Struct Box

pub struct Box<T, A = Global>(/* private fields */)
where
    A: Allocator,
    T: ?Sized;

A pointer type that uniquely owns a heap allocation of type T.

See the module-level documentation for more.

Implementations

impl<A> Box<dyn Any, A>

where A: Allocator,

pub fn downcast<T>(self) -> Result<Box<T, A>, Box<dyn Any, A>>

where T: Any,

Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.

Examples

use std::any::Any;

fn print_if_string(value: Box<dyn Any>) {
    if let Ok(string) = value.downcast::<String>() {
        println!("String ({}): {}", string.len(), string);
    }
}

let my_string = "Hello World".to_string();
print_if_string(Box::new(my_string));
print_if_string(Box::new(0i8));

pub unsafe fn downcast_unchecked<T>(self) -> Box<T, A>

where T: Any,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (downcast_unchecked)

Downcasts the box to a concrete type.

For a safe alternative see downcast.

Examples

#![feature(downcast_unchecked)]

use std::any::Any;

let x: Box<dyn Any> = Box::new(1_usize);

unsafe {
    assert_eq!(*x.downcast_unchecked::<usize>(), 1);
}

Safety

The contained value must be of type T. Calling this method with the incorrect type is undefined behavior.

impl<A> Box<dyn Any + Send, A>

where A: Allocator,

pub fn downcast<T>(self) -> Result<Box<T, A>, Box<dyn Any + Send, A>>

where T: Any,

Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.

Examples

use std::any::Any;

fn print_if_string(value: Box<dyn Any + Send>) {
    if let Ok(string) = value.downcast::<String>() {
        println!("String ({}): {}", string.len(), string);
    }
}

let my_string = "Hello World".to_string();
print_if_string(Box::new(my_string));
print_if_string(Box::new(0i8));

pub unsafe fn downcast_unchecked<T>(self) -> Box<T, A>

where T: Any,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (downcast_unchecked)

Downcasts the box to a concrete type.

For a safe alternative see downcast.

Examples

#![feature(downcast_unchecked)]

use std::any::Any;

let x: Box<dyn Any + Send> = Box::new(1_usize);

unsafe {
    assert_eq!(*x.downcast_unchecked::<usize>(), 1);
}

Safety

The contained value must be of type T. Calling this method with the incorrect type is undefined behavior.

impl<A> Box<dyn Any + Sync + Send, A>

where A: Allocator,

pub fn downcast<T>(self) -> Result<Box<T, A>, Box<dyn Any + Sync + Send, A>>

where T: Any,

Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.

Examples

use std::any::Any;

fn print_if_string(value: Box<dyn Any + Send + Sync>) {
    if let Ok(string) = value.downcast::<String>() {
        println!("String ({}): {}", string.len(), string);
    }
}

let my_string = "Hello World".to_string();
print_if_string(Box::new(my_string));
print_if_string(Box::new(0i8));

pub unsafe fn downcast_unchecked<T>(self) -> Box<T, A>

where T: Any,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (downcast_unchecked)

Downcasts the box to a concrete type.

For a safe alternative see downcast.

Examples

#![feature(downcast_unchecked)]

use std::any::Any;

let x: Box<dyn Any + Send + Sync> = Box::new(1_usize);

unsafe {
    assert_eq!(*x.downcast_unchecked::<usize>(), 1);
}

Safety

The contained value must be of type T. Calling this method with the incorrect type is undefined behavior.

impl<T> Box<T>

pub fn new(x: T) -> Box<T>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

Allocates memory on the heap and then places x into it.

This doesn’t actually allocate if T is zero-sized.

Examples

let five = Box::new(5);

Examples found in repository

examples/app/log_layers.rs (lines 28-33)

fn custom_layer(_app: &mut App) -> Option<BoxedLayer> {
    // You can provide multiple layers like this, since Vec<Layer> is also a layer:
    Some(Box::new(vec![
        bevy::log::tracing_subscriber::fmt::layer()
            .with_file(true)
            .boxed(),
        CustomLayer.boxed(),
    ]))
}

examples/asset/custom_asset_reader.rs (lines 46-49)

    fn build(&self, app: &mut App) {
        app.register_asset_source(
            AssetSourceId::Default,
            AssetSource::build().with_reader(|| {
                Box::new(CustomAssetReader(
                    // This is the default reader for the current platform
                    AssetSource::get_default_reader("assets".to_string())(),
                ))
            }),
        );
    }

examples/reflection/reflection_types.rs (lines 73-77)

fn setup() {
    let mut z = HashMap::default();
    z.insert("Hello".to_string(), 1.0);
    let value: Box<dyn Reflect> = Box::new(A {
        x: 1,
        y: vec![1, 2],
        z,
    });

    // There are a number of different "reflect traits", which each expose different operations on
    // the underlying type
    match value.reflect_ref() {
        // `Struct` is a trait automatically implemented for structs that derive Reflect. This trait
        // allows you to interact with fields via their string names or indices
        ReflectRef::Struct(value) => {
            info!(
                "This is a 'struct' type with an 'x' value of {}",
                value.get_field::<usize>("x").unwrap()
            );
        }
        // `TupleStruct` is a trait automatically implemented for tuple structs that derive Reflect.
        // This trait allows you to interact with fields via their indices
        ReflectRef::TupleStruct(_) => {}
        // `Tuple` is a special trait that can be manually implemented (instead of deriving
        // Reflect). This exposes "tuple" operations on your type, allowing you to interact
        // with fields via their indices. Tuple is automatically implemented for tuples of
        // arity 12 or less.
        ReflectRef::Tuple(_) => {}
        // `Enum` is a trait automatically implemented for enums that derive Reflect. This trait allows you
        // to interact with the current variant and its fields (if it has any)
        ReflectRef::Enum(_) => {}
        // `List` is a special trait that can be manually implemented (instead of deriving Reflect).
        // This exposes "list" operations on your type, such as insertion. `List` is automatically
        // implemented for relevant core types like Vec<T>.
        ReflectRef::List(_) => {}
        // `Array` is a special trait that can be manually implemented (instead of deriving Reflect).
        // This exposes "array" operations on your type, such as indexing. `Array`
        // is automatically implemented for relevant core types like [T; N].
        ReflectRef::Array(_) => {}
        // `Map` is a special trait that can be manually implemented (instead of deriving Reflect).
        // This exposes "map" operations on your type, such as getting / inserting by key.
        // Map is automatically implemented for relevant core types like HashMap<K, V>
        ReflectRef::Map(_) => {}
        // `Set` is a special trait that can be manually implemented (instead of deriving Reflect).
        // This exposes "set" operations on your type, such as getting / inserting by value.
        // Set is automatically implemented for relevant core types like HashSet<T>
        ReflectRef::Set(_) => {}
        // `Function` is a special trait that can be manually implemented (instead of deriving Reflect).
        // This exposes "function" operations on your type, such as calling it with arguments.
        // This trait is automatically implemented for types like DynamicFunction.
        // This variant only exists if the `reflect_functions` feature is enabled.
        #[cfg(feature = "reflect_functions")]
        ReflectRef::Function(_) => {}
        // `Opaque` types do not implement any of the other traits above. They are simply a Reflect
        // implementation. Opaque is implemented for opaque types like String and Instant,
        // but also include primitive types like i32, usize, and f32 (despite not technically being opaque).
        ReflectRef::Opaque(_) => {}
    }

    let mut dynamic_list = DynamicList::default();
    dynamic_list.push(3u32);
    dynamic_list.push(4u32);
    dynamic_list.push(5u32);

    let mut value: A = value.take::<A>().unwrap();
    value.y.apply(&dynamic_list);
    assert_eq!(value.y, vec![3u32, 4u32, 5u32]);
}

examples/reflection/type_data.rs (line 31)

fn main() {
    trait Damageable {
        type Health;
        fn damage(&mut self, damage: Self::Health);
    }

