Struct clap::builder::Str

pub struct Str { /* private fields */ }

A UTF-8-encoded fixed string

NOTE: To support dynamic values (i.e. String), enable the string feature

Implementations

impl Str

pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str

Get the raw string of the Str

Examples found in repository

src/util/id.rs (line 22)

    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
        self.0.as_str()
    }

    pub(crate) fn as_internal_str(&self) -> &Str {
        &self.0
    }
}

impl From<&'_ Id> for Id {
    fn from(id: &'_ Id) -> Self {
        id.clone()
    }
}

impl From<Str> for Id {
    fn from(name: Str) -> Self {
        Self(name)
    }
}

impl From<&'_ Str> for Id {
    fn from(name: &'_ Str) -> Self {
        Self(name.into())
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "string")]
impl From<std::string::String> for Id {
    fn from(name: std::string::String) -> Self {
        Self(name.into())
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "string")]
impl From<&'_ std::string::String> for Id {
    fn from(name: &'_ std::string::String) -> Self {
        Self(name.into())
    }
}

impl From<&'static str> for Id {
    fn from(name: &'static str) -> Self {
        Self(name.into())
    }
}

impl From<&'_ &'static str> for Id {
    fn from(name: &'_ &'static str) -> Self {
        Self(name.into())
    }
}

impl From<Id> for Str {
    fn from(name: Id) -> Self {
        name.0
    }
}

impl From<Id> for String {
    fn from(name: Id) -> Self {
        Str::from(name).into()
    }
}

impl std::fmt::Display for Id {
    #[inline]
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        std::fmt::Display::fmt(self.as_str(), f)
    }
}

impl std::fmt::Debug for Id {
    #[inline]
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        std::fmt::Debug::fmt(self.as_str(), f)
    }
}

impl AsRef<str> for Id {
    #[inline]
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &str {
        self.as_str()
    }
}

impl std::borrow::Borrow<str> for Id {
    #[inline]
    fn borrow(&self) -> &str {
        self.as_str()
    }
}

impl PartialEq<str> for Id {
    #[inline]
    fn eq(&self, other: &str) -> bool {
        PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), other)
    }
}
impl PartialEq<Id> for str {
    #[inline]
    fn eq(&self, other: &Id) -> bool {
        PartialEq::eq(self, other.as_str())
    }
}

impl PartialEq<&'_ str> for Id {
    #[inline]
    fn eq(&self, other: &&str) -> bool {
        PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), *other)
    }
}
impl PartialEq<Id> for &'_ str {
    #[inline]
    fn eq(&self, other: &Id) -> bool {
        PartialEq::eq(*self, other.as_str())
    }
}

impl PartialEq<Str> for Id {
    #[inline]
    fn eq(&self, other: &Str) -> bool {
        PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), other.as_str())
    }
}
impl PartialEq<Id> for Str {
    #[inline]
    fn eq(&self, other: &Id) -> bool {
        PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), other.as_str())
    }

src/builder/command.rs (line 3237)

    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
        self.name.as_str()
    }

    #[inline]
    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
    pub(crate) fn get_name_str(&self) -> &Str {
        &self.name
    }

    /// Get the version of the cmd.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_version(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        self.version.as_deref()
    }

    /// Get the long version of the cmd.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_long_version(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        self.long_version.as_deref()
    }

    /// Get the authors of the cmd.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_author(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        self.author.as_deref()
    }

    /// Get the short flag of the subcommand.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_short_flag(&self) -> Option<char> {
        self.short_flag
    }

    /// Get the long flag of the subcommand.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_long_flag(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        self.long_flag.as_deref()
    }

    /// Get the help message specified via [`Command::about`].
    ///
    /// [`Command::about`]: Command::about()
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_about(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
        self.about.as_ref()
    }

    /// Get the help message specified via [`Command::long_about`].
    ///
    /// [`Command::long_about`]: Command::long_about()
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_long_about(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
        self.long_about.as_ref()
    }

    /// Get the custom section heading specified via [`Command::next_help_heading`].
    ///
    /// [`Command::help_heading`]: Command::help_heading()
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_next_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        self.current_help_heading.as_deref()
    }

    /// Iterate through the *visible* aliases for this subcommand.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_visible_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> + '_ {
        self.aliases
            .iter()
            .filter(|(_, vis)| *vis)
            .map(|a| a.0.as_str())
    }

    /// Iterate through the *visible* short aliases for this subcommand.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_visible_short_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = char> + '_ {
        self.short_flag_aliases
            .iter()
            .filter(|(_, vis)| *vis)
            .map(|a| a.0)
    }

    /// Iterate through the *visible* long aliases for this subcommand.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_visible_long_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> + '_ {
        self.long_flag_aliases
            .iter()
            .filter(|(_, vis)| *vis)
            .map(|a| a.0.as_str())
    }

    /// Iterate through the set of *all* the aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_all_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> + '_ {
        self.aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0.as_str())
    }

    /// Iterate through the set of *all* the short aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_all_short_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = char> + '_ {
        self.short_flag_aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0)
    }

    /// Iterate through the set of *all* the long aliases for this subcommand, both visible and hidden.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_all_long_flag_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> + '_ {
        self.long_flag_aliases.iter().map(|a| a.0.as_str())
    }

    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, s: AppSettings) -> bool {
        self.settings.is_set(s) || self.g_settings.is_set(s)
    }

    /// Should we color the output?
    pub fn get_color(&self) -> ColorChoice {
        debug!("Command::color: Color setting...");

        if cfg!(feature = "color") {
            if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorNever) {
                debug!("Never");
                ColorChoice::Never
            } else if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAlways) {
                debug!("Always");
                ColorChoice::Always
            } else {
                debug!("Auto");
                ColorChoice::Auto
            }
        } else {
            ColorChoice::Never
        }
    }

    /// Iterate through the set of subcommands, getting a reference to each.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_subcommands(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Command> {
        self.subcommands.iter()
    }

    /// Iterate through the set of subcommands, getting a mutable reference to each.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_subcommands_mut(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &mut Command> {
        self.subcommands.iter_mut()
    }

    /// Returns `true` if this `Command` has subcommands.
    #[inline]
    pub fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
        !self.subcommands.is_empty()
    }

    /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_subcommand_help_heading(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        self.subcommand_heading.as_deref()
    }

    /// Returns the subcommand value name.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_subcommand_value_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        self.subcommand_value_name.as_deref()
    }

    /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_before_help(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
        self.before_help.as_ref()
    }

    /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_before_long_help(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
        self.before_long_help.as_ref()
    }

    /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_after_help(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
        self.after_help.as_ref()
    }

    /// Returns the help heading for listing subcommands.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_after_long_help(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
        self.after_long_help.as_ref()
    }

    /// Find subcommand such that its name or one of aliases equals `name`.
    ///
    /// This does not recurse through subcommands of subcommands.
    #[inline]
    pub fn find_subcommand(&self, name: impl AsRef<std::ffi::OsStr>) -> Option<&Command> {
        let name = name.as_ref();
        self.get_subcommands().find(|s| s.aliases_to(name))
    }

    /// Find subcommand such that its name or one of aliases equals `name`, returning
    /// a mutable reference to the subcommand.
    ///
    /// This does not recurse through subcommands of subcommands.
    #[inline]
    pub fn find_subcommand_mut(
        &mut self,
        name: impl AsRef<std::ffi::OsStr>,
    ) -> Option<&mut Command> {
        let name = name.as_ref();
        self.get_subcommands_mut().find(|s| s.aliases_to(name))
    }

    /// Iterate through the set of groups.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_groups(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &ArgGroup> {
        self.groups.iter()
    }

    /// Iterate through the set of arguments.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_arguments(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg> {
        self.args.args()
    }

    /// Iterate through the *positionals* arguments.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_positionals(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg> {
        self.get_arguments().filter(|a| a.is_positional())
    }

    /// Iterate through the *options*.
    pub fn get_opts(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Arg> {
        self.get_arguments()
            .filter(|a| a.is_takes_value_set() && !a.is_positional())
    }

    /// Get a list of all arguments the given argument conflicts with.
    ///
    /// If the provided argument is declared as global, the conflicts will be determined
    /// based on the propagation rules of global arguments.
    ///
    /// ### Panics
    ///
    /// If the given arg contains a conflict with an argument that is unknown to
    /// this `Command`.
    pub fn get_arg_conflicts_with(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&Arg> // FIXME: This could probably have been an iterator
    {
        if arg.is_global_set() {
            self.get_global_arg_conflicts_with(arg)
        } else {
            let mut result = Vec::new();
            for id in arg.blacklist.iter() {
                if let Some(arg) = self.find(id) {
                    result.push(arg);
                } else if let Some(group) = self.find_group(id) {
                    result.extend(
                        self.unroll_args_in_group(&group.id)
                            .iter()
                            .map(|id| self.find(id).expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)),
                    );
                } else {
                    panic!("Command::get_arg_conflicts_with: The passed arg conflicts with an arg unknown to the cmd");
                }
            }
            result
        }
    }

    // Get a unique list of all arguments of all commands and continuous subcommands the given argument conflicts with.
    //
    // This behavior follows the propagation rules of global arguments.
    // It is useful for finding conflicts for arguments declared as global.
    //
    // ### Panics
    //
    // If the given arg contains a conflict with an argument that is unknown to
    // this `Command`.
    fn get_global_arg_conflicts_with(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&Arg> // FIXME: This could probably have been an iterator
    {
        arg.blacklist
            .iter()
            .map(|id| {
                self.args
                    .args()
                    .chain(
                        self.get_subcommands_containing(arg)
                            .iter()
                            .flat_map(|x| x.args.args()),
                    )
                    .find(|arg| arg.get_id() == id)
                    .expect(
                        "Command::get_arg_conflicts_with: \
                    The passed arg conflicts with an arg unknown to the cmd",
                    )
            })
            .collect()
    }

    // Get a list of subcommands which contain the provided Argument
    //
    // This command will only include subcommands in its list for which the subcommands
    // parent also contains the Argument.
    //
    // This search follows the propagation rules of global arguments.
    // It is useful to finding subcommands, that have inherited a global argument.
    //
    // **NOTE:** In this case only Sucommand_1 will be included
    //   Subcommand_1 (contains Arg)
    //     Subcommand_1.1 (doesn't contain Arg)
    //       Subcommand_1.1.1 (contains Arg)
    //
    fn get_subcommands_containing(&self, arg: &Arg) -> Vec<&Self> {
        let mut vec = std::vec::Vec::new();
        for idx in 0..self.subcommands.len() {
            if self.subcommands[idx]
                .args
                .args()
                .any(|ar| ar.get_id() == arg.get_id())
            {
                vec.push(&self.subcommands[idx]);
                vec.append(&mut self.subcommands[idx].get_subcommands_containing(arg));
            }
        }
        vec
    }

    /// Report whether [`Command::no_binary_name`] is set
    pub fn is_no_binary_name_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::NoBinaryName)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Command::ignore_errors`] is set
    pub(crate) fn is_ignore_errors_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Command::dont_delimit_trailing_values`] is set
    pub fn is_dont_delimit_trailing_values_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::DontDelimitTrailingValues)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Command::disable_version_flag`] is set
    pub fn is_disable_version_flag_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag)
            || (self.version.is_none() && self.long_version.is_none())
    }

    /// Report whether [`Command::propagate_version`] is set
    pub fn is_propagate_version_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::PropagateVersion)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Command::next_line_help`] is set
    pub fn is_next_line_help_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::NextLineHelp)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Command::disable_help_flag`] is set
    pub fn is_disable_help_flag_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Command::disable_help_subcommand`] is set
    pub fn is_disable_help_subcommand_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Command::disable_colored_help`] is set
    pub fn is_disable_colored_help_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableColoredHelp)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Command::help_expected`] is set
    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
    pub(crate) fn is_help_expected_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::HelpExpected)
    }

