Struct cess_proofs::pieces::EmptySource
source · [−]pub struct EmptySource { /* private fields */ }Implementations
sourceimpl EmptySource
impl EmptySource
Trait Implementations
sourceimpl Clone for EmptySource
impl Clone for EmptySource
sourcefn clone(&self) -> EmptySourceⓘNotable traits for EmptySourceimpl Read for EmptySource
fn clone(&self) -> EmptySourceⓘNotable traits for EmptySourceimpl Read for EmptySource
Returns a copy of the value. Read more
1.0.0 · sourcefn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)
fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)
Performs copy-assignment from source. Read more
sourceimpl Debug for EmptySource
impl Debug for EmptySource
sourceimpl Read for EmptySource
impl Read for EmptySource
sourcefn read(&mut self, target: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize>
fn read(&mut self, target: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize>
Pull some bytes from this source into the specified buffer, returning how many bytes were read. Read more
1.36.0 · sourcefn read_vectored(&mut self, bufs: &mut [IoSliceMut<'_>]) -> Result<usize, Error>
fn read_vectored(&mut self, bufs: &mut [IoSliceMut<'_>]) -> Result<usize, Error>
Like read, except that it reads into a slice of buffers. Read more
sourcefn is_read_vectored(&self) -> bool
fn is_read_vectored(&self) -> bool
can_vector)Determines if this Reader has an efficient read_vectored
implementation. Read more
1.0.0 · sourcefn read_to_end(&mut self, buf: &mut Vec<u8, Global>) -> Result<usize, Error>
fn read_to_end(&mut self, buf: &mut Vec<u8, Global>) -> Result<usize, Error>
Read all bytes until EOF in this source, placing them into buf. Read more
1.0.0 · sourcefn read_to_string(&mut self, buf: &mut String) -> Result<usize, Error>
fn read_to_string(&mut self, buf: &mut String) -> Result<usize, Error>
Read all bytes until EOF in this source, appending them to buf. Read more
1.6.0 · sourcefn read_exact(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), Error>
fn read_exact(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), Error>
Read the exact number of bytes required to fill buf. Read more
sourcefn read_buf(&mut self, buf: &mut ReadBuf<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>
fn read_buf(&mut self, buf: &mut ReadBuf<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>
read_buf)Pull some bytes from this source into the specified buffer. Read more
sourcefn read_buf_exact(&mut self, buf: &mut ReadBuf<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>
fn read_buf_exact(&mut self, buf: &mut ReadBuf<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>
read_buf)Read the exact number of bytes required to fill buf. Read more
1.0.0 · sourcefn by_ref(&mut self) -> &mut Self
fn by_ref(&mut self) -> &mut Self
Creates a “by reference” adaptor for this instance of Read. Read more
Auto Trait Implementations
impl RefUnwindSafe for EmptySource
impl Send for EmptySource
impl Sync for EmptySource
impl Unpin for EmptySource
impl UnwindSafe for EmptySource
Blanket Implementations
sourceimpl<T> BorrowMut<T> for T where
T: ?Sized,
impl<T> BorrowMut<T> for T where
T: ?Sized,
const: unstable · sourcepub fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T
pub fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T
Mutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
impl<T> FmtForward for T
impl<T> FmtForward for T
fn fmt_binary(self) -> FmtBinary<Self> where
Self: Binary,
fn fmt_binary(self) -> FmtBinary<Self> where
Self: Binary,
Causes self to use its Binary implementation when Debug-formatted.