    #[derive(Reflect, PartialEq, Debug)]
    struct Zombie {
        health: u32,
    }

    impl Damageable for Zombie {
        type Health = u32;
        fn damage(&mut self, damage: Self::Health) {
            self.health -= damage;
        }
    }

    // Let's say we have a reflected value.
    // Here we know it's a `Zombie`, but for demonstration purposes let's pretend we don't.
    // Pretend it's just some `Box<dyn Reflect>` value.
    let mut value: Box<dyn Reflect> = Box::new(Zombie { health: 100 });

    // We think `value` might contain a type that implements `Damageable`
    // and now we want to call `Damageable::damage` on it.
    // How can we do this without knowing in advance the concrete type is `Zombie`?

    // This is where type data comes in.
    // Type data is a way of associating type-specific data with a type for use in dynamic contexts.
    // This type data can then be used at runtime to perform type-specific operations.

    // Let's create a type data struct for `Damageable` that we can associate with `Zombie`!

    // Firstly, type data must be cloneable.
    #[derive(Clone)]
    // Next, they are usually named with the `Reflect` prefix (we'll see why in a bit).
    struct ReflectDamageable {
        // Type data can contain whatever you want, but it's common to include function pointers
        // to the type-specific operations you want to perform (such as trait methods).
        // Just remember that we're working with `Reflect` data,
        // so we can't use `Self`, generics, or associated types.
        // In those cases, we'll have to use `dyn Reflect` trait objects.
        damage: fn(&mut dyn Reflect, damage: Box<dyn Reflect>),
    }

    // Now, we can create a blanket implementation of the `FromType` trait to construct our type data
    // for any type that implements `Reflect` and `Damageable`.
    impl<T: Reflect + Damageable<Health: Reflect>> FromType<T> for ReflectDamageable {
        fn from_type() -> Self {
            Self {
                damage: |reflect, damage| {
                    // This requires that `reflect` is `T` and not a dynamic representation like `DynamicStruct`.
                    // We could have the function pointer return a `Result`, but we'll just `unwrap` for simplicity.
                    let damageable = reflect.downcast_mut::<T>().unwrap();
                    let damage = damage.take::<T::Health>().unwrap();
                    damageable.damage(damage);
                },
            }
        }
    }

    // It's also common to provide convenience methods for calling the type-specific operations.
    impl ReflectDamageable {
        pub fn damage(&self, reflect: &mut dyn Reflect, damage: Box<dyn Reflect>) {
            (self.damage)(reflect, damage);
        }
    }

    // With all this done, we're ready to make use of `ReflectDamageable`!
    // It starts with registering our type along with its type data:
    let mut registry = TypeRegistry::default();
    registry.register::<Zombie>();
    registry.register_type_data::<Zombie, ReflectDamageable>();

    // Then at any point we can retrieve the type data from the registry:
    let type_id = value.reflect_type_info().type_id();
    let reflect_damageable = registry
        .get_type_data::<ReflectDamageable>(type_id)
        .unwrap();

    // And call our method:
    reflect_damageable.damage(value.as_reflect_mut(), Box::new(25u32));
    assert_eq!(value.take::<Zombie>().unwrap(), Zombie { health: 75 });

    // This is a simple example, but type data can be used for much more complex operations.
    // Bevy also provides some useful shorthand for working with type data.

    // For example, we can have the type data be automatically registered when we register the type
    // by using the `#[reflect(MyTrait)]` attribute when defining our type.
    #[derive(Reflect)]
    // Notice that we don't need to type out `ReflectDamageable`.
    // This is why we named it with the `Reflect` prefix:
    // the derive macro will automatically look for a type named `ReflectDamageable` in the current scope.
    #[reflect(Damageable)]
    struct Skeleton {
        health: u32,
    }

    impl Damageable for Skeleton {
        type Health = u32;
        fn damage(&mut self, damage: Self::Health) {
            self.health -= damage;
        }
    }

    // This will now register `Skeleton` along with its `ReflectDamageable` type data.
    registry.register::<Skeleton>();

    // And for object-safe traits (see https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/traits.html#object-safety),
    // Bevy provides a convenience macro for generating type data that converts `dyn Reflect` into `dyn MyTrait`.
    #[reflect_trait]
    trait Health {
        fn health(&self) -> u32;
    }

    impl Health for Skeleton {
        fn health(&self) -> u32 {
            self.health
        }
    }

    // Using the `#[reflect_trait]` macro we're able to automatically generate a `ReflectHealth` type data struct,
    // which can then be registered like any other type data:
    registry.register_type_data::<Skeleton, ReflectHealth>();

    // Now we can use `ReflectHealth` to convert `dyn Reflect` into `dyn Health`:
    let value: Box<dyn Reflect> = Box::new(Skeleton { health: 50 });

    let type_id = value.reflect_type_info().type_id();
    let reflect_health = registry.get_type_data::<ReflectHealth>(type_id).unwrap();

    // Type data generated by `#[reflect_trait]` comes with a `get`, `get_mut`, and `get_boxed` method,
    // which convert `&dyn Reflect` into `&dyn MyTrait`, `&mut dyn Reflect` into `&mut dyn MyTrait`,
    // and `Box<dyn Reflect>` into `Box<dyn MyTrait>`, respectively.
    let value: &dyn Health = reflect_health.get(value.as_reflect()).unwrap();
    assert_eq!(value.health(), 50);

    // Lastly, here's a list of some useful type data provided by Bevy that you might want to register for your types:
    // - `ReflectDefault` for types that implement `Default`
    // - `ReflectFromWorld` for types that implement `FromWorld`
    // - `ReflectComponent` for types that implement `Component`
    // - `ReflectResource` for types that implement `Resource`
    // - `ReflectSerialize` for types that implement `Serialize`
    // - `ReflectDeserialize` for types that implement `Deserialize`
    //
    // And here are some that are automatically registered by the `Reflect` derive macro:
    // - `ReflectFromPtr`
    // - `ReflectFromReflect` (if not `#[reflect(from_reflect = false)]`)
}

examples/reflection/function_reflection.rs (line 29)

fn main() {
    // There are times when it may be helpful to store a function away for later.
    // In Rust, we can do this by storing either a function pointer or a function trait object.
    // For example, say we wanted to store the following function:
    fn add(left: i32, right: i32) -> i32 {
        left + right
    }