    #[doc(hidden)]
    #[cfg_attr(
        feature = "deprecated",
        deprecated(since = "4.0.0", note = "This is now the default")
    )]
    pub fn is_dont_collapse_args_in_usage_set(&self) -> bool {
        true
    }

    /// Report whether [`Command::infer_long_args`] is set
    pub(crate) fn is_infer_long_args_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::InferLongArgs)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Command::infer_subcommands`] is set
    pub(crate) fn is_infer_subcommands_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::InferSubcommands)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Command::arg_required_else_help`] is set
    pub fn is_arg_required_else_help_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
    }

    #[doc(hidden)]
    #[cfg_attr(
        feature = "deprecated",
        deprecated(
            since = "4.0.0",
            note = "Replaced with `Arg::is_allow_hyphen_values_set`"
        )
    )]
    pub(crate) fn is_allow_hyphen_values_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
    }

    #[doc(hidden)]
    #[cfg_attr(
        feature = "deprecated",
        deprecated(
            since = "4.0.0",
            note = "Replaced with `Arg::is_allow_negative_numbers_set`"
        )
    )]
    pub fn is_allow_negative_numbers_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
    }

    #[doc(hidden)]
    #[cfg_attr(
        feature = "deprecated",
        deprecated(since = "4.0.0", note = "Replaced with `Arg::is_trailing_var_arg_set`")
    )]
    pub fn is_trailing_var_arg_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Command::allow_missing_positional`] is set
    pub fn is_allow_missing_positional_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::AllowMissingPositional)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Command::hide`] is set
    pub fn is_hide_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Command::subcommand_required`] is set
    pub fn is_subcommand_required_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Command::allow_external_subcommands`] is set
    pub fn is_allow_external_subcommands_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
    }

    /// Configured parser for values passed to an external subcommand
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```rust
    /// let cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
    ///     .external_subcommand_value_parser(clap::value_parser!(String));
    /// let value_parser = cmd.get_external_subcommand_value_parser();
    /// println!("{:?}", value_parser);
    /// ```
    pub fn get_external_subcommand_value_parser(&self) -> Option<&super::ValueParser> {
        if !self.is_allow_external_subcommands_set() {
            None
        } else {
            static DEFAULT: super::ValueParser = super::ValueParser::os_string();
            Some(self.external_value_parser.as_ref().unwrap_or(&DEFAULT))
        }
    }

    /// Report whether [`Command::args_conflicts_with_subcommands`] is set
    pub fn is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands)
    }

    #[doc(hidden)]
    pub fn is_args_override_self(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::AllArgsOverrideSelf)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Command::subcommand_precedence_over_arg`] is set
    pub fn is_subcommand_precedence_over_arg_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandPrecedenceOverArg)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Command::subcommand_negates_reqs`] is set
    pub fn is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Command::multicall`] is set
    pub fn is_multicall_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(AppSettings::Multicall)
    }
}

// Internally used only
impl Command {
    pub(crate) fn get_override_usage(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
        self.usage_str.as_ref()
    }

    pub(crate) fn get_override_help(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
        self.help_str.as_ref()
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "help")]
    pub(crate) fn get_help_template(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
        self.template.as_ref()
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "help")]
    pub(crate) fn get_term_width(&self) -> Option<usize> {
        self.term_w
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "help")]
    pub(crate) fn get_max_term_width(&self) -> Option<usize> {
        self.max_w
    }

    pub(crate) fn get_replacement(&self, key: &str) -> Option<&[Str]> {
        self.replacers.get(key).map(|v| v.as_slice())
    }

    pub(crate) fn get_keymap(&self) -> &MKeyMap {
        &self.args
    }

    fn get_used_global_args(&self, matches: &ArgMatches, global_arg_vec: &mut Vec<Id>) {
        global_arg_vec.extend(
            self.args
                .args()
                .filter(|a| a.is_global_set())
                .map(|ga| ga.id.clone()),
        );
        if let Some((id, matches)) = matches.subcommand() {
            if let Some(used_sub) = self.find_subcommand(id) {
                used_sub.get_used_global_args(matches, global_arg_vec);
            }
        }
    }

    fn _do_parse(
        &mut self,
        raw_args: &mut clap_lex::RawArgs,
        args_cursor: clap_lex::ArgCursor,
    ) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches> {
        debug!("Command::_do_parse");

        // If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
        // before parsing in case we run into a subcommand
        self._build_self(false);

        let mut matcher = ArgMatcher::new(self);

        // do the real parsing
        let mut parser = Parser::new(self);
        if let Err(error) = parser.get_matches_with(&mut matcher, raw_args, args_cursor) {
            if self.is_set(AppSettings::IgnoreErrors) {
                debug!("Command::_do_parse: ignoring error: {}", error);
            } else {
                return Err(error);
            }
        }

        let mut global_arg_vec = Default::default();
        self.get_used_global_args(&matcher, &mut global_arg_vec);

        matcher.propagate_globals(&global_arg_vec);

        Ok(matcher.into_inner())
    }

    /// Prepare for introspecting on all included [`Command`]s
    ///
    /// Call this on the top-level [`Command`] when done building and before reading state for
    /// cases like completions, custom help output, etc.
    pub fn build(&mut self) {
        self._build_recursive(true);
        self._build_bin_names_internal();
    }

    pub(crate) fn _build_recursive(&mut self, expand_help_tree: bool) {
        self._build_self(expand_help_tree);
        for subcmd in self.get_subcommands_mut() {
            subcmd._build_recursive(expand_help_tree);
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn _build_self(&mut self, expand_help_tree: bool) {
        debug!("Command::_build: name={:?}", self.get_name());
        if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Built) {
            // Make sure all the globally set flags apply to us as well
            self.settings = self.settings | self.g_settings;

            if self.is_multicall_set() {
                self.settings.insert(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired.into());
                self.settings.insert(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag.into());
                self.settings.insert(AppSettings::DisableVersionFlag.into());
            }
            if !cfg!(feature = "help") && self.get_override_help().is_none() {
                self.settings.insert(AppSettings::DisableHelpFlag.into());
                self.settings
                    .insert(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand.into());
            }
            if self.is_set(AppSettings::ArgsNegateSubcommands) {
                self.settings
                    .insert(AppSettings::SubcommandsNegateReqs.into());
            }
            if self.external_value_parser.is_some() {
                self.settings
                    .insert(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands.into());
            }
            if !self.has_subcommands() {
                self.settings
                    .insert(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand.into());
            }

            self._propagate();
            self._check_help_and_version(expand_help_tree);
            self._propagate_global_args();

            let mut pos_counter = 1;
            let hide_pv = self.is_set(AppSettings::HidePossibleValues);
            for a in self.args.args_mut() {
                // Fill in the groups
                for g in &a.groups {
                    if let Some(ag) = self.groups.iter_mut().find(|grp| grp.id == *g) {
                        ag.args.push(a.get_id().clone());
                    } else {
                        let mut ag = ArgGroup::new(g);
                        ag.args.push(a.get_id().clone());
                        self.groups.push(ag);
                    }
                }

                // Figure out implied settings
                a._build();
                if hide_pv && a.is_takes_value_set() {
                    a.settings.set(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues);
                }
                if a.is_positional() && a.index.is_none() {
                    a.index = Some(pos_counter);
                    pos_counter += 1;
                }
            }

            self.args._build();

            #[allow(deprecated)]
            {
                let highest_idx = self
                    .get_keymap()
                    .keys()
                    .filter_map(|x| {
                        if let crate::mkeymap::KeyType::Position(n) = x {
                            Some(*n)
                        } else {
                            None
                        }
                    })
                    .max()
                    .unwrap_or(0);
                let is_trailing_var_arg_set = self.is_trailing_var_arg_set();
                let is_allow_hyphen_values_set = self.is_allow_hyphen_values_set();
                let is_allow_negative_numbers_set = self.is_allow_negative_numbers_set();
                for arg in self.args.args_mut() {
                    if is_allow_hyphen_values_set && arg.is_takes_value_set() {
                        arg.settings.insert(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues.into());
                    }
                    if is_allow_negative_numbers_set && arg.is_takes_value_set() {
                        arg.settings
                            .insert(ArgSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers.into());
                    }
                    if is_trailing_var_arg_set && arg.get_index() == Some(highest_idx) {
                        arg.settings.insert(ArgSettings::TrailingVarArg.into());
                    }
                }
            }

            #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
            assert_app(self);
            self.settings.set(AppSettings::Built);
        } else {
            debug!("Command::_build: already built");
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn _build_subcommand(&mut self, name: &str) -> Option<&mut Self> {
        use std::fmt::Write;

        let mut mid_string = String::from(" ");
        #[cfg(feature = "usage")]
        if !self.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set() && !self.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set()
        {
            let reqs = Usage::new(self).get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true); // maybe Some(m)

            for s in &reqs {
                mid_string.push_str(&s.to_string());
                mid_string.push(' ');
            }
        }
        let is_multicall_set = self.is_multicall_set();

        let sc = some!(self.subcommands.iter_mut().find(|s| s.name == name));

        // Display subcommand name, short and long in usage
        let mut sc_names = String::new();
        sc_names.push_str(sc.name.as_str());
        let mut flag_subcmd = false;
        if let Some(l) = sc.get_long_flag() {
            write!(sc_names, "|--{}", l).unwrap();
            flag_subcmd = true;
        }
        if let Some(s) = sc.get_short_flag() {
            write!(sc_names, "|-{}", s).unwrap();
            flag_subcmd = true;
        }

        if flag_subcmd {
            sc_names = format!("{{{}}}", sc_names);
        }

        let usage_name = self
            .bin_name
            .as_ref()
            .map(|bin_name| format!("{}{}{}", bin_name, mid_string, sc_names))
            .unwrap_or(sc_names);
        sc.usage_name = Some(usage_name);

        // bin_name should be parent's bin_name + [<reqs>] + the sc's name separated by
        // a space
        let bin_name = format!(
            "{}{}{}",
            self.bin_name.as_deref().unwrap_or_default(),
            if self.bin_name.is_some() { " " } else { "" },
            &*sc.name
        );
        debug!(
            "Command::_build_subcommand Setting bin_name of {} to {:?}",
            sc.name, bin_name
        );
        sc.bin_name = Some(bin_name);

        if sc.display_name.is_none() {
            let self_display_name = if is_multicall_set {
                self.display_name.as_deref().unwrap_or("")
            } else {
                self.display_name.as_deref().unwrap_or(&self.name)
            };
            let display_name = format!(
                "{}{}{}",
                self_display_name,
                if !self_display_name.is_empty() {
                    "-"
                } else {
                    ""
                },
                &*sc.name
            );
            debug!(
                "Command::_build_subcommand Setting display_name of {} to {:?}",
                sc.name, display_name
            );
            sc.display_name = Some(display_name);
        }

        // Ensure all args are built and ready to parse
        sc._build_self(false);

