face.id, on_second.distance, seam_second.id
        )));
    }
    if !(fraction > 1e-9 && fraction < 1.0 - 1e-9) {
        return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Refine, "flush_join_seam", format!(
            "blend network: the flush join's ball at the smooth vertex {vertex_id} touches seam \
             edge {} at fraction {fraction:.6}, off the edge itself",
            seam_second.id
        )));
    }
    across(b_first, ball.seam_point, ball.center)?;
    across(b_second, on_second.point, ball.center)?;
    Ok(Some(FlushJoin {
        center: ball.center,
        contacts: [
            FlushContact {
                faces: vec![a.1.face.id, b_first.face.id],
                point: ball.seam_point,
                seam: Some((seam_first.id, ball.seam_parameter)),
            },
            FlushContact {
                faces: vec![a.2.face.id, b_second.face.id],
                point: on_second.point,
                seam: Some((seam_second.id, on_second.u)),
            },
        ],
    }))
}

/// The parameter of `edge`'s (extended) curve whose normal plane holds
/// `point` — the march's section plane through a known ball centre — by
/// Newton from `seed`.
fn section_parameter_through(
    edge: &EdgeRecord,
    point: Vec3,
    seed: f64,
    scale: f64,
) -> Result<f64, KernelRefusal> {
    let mut t = seed;
    let tolerance = 1e-11 * (1.0 + scale);
    for _ in 0..NEWTON_ITERATIONS {
        let derivatives = edge.curve.derivatives_extended(t, 2).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "derivatives_extended")?;
        let offset = point.sub(derivatives[0]);
        let speed = derivatives[1].length();
        if !(speed > 0.0) {
            return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "stationary_tangent", "the edge has a stationary tangent there"));
        }
        let plane = offset.dot(derivatives[1]) / speed;
        if plane.abs() <= tolerance {
            return Ok(t);
        }
        let slope = offset.dot(derivatives[2]) - derivatives[1].dot(derivatives[1]);
        if !(slope.abs() > 0.0) {
            return Err(KernelRefusal::non_convergence(KernelStage::Refine, "section_newton", "the section Newton is singular"));
        }
        t -= offset.dot(derivatives[1]) / slope;
    }
    Err(KernelRefusal::non_convergence(KernelStage::Refine, "section_newton", "the section Newton did not converge"))
}

/// A ball seated by [`solve_flush_seam_ball`]: its centre, its contact on the
/// shared carrier, and its contact on the seam with the seam's parameter
/// there.
struct SeamBall {
    center: Vec3,
    shared_point: Vec3,
    seam_parameter: f64,
    seam_point: Vec3,
}

