Trait Error

1.0.0 · Source

pub trait Error: Debug + Display {
    // Provided methods
    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { ... }
    fn description(&self) -> &str { ... }
    fn cause(&self) -> Option<&dyn Error> { ... }
    fn provide<'a>(&'a self, request: &mut Request<'a>) { ... }
}

Expand description

Error is a trait representing the basic expectations for error values, i.e., values of type E in Result<T, E>.

Errors must describe themselves through the Display and Debug traits. Error messages are typically concise lowercase sentences without trailing punctuation:

let err = "NaN".parse::<u32>().unwrap_err();
assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "invalid digit found in string");

§Error source

Errors may provide cause information. Error::source() is generally used when errors cross “abstraction boundaries”. If one module must report an error that is caused by an error from a lower-level module, it can allow accessing that error via Error::source(). This makes it possible for the high-level module to provide its own errors while also revealing some of the implementation for debugging.

In error types that wrap an underlying error, the underlying error should be either returned by the outer error’s Error::source(), or rendered by the outer error’s Display implementation, but not both.

§Example

Implementing the Error trait only requires that Debug and Display are implemented too.

use std::error::Error;
use std::fmt;
use std::path::PathBuf;

#[derive(Debug)]
struct ReadConfigError {
    path: PathBuf
}

impl fmt::Display for ReadConfigError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        let path = self.path.display();
        write!(f, "unable to read configuration at {path}")
    }
}

impl Error for ReadConfigError {}

Provided Methods§

1.30.0 · Source

fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)>

Returns the lower-level source of this error, if any.

§Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::fmt;

#[derive(Debug)]
struct SuperError {
    source: SuperErrorSideKick,
}

impl fmt::Display for SuperError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "SuperError is here!")
    }
}

impl Error for SuperError {
    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
        Some(&self.source)
    }
}

#[derive(Debug)]
struct SuperErrorSideKick;

impl fmt::Display for SuperErrorSideKick {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "SuperErrorSideKick is here!")
    }
}

impl Error for SuperErrorSideKick {}

fn get_super_error() -> Result<(), SuperError> {
    Err(SuperError { source: SuperErrorSideKick })
}

fn main() {
    match get_super_error() {
        Err(e) => {
            println!("Error: {e}");
            println!("Caused by: {}", e.source().unwrap());
        }
        _ => println!("No error"),
    }
}

1.0.0 · Source

fn description(&self) -> &str

👎Deprecated since 1.42.0:

use the Display impl or to_string()

if let Err(e) = "xc".parse::<u32>() {
    // Print `e` itself, no need for description().
    eprintln!("Error: {e}");
}

1.0.0 · Source

fn cause(&self) -> Option<&dyn Error>

👎Deprecated since 1.33.0:

replaced by Error::source, which can support downcasting

Source

fn provide<'a>(&'a self, request: &mut Request<'a>)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (error_generic_member_access)

Provides type-based access to context intended for error reports.

Used in conjunction with Request::provide_value and Request::provide_ref to extract references to member variables from dyn Error trait objects.

§Example

#![feature(error_generic_member_access)]
use core::fmt;
use core::error::{request_ref, Request};

#[derive(Debug)]
enum MyLittleTeaPot {
    Empty,
}

#[derive(Debug)]
struct MyBacktrace {
    // ...
}

impl MyBacktrace {
    fn new() -> MyBacktrace {
        // ...
    }
}

#[derive(Debug)]
struct Error {
    backtrace: MyBacktrace,
}

impl fmt::Display for Error {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "Example Error")
    }
}

impl std::error::Error for Error {
    fn provide<'a>(&'a self, request: &mut Request<'a>) {
        request
            .provide_ref::<MyBacktrace>(&self.backtrace);
    }
}

fn main() {
    let backtrace = MyBacktrace::new();
    let error = Error { backtrace };
    let dyn_error = &error as &dyn std::error::Error;
    let backtrace_ref = request_ref::<MyBacktrace>(dyn_error).unwrap();

    assert!(core::ptr::eq(&error.backtrace, backtrace_ref));
    assert!(request_ref::<MyLittleTeaPot>(dyn_error).is_none());
}

§Delegating Impls

Warning: We recommend implementors avoid delegating implementations of provide to source error implementations.

This method should expose context from the current piece of the source chain only, not from sources that are exposed in the chain of sources. Delegating provide implementations cause the same context to be provided by multiple errors in the chain of sources which can cause unintended duplication of information in error reports or require heuristics to deduplicate.