        Some(sc)
    }

    fn _build_bin_names_internal(&mut self) {
        debug!("Command::_build_bin_names");

        if !self.is_set(AppSettings::BinNameBuilt) {
            let mut mid_string = String::from(" ");
            #[cfg(feature = "usage")]
            if !self.is_subcommand_negates_reqs_set()
                && !self.is_args_conflicts_with_subcommands_set()
            {
                let reqs = Usage::new(self).get_required_usage_from(&[], None, true); // maybe Some(m)

                for s in &reqs {
                    mid_string.push_str(&s.to_string());
                    mid_string.push(' ');
                }
            }
            let is_multicall_set = self.is_multicall_set();

            let self_bin_name = if is_multicall_set {
                self.bin_name.as_deref().unwrap_or("")
            } else {
                self.bin_name.as_deref().unwrap_or(&self.name)
            }
            .to_owned();

            for mut sc in &mut self.subcommands {
                debug!("Command::_build_bin_names:iter: bin_name set...");

                if sc.usage_name.is_none() {
                    use std::fmt::Write;
                    // Display subcommand name, short and long in usage
                    let mut sc_names = String::new();
                    sc_names.push_str(sc.name.as_str());
                    let mut flag_subcmd = false;
                    if let Some(l) = sc.get_long_flag() {
                        write!(sc_names, "|--{}", l).unwrap();
                        flag_subcmd = true;
                    }
                    if let Some(s) = sc.get_short_flag() {
                        write!(sc_names, "|-{}", s).unwrap();
                        flag_subcmd = true;
                    }

                    if flag_subcmd {
                        sc_names = format!("{{{}}}", sc_names);
                    }

                    let usage_name = format!("{}{}{}", self_bin_name, mid_string, sc_names);
                    debug!(
                        "Command::_build_bin_names:iter: Setting usage_name of {} to {:?}",
                        sc.name, usage_name
                    );
                    sc.usage_name = Some(usage_name);
                } else {
                    debug!(
                        "Command::_build_bin_names::iter: Using existing usage_name of {} ({:?})",
                        sc.name, sc.usage_name
                    );
                }

                if sc.bin_name.is_none() {
                    let bin_name = format!(
                        "{}{}{}",
                        self_bin_name,
                        if !self_bin_name.is_empty() { " " } else { "" },
                        &*sc.name
                    );
                    debug!(
                        "Command::_build_bin_names:iter: Setting bin_name of {} to {:?}",
                        sc.name, bin_name
                    );
                    sc.bin_name = Some(bin_name);
                } else {
                    debug!(
                        "Command::_build_bin_names::iter: Using existing bin_name of {} ({:?})",
                        sc.name, sc.bin_name
                    );
                }

                if sc.display_name.is_none() {
                    let self_display_name = if is_multicall_set {
                        self.display_name.as_deref().unwrap_or("")
                    } else {
                        self.display_name.as_deref().unwrap_or(&self.name)
                    };
                    let display_name = format!(
                        "{}{}{}",
                        self_display_name,
                        if !self_display_name.is_empty() {
                            "-"
                        } else {
                            ""
                        },
                        &*sc.name
                    );
                    debug!(
                        "Command::_build_bin_names:iter: Setting display_name of {} to {:?}",
                        sc.name, display_name
                    );
                    sc.display_name = Some(display_name);
                } else {
                    debug!(
                        "Command::_build_bin_names::iter: Using existing display_name of {} ({:?})",
                        sc.name, sc.display_name
                    );
                }

                sc._build_bin_names_internal();
            }
            self.set(AppSettings::BinNameBuilt);
        } else {
            debug!("Command::_build_bin_names: already built");
        }
    }

src/builder/possible_value.rs (line 150)

    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
        self.name.as_str()
    }

    /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_help(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
        self.help.as_ref()
    }

    /// Get the help specified for this argument, if any and the argument
    /// value is not hidden
    #[inline]
    #[cfg(feature = "help")]
    pub(crate) fn get_visible_help(&self) -> Option<&StyledStr> {
        if !self.hide {
            self.get_help()
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    /// Report if [`PossibleValue::hide`] is set
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_hide_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.hide
    }

    /// Report if PossibleValue is not hidden and has a help message
    pub(crate) fn should_show_help(&self) -> bool {
        !self.hide && self.help.is_some()
    }

    /// Get the name if argument value is not hidden, `None` otherwise,
    /// but wrapped in quotes if it contains whitespace
    #[cfg(feature = "help")]
    pub(crate) fn get_visible_quoted_name(&self) -> Option<std::borrow::Cow<'_, str>> {
        if !self.hide {
            Some(if self.name.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
                format!("{:?}", self.name).into()
            } else {
                self.name.as_str().into()
            })
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    /// Returns all valid values of the argument value.
    ///
    /// Namely the name and all aliases.
    pub fn get_name_and_aliases(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> + '_ {
        std::iter::once(self.get_name()).chain(self.aliases.iter().map(|s| s.as_str()))
    }

src/builder/str.rs (line 100)

    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        std::fmt::Display::fmt(self.as_str(), f)
    }
}

impl std::fmt::Debug for Str {
    #[inline]
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        std::fmt::Debug::fmt(self.as_str(), f)
    }
}

impl std::ops::Deref for Str {
    type Target = str;

    #[inline]
    fn deref(&self) -> &str {
        self.as_str()
    }
}

impl AsRef<str> for Str {
    #[inline]
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &str {
        self.as_str()
    }
}

impl AsRef<[u8]> for Str {
    #[inline]
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &[u8] {
        self.as_bytes()
    }
}

impl AsRef<std::ffi::OsStr> for Str {
    #[inline]
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &std::ffi::OsStr {
        (**self).as_ref()
    }
}

impl AsRef<std::path::Path> for Str {
    #[inline]
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &std::path::Path {
        std::path::Path::new(self)
    }
}

impl std::borrow::Borrow<str> for Str {
    #[inline]
    fn borrow(&self) -> &str {
        self.as_str()
    }
}

impl PartialEq<str> for Str {
    #[inline]
    fn eq(&self, other: &str) -> bool {
        PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), other)
    }
}
impl PartialEq<Str> for str {
    #[inline]
    fn eq(&self, other: &Str) -> bool {
        PartialEq::eq(self, other.as_str())
    }
}

impl PartialEq<&'_ str> for Str {
    #[inline]
    fn eq(&self, other: &&str) -> bool {
        PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), *other)
    }
}
impl PartialEq<Str> for &'_ str {
    #[inline]
    fn eq(&self, other: &Str) -> bool {
        PartialEq::eq(*self, other.as_str())
    }
}

impl PartialEq<std::ffi::OsStr> for Str {
    #[inline]
    fn eq(&self, other: &std::ffi::OsStr) -> bool {
        PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), other)
    }
}
impl PartialEq<Str> for std::ffi::OsStr {
    #[inline]
    fn eq(&self, other: &Str) -> bool {
        PartialEq::eq(self, other.as_str())
    }
}

impl PartialEq<&'_ std::ffi::OsStr> for Str {
    #[inline]
    fn eq(&self, other: &&std::ffi::OsStr) -> bool {
        PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), *other)
    }
}
impl PartialEq<Str> for &'_ std::ffi::OsStr {
    #[inline]
    fn eq(&self, other: &Str) -> bool {
        PartialEq::eq(*self, other.as_str())
    }
}

impl PartialEq<std::string::String> for Str {
    #[inline]
    fn eq(&self, other: &std::string::String) -> bool {
        PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), other.as_str())
    }
}
impl PartialEq<Str> for std::string::String {
    #[inline]
    fn eq(&self, other: &Str) -> bool {
        PartialEq::eq(self.as_str(), other.as_str())
    }

src/builder/arg.rs (line 3792)

    pub fn get_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&str>> {
        if self.aliases.is_empty() {
            None
        } else {
            Some(
                self.aliases
                    .iter()
                    .filter_map(|(s, v)| if *v { Some(s.as_str()) } else { None })
                    .collect(),
            )
        }
    }

    /// Get *all* aliases for this argument, if any, both visible and hidden.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_all_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&str>> {
        if self.aliases.is_empty() {
            None
        } else {
            Some(self.aliases.iter().map(|(s, _)| s.as_str()).collect())
        }
    }

    /// Get the long option name and its visible aliases, if any
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_long_and_visible_aliases(&self) -> Option<Vec<&str>> {
        let mut longs = match self.get_long() {
            Some(long) => vec![long],
            None => return None,
        };
        if let Some(aliases) = self.get_visible_aliases() {
            longs.extend(aliases);
        }
        Some(longs)
    }

    /// Get the names of possible values for this argument. Only useful for user
    /// facing applications, such as building help messages or man files
    pub fn get_possible_values(&self) -> Vec<PossibleValue> {
        if !self.is_takes_value_set() {
            vec![]
        } else {
            self.get_value_parser()
                .possible_values()
                .map(|pvs| pvs.collect())
                .unwrap_or_default()
        }
    }

    /// Get the names of values for this argument.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_value_names(&self) -> Option<&[Str]> {
        if self.val_names.is_empty() {
            None
        } else {
            Some(&self.val_names)
        }
    }

    /// Get the number of values for this argument.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_num_args(&self) -> Option<ValueRange> {
        self.num_vals
    }

    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn get_min_vals(&self) -> usize {
        self.get_num_args().expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG).min_values()
    }

    /// Get the delimiter between multiple values
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_value_delimiter(&self) -> Option<char> {
        self.val_delim
    }

    /// Get the index of this argument, if any
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_index(&self) -> Option<usize> {
        self.index
    }

    /// Get the value hint of this argument
    pub fn get_value_hint(&self) -> ValueHint {
        self.value_hint.unwrap_or_else(|| {
            if self.is_takes_value_set() {
                let type_id = self.get_value_parser().type_id();
                if type_id == crate::parser::AnyValueId::of::<std::path::PathBuf>() {
                    ValueHint::AnyPath
                } else {
                    ValueHint::default()
                }
            } else {
                ValueHint::default()
            }
        })
    }

    /// Get the environment variable name specified for this argument, if any
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```rust
    /// # use std::ffi::OsStr;
    /// # use clap::Arg;
    /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").env("ENVIRONMENT");
    /// assert_eq!(arg.get_env(), Some(OsStr::new("ENVIRONMENT")));
    /// ```
    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
    pub fn get_env(&self) -> Option<&std::ffi::OsStr> {
        self.env.as_ref().map(|x| x.0.as_os_str())
    }

    /// Get the default values specified for this argument, if any
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```rust
    /// # use clap::Arg;
    /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").default_value("default value");
    /// assert_eq!(arg.get_default_values(), &["default value"]);
    /// ```
    pub fn get_default_values(&self) -> &[OsStr] {
        &self.default_vals
    }

    /// Checks whether this argument is a positional or not.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use clap::Arg;
    /// let arg = Arg::new("foo");
    /// assert_eq!(arg.is_positional(), true);
    ///
    /// let arg = Arg::new("foo").long("foo");
    /// assert_eq!(arg.is_positional(), false);
    /// ```
    pub fn is_positional(&self) -> bool {
        self.get_long().is_none() && self.get_short().is_none()
    }

    /// Reports whether [`Arg::required`] is set
    pub fn is_required_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(ArgSettings::Required)
    }

    pub(crate) fn is_multiple_values_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.get_num_args().unwrap_or_default().is_multiple()
    }

    pub(crate) fn is_takes_value_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.get_action().takes_values()
    }

    /// Report whether [`Arg::allow_hyphen_values`] is set
    pub fn is_allow_hyphen_values_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowHyphenValues)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Arg::allow_negative_numbers`] is set
    pub fn is_allow_negative_numbers_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(ArgSettings::AllowNegativeNumbers)
    }

    /// Behavior when parsing the argument
    pub fn get_action(&self) -> &super::ArgAction {
        const DEFAULT: super::ArgAction = super::ArgAction::Set;
        self.action.as_ref().unwrap_or(&DEFAULT)
    }