/// Seat the radius-`|rho_shared|` ball touching `shared` and touching `side`
/// ON the seam edge, by Newton on (the seam's pcurve parameter on `side`, the
/// shared face's (u, v)): the side carrier's offset from the seam point must
/// land on the shared carrier's offset — the station solve's own equation
/// (`tangency_state`) with the section plane replaced by the seam.
///
/// The seam is walked through its PCURVE on the side face, so every contact
/// is a point of the side carrier and the residual is smooth; a projection
/// inside the loop stalls at its own stopping bar, above this one.  The curve
/// (the side offset along the seam) meets the surface (the shared offset)
/// transversally whenever the seam leaves the shared face, so the root is
/// isolated; seeded at the vertex, it is one radius away.
#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
fn solve_flush_seam_ball(
    shared: &FaceRecord,
    rho_shared: f64,
    side: &FaceRecord,
    rho_side: f64,
    seam: &EdgeRecord,
    vertex_id: u64,
    vertex_point: Vec3,
    scale: f64,
) -> Result<SeamBall, KernelRefusal> {
    const ITERATIONS: usize = 40;
    let coedge = side
        .loops
        .iter()
        .flat_map(|loop_record| &loop_record.coedges)
        .find(|coedge| coedge.edge_id == seam.id)
        .ok_or_else(|| {
            format!("blend network: the seam edge {} is not on face {}", seam.id, side.id)
        }).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "ok_or_else")?;
    // The pcurve parameter at the vertex, running with the coedge's walk.
    let [q0, q1] = coedge.pcurve.domain().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "domain")?;
    let at_start_of_edge = seam.start_vertex_id == vertex_id;
    let from_vertex = if at_start_of_edge == coedge.forward { q0 } else { q1 };
    let on_shared = crate::project_point_to_surface(&shared.surface, vertex_point).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "project_point_to_surface")?;
    let mut x = [from_vertex, on_shared.u, on_shared.v];
    // (residual, centre, side contact, shared contact)
    let state = |x: &[f64; 3]| -> Result<([f64; 3], Vec3, Vec3, Vec3), KernelRefusal> {
        let uv = coedge.pcurve.evaluate(x[0]).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?;
        let side_offset = blend_offset(&side.surface).at(uv.x, uv.y, rho_side).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "at")?;
        let shared_offset = blend_offset(&shared.surface).at(x[1], x[2], rho_shared).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "at")?;
        let mismatch = side_offset.point.sub(shared_offset.point);
        Ok((
            [mismatch.x, mismatch.y, mismatch.z],
            shared_offset.point,
            side_offset.source,
            shared_offset.source,
        ))
    };
    let tolerance = 1e-11 * (1.0 + scale);
    for _ in 0..ITERATIONS {
        let (residual, center, side_point, shared_point) = state(&x)?;
        if residual.iter().fold(0.0f64, |worst, value| worst.max(value.abs())) <= tolerance {
            let fraction = (x[0] - q0) / (q1 - q0);
            if !(fraction > 1e-9 && fraction < 1.0 - 1e-9) {
                return Err(KernelRefusal::unsupported(KernelStage::Refine, "flush_join_seam", format!(
                    "blend network: the flush join's ball at the smooth vertex {vertex_id} \
                     touches the seam's carrier at fraction {fraction:.6}, off the seam edge \
                     {} itself",
                    seam.id
                )));
            }
            if vertex_point.sub(center).length() < rho_shared.abs() * (1.0 - 1e-6) {
                return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "flush_join_branch", format!(
                    "blend network: the flush join's ball at the smooth vertex {vertex_id} \
                     swallows the vertex — wrong branch"
                )));
            }
            // The seam is trimmed at the contact, so the rim vertex is the
            // edge's own point there, and the pcurve must agree with it.
            let on_seam = crate::project_point_to_curve(&seam.curve, side_point).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "project_point_to_curve")?;
            let bar = corner_station_bar(scale, rho_shared.abs());
            if on_seam.distance > bar {
                return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "seam_pcurve", format!(
                    "blend network: the seam edge {}'s pcurve on face {} runs {:.3e} off the \
                     edge at the flush join's contact (smooth vertex {vertex_id})",
                    seam.id, side.id, on_seam.distance
                )));
            }
            return Ok(SeamBall {
                center,
                shared_point,
                seam_parameter: on_seam.u,
                seam_point: on_seam.point,
            });
        }
        let step = 1e-7;
        let mut jacobian = [[0.0f64; 3]; 3];
        for column in 0..3 {
            let mut probe = x;
            // The pcurve parameter starts at an END of its domain; probe inward.
            let signed = if column == 0 && x[0] + step > q0.max(q1) {
                -step
            } else {
                step
            };
            probe[column] += signed;
            let (probed, ..) = state(&probe)?;
            for row in 0..3 {
                jacobian[row][column] = (probed[row] - residual[row]) / signed;
            }
        }
        let delta = crate::fit::solve_small::<3>(jacobian, residual, 3).map_err(|error| {
            format!(
                "blend network: the flush join's seam ball at the smooth vertex {vertex_id} is \
                 singular ({error})"
            )
        }).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "map_err")?;
        for (value, correction) in x.iter_mut().zip(delta) {
            *value -= correction;
        }
        x[0] = x[0].clamp(q0.min(q1), q0.max(q1));
    }
    Err(KernelRefusal::non_convergence(KernelStage::Refine, "flush_join_ball", format!(
        "blend network: the flush join's seam ball at the smooth vertex {vertex_id} did not \
         converge"
    )))
}

/// How a PERIODIC mate's loop, left open at both seam coedges by a blend
/// that ate the seam's rim end, is closed again: by splitting the rail that
/// CROSSES the seam meridian, or — when this operation's rails already MEET
/// on the meridian — by re-footing the seam on their shared rim vertex.
pub(in crate::blend) enum CarrierSeamRepair {
    Split(CarrierSeamSplit),
    Trim(CarrierSeamTrim),
}

/// One planned re-footing of a PERIODIC mate's seam edge on the rim vertex
/// two of this operation's rails share ON the seam meridian.
///
/// A flush join whose vertex section contains the seam line — a bore's flat
/// mouth, where the top face is normal to the bore's axis, so the section
/// at the rim's seam vertex is the plane through the axis — puts the rim
/// vertex both stripes stop at exactly on the meridian: the rail leaving the
/// arriving seam coedge starts there and the rail reaching the leaving seam
/// coedge ends there, no rail crosses the meridian, and the seam edge still
/// ends at the vertex the blend ate.  The loop is open at the two seam
/// coedges exactly as in the crossing case, and the repair is the split's
/// without the split.
pub(in crate::blend) struct CarrierSeamTrim {
    face_id: u64,
    loop_index: usize,
    /// Position in the loop of the rail coedge that LEAVES the arriving seam
    /// coedge's meridian, and of the one that ARRIVES on the leaving seam
    /// coedge's meridian; one and the same when a single closed rail wraps
    /// the carrier.
    leaving_position: usize,
    arriving_position: usize,
    seam_edge: u64,
    /// The vertex the blend ate, which the seam edge still ends at.
    dangling_vertex: u64,
    /// The rim vertex the two rails share, on the meridian.
    rim_vertex: u64,
    /// The mate's u level each seam coedge rides.
    level_in: f64,
    level_out: f64,
    period: f64,
}