fn fmt_display(self) -> FmtDisplay<Self> where
Self: Display,
fn fmt_display(self) -> FmtDisplay<Self> where
Self: Display,
Causes self to use its Display implementation when
Debug-formatted. Read more
fn fmt_lower_exp(self) -> FmtLowerExp<Self> where
Self: LowerExp,
fn fmt_lower_exp(self) -> FmtLowerExp<Self> where
Self: LowerExp,
Causes self to use its LowerExp implementation when
Debug-formatted. Read more
fn fmt_lower_hex(self) -> FmtLowerHex<Self> where
Self: LowerHex,
fn fmt_lower_hex(self) -> FmtLowerHex<Self> where
Self: LowerHex,
Causes self to use its LowerHex implementation when
Debug-formatted. Read more
fn fmt_octal(self) -> FmtOctal<Self> where
Self: Octal,
fn fmt_octal(self) -> FmtOctal<Self> where
Self: Octal,
Causes self to use its Octal implementation when Debug-formatted.
fn fmt_pointer(self) -> FmtPointer<Self> where
Self: Pointer,
fn fmt_pointer(self) -> FmtPointer<Self> where
Self: Pointer,
Causes self to use its Pointer implementation when
Debug-formatted. Read more
fn fmt_upper_exp(self) -> FmtUpperExp<Self> where
Self: UpperExp,
fn fmt_upper_exp(self) -> FmtUpperExp<Self> where
Self: UpperExp,
Causes self to use its UpperExp implementation when
Debug-formatted. Read more
fn fmt_upper_hex(self) -> FmtUpperHex<Self> where
Self: UpperHex,
fn fmt_upper_hex(self) -> FmtUpperHex<Self> where
Self: UpperHex,
Causes self to use its UpperHex implementation when
Debug-formatted. Read more
impl<T> Pipe for T where
T: ?Sized,
impl<T> Pipe for T where
T: ?Sized,
fn pipe<R>(self, func: impl FnOnce(Self) -> R) -> R
fn pipe<R>(self, func: impl FnOnce(Self) -> R) -> R
Pipes by value. This is generally the method you want to use. Read more
fn pipe_ref<'a, R>(&'a self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a Self) -> R) -> R where
R: 'a,
fn pipe_ref<'a, R>(&'a self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a Self) -> R) -> R where
R: 'a,
Borrows self and passes that borrow into the pipe function. Read more
fn pipe_ref_mut<'a, R>(&'a mut self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a mut Self) -> R) -> R where
R: 'a,
fn pipe_ref_mut<'a, R>(&'a mut self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a mut Self) -> R) -> R where
R: 'a,
Mutably borrows self and passes that borrow into the pipe function. Read more
fn pipe_borrow<'a, B, R>(&'a self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a B) -> R) -> R where
Self: Borrow<B>,
B: 'a + ?Sized,
R: 'a,
fn pipe_borrow<'a, B, R>(&'a self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a B) -> R) -> R where
Self: Borrow<B>,
B: 'a + ?Sized,
R: 'a,
Borrows self, then passes self.borrow() into the pipe function. Read more
fn pipe_borrow_mut<'a, B, R>(
&'a mut self,
func: impl FnOnce(&'a mut B) -> R
) -> R where
Self: BorrowMut<B>,
B: 'a + ?Sized,
R: 'a,
fn pipe_borrow_mut<'a, B, R>(
&'a mut self,
func: impl FnOnce(&'a mut B) -> R
) -> R where
Self: BorrowMut<B>,
B: 'a + ?Sized,
R: 'a,
Mutably borrows self, then passes self.borrow_mut() into the pipe
function. Read more
fn pipe_as_ref<'a, U, R>(&'a self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a U) -> R) -> R where
Self: AsRef<U>,
U: 'a + ?Sized,
R: 'a,
fn pipe_as_ref<'a, U, R>(&'a self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a U) -> R) -> R where
Self: AsRef<U>,
U: 'a + ?Sized,
R: 'a,
Borrows self, then passes self.as_ref() into the pipe function.