    /// Configured parser for argument values
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```rust
    /// let cmd = clap::Command::new("raw")
    ///     .arg(
    ///         clap::Arg::new("port")
    ///             .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(usize))
    ///     );
    /// let value_parser = cmd.get_arguments()
    ///     .find(|a| a.get_id() == "port").unwrap()
    ///     .get_value_parser();
    /// println!("{:?}", value_parser);
    /// ```
    pub fn get_value_parser(&self) -> &super::ValueParser {
        if let Some(value_parser) = self.value_parser.as_ref() {
            value_parser
        } else {
            static DEFAULT: super::ValueParser = super::ValueParser::string();
            &DEFAULT
        }
    }

    /// Report whether [`Arg::global`] is set
    pub fn is_global_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Arg::next_line_help`] is set
    pub fn is_next_line_help_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Arg::hide`] is set
    pub fn is_hide_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Arg::hide_default_value`] is set
    pub fn is_hide_default_value_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(ArgSettings::HideDefaultValue)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Arg::hide_possible_values`] is set
    pub fn is_hide_possible_values_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Arg::hide_env`] is set
    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
    pub fn is_hide_env_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(ArgSettings::HideEnv)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Arg::hide_env_values`] is set
    #[cfg(feature = "env")]
    pub fn is_hide_env_values_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(ArgSettings::HideEnvValues)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Arg::hide_short_help`] is set
    pub fn is_hide_short_help_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenShortHelp)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Arg::hide_long_help`] is set
    pub fn is_hide_long_help_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(ArgSettings::HiddenLongHelp)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Arg::require_equals`] is set
    pub fn is_require_equals_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(ArgSettings::RequireEquals)
    }

    /// Reports whether [`Arg::exclusive`] is set
    pub fn is_exclusive_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(ArgSettings::Exclusive)
    }

    /// Report whether [`Arg::trailing_var_arg`] is set
    pub fn is_trailing_var_arg_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(ArgSettings::TrailingVarArg)
    }

    /// Reports whether [`Arg::last`] is set
    pub fn is_last_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(ArgSettings::Last)
    }

    /// Reports whether [`Arg::ignore_case`] is set
    pub fn is_ignore_case_set(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_set(ArgSettings::IgnoreCase)
    }
}

/// # Internally used only
impl Arg {
    pub(crate) fn _build(&mut self) {
        if self.action.is_none() {
            if self.num_vals == Some(ValueRange::EMPTY) {
                let action = super::ArgAction::SetTrue;
                self.action = Some(action);
            } else {
                let action =
                    if self.is_positional() && self.num_vals.unwrap_or_default().is_unbounded() {
                        // Allow collecting arguments interleaved with flags
                        //
                        // Bounded values are probably a group and the user should explicitly opt-in to
                        // Append
                        super::ArgAction::Append
                    } else {
                        super::ArgAction::Set
                    };
                self.action = Some(action);
            }
        }
        if let Some(action) = self.action.as_ref() {
            if let Some(default_value) = action.default_value() {
                if self.default_vals.is_empty() {
                    self.default_vals = vec![default_value.into()];
                }
            }
            if let Some(default_value) = action.default_missing_value() {
                if self.default_missing_vals.is_empty() {
                    self.default_missing_vals = vec![default_value.into()];
                }
            }
        }

        if self.value_parser.is_none() {
            if let Some(default) = self.action.as_ref().and_then(|a| a.default_value_parser()) {
                self.value_parser = Some(default);
            } else {
                self.value_parser = Some(super::ValueParser::string());
            }
        }

        let val_names_len = self.val_names.len();
        if val_names_len > 1 {
            self.num_vals.get_or_insert(val_names_len.into());
        } else {
            let nargs = if self.get_action().takes_values() {
                ValueRange::SINGLE
            } else {
                ValueRange::EMPTY
            };
            self.num_vals.get_or_insert(nargs);
        }
    }

    // Used for positionals when printing
    pub(crate) fn name_no_brackets(&self) -> String {
        debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets:{}", self.get_id());
        let delim = " ";
        if !self.val_names.is_empty() {
            debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets: val_names={:#?}", self.val_names);

            if self.val_names.len() > 1 {
                self.val_names
                    .iter()
                    .map(|n| format!("<{}>", n))
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                    .join(delim)
            } else {
                self.val_names
                    .first()
                    .expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
                    .as_str()
                    .to_owned()
            }
        } else {
            debug!("Arg::name_no_brackets: just name");
            self.get_id().as_str().to_owned()
        }
    }

src/output/help_template.rs (line 755)

    fn spec_vals(&self, a: &Arg) -> String {
        debug!("HelpTemplate::spec_vals: a={}", a);
        let mut spec_vals = Vec::new();
        #[cfg(feature = "env")]
        if let Some(ref env) = a.env {
            if !a.is_hide_env_set() {
                debug!(
                    "HelpTemplate::spec_vals: Found environment variable...[{:?}:{:?}]",
                    env.0, env.1
                );
                let env_val = if !a.is_hide_env_values_set() {
                    format!(
                        "={}",
                        env.1
                            .as_ref()
                            .map(|s| s.to_string_lossy())
                            .unwrap_or_default()
                    )
                } else {
                    Default::default()
                };
                let env_info = format!("[env: {}{}]", env.0.to_string_lossy(), env_val);
                spec_vals.push(env_info);
            }
        }
        if a.is_takes_value_set() && !a.is_hide_default_value_set() && !a.default_vals.is_empty() {
            debug!(
                "HelpTemplate::spec_vals: Found default value...[{:?}]",
                a.default_vals
            );

            let pvs = a
                .default_vals
                .iter()
                .map(|pvs| pvs.to_string_lossy())
                .map(|pvs| {
                    if pvs.contains(char::is_whitespace) {
                        Cow::from(format!("{:?}", pvs))
                    } else {
                        pvs
                    }
                })
                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                .join(" ");

            spec_vals.push(format!("[default: {}]", pvs));
        }

        let als = a
            .aliases
            .iter()
            .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
            .map(|als| als.0.as_str()) // name
            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
            .join(", ");
        if !als.is_empty() {
            debug!("HelpTemplate::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", a.aliases);
            spec_vals.push(format!("[aliases: {}]", als));
        }

        let als = a
            .short_aliases
            .iter()
            .filter(|&als| als.1) // visible
            .map(|&als| als.0.to_string()) // name
            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
            .join(", ");
        if !als.is_empty() {
            debug!(
                "HelpTemplate::spec_vals: Found short aliases...{:?}",
                a.short_aliases
            );
            spec_vals.push(format!("[short aliases: {}]", als));
        }

        let possible_vals = a.get_possible_values();
        if !(a.is_hide_possible_values_set()
            || possible_vals.is_empty()
            || self.use_long && possible_vals.iter().any(PossibleValue::should_show_help))
        {
            debug!(
                "HelpTemplate::spec_vals: Found possible vals...{:?}",
                possible_vals
            );

            let pvs = possible_vals
                .iter()
                .filter_map(PossibleValue::get_visible_quoted_name)
                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                .join(", ");

            spec_vals.push(format!("[possible values: {}]", pvs));
        }
        let connector = if self.use_long { "\n" } else { " " };
        spec_vals.join(connector)
    }

Additional examples can be found in:

• src/parser/parser.rs

Methods from Deref<Target = str>

pub fn len(&self) -> usize

Returns the length of self.

This length is in bytes, not chars or graphemes. In other words, it might not be what a human considers the length of the string.

Examples

Basic usage:

let len = "foo".len();
assert_eq!(3, len);

assert_eq!("ƒoo".len(), 4); // fancy f!
assert_eq!("ƒoo".chars().count(), 3);

pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool

Returns true if self has a length of zero bytes.

Examples

Basic usage:

let s = "";
assert!(s.is_empty());

let s = "not empty";
assert!(!s.is_empty());

pub fn is_char_boundary(&self, index: usize) -> bool

Checks that index-th byte is the first byte in a UTF-8 code point sequence or the end of the string.

The start and end of the string (when index == self.len()) are considered to be boundaries.

Returns false if index is greater than self.len().

Examples

let s = "Löwe 老虎 Léopard";
assert!(s.is_char_boundary(0));
// start of `老`
assert!(s.is_char_boundary(6));
assert!(s.is_char_boundary(s.len()));

// second byte of `ö`
assert!(!s.is_char_boundary(2));

// third byte of `老`
assert!(!s.is_char_boundary(8));

pub fn floor_char_boundary(&self, index: usize) -> usize

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (round_char_boundary)

Finds the closest x not exceeding index where is_char_boundary(x) is true.

This method can help you truncate a string so that it’s still valid UTF-8, but doesn’t exceed a given number of bytes. Note that this is done purely at the character level and can still visually split graphemes, even though the underlying characters aren’t split. For example, the emoji 🧑‍🔬 (scientist) could be split so that the string only includes 🧑 (person) instead.

Examples

#![feature(round_char_boundary)]
let s = "❤️🧡💛💚💙💜";
assert_eq!(s.len(), 26);
assert!(!s.is_char_boundary(13));

let closest = s.floor_char_boundary(13);
assert_eq!(closest, 10);
assert_eq!(&s[..closest], "❤️🧡");

pub fn ceil_char_boundary(&self, index: usize) -> usize

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (round_char_boundary)

Finds the closest x not below index where is_char_boundary(x) is true.

This method is the natural complement to floor_char_boundary. See that method for more details.

Panics

Panics if index > self.len().

Examples

#![feature(round_char_boundary)]
let s = "❤️🧡💛💚💙💜";
assert_eq!(s.len(), 26);
assert!(!s.is_char_boundary(13));

let closest = s.ceil_char_boundary(13);
assert_eq!(closest, 14);
assert_eq!(&s[..closest], "❤️🧡💛");

pub fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8]

Converts a string slice to a byte slice. To convert the byte slice back into a string slice, use the from_utf8 function.

Examples

Basic usage:

let bytes = "bors".as_bytes();
assert_eq!(b"bors", bytes);

pub fn as_ptr(&self) -> *const u8

Converts a string slice to a raw pointer.

As string slices are a slice of bytes, the raw pointer points to a u8. This pointer will be pointing to the first byte of the string slice.

The caller must ensure that the returned pointer is never written to. If you need to mutate the contents of the string slice, use as_mut_ptr.

Examples

Basic usage:

let s = "Hello";
let ptr = s.as_ptr();

pub fn get<I>(&self, i: I) -> Option<&<I as SliceIndex<str>>::Output>where
    I: SliceIndex<str>,

Returns a subslice of str.

This is the non-panicking alternative to indexing the str. Returns None whenever equivalent indexing operation would panic.

Examples

let v = String::from("🗻∈🌏");

assert_eq!(Some("🗻"), v.get(0..4));

// indices not on UTF-8 sequence boundaries
assert!(v.get(1..).is_none());
assert!(v.get(..8).is_none());

// out of bounds
assert!(v.get(..42).is_none());

pub unsafe fn get_unchecked<I>(&self, i: I) -> &<I as SliceIndex<str>>::Outputwhere
    I: SliceIndex<str>,

Returns an unchecked subslice of str.

This is the unchecked alternative to indexing the str.

Safety

Callers of this function are responsible that these preconditions are satisfied:

• The starting index must not exceed the ending index;
• Indexes must be within bounds of the original slice;
• Indexes must lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.

Failing that, the returned string slice may reference invalid memory or violate the invariants communicated by the str type.

Examples

let v = "🗻∈🌏";
unsafe {
    assert_eq!("🗻", v.get_unchecked(0..4));
    assert_eq!("∈", v.get_unchecked(4..7));
    assert_eq!("🌏", v.get_unchecked(7..11));
}

pub unsafe fn slice_unchecked(&self, begin: usize, end: usize) -> &str

👎Deprecated since 1.29.0: use get_unchecked(begin..end) instead

Creates a string slice from another string slice, bypassing safety checks.