/// One planned split of a blend rail on a PERIODIC mate's seam meridian.
pub(in crate::blend) struct CarrierSeamSplit {
    face_id: u64,
    loop_index: usize,
    /// Position in the loop of the coedge that crosses the meridian.
    crossing_position: usize,
    /// Positions of the two seam coedges, the one ARRIVING at the eaten
    /// vertex and the one LEAVING it.
    seam_in_position: usize,
    seam_out_position: usize,
    seam_edge: u64,
    /// The vertex the blend ate, which the seam edge still ends at.
    dangling_vertex: u64,
    /// The mate's u level each seam coedge rides.
    level_in: f64,
    level_out: f64,
    period: f64,
    rail_edge: u64,
    /// Parameter on the rail edge's own curve where it crosses the meridian.
    rail_parameter: f64,
}

/// The traversal endpoints of a coedge: its walk runs start -> end, which is
/// the edge's t0 -> t1 only when the coedge is forward.
fn coedge_walk(solid: &BrepSolid, coedge: &CoedgeRecord) -> Result<(u64, u64), KernelRefusal> {
    let edge = solid
        .edges
        .iter()
        .find(|edge| edge.id == coedge.edge_id)
        .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "missing_edge", "blend network: loop references a missing edge"))?;
    Ok(if coedge.forward {
        (edge.start_vertex_id, edge.end_vertex_id)
    } else {
        (edge.end_vertex_id, edge.start_vertex_id)
    })
}

/// The u range a coedge's pcurve covers, sampled (a fitted rail is not
/// monotone in its control points).
fn pcurve_u_range(pcurve: &NurbsCurve) -> Result<(f64, f64), KernelRefusal> {
    let [q0, q1] = pcurve.domain().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "domain")?;
    let (mut low, mut high) = (f64::INFINITY, f64::NEG_INFINITY);
    for index in 0..=SEAM_SAMPLES {
        let q = q0 + (q1 - q0) * index as f64 / SEAM_SAMPLES as f64;
        let u = pcurve.evaluate(q).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?.x;
        low = low.min(u);
        high = high.max(u);
    }
    Ok((low, high))
}

/// Sample count for the seam-crossing bracket and its bisection budget: the
/// rail is a cubic fit, so a 256-interval bracket cannot step over a single
/// crossing, and 64 bisections take the bracket to double precision.
const SEAM_SAMPLES: usize = 256;
const SEAM_BISECTIONS: usize = 64;

/// The pcurve parameter where `pcurve`'s u reaches `level`, bracketed on a
/// dense sample and bisected — no derivative, so a fitted rail that grazes the
/// meridian cannot send a Newton off the end of the row.
fn pcurve_u_crossing(pcurve: &NurbsCurve, level: f64) -> Result<Option<f64>, KernelRefusal> {
    let [q0, q1] = pcurve.domain().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "domain")?;
    let at = |q: f64| -> Result<f64, KernelRefusal> { Ok(pcurve.evaluate(q).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?.x - level) };
    // An already split rail ends on this meridian. Its endpoint is not a
    // new seam split; keep searching for an interior crossing. Use the same
    // normalized interior guard as apply_carrier_seam_split.
    let interior = |q: f64| (1e-9..=1.0 - 1e-9).contains(&((q - q0) / (q1 - q0)));
    let mut previous = (q0, at(q0)?);
    for index in 1..=SEAM_SAMPLES {
        let q = q0 + (q1 - q0) * index as f64 / SEAM_SAMPLES as f64;
        let value = at(q)?;
        if previous.1 == 0.0 && interior(previous.0) {
            return Ok(Some(previous.0));
        }
        if (previous.1 < 0.0) != (value < 0.0) {
            let (mut low, mut high) = (previous, (q, value));
            for _ in 0..SEAM_BISECTIONS {
                let mid = 0.5 * (low.0 + high.0);
                let value = at(mid)?;
                if (low.1 < 0.0) != (value < 0.0) {
                    high = (mid, value);
                } else {
                    low = (mid, value);
                }
            }
            let crossing = 0.5 * (low.0 + high.0);
            if interior(crossing) {
                return Ok(Some(crossing));
            }
        }
        previous = (q, value);
    }
    Ok(None)
}