    // We could store it as either of the following:
    let fn_pointer: fn(i32, i32) -> i32 = add;
    let fn_trait_object: Box<dyn Fn(i32, i32) -> i32> = Box::new(add);

    // And we can call them like so:
    let result = fn_pointer(2, 2);
    assert_eq!(result, 4);
    let result = fn_trait_object(2, 2);
    assert_eq!(result, 4);

    // However, you'll notice that we have to know the types of the arguments and return value at compile time.
    // This means there's not really a way to store or call these functions dynamically at runtime.
    // Luckily, Bevy's reflection crate comes with a set of tools for doing just that!
    // We do this by first converting our function into the reflection-based `DynamicFunction` type
    // using the `IntoFunction` trait.
    let function: DynamicFunction<'static> = dbg!(add.into_function());

    // This time, you'll notice that `DynamicFunction` doesn't take any information about the function's arguments or return value.
    // This is because `DynamicFunction` checks the types of the arguments and return value at runtime.
    // Now we can generate a list of arguments:
    let args: ArgList = dbg!(ArgList::new().push_owned(2_i32).push_owned(2_i32));

    // And finally, we can call the function.
    // This returns a `Result` indicating whether the function was called successfully.
    // For now, we'll just unwrap it to get our `Return` value,
    // which is an enum containing the function's return value.
    let return_value: Return = dbg!(function.call(args).unwrap());

    // The `Return` value can be pattern matched or unwrapped to get the underlying reflection data.
    // For the sake of brevity, we'll just unwrap it here and downcast it to the expected type of `i32`.
    let value: Box<dyn PartialReflect> = return_value.unwrap_owned();
    assert_eq!(value.try_take::<i32>().unwrap(), 4);

    // The same can also be done for closures that capture references to their environment.
    // Closures that capture their environment immutably can be converted into a `DynamicFunction`
    // using the `IntoFunction` trait.
    let minimum = 5;
    let clamp = |value: i32| value.max(minimum);

    let function: DynamicFunction = dbg!(clamp.into_function());
    let args = dbg!(ArgList::new().push_owned(2_i32));
    let return_value = dbg!(function.call(args).unwrap());
    let value: Box<dyn PartialReflect> = return_value.unwrap_owned();
    assert_eq!(value.try_take::<i32>().unwrap(), 5);

    // We can also handle closures that capture their environment mutably
    // using the `IntoFunctionMut` trait.
    let mut count = 0;
    let increment = |amount: i32| count += amount;

    let closure: DynamicFunctionMut = dbg!(increment.into_function_mut());
    let args = dbg!(ArgList::new().push_owned(5_i32));

    // Because `DynamicFunctionMut` mutably borrows `total`,
    // it will need to be dropped before `total` can be accessed again.
    // This can be done manually with `drop(closure)` or by using the `DynamicFunctionMut::call_once` method.
    dbg!(closure.call_once(args).unwrap());
    assert_eq!(count, 5);

    // As stated before, this works for many kinds of simple functions.
    // Functions with non-reflectable arguments or return values may not be able to be converted.
    // Generic functions are also not supported (unless manually monomorphized like `foo::<i32>.into_function()`).
    // Additionally, the lifetime of the return value is tied to the lifetime of the first argument.
    // However, this means that many methods (i.e. functions with a `self` parameter) are also supported:
    #[derive(Reflect, Default)]
    struct Data {
        value: String,
    }

    impl Data {
        fn set_value(&mut self, value: String) {
            self.value = value;
        }

        // Note that only `&'static str` implements `Reflect`.
        // To get around this limitation we can use `&String` instead.
        fn get_value(&self) -> &String {
            &self.value
        }
    }

    let mut data = Data::default();

    let set_value = dbg!(Data::set_value.into_function());
    let args = dbg!(ArgList::new().push_mut(&mut data)).push_owned(String::from("Hello, world!"));
    dbg!(set_value.call(args).unwrap());
    assert_eq!(data.value, "Hello, world!");

    let get_value = dbg!(Data::get_value.into_function());
    let args = dbg!(ArgList::new().push_ref(&data));
    let return_value = dbg!(get_value.call(args).unwrap());
    let value: &dyn PartialReflect = return_value.unwrap_ref();
    assert_eq!(value.try_downcast_ref::<String>().unwrap(), "Hello, world!");

    // Lastly, for more complex use cases, you can always create a custom `DynamicFunction` manually.
    // This is useful for functions that can't be converted via the `IntoFunction` trait.
    // For example, this function doesn't implement `IntoFunction` due to the fact that
    // the lifetime of the return value is not tied to the lifetime of the first argument.
    fn get_or_insert(value: i32, container: &mut Option<i32>) -> &i32 {
        if container.is_none() {
            *container = Some(value);
        }

        container.as_ref().unwrap()
    }

    let get_or_insert_function = dbg!(DynamicFunction::new(
        |mut args: ArgList| -> FunctionResult {
            // The `ArgList` contains the arguments in the order they were pushed.
            // The `DynamicFunction` will validate that the list contains
            // exactly the number of arguments we expect.
            // We can retrieve them out in order (note that this modifies the `ArgList`):
            let value = args.take::<i32>()?;
            let container = args.take::<&mut Option<i32>>()?;

            // We could have also done the following to make use of type inference:
            // let value = args.take_owned()?;
            // let container = args.take_mut()?;

            Ok(Return::Ref(get_or_insert(value, container)))
        },
        // Functions can be either anonymous or named.
        // It's good practice, though, to try and name your functions whenever possible.
        // This makes it easier to debug and is also required for function registration.
        // We can either give it a custom name or use the function's type name as
        // derived from `std::any::type_name_of_val`.
        FunctionInfo::named(std::any::type_name_of_val(&get_or_insert))
            // We can always change the name if needed.
            // It's a good idea to also ensure that the name is unique,
            // such as by using its type name or by prefixing it with your crate name.
            .with_name("my_crate::get_or_insert")
            // Since our function takes arguments, we should provide that argument information.
            // This is used to validate arguments when calling the function.
            // And it aids consumers of the function with their own validation and debugging.
            // Arguments should be provided in the order they are defined in the function.
            .with_arg::<i32>("value")
            .with_arg::<&mut Option<i32>>("container")
            // We can provide return information as well.
            .with_return::<&i32>(),
    ));

    let mut container: Option<i32> = None;

    let args = dbg!(ArgList::new().push_owned(5_i32).push_mut(&mut container));
    let value = dbg!(get_or_insert_function.call(args).unwrap()).unwrap_ref();
    assert_eq!(value.try_downcast_ref::<i32>(), Some(&5));

    let args = dbg!(ArgList::new().push_owned(500_i32).push_mut(&mut container));
    let value = dbg!(get_or_insert_function.call(args).unwrap()).unwrap_ref();
    assert_eq!(value.try_downcast_ref::<i32>(), Some(&5));
}

examples/reflection/dynamic_types.rs (line 40)

fn main() {
    #[derive(Reflect, Default)]
    #[reflect(Identifiable, Default)]
    struct Player {
        id: u32,
    }