This is generally not recommended, use with caution! For a safe alternative see str and Index.

This new slice goes from begin to end, including begin but excluding end.

To get a mutable string slice instead, see the slice_mut_unchecked method.

Safety

Callers of this function are responsible that three preconditions are satisfied:

• begin must not exceed end.
• begin and end must be byte positions within the string slice.
• begin and end must lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.

Examples

Basic usage:

let s = "Löwe 老虎 Léopard";

unsafe {
    assert_eq!("Löwe 老虎 Léopard", s.slice_unchecked(0, 21));
}

let s = "Hello, world!";

unsafe {
    assert_eq!("world", s.slice_unchecked(7, 12));
}

pub fn split_at(&self, mid: usize) -> (&str, &str)

Divide one string slice into two at an index.

The argument, mid, should be a byte offset from the start of the string. It must also be on the boundary of a UTF-8 code point.

The two slices returned go from the start of the string slice to mid, and from mid to the end of the string slice.

To get mutable string slices instead, see the split_at_mut method.

Panics

Panics if mid is not on a UTF-8 code point boundary, or if it is past the end of the last code point of the string slice.

Examples

Basic usage:

let s = "Per Martin-Löf";

let (first, last) = s.split_at(3);

assert_eq!("Per", first);
assert_eq!(" Martin-Löf", last);

pub fn chars(&self) -> Chars<'_>

Returns an iterator over the chars of a string slice.

As a string slice consists of valid UTF-8, we can iterate through a string slice by char. This method returns such an iterator.

It’s important to remember that char represents a Unicode Scalar Value, and might not match your idea of what a ‘character’ is. Iteration over grapheme clusters may be what you actually want. This functionality is not provided by Rust’s standard library, check crates.io instead.

Examples

Basic usage:

let word = "goodbye";

let count = word.chars().count();
assert_eq!(7, count);

let mut chars = word.chars();

assert_eq!(Some('g'), chars.next());
assert_eq!(Some('o'), chars.next());
assert_eq!(Some('o'), chars.next());
assert_eq!(Some('d'), chars.next());
assert_eq!(Some('b'), chars.next());
assert_eq!(Some('y'), chars.next());
assert_eq!(Some('e'), chars.next());

assert_eq!(None, chars.next());

Remember, chars might not match your intuition about characters:

let y = "y̆";

let mut chars = y.chars();

assert_eq!(Some('y'), chars.next()); // not 'y̆'
assert_eq!(Some('\u{0306}'), chars.next());

assert_eq!(None, chars.next());

pub fn char_indices(&self) -> CharIndices<'_>

Returns an iterator over the chars of a string slice, and their positions.

As a string slice consists of valid UTF-8, we can iterate through a string slice by char. This method returns an iterator of both these chars, as well as their byte positions.

The iterator yields tuples. The position is first, the char is second.

Examples

Basic usage:

let word = "goodbye";

let count = word.char_indices().count();
assert_eq!(7, count);

let mut char_indices = word.char_indices();

assert_eq!(Some((0, 'g')), char_indices.next());
assert_eq!(Some((1, 'o')), char_indices.next());
assert_eq!(Some((2, 'o')), char_indices.next());
assert_eq!(Some((3, 'd')), char_indices.next());
assert_eq!(Some((4, 'b')), char_indices.next());
assert_eq!(Some((5, 'y')), char_indices.next());
assert_eq!(Some((6, 'e')), char_indices.next());

assert_eq!(None, char_indices.next());

Remember, chars might not match your intuition about characters:

let yes = "y̆es";

let mut char_indices = yes.char_indices();

assert_eq!(Some((0, 'y')), char_indices.next()); // not (0, 'y̆')
assert_eq!(Some((1, '\u{0306}')), char_indices.next());

// note the 3 here - the last character took up two bytes
assert_eq!(Some((3, 'e')), char_indices.next());
assert_eq!(Some((4, 's')), char_indices.next());

assert_eq!(None, char_indices.next());

pub fn bytes(&self) -> Bytes<'_>

An iterator over the bytes of a string slice.

As a string slice consists of a sequence of bytes, we can iterate through a string slice by byte. This method returns such an iterator.

Examples

Basic usage:

let mut bytes = "bors".bytes();

assert_eq!(Some(b'b'), bytes.next());
assert_eq!(Some(b'o'), bytes.next());
assert_eq!(Some(b'r'), bytes.next());
assert_eq!(Some(b's'), bytes.next());

assert_eq!(None, bytes.next());

pub fn split_whitespace(&self) -> SplitWhitespace<'_>

Splits a string slice by whitespace.

The iterator returned will return string slices that are sub-slices of the original string slice, separated by any amount of whitespace.

‘Whitespace’ is defined according to the terms of the Unicode Derived Core Property White_Space. If you only want to split on ASCII whitespace instead, use split_ascii_whitespace.

Examples

Basic usage:

let mut iter = "A few words".split_whitespace();

assert_eq!(Some("A"), iter.next());
assert_eq!(Some("few"), iter.next());
assert_eq!(Some("words"), iter.next());

assert_eq!(None, iter.next());

All kinds of whitespace are considered:

let mut iter = " Mary   had\ta\u{2009}little  \n\t lamb".split_whitespace();
assert_eq!(Some("Mary"), iter.next());
assert_eq!(Some("had"), iter.next());
assert_eq!(Some("a"), iter.next());
assert_eq!(Some("little"), iter.next());
assert_eq!(Some("lamb"), iter.next());

assert_eq!(None, iter.next());

If the string is empty or all whitespace, the iterator yields no string slices:

assert_eq!("".split_whitespace().next(), None);
assert_eq!("   ".split_whitespace().next(), None);

pub fn split_ascii_whitespace(&self) -> SplitAsciiWhitespace<'_>

Splits a string slice by ASCII whitespace.

The iterator returned will return string slices that are sub-slices of the original string slice, separated by any amount of ASCII whitespace.

To split by Unicode Whitespace instead, use split_whitespace.

Examples

Basic usage:

let mut iter = "A few words".split_ascii_whitespace();

assert_eq!(Some("A"), iter.next());
assert_eq!(Some("few"), iter.next());
assert_eq!(Some("words"), iter.next());

assert_eq!(None, iter.next());

All kinds of ASCII whitespace are considered:

let mut iter = " Mary   had\ta little  \n\t lamb".split_ascii_whitespace();
assert_eq!(Some("Mary"), iter.next());
assert_eq!(Some("had"), iter.next());
assert_eq!(Some("a"), iter.next());
assert_eq!(Some("little"), iter.next());
assert_eq!(Some("lamb"), iter.next());

assert_eq!(None, iter.next());

If the string is empty or all ASCII whitespace, the iterator yields no string slices:

assert_eq!("".split_ascii_whitespace().next(), None);
assert_eq!("   ".split_ascii_whitespace().next(), None);

pub fn lines(&self) -> Lines<'_>

An iterator over the lines of a string, as string slices.

Lines are ended with either a newline (\n) or a carriage return with a line feed (\r\n).

The final line ending is optional. A string that ends with a final line ending will return the same lines as an otherwise identical string without a final line ending.

Examples

Basic usage:

let text = "foo\r\nbar\n\nbaz\n";
let mut lines = text.lines();

assert_eq!(Some("foo"), lines.next());
assert_eq!(Some("bar"), lines.next());
assert_eq!(Some(""), lines.next());
assert_eq!(Some("baz"), lines.next());

assert_eq!(None, lines.next());

The final line ending isn’t required:

let text = "foo\nbar\n\r\nbaz";
let mut lines = text.lines();

assert_eq!(Some("foo"), lines.next());
assert_eq!(Some("bar"), lines.next());
assert_eq!(Some(""), lines.next());
assert_eq!(Some("baz"), lines.next());

assert_eq!(None, lines.next());

pub fn lines_any(&self) -> LinesAny<'_>

👎Deprecated since 1.4.0: use lines() instead now

An iterator over the lines of a string.

pub fn encode_utf16(&self) -> EncodeUtf16<'_>

Returns an iterator of u16 over the string encoded as UTF-16.

Examples

Basic usage:

let text = "Zażółć gęślą jaźń";

let utf8_len = text.len();
let utf16_len = text.encode_utf16().count();

assert!(utf16_len <= utf8_len);

pub fn contains<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> boolwhere
    P: Pattern<'a>,

Returns true if the given pattern matches a sub-slice of this string slice.

Returns false if it does not.

The pattern can be a &str, char, a slice of chars, or a function or closure that determines if a character matches.

Examples

Basic usage:

let bananas = "bananas";

assert!(bananas.contains("nana"));
assert!(!bananas.contains("apples"));

pub fn starts_with<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> boolwhere
    P: Pattern<'a>,

Returns true if the given pattern matches a prefix of this string slice.

Returns false if it does not.

The pattern can be a &str, char, a slice of chars, or a function or closure that determines if a character matches.

Examples

Basic usage:

let bananas = "bananas";

assert!(bananas.starts_with("bana"));
assert!(!bananas.starts_with("nana"));

pub fn ends_with<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> boolwhere
    P: Pattern<'a>,
    <P as Pattern<'a>>::Searcher: ReverseSearcher<'a>,

Returns true if the given pattern matches a suffix of this string slice.

Returns false if it does not.

The pattern can be a &str, char, a slice of chars, or a function or closure that determines if a character matches.

Examples

Basic usage:

let bananas = "bananas";

assert!(bananas.ends_with("anas"));
assert!(!bananas.ends_with("nana"));

pub fn find<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> Option<usize>where
    P: Pattern<'a>,

Returns the byte index of the first character of this string slice that matches the pattern.

Returns None if the pattern doesn’t match.

The pattern can be a &str, char, a slice of chars, or a function or closure that determines if a character matches.

Examples

Simple patterns:

let s = "Löwe 老虎 Léopard Gepardi";

assert_eq!(s.find('L'), Some(0));
assert_eq!(s.find('é'), Some(14));
assert_eq!(s.find("pard"), Some(17));

More complex patterns using point-free style and closures:

let s = "Löwe 老虎 Léopard";

assert_eq!(s.find(char::is_whitespace), Some(5));
assert_eq!(s.find(char::is_lowercase), Some(1));
assert_eq!(s.find(|c: char| c.is_whitespace() || c.is_lowercase()), Some(1));
assert_eq!(s.find(|c: char| (c < 'o') && (c > 'a')), Some(4));

Not finding the pattern:

let s = "Löwe 老虎 Léopard";
let x: &[_] = &['1', '2'];

assert_eq!(s.find(x), None);

pub fn rfind<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> Option<usize>where
    P: Pattern<'a>,
    <P as Pattern<'a>>::Searcher: ReverseSearcher<'a>,

Returns the byte index for the first character of the last match of the pattern in this string slice.

Returns None if the pattern doesn’t match.

The pattern can be a &str, char, a slice of chars, or a function or closure that determines if a character matches.

Examples

Simple patterns:

let s = "Löwe 老虎 Léopard Gepardi";

assert_eq!(s.rfind('L'), Some(13));
assert_eq!(s.rfind('é'), Some(14));
assert_eq!(s.rfind("pard"), Some(24));

More complex patterns with closures:

let s = "Löwe 老虎 Léopard";

assert_eq!(s.rfind(char::is_whitespace), Some(12));
assert_eq!(s.rfind(char::is_lowercase), Some(20));

Not finding the pattern:

let s = "Löwe 老虎 Léopard";
let x: &[_] = &['1', '2'];

assert_eq!(s.rfind(x), None);

pub fn split<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> Split<'a, P>where
    P: Pattern<'a>,

An iterator over substrings of this string slice, separated by characters matched by a pattern.