/// Plan the seam split for one mate face, or `None` when its loops close.
///
/// A carrier closed in u carries its seam as ONE edge used TWICE by the same
/// loop, running from the far rim up to a vertex on the rim being blended.
/// When the selection blends the WHOLE of that rim, the new contact rail wraps
/// the carrier and crosses the meridian, while the seam edge still ends at the
/// vertex the blend ate: the loop is then open at both seam coedges.  The
/// repair keeps the carrier's seam-in-one-loop structure — the same structure
/// `edge/closed.rs` preserves for a closed blended rim — by splitting the
/// crossing rail at the meridian and trimming the seam to it.
pub(in crate::blend) fn plan_carrier_seam_split(
    result: &BrepSolid,
    rail_edges: &[u64],
    face_id: u64,
) -> Result<Option<CarrierSeamRepair>, KernelRefusal> {
    let face = result
        .shells
        .iter()
        .flat_map(|shell| &shell.faces)
        .find(|face| face.id == face_id)
        .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(
            KernelStage::Sew,
            "mate_face",
            "blend network: mate face lost before the seam split",
        ))?;
    if !face
        .surface
        .closed_directions()
        .or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "closed_directions")?
        .0
    {
        return Ok(None);
    }
    let [u0, u1] = face
        .surface
        .domain_u()
        .or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "domain_u")?;
    let period = u1 - u0;
    if !(period > 0.0) {
        return Ok(None);
    }
    for (loop_index, loop_record) in face.loops.iter().enumerate() {
        let count = loop_record.coedges.len();
        if count < 3 {
            continue;
        }
        let mut walks = Vec::with_capacity(count);
        for coedge in &loop_record.coedges {
            walks.push(coedge_walk(result, coedge)?);
        }
        let breaks: Vec<usize> = (0..count)
            .filter(|&index| walks[index].1 != walks[(index + 1) % count].0)
            .collect();
        // Each eaten seam end leaves two breaks. A split carrier can have
        // more than one such end in this loop; require every break to belong
        // to exactly one identifiable, double-used seam before repairing any.
        if breaks.len() < 2 || breaks.len() % 2 != 0 {
            continue;
        }
        // One break follows the seam coedge ARRIVING at the eaten vertex, the
        // other precedes the one LEAVING it.  Which of the two comes first in
        // the stored array depends on where the loop happens to start, so try
        // both readings rather than assuming the arriving one leads.
        let read = |arriving_break: usize, leaving_break: usize| {
            let seam_in_position = arriving_break;
            let seam_out_position = (leaving_break + 1) % count;
            let seam_edge = loop_record.coedges[seam_in_position].edge_id;
            let paired = loop_record.coedges[seam_out_position].edge_id == seam_edge
                && loop_record
                    .coedges
                    .iter()
                    .filter(|coedge| coedge.edge_id == seam_edge)
                    .count()
                    == 2
                && walks[seam_in_position].1 == walks[seam_out_position].0;
            paired.then_some((seam_in_position, seam_out_position, seam_edge))
        };
        let mut pairs = Vec::new();
        for &arriving in &breaks {
            for &leaving in &breaks {
                if arriving != leaving {
                    if let Some(pair) = read(arriving, leaving) {
                        pairs.push(pair);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        if breaks.iter().any(|&index| {
            pairs
                .iter()
                .filter(|&&(incoming, outgoing, _)| {
                    incoming == index || (outgoing + count - 1) % count == index
                })
                .count()
                != 1
        }) {
            continue;
        }
        for (seam_in_position, seam_out_position, seam_edge) in pairs {
            let dangling_vertex = walks[seam_in_position].1;
            // The u level each seam coedge rides, read at the eaten end.
            let level_at = |position: usize| -> Result<f64, KernelRefusal> {
                let coedge = &loop_record.coedges[position];
                let [q0, q1] = coedge
                    .pcurve
                    .domain()
                    .or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "domain")?;
                // The end that meets the eaten vertex: the walk's END for the
                // arriving coedge, its START for the leaving one.  A coedge's walk
                // runs its pcurve domain low -> high only when it is forward.
                let at_walk_end = position == seam_in_position;
                Ok(coedge
                    .pcurve
                    .evaluate(if at_walk_end == coedge.forward {
                        q1
                    } else {
                        q0
                    })
                    .or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?
                    .x)
            };
            let level_in = level_at(seam_in_position)?;
            let level_out = level_at(seam_out_position)?;
            // This operation's rails may already MEET on the meridian instead
            // of crossing it (`CarrierSeamTrim`): the rail right after the
            // arriving seam coedge and the one right before the leaving seam
            // coedge share one rim vertex, and that vertex lies ON the seam
            // curve.  The decision is the 3D one, at `seam_meeting_reach`: a
            // rim vertex genuinely off the meridian — a mouth tilted a hair