    #[reflect_trait]
    trait Identifiable {
        fn id(&self) -> u32;
    }

    impl Identifiable for Player {
        fn id(&self) -> u32 {
            self.id
        }
    }

    // Normally, when instantiating a type, you get back exactly that type.
    // This is because the type is known at compile time.
    // We call this the "concrete" or "canonical" type.
    let player: Player = Player { id: 123 };

    // When working with reflected types, however, we often "erase" this type information
    // using the `Reflect` trait object.
    // This trait object also gives us access to all the methods in the `PartialReflect` trait too.
    // The underlying type is still the same (in this case, `Player`),
    // but now we've hidden that information from the compiler.
    let reflected: Box<dyn Reflect> = Box::new(player);

    // Because it's the same type under the hood, we can still downcast it back to the original type.
    assert!(reflected.downcast_ref::<Player>().is_some());

    // But now let's "clone" our type using `PartialReflect::clone_value`.
    // Notice here we bind it as a `dyn PartialReflect`.
    let cloned: Box<dyn PartialReflect> = reflected.clone_value();

    // If we try and convert it to a `dyn Reflect` trait object, we'll get an error.
    assert!(cloned.try_as_reflect().is_none());

    // Why is this?
    // Well the reason is that `PartialReflect::clone_value` actually creates a dynamic type.
    // Since `Player` is a struct, our trait object is actually a value of `DynamicStruct`.
    assert!(cloned.is_dynamic());

    // This dynamic type is used to represent (or "proxy") the original type,
    // so that we can continue to access its fields and overall structure.
    let cloned_ref = cloned.reflect_ref().as_struct().unwrap();
    let id = cloned_ref.field("id").unwrap().try_downcast_ref::<u32>();
    assert_eq!(id, Some(&123));

    // It also enables us to create a representation of a type without having compile-time
    // access to the actual type. This is how the reflection deserializers work.
    // They generally can't know how to construct a type ahead of time,
    // so they instead build and return these dynamic representations.
    let input = "(id: 123)";
    let mut registry = TypeRegistry::default();
    registry.register::<Player>();
    let registration = registry.get(std::any::TypeId::of::<Player>()).unwrap();
    let deserialized = TypedReflectDeserializer::new(registration, &registry)
        .deserialize(&mut ron::Deserializer::from_str(input).unwrap())
        .unwrap();

    // Our deserialized output is a `DynamicStruct` that proxies/represents a `Player`.
    assert!(deserialized.represents::<Player>());

    // And while this does allow us to access the fields and structure of the type,
    // there may be instances where we need the actual type.
    // For example, if we want to convert our `dyn Reflect` into a `dyn Identifiable`,
    // we can't use the `DynamicStruct` proxy.
    let reflect_identifiable = registration
        .data::<ReflectIdentifiable>()
        .expect("`ReflectIdentifiable` should be registered");

    // Trying to access the registry with our `deserialized` will give a compile error
    // since it doesn't implement `Reflect`, only `PartialReflect`.
    // Similarly, trying to force the operation will fail.
    // This fails since the underlying type of `deserialized` is `DynamicStruct` and not `Player`.
    assert!(deserialized
        .try_as_reflect()
        .and_then(|reflect_trait_obj| reflect_identifiable.get(reflect_trait_obj))
        .is_none());

    // So how can we go from a dynamic type to a concrete type?
    // There are two ways:

    // 1. Using `PartialReflect::apply`.
    {
        // If you know the type at compile time, you can construct a new value and apply the dynamic
        // value to it.
        let mut value = Player::default();
        value.apply(deserialized.as_ref());
        assert_eq!(value.id, 123);

        // If you don't know the type at compile time, you need a dynamic way of constructing
        // an instance of the type. One such way is to use the `ReflectDefault` type data.
        let reflect_default = registration
            .data::<ReflectDefault>()
            .expect("`ReflectDefault` should be registered");

        let mut value: Box<dyn Reflect> = reflect_default.default();
        value.apply(deserialized.as_ref());

        let identifiable: &dyn Identifiable = reflect_identifiable.get(value.as_reflect()).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(identifiable.id(), 123);
    }

    // 2. Using `FromReflect`
    {
        // If you know the type at compile time, you can use the `FromReflect` trait to convert the
        // dynamic value into the concrete type directly.
        let value: Player = Player::from_reflect(deserialized.as_ref()).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(value.id, 123);

        // If you don't know the type at compile time, you can use the `ReflectFromReflect` type data
        // to perform the conversion dynamically.
        let reflect_from_reflect = registration
            .data::<ReflectFromReflect>()
            .expect("`ReflectFromReflect` should be registered");

        let value: Box<dyn Reflect> = reflect_from_reflect
            .from_reflect(deserialized.as_ref())
            .unwrap();
        let identifiable: &dyn Identifiable = reflect_identifiable.get(value.as_reflect()).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(identifiable.id(), 123);
    }

    // Lastly, while dynamic types are commonly generated via reflection methods like
    // `PartialReflect::clone_value` or via the reflection deserializers,
    // you can also construct them manually.
    let mut my_dynamic_list = DynamicList::from_iter([1u32, 2u32, 3u32]);

    // This is useful when you just need to apply some subset of changes to a type.
    let mut my_list: Vec<u32> = Vec::new();
    my_list.apply(&my_dynamic_list);
    assert_eq!(my_list, vec![1, 2, 3]);

    // And if you want it to actually proxy a type, you can configure it to do that as well:
    assert!(!my_dynamic_list
        .as_partial_reflect()
        .represents::<Vec<u32>>());
    my_dynamic_list.set_represented_type(Some(<Vec<u32>>::type_info()));
    assert!(my_dynamic_list
        .as_partial_reflect()
        .represents::<Vec<u32>>());

    // ============================= REFERENCE ============================= //
    // For reference, here are all the available dynamic types:

    // 1. `DynamicTuple`
    {
        let mut dynamic_tuple = DynamicTuple::default();
        dynamic_tuple.insert(1u32);
        dynamic_tuple.insert(2u32);
        dynamic_tuple.insert(3u32);

        let mut my_tuple: (u32, u32, u32) = (0, 0, 0);
        my_tuple.apply(&dynamic_tuple);
        assert_eq!(my_tuple, (1, 2, 3));
    }

    // 2. `DynamicArray`
    {
        let dynamic_array = DynamicArray::from_iter([1u32, 2u32, 3u32]);

        let mut my_array = [0u32; 3];
        my_array.apply(&dynamic_array);
        assert_eq!(my_array, [1, 2, 3]);
    }

    // 3. `DynamicList`
    {
        let dynamic_list = DynamicList::from_iter([1u32, 2u32, 3u32]);

        let mut my_list: Vec<u32> = Vec::new();
        my_list.apply(&dynamic_list);
        assert_eq!(my_list, vec![1, 2, 3]);
    }