The pattern can be a &str, char, a slice of chars, or a function or closure that determines if a character matches.

Iterator behavior

The returned iterator will be a DoubleEndedIterator if the pattern allows a reverse search and forward/reverse search yields the same elements. This is true for, e.g., char, but not for &str.

If the pattern allows a reverse search but its results might differ from a forward search, the rsplit method can be used.

Examples

Simple patterns:

let v: Vec<&str> = "Mary had a little lamb".split(' ').collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["Mary", "had", "a", "little", "lamb"]);

let v: Vec<&str> = "".split('X').collect();
assert_eq!(v, [""]);

let v: Vec<&str> = "lionXXtigerXleopard".split('X').collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["lion", "", "tiger", "leopard"]);

let v: Vec<&str> = "lion::tiger::leopard".split("::").collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["lion", "tiger", "leopard"]);

let v: Vec<&str> = "abc1def2ghi".split(char::is_numeric).collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["abc", "def", "ghi"]);

let v: Vec<&str> = "lionXtigerXleopard".split(char::is_uppercase).collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["lion", "tiger", "leopard"]);

If the pattern is a slice of chars, split on each occurrence of any of the characters:

let v: Vec<&str> = "2020-11-03 23:59".split(&['-', ' ', ':', '@'][..]).collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["2020", "11", "03", "23", "59"]);

A more complex pattern, using a closure:

let v: Vec<&str> = "abc1defXghi".split(|c| c == '1' || c == 'X').collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["abc", "def", "ghi"]);

If a string contains multiple contiguous separators, you will end up with empty strings in the output:

let x = "||||a||b|c".to_string();
let d: Vec<_> = x.split('|').collect();

assert_eq!(d, &["", "", "", "", "a", "", "b", "c"]);

Contiguous separators are separated by the empty string.

let x = "(///)".to_string();
let d: Vec<_> = x.split('/').collect();

assert_eq!(d, &["(", "", "", ")"]);

Separators at the start or end of a string are neighbored by empty strings.

let d: Vec<_> = "010".split("0").collect();
assert_eq!(d, &["", "1", ""]);

When the empty string is used as a separator, it separates every character in the string, along with the beginning and end of the string.

let f: Vec<_> = "rust".split("").collect();
assert_eq!(f, &["", "r", "u", "s", "t", ""]);

Contiguous separators can lead to possibly surprising behavior when whitespace is used as the separator. This code is correct:

let x = "    a  b c".to_string();
let d: Vec<_> = x.split(' ').collect();

assert_eq!(d, &["", "", "", "", "a", "", "b", "c"]);

It does not give you:

assert_eq!(d, &["a", "b", "c"]);

Use split_whitespace for this behavior.

pub fn split_inclusive<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> SplitInclusive<'a, P>where
    P: Pattern<'a>,

An iterator over substrings of this string slice, separated by characters matched by a pattern. Differs from the iterator produced by split in that split_inclusive leaves the matched part as the terminator of the substring.

The pattern can be a &str, char, a slice of chars, or a function or closure that determines if a character matches.

Examples

let v: Vec<&str> = "Mary had a little lamb\nlittle lamb\nlittle lamb."
    .split_inclusive('\n').collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["Mary had a little lamb\n", "little lamb\n", "little lamb."]);

If the last element of the string is matched, that element will be considered the terminator of the preceding substring. That substring will be the last item returned by the iterator.

let v: Vec<&str> = "Mary had a little lamb\nlittle lamb\nlittle lamb.\n"
    .split_inclusive('\n').collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["Mary had a little lamb\n", "little lamb\n", "little lamb.\n"]);

pub fn rsplit<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> RSplit<'a, P>where
    P: Pattern<'a>,
    <P as Pattern<'a>>::Searcher: ReverseSearcher<'a>,

An iterator over substrings of the given string slice, separated by characters matched by a pattern and yielded in reverse order.

The pattern can be a &str, char, a slice of chars, or a function or closure that determines if a character matches.

Iterator behavior

The returned iterator requires that the pattern supports a reverse search, and it will be a DoubleEndedIterator if a forward/reverse search yields the same elements.

For iterating from the front, the split method can be used.

Examples

Simple patterns:

let v: Vec<&str> = "Mary had a little lamb".rsplit(' ').collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["lamb", "little", "a", "had", "Mary"]);

let v: Vec<&str> = "".rsplit('X').collect();
assert_eq!(v, [""]);

let v: Vec<&str> = "lionXXtigerXleopard".rsplit('X').collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["leopard", "tiger", "", "lion"]);

let v: Vec<&str> = "lion::tiger::leopard".rsplit("::").collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["leopard", "tiger", "lion"]);

A more complex pattern, using a closure:

let v: Vec<&str> = "abc1defXghi".rsplit(|c| c == '1' || c == 'X').collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["ghi", "def", "abc"]);

pub fn split_terminator<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> SplitTerminator<'a, P>where
    P: Pattern<'a>,

An iterator over substrings of the given string slice, separated by characters matched by a pattern.

The pattern can be a &str, char, a slice of chars, or a function or closure that determines if a character matches.

Equivalent to split, except that the trailing substring is skipped if empty.

This method can be used for string data that is terminated, rather than separated by a pattern.

Iterator behavior

The returned iterator will be a DoubleEndedIterator if the pattern allows a reverse search and forward/reverse search yields the same elements. This is true for, e.g., char, but not for &str.

If the pattern allows a reverse search but its results might differ from a forward search, the rsplit_terminator method can be used.

Examples

Basic usage:

let v: Vec<&str> = "A.B.".split_terminator('.').collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["A", "B"]);

let v: Vec<&str> = "A..B..".split_terminator(".").collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["A", "", "B", ""]);

let v: Vec<&str> = "A.B:C.D".split_terminator(&['.', ':'][..]).collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["A", "B", "C", "D"]);

pub fn rsplit_terminator<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> RSplitTerminator<'a, P>where
    P: Pattern<'a>,
    <P as Pattern<'a>>::Searcher: ReverseSearcher<'a>,

An iterator over substrings of self, separated by characters matched by a pattern and yielded in reverse order.

The pattern can be a &str, char, a slice of chars, or a function or closure that determines if a character matches.

Equivalent to split, except that the trailing substring is skipped if empty.

This method can be used for string data that is terminated, rather than separated by a pattern.

Iterator behavior

The returned iterator requires that the pattern supports a reverse search, and it will be double ended if a forward/reverse search yields the same elements.

For iterating from the front, the split_terminator method can be used.

Examples

let v: Vec<&str> = "A.B.".rsplit_terminator('.').collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["B", "A"]);

let v: Vec<&str> = "A..B..".rsplit_terminator(".").collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["", "B", "", "A"]);

let v: Vec<&str> = "A.B:C.D".rsplit_terminator(&['.', ':'][..]).collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["D", "C", "B", "A"]);

pub fn splitn<'a, P>(&'a self, n: usize, pat: P) -> SplitN<'a, P>where
    P: Pattern<'a>,

An iterator over substrings of the given string slice, separated by a pattern, restricted to returning at most n items.

If n substrings are returned, the last substring (the nth substring) will contain the remainder of the string.

The pattern can be a &str, char, a slice of chars, or a function or closure that determines if a character matches.

Iterator behavior

The returned iterator will not be double ended, because it is not efficient to support.

If the pattern allows a reverse search, the rsplitn method can be used.

Examples

Simple patterns:

let v: Vec<&str> = "Mary had a little lambda".splitn(3, ' ').collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["Mary", "had", "a little lambda"]);

let v: Vec<&str> = "lionXXtigerXleopard".splitn(3, "X").collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["lion", "", "tigerXleopard"]);

let v: Vec<&str> = "abcXdef".splitn(1, 'X').collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["abcXdef"]);

let v: Vec<&str> = "".splitn(1, 'X').collect();
assert_eq!(v, [""]);

A more complex pattern, using a closure:

let v: Vec<&str> = "abc1defXghi".splitn(2, |c| c == '1' || c == 'X').collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["abc", "defXghi"]);

pub fn rsplitn<'a, P>(&'a self, n: usize, pat: P) -> RSplitN<'a, P>where
    P: Pattern<'a>,
    <P as Pattern<'a>>::Searcher: ReverseSearcher<'a>,

An iterator over substrings of this string slice, separated by a pattern, starting from the end of the string, restricted to returning at most n items.

If n substrings are returned, the last substring (the nth substring) will contain the remainder of the string.

The pattern can be a &str, char, a slice of chars, or a function or closure that determines if a character matches.

Iterator behavior

The returned iterator will not be double ended, because it is not efficient to support.

For splitting from the front, the splitn method can be used.

Examples

Simple patterns:

let v: Vec<&str> = "Mary had a little lamb".rsplitn(3, ' ').collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["lamb", "little", "Mary had a"]);

let v: Vec<&str> = "lionXXtigerXleopard".rsplitn(3, 'X').collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["leopard", "tiger", "lionX"]);

let v: Vec<&str> = "lion::tiger::leopard".rsplitn(2, "::").collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["leopard", "lion::tiger"]);

A more complex pattern, using a closure:

let v: Vec<&str> = "abc1defXghi".rsplitn(2, |c| c == '1' || c == 'X').collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["ghi", "abc1def"]);

pub fn split_once<'a, P>(&'a self, delimiter: P) -> Option<(&'a str, &'a str)>where
    P: Pattern<'a>,

Splits the string on the first occurrence of the specified delimiter and returns prefix before delimiter and suffix after delimiter.

Examples

assert_eq!("cfg".split_once('='), None);
assert_eq!("cfg=".split_once('='), Some(("cfg", "")));
assert_eq!("cfg=foo".split_once('='), Some(("cfg", "foo")));
assert_eq!("cfg=foo=bar".split_once('='), Some(("cfg", "foo=bar")));

pub fn rsplit_once<'a, P>(&'a self, delimiter: P) -> Option<(&'a str, &'a str)>where
    P: Pattern<'a>,
    <P as Pattern<'a>>::Searcher: ReverseSearcher<'a>,

Splits the string on the last occurrence of the specified delimiter and returns prefix before delimiter and suffix after delimiter.

Examples

assert_eq!("cfg".rsplit_once('='), None);
assert_eq!("cfg=foo".rsplit_once('='), Some(("cfg", "foo")));
assert_eq!("cfg=foo=bar".rsplit_once('='), Some(("cfg=foo", "bar")));

pub fn matches<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> Matches<'a, P>where
    P: Pattern<'a>,

An iterator over the disjoint matches of a pattern within the given string slice.

The pattern can be a &str, char, a slice of chars, or a function or closure that determines if a character matches.

Iterator behavior

The returned iterator will be a DoubleEndedIterator if the pattern allows a reverse search and forward/reverse search yields the same elements. This is true for, e.g., char, but not for &str.

If the pattern allows a reverse search but its results might differ from a forward search, the rmatches method can be used.

Examples

Basic usage:

let v: Vec<&str> = "abcXXXabcYYYabc".matches("abc").collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["abc", "abc", "abc"]);

let v: Vec<&str> = "1abc2abc3".matches(char::is_numeric).collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["1", "2", "3"]);

pub fn rmatches<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> RMatches<'a, P>where
    P: Pattern<'a>,
    <P as Pattern<'a>>::Searcher: ReverseSearcher<'a>,

An iterator over the disjoint matches of a pattern within this string slice, yielded in reverse order.

The pattern can be a &str, char, a slice of chars, or a function or closure that determines if a character matches.

Iterator behavior

The returned iterator requires that the pattern supports a reverse search, and it will be a DoubleEndedIterator if a forward/reverse search yields the same elements.