In other words, the following implementation pattern for provide is discouraged and should not be used for Error types exposed in public APIs to third parties.

struct MyError {
    source: Error,
}

impl std::error::Error for MyError {
    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {
        Some(&self.source)
    }

    fn provide<'a>(&'a self, request: &mut Request<'a>) {
        self.source.provide(request) // <--- Discouraged
    }
}

Trait Error Copy item path

§Error source

§Example

Provided Methods§

fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)>

§Examples

fn description(&self) -> &str

fn cause(&self) -> Option<&dyn Error>

fn provide<'a>(&'a self, request: &mut Request<'a>)

§Example

§Delegating Impls

Implementations§

impl dyn Error

pub fn is<T>(&self) -> boolwhere T: Error + 'static,

pub fn downcast_ref<T>(&self) -> Option<&T>where T: Error + 'static,

pub fn downcast_mut<T>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>where T: Error + 'static,

impl dyn Error + Send

pub fn is<T>(&self) -> boolwhere T: Error + 'static,

pub fn downcast_ref<T>(&self) -> Option<&T>where T: Error + 'static,

pub fn downcast_mut<T>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>where T: Error + 'static,

impl dyn Error + Sync + Send

pub fn is<T>(&self) -> boolwhere T: Error + 'static,

pub fn downcast_ref<T>(&self) -> Option<&T>where T: Error + 'static,

pub fn downcast_mut<T>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>where T: Error + 'static,

impl dyn Error

pub fn sources(&self) -> Source<'_> ⓘ

§Examples

impl dyn Error

pub fn downcast<T>(self: Box<dyn Error>) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<dyn Error>>where T: Error + 'static,

impl dyn Error + Send

pub fn downcast<T>( self: Box<dyn Error + Send>, ) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<dyn Error + Send>>where T: Error + 'static,

impl dyn Error + Sync + Send

pub fn downcast<T>( self: Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send>, ) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send>>where T: Error + 'static,

Trait Implementations§

impl Value for dyn Error

fn record(&self, key: &Field, visitor: &mut dyn Visit)

impl Value for dyn Error + Send

fn record(&self, key: &Field, visitor: &mut dyn Visit)

impl Value for dyn Error + Sync

fn record(&self, key: &Field, visitor: &mut dyn Visit)

impl Value for dyn Error + Sync + Send

fn record(&self, key: &Field, visitor: &mut dyn Visit)

Dyn Compatibility§

Implementors§

impl !Error for &str

impl Error for !

impl Error for Aborted

impl Error for AccessError

impl Error for AcquireError

impl Error for core::net::parser::AddrParseError

impl Error for ipnet::parser::AddrParseError

impl Error for rustls_pki_types::server_name::AddrParseError

impl Error for AllocError

impl Error for AnyDelimiterCodecError

impl Error for BernoulliError

impl Error for BorrowError

impl Error for BorrowMutError

impl Error for regex_automata::dfa::onepass::BuildError

impl Error for regex_automata::hybrid::error::BuildError

impl Error for regex_automata::meta::error::BuildError

impl Error for regex_automata::nfa::thompson::error::BuildError

impl Error for aho_corasick::util::error::BuildError

impl Error for CacheError

impl Error for Canceled

impl Error for CapacityOverflowError

impl Error for CaseFoldError

impl Error for CharTryFromError

impl Error for DataError

impl Error for DatetimeParseError

impl Error for DecodeError

impl Error for DecodeSliceError

impl Error for DecodeUtf16Error

impl Error for DeserializeError

impl Error for EarlyDataError

impl Error for tokio::time::error::Elapsed

impl Error for tower::timeout::error::Elapsed

impl Error for Empty

impl Error for EncodeError

impl Error for EncodeSliceError

impl Error for EncryptError

Trait Error

pub fn is<T>(&self) -> bool
where T: Error + 'static,

pub fn downcast_ref<T>(&self) -> Option<&T>
where T: Error + 'static,

pub fn downcast_mut<T>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>
where T: Error + 'static,

pub fn is<T>(&self) -> bool
where T: Error + 'static,

pub fn downcast_ref<T>(&self) -> Option<&T>
where T: Error + 'static,

pub fn downcast_mut<T>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>
where T: Error + 'static,

pub fn is<T>(&self) -> bool
where T: Error + 'static,

pub fn downcast_ref<T>(&self) -> Option<&T>
where T: Error + 'static,

pub fn downcast_mut<T>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>
where T: Error + 'static,

pub fn downcast<T>(self: Box<dyn Error>) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<dyn Error>>
where T: Error + 'static,

pub fn downcast<T>( self: Box<dyn Error + Send>, ) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<dyn Error + Send>>
where T: Error + 'static,

pub fn downcast<T>( self: Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send>, ) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send>>
where T: Error + 'static,