    // 4. `DynamicSet`
    {
        let mut dynamic_set = DynamicSet::from_iter(["x", "y", "z"]);
        assert!(dynamic_set.contains(&"x"));

        dynamic_set.remove(&"y");

        let mut my_set: HashSet<&str> = HashSet::new();
        my_set.apply(&dynamic_set);
        assert_eq!(my_set, HashSet::from_iter(["x", "z"]));
    }

    // 5. `DynamicMap`
    {
        let dynamic_map = DynamicMap::from_iter([("x", 1u32), ("y", 2u32), ("z", 3u32)]);

        let mut my_map: HashMap<&str, u32> = HashMap::new();
        my_map.apply(&dynamic_map);
        assert_eq!(my_map.get("x"), Some(&1));
        assert_eq!(my_map.get("y"), Some(&2));
        assert_eq!(my_map.get("z"), Some(&3));
    }

    // 6. `DynamicStruct`
    {
        #[derive(Reflect, Default, Debug, PartialEq)]
        struct MyStruct {
            x: u32,
            y: u32,
            z: u32,
        }

        let mut dynamic_struct = DynamicStruct::default();
        dynamic_struct.insert("x", 1u32);
        dynamic_struct.insert("y", 2u32);
        dynamic_struct.insert("z", 3u32);

        let mut my_struct = MyStruct::default();
        my_struct.apply(&dynamic_struct);
        assert_eq!(my_struct, MyStruct { x: 1, y: 2, z: 3 });
    }

    // 7. `DynamicTupleStruct`
    {
        #[derive(Reflect, Default, Debug, PartialEq)]
        struct MyTupleStruct(u32, u32, u32);

        let mut dynamic_tuple_struct = DynamicTupleStruct::default();
        dynamic_tuple_struct.insert(1u32);
        dynamic_tuple_struct.insert(2u32);
        dynamic_tuple_struct.insert(3u32);

        let mut my_tuple_struct = MyTupleStruct::default();
        my_tuple_struct.apply(&dynamic_tuple_struct);
        assert_eq!(my_tuple_struct, MyTupleStruct(1, 2, 3));
    }

    // 8. `DynamicEnum`
    {
        #[derive(Reflect, Default, Debug, PartialEq)]
        enum MyEnum {
            #[default]
            Empty,
            Xyz(u32, u32, u32),
        }

        let mut values = DynamicTuple::default();
        values.insert(1u32);
        values.insert(2u32);
        values.insert(3u32);

        let dynamic_variant = DynamicVariant::Tuple(values);
        let dynamic_enum = DynamicEnum::new("Xyz", dynamic_variant);

        let mut my_enum = MyEnum::default();
        my_enum.apply(&dynamic_enum);
        assert_eq!(my_enum, MyEnum::Xyz(1, 2, 3));
    }
}

pub fn new_uninit() -> Box<MaybeUninit<T>>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

Constructs a new box with uninitialized contents.

Examples

let mut five = Box::<u32>::new_uninit();

let five = unsafe {
    // Deferred initialization:
    five.as_mut_ptr().write(5);

    five.assume_init()
};

assert_eq!(*five, 5)

pub fn new_zeroed() -> Box<MaybeUninit<T>>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (new_zeroed_alloc)

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

Constructs a new Box with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes.

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

Examples

#![feature(new_zeroed_alloc)]

let zero = Box::<u32>::new_zeroed();
let zero = unsafe { zero.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*zero, 0)

pub fn pin(x: T) -> Pin<Box<T>>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

Constructs a new Pin<Box<T>>. If T does not implement Unpin, then x will be pinned in memory and unable to be moved.

Constructing and pinning of the Box can also be done in two steps: Box::pin(x) does the same as Box::into_pin(Box::new(x)). Consider using into_pin if you already have a Box<T>, or if you want to construct a (pinned) Box in a different way than with Box::new.

pub fn try_new(x: T) -> Result<Box<T>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Allocates memory on the heap then places x into it, returning an error if the allocation fails

This doesn’t actually allocate if T is zero-sized.

Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

let five = Box::try_new(5)?;

pub fn try_new_uninit() -> Result<Box<MaybeUninit<T>>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new box with uninitialized contents on the heap, returning an error if the allocation fails

Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

let mut five = Box::<u32>::try_new_uninit()?;

let five = unsafe {
    // Deferred initialization:
    five.as_mut_ptr().write(5);

    five.assume_init()
};

assert_eq!(*five, 5);

pub fn try_new_zeroed() -> Result<Box<MaybeUninit<T>>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new Box with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes on the heap

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

let zero = Box::<u32>::try_new_zeroed()?;
let zero = unsafe { zero.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*zero, 0);

impl<T, A> Box<T, A>

where A: Allocator,

pub fn new_in(x: T, alloc: A) -> Box<T, A>

where A: Allocator,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

Allocates memory in the given allocator then places x into it.

This doesn’t actually allocate if T is zero-sized.

Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let five = Box::new_in(5, System);

pub fn try_new_in(x: T, alloc: A) -> Result<Box<T, A>, AllocError>

where A: Allocator,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Allocates memory in the given allocator then places x into it, returning an error if the allocation fails

This doesn’t actually allocate if T is zero-sized.

Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let five = Box::try_new_in(5, System)?;

pub fn new_uninit_in(alloc: A) -> Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>

where A: Allocator,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

Constructs a new box with uninitialized contents in the provided allocator.

Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let mut five = Box::<u32, _>::new_uninit_in(System);

let five = unsafe {
    // Deferred initialization:
    five.as_mut_ptr().write(5);

    five.assume_init()
};

assert_eq!(*five, 5)

pub fn try_new_uninit_in(alloc: A) -> Result<Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>, AllocError>

where A: Allocator,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new box with uninitialized contents in the provided allocator, returning an error if the allocation fails

Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let mut five = Box::<u32, _>::try_new_uninit_in(System)?;

let five = unsafe {
    // Deferred initialization:
    five.as_mut_ptr().write(5);

    five.assume_init()
};

assert_eq!(*five, 5);

pub fn new_zeroed_in(alloc: A) -> Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>

where A: Allocator,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

Constructs a new Box with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes in the provided allocator.

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let zero = Box::<u32, _>::new_zeroed_in(System);
let zero = unsafe { zero.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*zero, 0)

pub fn try_new_zeroed_in(alloc: A) -> Result<Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>, AllocError>

where A: Allocator,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new Box with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes in the provided allocator, returning an error if the allocation fails,

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let zero = Box::<u32, _>::try_new_zeroed_in(System)?;
let zero = unsafe { zero.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*zero, 0);

pub fn pin_in(x: T, alloc: A) -> Pin<Box<T, A>>

where A: 'static + Allocator,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

Constructs a new Pin<Box<T, A>>. If T does not implement Unpin, then x will be pinned in memory and unable to be moved.

Constructing and pinning of the Box can also be done in two steps: Box::pin_in(x, alloc) does the same as Box::into_pin(Box::new_in(x, alloc)). Consider using into_pin if you already have a Box<T, A>, or if you want to construct a (pinned) Box in a different way than with Box::new_in.

pub fn into_boxed_slice(boxed: Box<T, A>) -> Box<[T], A>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (box_into_boxed_slice)

Converts a Box<T> into a Box<[T]>

This conversion does not allocate on the heap and happens in place.

pub fn into_inner(boxed: Box<T, A>) -> T

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (box_into_inner)

Consumes the Box, returning the wrapped value.