            // off normal — is a crossing for the search below, not a meeting,
            // however close its rail's uv end reads to the level, because the
            // trim re-foots the seam on the vertex and so inherits the whole
            // offset as an endpoint off its curve.  Asked before the crossing
            // search, not after it, so that a split is never cut closer to a
            // rail's end than the reach (the piece it would leave is an edge
            // of that length).  The uv ends are then required within the
            // split's own snap band, the row's uv fit being what the trim
            // commits to the level.
            let leaving_position = (seam_in_position + 1) % count;
            let arriving_position = (seam_out_position + count - 1) % count;
            let leaving = &loop_record.coedges[leaving_position];
            let arriving = &loop_record.coedges[arriving_position];
            let rim_vertex = walks[leaving_position].0;
            let on_seam = if rail_edges.contains(&leaving.edge_id)
                && rail_edges.contains(&arriving.edge_id)
                && rim_vertex == walks[arriving_position].1
                && rim_vertex != dangling_vertex
            {
                let seam = result
                    .edges
                    .iter()
                    .find(|edge| edge.id == seam_edge)
                    .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "carrier_seam_edge", "blend network: the carrier seam edge vanished"))?;
                let point = result
                    .vertices
                    .iter()
                    .find(|vertex| vertex.id == rim_vertex)
                    .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "seam_rim_vertex", "blend network: the rails' shared rim vertex vanished"))?
                    .point;
                let off = crate::project_point_to_curve(&seam.curve, point).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "project_point_to_curve")?.distance;
                let reach = seam_meeting_reach(result);
                if std::env::var("BREP_DEBUG_NETWORK").is_ok() {
                    eprintln!("carrier seam: rim vertex {rim_vertex} off the seam curve by {off:.3e} (reach {reach:.3e})");
                }
                off <= reach
            } else {
                false
            };
            if on_seam {
                let walk_end_u = |coedge: &CoedgeRecord, at_end: bool| -> Result<f64, KernelRefusal> {
                    let [q0, q1] = coedge.pcurve.domain().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "domain")?;
                    Ok(coedge
                        .pcurve
                        .evaluate(if at_end { q1 } else { q0 })
                        .or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?
                        .x)
                };
                let snap_band = 1e-3 * period;
                if (walk_end_u(leaving, false)? - level_in).abs() <= snap_band
                    && (walk_end_u(arriving, true)? - level_out).abs() <= snap_band
                {
                    return Ok(Some(CarrierSeamRepair::Trim(CarrierSeamTrim {
                        face_id,
                        loop_index,
                        leaving_position,
                        arriving_position,
                        seam_edge,
                        dangling_vertex,
                        rim_vertex,
                        level_in,
                        level_out,
                        period,
                    })));
                }
            }
            // The rail that crosses one of those meridians, strictly inside its
            // own u range.  Only a rail this operation just built is eligible:
            // pre-existing trims are never re-cut here.
            let band = 1e-9 * period;
            for (position, coedge) in loop_record.coedges.iter().enumerate() {
                if !rail_edges.contains(&coedge.edge_id) {
                    continue;
                }
                let (low, high) = pcurve_u_range(&coedge.pcurve)?;
                for level in [level_in, level_out] {
                    if low >= level - band || high <= level + band {
                        continue;
                    }
                    let Some(q) = pcurve_u_crossing(&coedge.pcurve, level)? else {
                        continue;
                    };
                    let edge = result
                        .edges
                        .iter()
                        .find(|edge| edge.id == coedge.edge_id)
                        .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(
                            KernelStage::Sew,
                            "crossing_rail",
                            "blend network: the crossing rail vanished",
                        ))?;
                    let [q0, q1] = coedge
                        .pcurve
                        .domain()
                        .or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "domain")?;
                    let walked = (q - q0) / (q1 - q0);
                    let along = if coedge.forward { walked } else { 1.0 - walked };
                    return Ok(Some(CarrierSeamRepair::Split(CarrierSeamSplit {
                        face_id,
                        loop_index,
                        crossing_position: position,
                        seam_in_position,
                        seam_out_position,
                        seam_edge,
                        dangling_vertex,
                        level_in,
                        level_out,
                        period,
                        rail_edge: edge.id,
                        rail_parameter: edge.t0 + (edge.t1 - edge.t0) * along,
                    })));
                }
            }
        }
    }
    Ok(None)
}