For iterating from the front, the matches method can be used.

Examples

Basic usage:

let v: Vec<&str> = "abcXXXabcYYYabc".rmatches("abc").collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["abc", "abc", "abc"]);

let v: Vec<&str> = "1abc2abc3".rmatches(char::is_numeric).collect();
assert_eq!(v, ["3", "2", "1"]);

pub fn match_indices<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> MatchIndices<'a, P>where
    P: Pattern<'a>,

An iterator over the disjoint matches of a pattern within this string slice as well as the index that the match starts at.

For matches of pat within self that overlap, only the indices corresponding to the first match are returned.

The pattern can be a &str, char, a slice of chars, or a function or closure that determines if a character matches.

Iterator behavior

The returned iterator will be a DoubleEndedIterator if the pattern allows a reverse search and forward/reverse search yields the same elements. This is true for, e.g., char, but not for &str.

If the pattern allows a reverse search but its results might differ from a forward search, the rmatch_indices method can be used.

Examples

Basic usage:

let v: Vec<_> = "abcXXXabcYYYabc".match_indices("abc").collect();
assert_eq!(v, [(0, "abc"), (6, "abc"), (12, "abc")]);

let v: Vec<_> = "1abcabc2".match_indices("abc").collect();
assert_eq!(v, [(1, "abc"), (4, "abc")]);

let v: Vec<_> = "ababa".match_indices("aba").collect();
assert_eq!(v, [(0, "aba")]); // only the first `aba`

pub fn rmatch_indices<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> RMatchIndices<'a, P>where
    P: Pattern<'a>,
    <P as Pattern<'a>>::Searcher: ReverseSearcher<'a>,

An iterator over the disjoint matches of a pattern within self, yielded in reverse order along with the index of the match.

For matches of pat within self that overlap, only the indices corresponding to the last match are returned.

The pattern can be a &str, char, a slice of chars, or a function or closure that determines if a character matches.

Iterator behavior

The returned iterator requires that the pattern supports a reverse search, and it will be a DoubleEndedIterator if a forward/reverse search yields the same elements.

For iterating from the front, the match_indices method can be used.

Examples

Basic usage:

let v: Vec<_> = "abcXXXabcYYYabc".rmatch_indices("abc").collect();
assert_eq!(v, [(12, "abc"), (6, "abc"), (0, "abc")]);

let v: Vec<_> = "1abcabc2".rmatch_indices("abc").collect();
assert_eq!(v, [(4, "abc"), (1, "abc")]);

let v: Vec<_> = "ababa".rmatch_indices("aba").collect();
assert_eq!(v, [(2, "aba")]); // only the last `aba`

pub fn trim(&self) -> &str

Returns a string slice with leading and trailing whitespace removed.

‘Whitespace’ is defined according to the terms of the Unicode Derived Core Property White_Space, which includes newlines.

Examples

Basic usage:

let s = "\n Hello\tworld\t\n";

assert_eq!("Hello\tworld", s.trim());

pub fn trim_start(&self) -> &str

Returns a string slice with leading whitespace removed.

‘Whitespace’ is defined according to the terms of the Unicode Derived Core Property White_Space, which includes newlines.

Text directionality

A string is a sequence of bytes. start in this context means the first position of that byte string; for a left-to-right language like English or Russian, this will be left side, and for right-to-left languages like Arabic or Hebrew, this will be the right side.

Examples

Basic usage:

let s = "\n Hello\tworld\t\n";
assert_eq!("Hello\tworld\t\n", s.trim_start());

Directionality:

let s = "  English  ";
assert!(Some('E') == s.trim_start().chars().next());

let s = "  עברית  ";
assert!(Some('ע') == s.trim_start().chars().next());

pub fn trim_end(&self) -> &str

Returns a string slice with trailing whitespace removed.

‘Whitespace’ is defined according to the terms of the Unicode Derived Core Property White_Space, which includes newlines.

Text directionality

A string is a sequence of bytes. end in this context means the last position of that byte string; for a left-to-right language like English or Russian, this will be right side, and for right-to-left languages like Arabic or Hebrew, this will be the left side.

Examples

Basic usage:

let s = "\n Hello\tworld\t\n";
assert_eq!("\n Hello\tworld", s.trim_end());

Directionality:

let s = "  English  ";
assert!(Some('h') == s.trim_end().chars().rev().next());

let s = "  עברית  ";
assert!(Some('ת') == s.trim_end().chars().rev().next());

pub fn trim_left(&self) -> &str

👎Deprecated since 1.33.0: superseded by trim_start

Returns a string slice with leading whitespace removed.

‘Whitespace’ is defined according to the terms of the Unicode Derived Core Property White_Space.

Text directionality

A string is a sequence of bytes. ‘Left’ in this context means the first position of that byte string; for a language like Arabic or Hebrew which are ‘right to left’ rather than ‘left to right’, this will be the right side, not the left.

Examples

Basic usage:

let s = " Hello\tworld\t";

assert_eq!("Hello\tworld\t", s.trim_left());

Directionality:

let s = "  English";
assert!(Some('E') == s.trim_left().chars().next());

let s = "  עברית";
assert!(Some('ע') == s.trim_left().chars().next());

pub fn trim_right(&self) -> &str

👎Deprecated since 1.33.0: superseded by trim_end

Returns a string slice with trailing whitespace removed.

‘Whitespace’ is defined according to the terms of the Unicode Derived Core Property White_Space.

Text directionality

A string is a sequence of bytes. ‘Right’ in this context means the last position of that byte string; for a language like Arabic or Hebrew which are ‘right to left’ rather than ‘left to right’, this will be the left side, not the right.

Examples

Basic usage:

let s = " Hello\tworld\t";

assert_eq!(" Hello\tworld", s.trim_right());

Directionality:

let s = "English  ";
assert!(Some('h') == s.trim_right().chars().rev().next());

let s = "עברית  ";
assert!(Some('ת') == s.trim_right().chars().rev().next());

pub fn trim_matches<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> &'a strwhere
    P: Pattern<'a>,
    <P as Pattern<'a>>::Searcher: DoubleEndedSearcher<'a>,

Returns a string slice with all prefixes and suffixes that match a pattern repeatedly removed.

The pattern can be a char, a slice of chars, or a function or closure that determines if a character matches.

Examples

Simple patterns:

assert_eq!("11foo1bar11".trim_matches('1'), "foo1bar");
assert_eq!("123foo1bar123".trim_matches(char::is_numeric), "foo1bar");

let x: &[_] = &['1', '2'];
assert_eq!("12foo1bar12".trim_matches(x), "foo1bar");

A more complex pattern, using a closure:

assert_eq!("1foo1barXX".trim_matches(|c| c == '1' || c == 'X'), "foo1bar");

pub fn trim_start_matches<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> &'a strwhere
    P: Pattern<'a>,

Returns a string slice with all prefixes that match a pattern repeatedly removed.

The pattern can be a &str, char, a slice of chars, or a function or closure that determines if a character matches.

Text directionality

A string is a sequence of bytes. start in this context means the first position of that byte string; for a left-to-right language like English or Russian, this will be left side, and for right-to-left languages like Arabic or Hebrew, this will be the right side.

Examples

Basic usage:

assert_eq!("11foo1bar11".trim_start_matches('1'), "foo1bar11");
assert_eq!("123foo1bar123".trim_start_matches(char::is_numeric), "foo1bar123");

let x: &[_] = &['1', '2'];
assert_eq!("12foo1bar12".trim_start_matches(x), "foo1bar12");

pub fn strip_prefix<'a, P>(&'a self, prefix: P) -> Option<&'a str>where
    P: Pattern<'a>,

Returns a string slice with the prefix removed.

If the string starts with the pattern prefix, returns substring after the prefix, wrapped in Some. Unlike trim_start_matches, this method removes the prefix exactly once.

If the string does not start with prefix, returns None.

The pattern can be a &str, char, a slice of chars, or a function or closure that determines if a character matches.

Examples

assert_eq!("foo:bar".strip_prefix("foo:"), Some("bar"));
assert_eq!("foo:bar".strip_prefix("bar"), None);
assert_eq!("foofoo".strip_prefix("foo"), Some("foo"));

pub fn strip_suffix<'a, P>(&'a self, suffix: P) -> Option<&'a str>where
    P: Pattern<'a>,
    <P as Pattern<'a>>::Searcher: ReverseSearcher<'a>,

Returns a string slice with the suffix removed.

If the string ends with the pattern suffix, returns the substring before the suffix, wrapped in Some. Unlike trim_end_matches, this method removes the suffix exactly once.

If the string does not end with suffix, returns None.

The pattern can be a &str, char, a slice of chars, or a function or closure that determines if a character matches.

Examples

assert_eq!("bar:foo".strip_suffix(":foo"), Some("bar"));
assert_eq!("bar:foo".strip_suffix("bar"), None);
assert_eq!("foofoo".strip_suffix("foo"), Some("foo"));

pub fn trim_end_matches<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> &'a strwhere
    P: Pattern<'a>,
    <P as Pattern<'a>>::Searcher: ReverseSearcher<'a>,

Returns a string slice with all suffixes that match a pattern repeatedly removed.

The pattern can be a &str, char, a slice of chars, or a function or closure that determines if a character matches.

Text directionality

A string is a sequence of bytes. end in this context means the last position of that byte string; for a left-to-right language like English or Russian, this will be right side, and for right-to-left languages like Arabic or Hebrew, this will be the left side.

Examples

Simple patterns:

assert_eq!("11foo1bar11".trim_end_matches('1'), "11foo1bar");
assert_eq!("123foo1bar123".trim_end_matches(char::is_numeric), "123foo1bar");

let x: &[_] = &['1', '2'];
assert_eq!("12foo1bar12".trim_end_matches(x), "12foo1bar");

A more complex pattern, using a closure:

assert_eq!("1fooX".trim_end_matches(|c| c == '1' || c == 'X'), "1foo");

pub fn trim_left_matches<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> &'a strwhere
    P: Pattern<'a>,

👎Deprecated since 1.33.0: superseded by trim_start_matches

Returns a string slice with all prefixes that match a pattern repeatedly removed.

The pattern can be a &str, char, a slice of chars, or a function or closure that determines if a character matches.

Text directionality

A string is a sequence of bytes. ‘Left’ in this context means the first position of that byte string; for a language like Arabic or Hebrew which are ‘right to left’ rather than ‘left to right’, this will be the right side, not the left.

Examples

Basic usage:

assert_eq!("11foo1bar11".trim_left_matches('1'), "foo1bar11");
assert_eq!("123foo1bar123".trim_left_matches(char::is_numeric), "foo1bar123");

let x: &[_] = &['1', '2'];
assert_eq!("12foo1bar12".trim_left_matches(x), "foo1bar12");

pub fn trim_right_matches<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> &'a strwhere
    P: Pattern<'a>,
    <P as Pattern<'a>>::Searcher: ReverseSearcher<'a>,

👎Deprecated since 1.33.0: superseded by trim_end_matches

Returns a string slice with all suffixes that match a pattern repeatedly removed.

The pattern can be a &str, char, a slice of chars, or a function or closure that determines if a character matches.

Text directionality

A string is a sequence of bytes. ‘Right’ in this context means the last position of that byte string; for a language like Arabic or Hebrew which are ‘right to left’ rather than ‘left to right’, this will be the left side, not the right.