Examples

#![feature(box_into_inner)]

let c = Box::new(5);

assert_eq!(Box::into_inner(c), 5);

impl<T> Box<[T]>

pub fn new_uninit_slice(len: usize) -> Box<[MaybeUninit<T>]>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents.

Examples

let mut values = Box::<[u32]>::new_uninit_slice(3);

let values = unsafe {
    // Deferred initialization:
    values[0].as_mut_ptr().write(1);
    values[1].as_mut_ptr().write(2);
    values[2].as_mut_ptr().write(3);

    values.assume_init()
};

assert_eq!(*values, [1, 2, 3])

pub fn new_zeroed_slice(len: usize) -> Box<[MaybeUninit<T>]>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (new_zeroed_alloc)

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes.

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

Examples

#![feature(new_zeroed_alloc)]

let values = Box::<[u32]>::new_zeroed_slice(3);
let values = unsafe { values.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*values, [0, 0, 0])

pub fn try_new_uninit_slice( len: usize, ) -> Result<Box<[MaybeUninit<T>]>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents. Returns an error if the allocation fails.

Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

let mut values = Box::<[u32]>::try_new_uninit_slice(3)?;
let values = unsafe {
    // Deferred initialization:
    values[0].as_mut_ptr().write(1);
    values[1].as_mut_ptr().write(2);
    values[2].as_mut_ptr().write(3);
    values.assume_init()
};

assert_eq!(*values, [1, 2, 3]);

pub fn try_new_zeroed_slice( len: usize, ) -> Result<Box<[MaybeUninit<T>]>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes. Returns an error if the allocation fails.

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

let values = Box::<[u32]>::try_new_zeroed_slice(3)?;
let values = unsafe { values.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*values, [0, 0, 0]);

pub fn into_array<const N: usize>(self) -> Option<Box<[T; N]>>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_as_array)

Converts the boxed slice into a boxed array.

This operation does not reallocate; the underlying array of the slice is simply reinterpreted as an array type.

If N is not exactly equal to the length of self, then this method returns None.

impl<T, A> Box<[T], A>

where A: Allocator,

pub fn new_uninit_slice_in(len: usize, alloc: A) -> Box<[MaybeUninit<T>], A>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents in the provided allocator.

Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let mut values = Box::<[u32], _>::new_uninit_slice_in(3, System);

let values = unsafe {
    // Deferred initialization:
    values[0].as_mut_ptr().write(1);
    values[1].as_mut_ptr().write(2);
    values[2].as_mut_ptr().write(3);

    values.assume_init()
};

assert_eq!(*values, [1, 2, 3])

pub fn new_zeroed_slice_in(len: usize, alloc: A) -> Box<[MaybeUninit<T>], A>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents in the provided allocator, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes.

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let values = Box::<[u32], _>::new_zeroed_slice_in(3, System);
let values = unsafe { values.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*values, [0, 0, 0])

pub fn try_new_uninit_slice_in( len: usize, alloc: A, ) -> Result<Box<[MaybeUninit<T>], A>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents in the provided allocator. Returns an error if the allocation fails.

Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let mut values = Box::<[u32], _>::try_new_uninit_slice_in(3, System)?;
let values = unsafe {
    // Deferred initialization:
    values[0].as_mut_ptr().write(1);
    values[1].as_mut_ptr().write(2);
    values[2].as_mut_ptr().write(3);
    values.assume_init()
};

assert_eq!(*values, [1, 2, 3]);

pub fn try_new_zeroed_slice_in( len: usize, alloc: A, ) -> Result<Box<[MaybeUninit<T>], A>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents in the provided allocator, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes. Returns an error if the allocation fails.

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let values = Box::<[u32], _>::try_new_zeroed_slice_in(3, System)?;
let values = unsafe { values.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*values, [0, 0, 0]);

impl<T, A> Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>

where A: Allocator,

pub unsafe fn assume_init(self) -> Box<T, A>

Converts to Box<T, A>.

Safety

As with MaybeUninit::assume_init, it is up to the caller to guarantee that the value really is in an initialized state. Calling this when the content is not yet fully initialized causes immediate undefined behavior.

Examples

let mut five = Box::<u32>::new_uninit();

let five: Box<u32> = unsafe {
    // Deferred initialization:
    five.as_mut_ptr().write(5);

    five.assume_init()
};

assert_eq!(*five, 5)

pub fn write(boxed: Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>, value: T) -> Box<T, A>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (box_uninit_write)

Writes the value and converts to Box<T, A>.

This method converts the box similarly to Box::assume_init but writes value into it before conversion thus guaranteeing safety. In some scenarios use of this method may improve performance because the compiler may be able to optimize copying from stack.

Examples

#![feature(box_uninit_write)]

let big_box = Box::<[usize; 1024]>::new_uninit();

let mut array = [0; 1024];
for (i, place) in array.iter_mut().enumerate() {
    *place = i;
}

// The optimizer may be able to elide this copy, so previous code writes
// to heap directly.
let big_box = Box::write(big_box, array);

for (i, x) in big_box.iter().enumerate() {
    assert_eq!(*x, i);
}

impl<T, A> Box<[MaybeUninit<T>], A>

where A: Allocator,

pub unsafe fn assume_init(self) -> Box<[T], A>

Converts to Box<[T], A>.

Safety

As with MaybeUninit::assume_init, it is up to the caller to guarantee that the values really are in an initialized state. Calling this when the content is not yet fully initialized causes immediate undefined behavior.

Examples

let mut values = Box::<[u32]>::new_uninit_slice(3);

let values = unsafe {
    // Deferred initialization:
    values[0].as_mut_ptr().write(1);
    values[1].as_mut_ptr().write(2);
    values[2].as_mut_ptr().write(3);

    values.assume_init()
};

assert_eq!(*values, [1, 2, 3])

impl<T> Box<T>

where T: ?Sized,

pub unsafe fn from_raw(raw: *mut T) -> Box<T>

Constructs a box from a raw pointer.

After calling this function, the raw pointer is owned by the resulting Box. Specifically, the Box destructor will call the destructor of T and free the allocated memory. For this to be safe, the memory must have been allocated in accordance with the memory layout used by Box .

Safety

This function is unsafe because improper use may lead to memory problems. For example, a double-free may occur if the function is called twice on the same raw pointer.

The raw pointer must point to a block of memory allocated by the global allocator.

The safety conditions are described in the memory layout section.

Examples

Recreate a Box which was previously converted to a raw pointer using Box::into_raw:

let x = Box::new(5);
let ptr = Box::into_raw(x);
let x = unsafe { Box::from_raw(ptr) };

Manually create a Box from scratch by using the global allocator:

use std::alloc::{alloc, Layout};

unsafe {
    let ptr = alloc(Layout::new::<i32>()) as *mut i32;
    // In general .write is required to avoid attempting to destruct
    // the (uninitialized) previous contents of `ptr`, though for this
    // simple example `*ptr = 5` would have worked as well.
    ptr.write(5);
    let x = Box::from_raw(ptr);
}

pub unsafe fn from_non_null(ptr: NonNull<T>) -> Box<T>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (box_vec_non_null)

Constructs a box from a NonNull pointer.