/// Split one coedge of `edge` at `along` (a fraction of the edge's own t
/// range) into the two pieces its walk meets first and second.
fn split_coedge(
    coedge: &CoedgeRecord,
    along: f64,
    low_edge: u64,
    high_edge: u64,
    take_id: &mut dyn FnMut() -> u64,
) -> Result<[CoedgeRecord; 2], KernelRefusal> {
    let [q0, q1] = coedge.pcurve.domain().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "domain")?;
    let walked = if coedge.forward { along } else { 1.0 - along };
    let (first_pcurve, second_pcurve) = coedge.pcurve.split(q0 + (q1 - q0) * walked).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "split")?;
    // The walk meets the LOW piece of the edge first only when forward.
    let (first_edge, second_edge) = if coedge.forward {
        (low_edge, high_edge)
    } else {
        (high_edge, low_edge)
    };
    Ok([
        CoedgeRecord {
            id: coedge.id,
            edge_id: first_edge,
            forward: coedge.forward,
            pcurve: first_pcurve,
        },
        CoedgeRecord {
            id: take_id(),
            edge_id: second_edge,
            forward: coedge.forward,
            pcurve: second_pcurve,
        },
    ])
}

/// Carry out one [`plan_carrier_seam_split`]: split the rail edge at the
/// meridian (3D curve, both faces' pcurves), fold the wrapped piece back into
/// the carrier's domain, re-order the mate loop around the seam, and trim the
/// seam edge to the crossing.
pub(in crate::blend) fn apply_carrier_seam_split(
    result: &mut BrepSolid,
    take_id: &mut dyn FnMut() -> u64,
    plan: CarrierSeamSplit,
) -> Result<[u64; 2], KernelRefusal> {
    let rail = result
        .edges
        .iter()
        .find(|edge| edge.id == plan.rail_edge)
        .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "crossing_rail", "blend network: the crossing rail vanished before its split"))?
        .clone();
    let seam_curve = result
        .edges
        .iter()
        .find(|edge| edge.id == plan.seam_edge)
        .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "carrier_seam_edge", "blend network: the carrier seam edge vanished"))?
        .curve
        .clone();
    // The pcurve seed is only as good as the row's uv fit agrees with its 3D
    // fit — the `pcurve_consistency` drift, 1.5e-4 on this carrier.  Both the
    // rail and the seam meridian are on the carrier, so their 3D distance has
    // a genuine zero: refine the parameter onto it rather than trimming the
    // seam to a point 1.5e-4 off itself.
    let rail_parameter =
        refine_seam_crossing(&rail, &seam_curve, plan.rail_parameter)?;
    let span = rail.t1 - rail.t0;
    let along = (rail_parameter - rail.t0) / span;
    if !(1e-9..=1.0 - 1e-9).contains(&along) {
        return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "seam_crossing", format!(
            "blend network: the seam crossing on rail {} lands at {along:.9} of its own span — \
             the rail does not cross the carrier's meridian inside itself",
            rail.id
        )));
    }
    let crossing_point = rail.curve.evaluate(rail_parameter).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?;
    let (low_curve, high_curve) = rail.curve.split(rail_parameter).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "split")?;
    let crossing_vertex = take_id();
    result.vertices.push(VertexRecord {
        id: crossing_vertex,
        point: crossing_point,
    });
    let low_edge = take_id();
    let high_edge = take_id();
    result.edges.push(EdgeRecord {
        id: low_edge,
        curve: low_curve,
        t0: rail.t0,
        t1: rail_parameter,
        start_vertex_id: rail.start_vertex_id,
        end_vertex_id: crossing_vertex,
        degenerate: false,
        name: rail.name.clone(),
    });
    result.edges.push(EdgeRecord {
        id: high_edge,
        curve: high_curve,
        t0: rail_parameter,
        t1: rail.t1,
        start_vertex_id: crossing_vertex,
        end_vertex_id: rail.end_vertex_id,
        degenerate: false,
        name: rail.name.clone(),
    });

    // Every OTHER loop that uses the rail — the blend face's own, and any
    // neighbour that was sewn onto it — takes the two pieces in place; only
    // the carrier's loop below needs re-ordering, because only it rides the
    // seam.  Splicing everywhere means no loop is left holding an edge id
    // that no longer exists.
    let mut spliced_elsewhere = false;
    for shell in &mut result.shells {
        for face in &mut shell.faces {
            let on_carrier = face.id == plan.face_id;
            for (loop_index, loop_record) in face.loops.iter_mut().enumerate() {
                if on_carrier && loop_index == plan.loop_index {
                    continue;
                }
                let Some(position) = loop_record
                    .coedges
                    .iter()
                    .position(|coedge| coedge.edge_id == plan.rail_edge)
                else {
                    continue;
                };
                let pieces = split_coedge(
                    &loop_record.coedges[position],
                    along,
                    low_edge,
                    high_edge,
                    take_id,
                )?;
                loop_record.coedges.splice(position..=position, pieces);
                spliced_elsewhere = true;
            }
        }
    }
    if !spliced_elsewhere {
        return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "rail_blend_face", format!(
            "blend network: rail {} is used only by the carrier — its blend face is missing",
            rail.id
        )));
    }