fn pipe_as_mut<'a, U, R>(&'a mut self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a mut U) -> R) -> R where
Self: AsMut<U>,
U: 'a + ?Sized,
R: 'a,
fn pipe_as_mut<'a, U, R>(&'a mut self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a mut U) -> R) -> R where
Self: AsMut<U>,
U: 'a + ?Sized,
R: 'a,
Mutably borrows self, then passes self.as_mut() into the pipe
function. Read more
fn pipe_deref<'a, T, R>(&'a self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a T) -> R) -> R where
Self: Deref<Target = T>,
T: 'a + ?Sized,
R: 'a,
fn pipe_deref<'a, T, R>(&'a self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a T) -> R) -> R where
Self: Deref<Target = T>,
T: 'a + ?Sized,
R: 'a,
Borrows self, then passes self.deref() into the pipe function.
impl<T> Pointable for T
impl<T> Pointable for T
sourceimpl<R> ReadBytesExt for R where
R: Read + ?Sized,
impl<R> ReadBytesExt for R where
R: Read + ?Sized,
sourcefn read_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8, Error>
fn read_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8, Error>
Reads an unsigned 8 bit integer from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_i8(&mut self) -> Result<i8, Error>
fn read_i8(&mut self) -> Result<i8, Error>
Reads a signed 8 bit integer from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_u16<T>(&mut self) -> Result<u16, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_u16<T>(&mut self) -> Result<u16, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads an unsigned 16 bit integer from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_i16<T>(&mut self) -> Result<i16, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_i16<T>(&mut self) -> Result<i16, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads a signed 16 bit integer from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_u24<T>(&mut self) -> Result<u32, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_u24<T>(&mut self) -> Result<u32, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads an unsigned 24 bit integer from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_i24<T>(&mut self) -> Result<i32, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_i24<T>(&mut self) -> Result<i32, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads a signed 24 bit integer from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_u32<T>(&mut self) -> Result<u32, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_u32<T>(&mut self) -> Result<u32, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads an unsigned 32 bit integer from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_i32<T>(&mut self) -> Result<i32, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_i32<T>(&mut self) -> Result<i32, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads a signed 32 bit integer from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_u48<T>(&mut self) -> Result<u64, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_u48<T>(&mut self) -> Result<u64, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads an unsigned 48 bit integer from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_i48<T>(&mut self) -> Result<i64, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_i48<T>(&mut self) -> Result<i64, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads a signed 48 bit integer from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_u64<T>(&mut self) -> Result<u64, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_u64<T>(&mut self) -> Result<u64, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads an unsigned 64 bit integer from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_i64<T>(&mut self) -> Result<i64, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_i64<T>(&mut self) -> Result<i64, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads a signed 64 bit integer from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_u128<T>(&mut self) -> Result<u128, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_u128<T>(&mut self) -> Result<u128, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads an unsigned 128 bit integer from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_i128<T>(&mut self) -> Result<i128, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_i128<T>(&mut self) -> Result<i128, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads a signed 128 bit integer from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_uint<T>(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> Result<u64, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_uint<T>(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> Result<u64, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads an unsigned n-bytes integer from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_int<T>(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> Result<i64, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_int<T>(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> Result<i64, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads a signed n-bytes integer from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_uint128<T>(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> Result<u128, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_uint128<T>(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> Result<u128, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads an unsigned n-bytes integer from the underlying reader.
sourcefn read_int128<T>(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> Result<i128, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_int128<T>(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> Result<i128, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads a signed n-bytes integer from the underlying reader.