After calling this function, the NonNull pointer is owned by the resulting Box. Specifically, the Box destructor will call the destructor of T and free the allocated memory. For this to be safe, the memory must have been allocated in accordance with the memory layout used by Box .

Safety

This function is unsafe because improper use may lead to memory problems. For example, a double-free may occur if the function is called twice on the same NonNull pointer.

The non-null pointer must point to a block of memory allocated by the global allocator.

The safety conditions are described in the memory layout section.

Examples

Recreate a Box which was previously converted to a NonNull pointer using Box::into_non_null:

#![feature(box_vec_non_null)]

let x = Box::new(5);
let non_null = Box::into_non_null(x);
let x = unsafe { Box::from_non_null(non_null) };

Manually create a Box from scratch by using the global allocator:

#![feature(box_vec_non_null)]

use std::alloc::{alloc, Layout};
use std::ptr::NonNull;

unsafe {
    let non_null = NonNull::new(alloc(Layout::new::<i32>()).cast::<i32>())
        .expect("allocation failed");
    // In general .write is required to avoid attempting to destruct
    // the (uninitialized) previous contents of `non_null`.
    non_null.write(5);
    let x = Box::from_non_null(non_null);
}

impl<T, A> Box<T, A>

where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

pub const unsafe fn from_raw_in(raw: *mut T, alloc: A) -> Box<T, A>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a box from a raw pointer in the given allocator.

After calling this function, the raw pointer is owned by the resulting Box. Specifically, the Box destructor will call the destructor of T and free the allocated memory. For this to be safe, the memory must have been allocated in accordance with the memory layout used by Box .

Safety

This function is unsafe because improper use may lead to memory problems. For example, a double-free may occur if the function is called twice on the same raw pointer.

The raw pointer must point to a block of memory allocated by alloc.

Examples

Recreate a Box which was previously converted to a raw pointer using Box::into_raw_with_allocator:

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let x = Box::new_in(5, System);
let (ptr, alloc) = Box::into_raw_with_allocator(x);
let x = unsafe { Box::from_raw_in(ptr, alloc) };

Manually create a Box from scratch by using the system allocator:

#![feature(allocator_api, slice_ptr_get)]

use std::alloc::{Allocator, Layout, System};

unsafe {
    let ptr = System.allocate(Layout::new::<i32>())?.as_mut_ptr() as *mut i32;
    // In general .write is required to avoid attempting to destruct
    // the (uninitialized) previous contents of `ptr`, though for this
    // simple example `*ptr = 5` would have worked as well.
    ptr.write(5);
    let x = Box::from_raw_in(ptr, System);
}

pub const unsafe fn from_non_null_in(raw: NonNull<T>, alloc: A) -> Box<T, A>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a box from a NonNull pointer in the given allocator.

After calling this function, the NonNull pointer is owned by the resulting Box. Specifically, the Box destructor will call the destructor of T and free the allocated memory. For this to be safe, the memory must have been allocated in accordance with the memory layout used by Box .

Safety

This function is unsafe because improper use may lead to memory problems. For example, a double-free may occur if the function is called twice on the same raw pointer.

The non-null pointer must point to a block of memory allocated by alloc.

Examples

Recreate a Box which was previously converted to a NonNull pointer using Box::into_non_null_with_allocator:

#![feature(allocator_api, box_vec_non_null)]

use std::alloc::System;

let x = Box::new_in(5, System);
let (non_null, alloc) = Box::into_non_null_with_allocator(x);
let x = unsafe { Box::from_non_null_in(non_null, alloc) };

Manually create a Box from scratch by using the system allocator:

#![feature(allocator_api, box_vec_non_null, slice_ptr_get)]

use std::alloc::{Allocator, Layout, System};

unsafe {
    let non_null = System.allocate(Layout::new::<i32>())?.cast::<i32>();
    // In general .write is required to avoid attempting to destruct
    // the (uninitialized) previous contents of `non_null`.
    non_null.write(5);
    let x = Box::from_non_null_in(non_null, System);
}

pub fn into_raw(b: Box<T, A>) -> *mut T

Consumes the Box, returning a wrapped raw pointer.

The pointer will be properly aligned and non-null.

After calling this function, the caller is responsible for the memory previously managed by the Box. In particular, the caller should properly destroy T and release the memory, taking into account the memory layout used by Box. The easiest way to do this is to convert the raw pointer back into a Box with the Box::from_raw function, allowing the Box destructor to perform the cleanup.

Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have to call it as Box::into_raw(b) instead of b.into_raw(). This is so that there is no conflict with a method on the inner type.

Examples

Converting the raw pointer back into a Box with Box::from_raw for automatic cleanup:

let x = Box::new(String::from("Hello"));
let ptr = Box::into_raw(x);
let x = unsafe { Box::from_raw(ptr) };

Manual cleanup by explicitly running the destructor and deallocating the memory:

use std::alloc::{dealloc, Layout};
use std::ptr;

let x = Box::new(String::from("Hello"));
let ptr = Box::into_raw(x);
unsafe {
    ptr::drop_in_place(ptr);
    dealloc(ptr as *mut u8, Layout::new::<String>());
}

Note: This is equivalent to the following:

let x = Box::new(String::from("Hello"));
let ptr = Box::into_raw(x);
unsafe {
    drop(Box::from_raw(ptr));
}

pub fn into_non_null(b: Box<T, A>) -> NonNull<T>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (box_vec_non_null)

Consumes the Box, returning a wrapped NonNull pointer.

The pointer will be properly aligned.

After calling this function, the caller is responsible for the memory previously managed by the Box. In particular, the caller should properly destroy T and release the memory, taking into account the memory layout used by Box. The easiest way to do this is to convert the NonNull pointer back into a Box with the Box::from_non_null function, allowing the Box destructor to perform the cleanup.

Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have to call it as Box::into_non_null(b) instead of b.into_non_null(). This is so that there is no conflict with a method on the inner type.

Examples

Converting the NonNull pointer back into a Box with Box::from_non_null for automatic cleanup:

#![feature(box_vec_non_null)]

let x = Box::new(String::from("Hello"));
let non_null = Box::into_non_null(x);
let x = unsafe { Box::from_non_null(non_null) };

Manual cleanup by explicitly running the destructor and deallocating the memory:

#![feature(box_vec_non_null)]

use std::alloc::{dealloc, Layout};

let x = Box::new(String::from("Hello"));
let non_null = Box::into_non_null(x);
unsafe {
    non_null.drop_in_place();
    dealloc(non_null.as_ptr().cast::<u8>(), Layout::new::<String>());
}

Note: This is equivalent to the following:

#![feature(box_vec_non_null)]

let x = Box::new(String::from("Hello"));
let non_null = Box::into_non_null(x);
unsafe {
    drop(Box::from_non_null(non_null));
}

pub fn into_raw_with_allocator(b: Box<T, A>) -> (*mut T, A)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Consumes the Box, returning a wrapped raw pointer and the allocator.