    // The mate: split, fold the out-of-domain piece one period, then place the
    // piece that leaves the arriving meridian right after the seam and the one
    // that reaches the leaving meridian right before it.
    let face = result
        .shells
        .iter_mut()
        .flat_map(|shell| &mut shell.faces)
        .find(|face| face.id == plan.face_id)
        .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "mate_face", "blend network: mate face lost during the seam split"))?;
    let loop_record = &mut face.loops[plan.loop_index];
    let mut pieces = split_coedge(
        &loop_record.coedges[plan.crossing_position],
        along,
        low_edge,
        high_edge,
        take_id,
    )?;
    let centre = 0.5 * (plan.level_in + plan.level_out);
    for piece in &mut pieces {
        let [q0, q1] = piece.pcurve.domain().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "domain")?;
        let middle = piece.pcurve.evaluate(0.5 * (q0 + q1)).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?.x;
        let shift = plan.period * ((middle - centre) / plan.period).round();
        if shift != 0.0 {
            for control in piece.pcurve.control_points.iter_mut() {
                control.x -= shift * control.w;
            }
        }
    }
    // The split parameter came from the 3D crossing, which the row's uv fit
    // reproduces only to `pcurve_consistency`; commit the endpoint the two
    // pieces provably share to the meridian exactly, so the mate's loop closes
    // in parameter space as well as in space.  The correction is the fit's own
    // residual, and a larger one means this is not the meridian at all.
    let band = 1e-6 * plan.period;
    let snap_band = 1e-3 * plan.period;
    for (index_of_piece, at_end) in [(0usize, true), (1usize, false)] {
        let controls = &mut pieces[index_of_piece].pcurve.control_points;
        let index = if at_end { controls.len() - 1 } else { 0 };
        let u = controls[index].x / controls[index].w;
        let level = if (u - plan.level_in).abs() <= (u - plan.level_out).abs() {
            plan.level_in
        } else {
            plan.level_out
        };
        if (u - level).abs() > snap_band {
            return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "seam_split", format!(
                "blend network: the split of rail {} lands {:.3e} from the carrier's meridian \
                 — the crossing is not on the seam",
                rail.id,
                (u - level).abs()
            )));
        }
        controls[index].x = level * controls[index].w;
    }
    // Which piece leaves the arriving meridian: the walk goes seam -> piece.
    // A coedge's pcurve is parameterized in its WALK direction whatever its
    // `forward` flag (the split above and the snap below already rely on
    // that), so the walk's start is the pcurve's start.  This used to read
    // the far end of a reversed coedge, which a rail built by the network
    // never was; the third-face trim that eats a rim's seam foot
    // (`restrict.rs`, 2026-09-26) hands this split a reversed crossing
    // coedge, and read that way neither piece "started" on the meridian.
    let walk_start_u = |piece: &CoedgeRecord| -> Result<f64, KernelRefusal> {
        let [q0, _] = piece.pcurve.domain().or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "domain")?;
        Ok(piece.pcurve.evaluate(q0).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?.x)
    };
    let leaving_first = (walk_start_u(&pieces[0])? - plan.level_in).abs() <= band;
    let (leaving, arriving) = if leaving_first {
        (pieces[0].clone(), pieces[1].clone())
    } else {
        (pieces[1].clone(), pieces[0].clone())
    };
    if (walk_start_u(&leaving)? - plan.level_in).abs() > band {
        return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "seam_split", format!(
            "blend network: neither piece of rail {} starts on the carrier's meridian at \
             {:.6}",
            rail.id, plan.level_in
        )));
    }
    let mut rebuilt = Vec::with_capacity(loop_record.coedges.len() + 1);
    for (position, coedge) in loop_record.coedges.iter().enumerate() {
        if position == plan.crossing_position {
            continue;
        }
        if position == plan.seam_out_position {
            rebuilt.push(arriving.clone());
        }
        rebuilt.push(coedge.clone());
        if position == plan.seam_in_position {
            rebuilt.push(leaving.clone());
        }
    }
    loop_record.coedges = rebuilt;

    // The seam edge now ends on the crossing instead of the eaten vertex.
    let projection = crate::project_point_to_curve(&seam_curve, crossing_point).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "project_point_to_curve")?;
    // The rail is a fit; the meridian is not.  Judge their meeting against the
    // kernel's named contract for how far a fitted edge may sit from the
    // carrier it belongs to, exactly as `support_crossing_uv` does.
    let reach = crate::KernelTolerances::for_solid(result, 1e-7)
        .pcurve_consistency
        .max(1e-6 * (1.0 + crossing_point.length()));
    if projection.distance > reach {
        return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "carrier_seam_edge", format!(
            "blend network: the carrier seam edge {} does not pass through the rail's meridian \
             crossing (off by {:.3e})",
            plan.seam_edge, projection.distance
        )));
    }
    trim_edge_at(
        result,
        plan.seam_edge,
        projection.u,
        plan.dangling_vertex,
        crossing_vertex,
    )?;
    result.edges.retain(|edge| edge.id != plan.rail_edge);
    Ok([low_edge, high_edge])
}

/// How far the rim vertex two rails share may sit from the carrier's seam
/// curve and still be a MEETING on the meridian (`CarrierSeamTrim`) rather
/// than a crossing to split at: the kernel's `intersection_fit`, the accuracy
/// a fitted intersection — which is what a blend rail is — is held to.
///
/// The two repairs tile at this bar.  Below it the trim re-foots the seam on
/// the vertex and the result inherits the offset as an endpoint off its curve,
/// which a fit is allowed anyway; above it the crossing search finds the rail
/// crossing the meridian (its band is `1e-9 * period` in u, `6.3e-9 * radius`
/// in 3D, under `intersection_fit`'s own `1e-8 * scale` floor for any bore
/// the solid holds — `scale` is at least the bore's diameter — and 3.8e-8
/// against 2e-6 on the report's bore) and the piece it cuts off is at least
/// this long, so never a sliver (`sliver` is a fifth of it).  Measured on the 2026-10-11
/// report's bore tilted off normal by 1e-8 .. 5e-2 rad (the rim vertex leaves
/// the seam by 0.857 * tilt): with `pcurve_consistency` (4e-3) here, tilts
/// 1e-7 .. 1e-3 took the trim and read pcurve ends 8.6e-7 .. 8.6e-4 off their
/// vertex; with no 3D reading at all, tilt 1e-2 refused in the apply step;
/// with `model` (1e-7), tilts 1e-7 and 1e-6 were split into 8.6e-8 and
/// 8.6e-7 pieces.  At this bar every tilt from 1e-5 up is split and reads
/// 1.9e-11, and the untilted report (1.8e-15 off) is still a meeting.
fn seam_meeting_reach(solid: &BrepSolid) -> f64 {
    crate::KernelTolerances::for_solid(solid, 1e-7).intersection_fit
}