sourcefn read_f32<T>(&mut self) -> Result<f32, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_f32<T>(&mut self) -> Result<f32, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads a IEEE754 single-precision (4 bytes) floating point number from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_f64<T>(&mut self) -> Result<f64, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_f64<T>(&mut self) -> Result<f64, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads a IEEE754 double-precision (8 bytes) floating point number from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_u16_into<T>(&mut self, dst: &mut [u16]) -> Result<(), Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_u16_into<T>(&mut self, dst: &mut [u16]) -> Result<(), Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads a sequence of unsigned 16 bit integers from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_u32_into<T>(&mut self, dst: &mut [u32]) -> Result<(), Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_u32_into<T>(&mut self, dst: &mut [u32]) -> Result<(), Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads a sequence of unsigned 32 bit integers from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_u64_into<T>(&mut self, dst: &mut [u64]) -> Result<(), Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_u64_into<T>(&mut self, dst: &mut [u64]) -> Result<(), Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads a sequence of unsigned 64 bit integers from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_u128_into<T>(&mut self, dst: &mut [u128]) -> Result<(), Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_u128_into<T>(&mut self, dst: &mut [u128]) -> Result<(), Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads a sequence of unsigned 128 bit integers from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_i8_into(&mut self, dst: &mut [i8]) -> Result<(), Error>
fn read_i8_into(&mut self, dst: &mut [i8]) -> Result<(), Error>
Reads a sequence of signed 8 bit integers from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_i16_into<T>(&mut self, dst: &mut [i16]) -> Result<(), Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_i16_into<T>(&mut self, dst: &mut [i16]) -> Result<(), Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads a sequence of signed 16 bit integers from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_i32_into<T>(&mut self, dst: &mut [i32]) -> Result<(), Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_i32_into<T>(&mut self, dst: &mut [i32]) -> Result<(), Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads a sequence of signed 32 bit integers from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_i64_into<T>(&mut self, dst: &mut [i64]) -> Result<(), Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_i64_into<T>(&mut self, dst: &mut [i64]) -> Result<(), Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads a sequence of signed 64 bit integers from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_i128_into<T>(&mut self, dst: &mut [i128]) -> Result<(), Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_i128_into<T>(&mut self, dst: &mut [i128]) -> Result<(), Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads a sequence of signed 128 bit integers from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_f32_into<T>(&mut self, dst: &mut [f32]) -> Result<(), Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_f32_into<T>(&mut self, dst: &mut [f32]) -> Result<(), Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads a sequence of IEEE754 single-precision (4 bytes) floating point numbers from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_f32_into_unchecked<T>(&mut self, dst: &mut [f32]) -> Result<(), Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_f32_into_unchecked<T>(&mut self, dst: &mut [f32]) -> Result<(), Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
please use read_f32_into instead
DEPRECATED. Read more
sourceimpl<R> ReadBytesExt for R where
R: Read + ?Sized,
impl<R> ReadBytesExt for R where
R: Read + ?Sized,
sourcefn read_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8, Error>
fn read_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8, Error>
Reads an unsigned 8 bit integer from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_i8(&mut self) -> Result<i8, Error>
fn read_i8(&mut self) -> Result<i8, Error>
Reads a signed 8 bit integer from the underlying reader. Read more
sourcefn read_u16<T>(&mut self) -> Result<u16, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_u16<T>(&mut self) -> Result<u16, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads an unsigned 16 bit integer from the underlying reader.
sourcefn read_i16<T>(&mut self) -> Result<i16, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_i16<T>(&mut self) -> Result<i16, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads a signed 16 bit integer from the underlying reader.
sourcefn read_u32<T>(&mut self) -> Result<u32, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_u32<T>(&mut self) -> Result<u32, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads an unsigned 32 bit integer from the underlying reader.
sourcefn read_i32<T>(&mut self) -> Result<i32, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_i32<T>(&mut self) -> Result<i32, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads a signed 32 bit integer from the underlying reader.
sourcefn read_u64<T>(&mut self) -> Result<u64, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_u64<T>(&mut self) -> Result<u64, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads an unsigned 64 bit integer from the underlying reader.
sourcefn read_i64<T>(&mut self) -> Result<i64, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_i64<T>(&mut self) -> Result<i64, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads a signed 64 bit integer from the underlying reader.
sourcefn read_uint<T>(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> Result<u64, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_uint<T>(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> Result<u64, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads an unsigned n-bytes integer from the underlying reader.
sourcefn read_int<T>(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> Result<i64, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
fn read_int<T>(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> Result<i64, Error> where
T: ByteOrder,
Reads a signed n-bytes integer from the underlying reader.