Examples

Simple patterns:

assert_eq!("11foo1bar11".trim_right_matches('1'), "11foo1bar");
assert_eq!("123foo1bar123".trim_right_matches(char::is_numeric), "123foo1bar");

let x: &[_] = &['1', '2'];
assert_eq!("12foo1bar12".trim_right_matches(x), "12foo1bar");

A more complex pattern, using a closure:

assert_eq!("1fooX".trim_right_matches(|c| c == '1' || c == 'X'), "1foo");

pub fn parse<F>(&self) -> Result<F, <F as FromStr>::Err>where
    F: FromStr,

Parses this string slice into another type.

Because parse is so general, it can cause problems with type inference. As such, parse is one of the few times you’ll see the syntax affectionately known as the ‘turbofish’: ::<>. This helps the inference algorithm understand specifically which type you’re trying to parse into.

parse can parse into any type that implements the FromStr trait.

Errors

Will return Err if it’s not possible to parse this string slice into the desired type.

Examples

Basic usage

let four: u32 = "4".parse().unwrap();

assert_eq!(4, four);

Using the ‘turbofish’ instead of annotating four:

let four = "4".parse::<u32>();

assert_eq!(Ok(4), four);

Failing to parse:

let nope = "j".parse::<u32>();

assert!(nope.is_err());

pub fn is_ascii(&self) -> bool

Checks if all characters in this string are within the ASCII range.

Examples

let ascii = "hello!\n";
let non_ascii = "Grüße, Jürgen ❤";

assert!(ascii.is_ascii());
assert!(!non_ascii.is_ascii());

pub fn eq_ignore_ascii_case(&self, other: &str) -> bool

Checks that two strings are an ASCII case-insensitive match.

Same as to_ascii_lowercase(a) == to_ascii_lowercase(b), but without allocating and copying temporaries.

Examples

assert!("Ferris".eq_ignore_ascii_case("FERRIS"));
assert!("Ferrös".eq_ignore_ascii_case("FERRöS"));
assert!(!"Ferrös".eq_ignore_ascii_case("FERRÖS"));

pub fn escape_debug(&self) -> EscapeDebug<'_>

Return an iterator that escapes each char in self with char::escape_debug.

Note: only extended grapheme codepoints that begin the string will be escaped.

Examples

As an iterator:

for c in "❤\n!".escape_debug() {
    print!("{c}");
}
println!();

Using println! directly:

println!("{}", "❤\n!".escape_debug());

Both are equivalent to:

println!("❤\\n!");

Using to_string:

assert_eq!("❤\n!".escape_debug().to_string(), "❤\\n!");

pub fn escape_default(&self) -> EscapeDefault<'_>

Return an iterator that escapes each char in self with char::escape_default.

Examples

As an iterator:

for c in "❤\n!".escape_default() {
    print!("{c}");
}
println!();

Using println! directly:

println!("{}", "❤\n!".escape_default());

Both are equivalent to:

println!("\\u{{2764}}\\n!");

Using to_string:

assert_eq!("❤\n!".escape_default().to_string(), "\\u{2764}\\n!");

pub fn escape_unicode(&self) -> EscapeUnicode<'_>

Return an iterator that escapes each char in self with char::escape_unicode.

Examples

As an iterator:

for c in "❤\n!".escape_unicode() {
    print!("{c}");
}
println!();

Using println! directly:

println!("{}", "❤\n!".escape_unicode());

Both are equivalent to:

println!("\\u{{2764}}\\u{{a}}\\u{{21}}");

Using to_string:

assert_eq!("❤\n!".escape_unicode().to_string(), "\\u{2764}\\u{a}\\u{21}");

pub fn replace<'a, P>(&'a self, from: P, to: &str) -> Stringwhere
    P: Pattern<'a>,

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

Replaces all matches of a pattern with another string.

replace creates a new String, and copies the data from this string slice into it. While doing so, it attempts to find matches of a pattern. If it finds any, it replaces them with the replacement string slice.

Examples

Basic usage:

let s = "this is old";

assert_eq!("this is new", s.replace("old", "new"));
assert_eq!("than an old", s.replace("is", "an"));

When the pattern doesn’t match:

let s = "this is old";
assert_eq!(s, s.replace("cookie monster", "little lamb"));

pub fn replacen<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P, to: &str, count: usize) -> Stringwhere
    P: Pattern<'a>,

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

Replaces first N matches of a pattern with another string.

replacen creates a new String, and copies the data from this string slice into it. While doing so, it attempts to find matches of a pattern. If it finds any, it replaces them with the replacement string slice at most count times.

Examples

Basic usage:

let s = "foo foo 123 foo";
assert_eq!("new new 123 foo", s.replacen("foo", "new", 2));
assert_eq!("faa fao 123 foo", s.replacen('o', "a", 3));
assert_eq!("foo foo new23 foo", s.replacen(char::is_numeric, "new", 1));

When the pattern doesn’t match:

let s = "this is old";
assert_eq!(s, s.replacen("cookie monster", "little lamb", 10));

pub fn to_lowercase(&self) -> String

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

Returns the lowercase equivalent of this string slice, as a new String.

‘Lowercase’ is defined according to the terms of the Unicode Derived Core Property Lowercase.

Since some characters can expand into multiple characters when changing the case, this function returns a String instead of modifying the parameter in-place.

Examples

Basic usage:

let s = "HELLO";

assert_eq!("hello", s.to_lowercase());

A tricky example, with sigma:

let sigma = "Σ";

assert_eq!("σ", sigma.to_lowercase());

// but at the end of a word, it's ς, not σ:
let odysseus = "ὈΔΥΣΣΕΎΣ";

assert_eq!("ὀδυσσεύς", odysseus.to_lowercase());

Languages without case are not changed:

let new_year = "农历新年";

assert_eq!(new_year, new_year.to_lowercase());

pub fn to_uppercase(&self) -> String

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

Returns the uppercase equivalent of this string slice, as a new String.

‘Uppercase’ is defined according to the terms of the Unicode Derived Core Property Uppercase.

Since some characters can expand into multiple characters when changing the case, this function returns a String instead of modifying the parameter in-place.

Examples

Basic usage:

let s = "hello";

assert_eq!("HELLO", s.to_uppercase());

Scripts without case are not changed:

let new_year = "农历新年";

assert_eq!(new_year, new_year.to_uppercase());

One character can become multiple:

let s = "tschüß";

assert_eq!("TSCHÜSS", s.to_uppercase());

pub fn repeat(&self, n: usize) -> String

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

Creates a new String by repeating a string n times.

Panics

This function will panic if the capacity would overflow.

Examples

Basic usage:

assert_eq!("abc".repeat(4), String::from("abcabcabcabc"));

A panic upon overflow:

// this will panic at runtime
let huge = "0123456789abcdef".repeat(usize::MAX);

pub fn to_ascii_uppercase(&self) -> String

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

Returns a copy of this string where each character is mapped to its ASCII upper case equivalent.

ASCII letters ‘a’ to ‘z’ are mapped to ‘A’ to ‘Z’, but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.

To uppercase the value in-place, use make_ascii_uppercase.

To uppercase ASCII characters in addition to non-ASCII characters, use to_uppercase.

Examples

let s = "Grüße, Jürgen ❤";

assert_eq!("GRüßE, JüRGEN ❤", s.to_ascii_uppercase());

pub fn to_ascii_lowercase(&self) -> String

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

Returns a copy of this string where each character is mapped to its ASCII lower case equivalent.

ASCII letters ‘A’ to ‘Z’ are mapped to ‘a’ to ‘z’, but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.

To lowercase the value in-place, use make_ascii_lowercase.

To lowercase ASCII characters in addition to non-ASCII characters, use to_lowercase.

Examples

let s = "Grüße, Jürgen ❤";

assert_eq!("grüße, jürgen ❤", s.to_ascii_lowercase());

Trait Implementations

impl AsRef<[u8]> for Str

fn as_ref(&self) -> &[u8]

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

impl AsRef<OsStr> for Str

fn as_ref(&self) -> &OsStr

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

impl AsRef<Path> for Str

fn as_ref(&self) -> &Path

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

impl AsRef<str> for Str

fn as_ref(&self) -> &str

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

impl Borrow<str> for Str

fn borrow(&self) -> &str

Immutably borrows from an owned value.

impl Clone for Str

fn clone(&self) -> Str

Returns a copy of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl Debug for Str

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl Default for Str

fn default() -> Str

Returns the “default value” for a type.

impl Deref for Str

type Target = str

The resulting type after dereferencing.

fn deref(&self) -> &str

Dereferences the value.

impl Display for Str

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl From<&&'static str> for Str

fn from(name: &&'static str) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<&'static str> for Str

fn from(name: &'static str) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<&Str> for Id

fn from(name: &Str) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<&Str> for OsStr

fn from(id: &Str) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<&Str> for Str

fn from(id: &Str) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<&String> for Str

Available on crate feature string only.

fn from(name: &String) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<Id> for Str

fn from(name: Id) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<Str> for Id

fn from(name: Str) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<Str> for OsStr

Available on crate feature string only.

fn from(id: Str) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<Str> for OsString

fn from(name: Str) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<Str> for PathBuf

fn from(name: Str) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<Str> for String

fn from(name: Str) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<Str> for Vec<u8>

fn from(name: Str) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<String> for Str

Available on crate feature string only.

fn from(name: String) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl Hash for Str

fn hash<__H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut __H)

Feeds this value into the given Hasher.

fn hash_slice<H>(data: &[Self], state: &mut H)where
    H: Hasher,
    Self: Sized,

Feeds a slice of this type into the given Hasher.

impl<I: Into<Str>> IntoResettable<Str> for I

fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<Str>

Convert to the intended resettable type

impl IntoResettable<Str> for Option<&'static str>

fn into_resettable(self) -> Resettable<Str>

Convert to the intended resettable type

impl Ord for Str

fn cmp(&self, other: &Str) -> Ordering

This method returns an Ordering between self and other.

fn max(self, other: Self) -> Selfwhere
    Self: Sized,

Compares and returns the maximum of two values.

fn min(self, other: Self) -> Selfwhere
    Self: Sized,

Compares and returns the minimum of two values.

fn clamp(self, min: Self, max: Self) -> Selfwhere
    Self: Sized + PartialOrd<Self>,

Restrict a value to a certain interval.

impl PartialEq<&OsStr> for Str

fn eq(&self, other: &&OsStr) -> bool

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.

impl PartialEq<&str> for Str

fn eq(&self, other: &&str) -> bool

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.

impl PartialEq<Id> for Str

fn eq(&self, other: &Id) -> bool

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.

impl PartialEq<OsStr> for Str

fn eq(&self, other: &OsStr) -> bool

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.

impl PartialEq<Str> for &OsStr

fn eq(&self, other: &Str) -> bool

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.

impl PartialEq<Str> for &str

fn eq(&self, other: &Str) -> bool

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.

impl PartialEq<Str> for Id

fn eq(&self, other: &Str) -> bool

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.

impl PartialEq<Str> for OsStr

fn eq(&self, other: &Str) -> bool

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.

impl PartialEq<Str> for Str

fn eq(&self, other: &Str) -> bool

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.

impl PartialEq<Str> for String

fn eq(&self, other: &Str) -> bool

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.

impl PartialEq<Str> for str

fn eq(&self, other: &Str) -> bool

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.

impl PartialEq<String> for Str

fn eq(&self, other: &String) -> bool

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.

impl PartialEq<str> for Str

fn eq(&self, other: &str) -> bool

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.

impl PartialOrd<Str> for Str

fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Str) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between self and other values if one exists.

fn lt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests less than (for self and other) and is used by the < operator.

fn le(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests less than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the <= operator.

fn gt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests greater than (for self and other) and is used by the > operator.

fn ge(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests greater than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the >= operator.

impl Eq for Str

impl StructuralEq for Str

impl StructuralPartialEq for Str