/// Carry out one [`CarrierSeamTrim`]: commit the two rail ends to the
/// meridian exactly, so the mate's loop closes in parameter space as the
/// split's pieces do, and re-foot the seam edge on the rim vertex the rails
/// share.  Nothing is split and no edge is built.
pub(in crate::blend) fn apply_carrier_seam_trim(
    result: &mut BrepSolid,
    plan: CarrierSeamTrim,
) -> Result<(), KernelRefusal> {
    let seam_curve = result
        .edges
        .iter()
        .find(|edge| edge.id == plan.seam_edge)
        .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "carrier_seam_edge", "blend network: the carrier seam edge vanished"))?
        .curve
        .clone();
    let rim_point = result
        .vertices
        .iter()
        .find(|vertex| vertex.id == plan.rim_vertex)
        .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "seam_rim_vertex", "blend network: the rails' shared rim vertex vanished before the seam trim"))?
        .point;
    // The seam edge must pass through the rim vertex, at the reach the plan
    // was admitted on (`seam_meeting_reach`): the foot the seam is re-footed
    // on is the vertex itself, so whatever the vertex sits off the seam curve
    // by is what the seam edge's end will sit off its own curve by.
    let projection = crate::project_point_to_curve(&seam_curve, rim_point).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "project_point_to_curve")?;
    let reach = seam_meeting_reach(result);
    if projection.distance > reach {
        return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "carrier_seam_edge", format!(
            "blend network: the carrier seam edge {} does not pass through the rim vertex its \
             rails meet on (off by {:.3e})",
            plan.seam_edge, projection.distance
        )));
    }
    let face = result
        .shells
        .iter_mut()
        .flat_map(|shell| &mut shell.faces)
        .find(|face| face.id == plan.face_id)
        .ok_or(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Sew, "mate_face", "blend network: mate face lost during the seam trim"))?;
    let loop_record = &mut face.loops[plan.loop_index];
    // The rails' ends sit on the meridian to the row's uv consistency; commit
    // them to it exactly, as the split commits its pieces' shared endpoint.
    let snap_band = 1e-3 * plan.period;
    for (position, at_end, level) in [
        (plan.leaving_position, false, plan.level_in),
        (plan.arriving_position, true, plan.level_out),
    ] {
        let controls = &mut loop_record.coedges[position].pcurve.control_points;
        let index = if at_end { controls.len() - 1 } else { 0 };
        let u = controls[index].x / controls[index].w;
        if (u - level).abs() > snap_band {
            return Err(KernelRefusal::internal(KernelStage::Refine, "seam_trim", format!(
                "blend network: the rail of edge {} ends {:.3e} from the carrier's meridian — \
                 the rails do not meet on the seam",
                loop_record.coedges[position].edge_id,
                (u - level).abs()
            )));
        }
        controls[index].x = level * controls[index].w;
    }
    trim_edge_at(
        result,
        plan.seam_edge,
        projection.u,
        plan.dangling_vertex,
        plan.rim_vertex,
    )
}

/// Refine a seam crossing seeded from the row's uv fit onto the 3D meeting of
/// the rail and the carrier's seam meridian.  Both curves lie on the carrier,
/// so their distance has a genuine minimum of zero there; a ternary search
/// over a bracket around the seed converges on it without a derivative (the
/// distance is V-shaped at a transversal crossing, and a fitted rail's
/// derivative is not worth trusting at 1e-9).
fn refine_seam_crossing(
    rail: &EdgeRecord,
    seam: &NurbsCurve,
    seed: f64,
) -> Result<f64, KernelRefusal> {
    let span = rail.t1 - rail.t0;
    let distance = |t: f64| -> Result<f64, KernelRefusal> {
        let point = rail.curve.evaluate(t).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "evaluate")?;
        Ok(crate::project_point_to_curve(seam, point).or_refuse(KernelStage::Refine, "project_point_to_curve")?.distance)
    };
    // The uv fit and the 3D fit agree to the row's own accuracy, so the true
    // crossing is a small fraction of the rail away from the seed.
    let reach = (span.abs() * 0.05).max(1e-12);
    let (mut low, mut high) = (
        (seed - reach).max(rail.t0.min(rail.t1)),
        (seed + reach).min(rail.t0.max(rail.t1)),
    );
    for _ in 0..96 {
        if high - low <= 1e-15 * (1.0 + span.abs()) {
            break;
        }
        let a = low + (high - low) / 3.0;
        let b = high - (high - low) / 3.0;
        if distance(a)? <= distance(b)? {
            high = b;
        } else {
            low = a;
        }
    }
    let refined = 0.5 * (low + high);
    // Never take a refinement that is worse than the seed.
    if distance(refined)? <= distance(seed)? {
        Ok(refined)
    } else {
        Ok(seed)
    }
}