impl<T> Tap for T
impl<T> Tap for T
fn tap_borrow<B>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&B)) -> Self where
Self: Borrow<B>,
B: ?Sized,
fn tap_borrow<B>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&B)) -> Self where
Self: Borrow<B>,
B: ?Sized,
Immutable access to the Borrow<B> of a value. Read more
fn tap_borrow_mut<B>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut B)) -> Self where
Self: BorrowMut<B>,
B: ?Sized,
fn tap_borrow_mut<B>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut B)) -> Self where
Self: BorrowMut<B>,
B: ?Sized,
Mutable access to the BorrowMut<B> of a value. Read more
fn tap_ref<R>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&R)) -> Self where
Self: AsRef<R>,
R: ?Sized,
fn tap_ref<R>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&R)) -> Self where
Self: AsRef<R>,
R: ?Sized,
Immutable access to the AsRef<R> view of a value. Read more
fn tap_ref_mut<R>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut R)) -> Self where
Self: AsMut<R>,
R: ?Sized,
fn tap_ref_mut<R>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut R)) -> Self where
Self: AsMut<R>,
R: ?Sized,
Mutable access to the AsMut<R> view of a value. Read more
fn tap_deref<T>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&T)) -> Self where
Self: Deref<Target = T>,
T: ?Sized,
fn tap_deref<T>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&T)) -> Self where
Self: Deref<Target = T>,
T: ?Sized,
Immutable access to the Deref::Target of a value. Read more
fn tap_deref_mut<T>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut T)) -> Self where
Self: DerefMut<Target = T> + Deref,
T: ?Sized,
fn tap_deref_mut<T>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut T)) -> Self where
Self: DerefMut<Target = T> + Deref,
T: ?Sized,
Mutable access to the Deref::Target of a value. Read more
fn tap_dbg(self, func: impl FnOnce(&Self)) -> Self
fn tap_dbg(self, func: impl FnOnce(&Self)) -> Self
Calls .tap() only in debug builds, and is erased in release builds.
fn tap_mut_dbg(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut Self)) -> Self
fn tap_mut_dbg(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut Self)) -> Self
Calls .tap_mut() only in debug builds, and is erased in release
builds. Read more
fn tap_borrow_dbg<B>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&B)) -> Self where
Self: Borrow<B>,
B: ?Sized,
fn tap_borrow_dbg<B>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&B)) -> Self where
Self: Borrow<B>,
B: ?Sized,
Calls .tap_borrow() only in debug builds, and is erased in release
builds. Read more
fn tap_borrow_mut_dbg<B>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut B)) -> Self where
Self: BorrowMut<B>,
B: ?Sized,
fn tap_borrow_mut_dbg<B>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut B)) -> Self where
Self: BorrowMut<B>,
B: ?Sized,
Calls .tap_borrow_mut() only in debug builds, and is erased in release
builds. Read more
fn tap_ref_dbg<R>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&R)) -> Self where
Self: AsRef<R>,
R: ?Sized,
fn tap_ref_dbg<R>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&R)) -> Self where
Self: AsRef<R>,
R: ?Sized,
Calls .tap_ref() only in debug builds, and is erased in release
builds. Read more
fn tap_ref_mut_dbg<R>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut R)) -> Self where
Self: AsMut<R>,
R: ?Sized,
fn tap_ref_mut_dbg<R>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut R)) -> Self where
Self: AsMut<R>,
R: ?Sized,
Calls .tap_ref_mut() only in debug builds, and is erased in release
builds. Read more
sourceimpl<T> ToOwned for T where
T: Clone,
impl<T> ToOwned for T where
T: Clone,
type Owned = T
type Owned = T
The resulting type after obtaining ownership.
sourcepub fn to_owned(&self) -> T
pub fn to_owned(&self) -> T
Creates owned data from borrowed data, usually by cloning. Read more
sourcepub fn clone_into(&self, target: &mut T)
pub fn clone_into(&self, target: &mut T)
toowned_clone_into)Uses borrowed data to replace owned data, usually by cloning. Read more