The pointer will be properly aligned and non-null.

After calling this function, the caller is responsible for the memory previously managed by the Box. In particular, the caller should properly destroy T and release the memory, taking into account the memory layout used by Box. The easiest way to do this is to convert the raw pointer back into a Box with the Box::from_raw_in function, allowing the Box destructor to perform the cleanup.

Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have to call it as Box::into_raw_with_allocator(b) instead of b.into_raw_with_allocator(). This is so that there is no conflict with a method on the inner type.

Examples

Converting the raw pointer back into a Box with Box::from_raw_in for automatic cleanup:

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let x = Box::new_in(String::from("Hello"), System);
let (ptr, alloc) = Box::into_raw_with_allocator(x);
let x = unsafe { Box::from_raw_in(ptr, alloc) };

Manual cleanup by explicitly running the destructor and deallocating the memory:

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::{Allocator, Layout, System};
use std::ptr::{self, NonNull};

let x = Box::new_in(String::from("Hello"), System);
let (ptr, alloc) = Box::into_raw_with_allocator(x);
unsafe {
    ptr::drop_in_place(ptr);
    let non_null = NonNull::new_unchecked(ptr);
    alloc.deallocate(non_null.cast(), Layout::new::<String>());
}

pub fn into_non_null_with_allocator(b: Box<T, A>) -> (NonNull<T>, A)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Consumes the Box, returning a wrapped NonNull pointer and the allocator.

The pointer will be properly aligned.

After calling this function, the caller is responsible for the memory previously managed by the Box. In particular, the caller should properly destroy T and release the memory, taking into account the memory layout used by Box. The easiest way to do this is to convert the NonNull pointer back into a Box with the Box::from_non_null_in function, allowing the Box destructor to perform the cleanup.

Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have to call it as Box::into_non_null_with_allocator(b) instead of b.into_non_null_with_allocator(). This is so that there is no conflict with a method on the inner type.

Examples

Converting the NonNull pointer back into a Box with Box::from_non_null_in for automatic cleanup:

#![feature(allocator_api, box_vec_non_null)]

use std::alloc::System;

let x = Box::new_in(String::from("Hello"), System);
let (non_null, alloc) = Box::into_non_null_with_allocator(x);
let x = unsafe { Box::from_non_null_in(non_null, alloc) };

Manual cleanup by explicitly running the destructor and deallocating the memory:

#![feature(allocator_api, box_vec_non_null)]

use std::alloc::{Allocator, Layout, System};

let x = Box::new_in(String::from("Hello"), System);
let (non_null, alloc) = Box::into_non_null_with_allocator(x);
unsafe {
    non_null.drop_in_place();
    alloc.deallocate(non_null.cast::<u8>(), Layout::new::<String>());
}

pub fn as_mut_ptr(b: &mut Box<T, A>) -> *mut T

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (box_as_ptr)

Returns a raw mutable pointer to the Box’s contents.

The caller must ensure that the Box outlives the pointer this function returns, or else it will end up dangling.

This method guarantees that for the purpose of the aliasing model, this method does not materialize a reference to the underlying memory, and thus the returned pointer will remain valid when mixed with other calls to as_ptr and as_mut_ptr. Note that calling other methods that materialize references to the memory may still invalidate this pointer. See the example below for how this guarantee can be used.

Examples

Due to the aliasing guarantee, the following code is legal:

#![feature(box_as_ptr)]

unsafe {
    let mut b = Box::new(0);
    let ptr1 = Box::as_mut_ptr(&mut b);
    ptr1.write(1);
    let ptr2 = Box::as_mut_ptr(&mut b);
    ptr2.write(2);
    // Notably, the write to `ptr2` did *not* invalidate `ptr1`:
    ptr1.write(3);
}

pub fn as_ptr(b: &Box<T, A>) -> *const T

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (box_as_ptr)

Returns a raw pointer to the Box’s contents.

The caller must ensure that the Box outlives the pointer this function returns, or else it will end up dangling.

The caller must also ensure that the memory the pointer (non-transitively) points to is never written to (except inside an UnsafeCell) using this pointer or any pointer derived from it. If you need to mutate the contents of the Box, use as_mut_ptr.

This method guarantees that for the purpose of the aliasing model, this method does not materialize a reference to the underlying memory, and thus the returned pointer will remain valid when mixed with other calls to as_ptr and as_mut_ptr. Note that calling other methods that materialize mutable references to the memory, as well as writing to this memory, may still invalidate this pointer. See the example below for how this guarantee can be used.

Examples

Due to the aliasing guarantee, the following code is legal:

#![feature(box_as_ptr)]

unsafe {
    let mut v = Box::new(0);
    let ptr1 = Box::as_ptr(&v);
    let ptr2 = Box::as_mut_ptr(&mut v);
    let _val = ptr2.read();
    // No write to this memory has happened yet, so `ptr1` is still valid.
    let _val = ptr1.read();
    // However, once we do a write...
    ptr2.write(1);
    // ... `ptr1` is no longer valid.
    // This would be UB: let _val = ptr1.read();
}

pub const fn allocator(b: &Box<T, A>) -> &A

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Returns a reference to the underlying allocator.

Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have to call it as Box::allocator(&b) instead of b.allocator(). This is so that there is no conflict with a method on the inner type.

pub fn leak<'a>(b: Box<T, A>) -> &'a mut T

where A: 'a,

Consumes and leaks the Box, returning a mutable reference, &'a mut T.

Note that the type T must outlive the chosen lifetime 'a. If the type has only static references, or none at all, then this may be chosen to be 'static.

This function is mainly useful for data that lives for the remainder of the program’s life. Dropping the returned reference will cause a memory leak. If this is not acceptable, the reference should first be wrapped with the Box::from_raw function producing a Box. This Box can then be dropped which will properly destroy T and release the allocated memory.

Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have to call it as Box::leak(b) instead of b.leak(). This is so that there is no conflict with a method on the inner type.

Examples

Simple usage:

let x = Box::new(41);
let static_ref: &'static mut usize = Box::leak(x);
*static_ref += 1;
assert_eq!(*static_ref, 42);

Unsized data:

let x = vec![1, 2, 3].into_boxed_slice();
let static_ref = Box::leak(x);
static_ref[0] = 4;
assert_eq!(*static_ref, [4, 2, 3]);

pub fn into_pin(boxed: Box<T, A>) -> Pin<Box<T, A>>

where A: 'static,

Converts a Box<T> into a Pin<Box<T>>. If T does not implement Unpin, then *boxed will be pinned in memory and unable to be moved.

This conversion does not allocate on the heap and happens in place.

This is also available via From.

Constructing and pinning a Box with Box::into_pin(Box::new(x)) can also be written more concisely using Box::pin(x). This into_pin method is useful if you already have a Box<T>, or you are constructing a (pinned) Box in a different way than with Box::new.

Notes

It’s not recommended that crates add an impl like From<Box<T>> for Pin<T>, as it’ll introduce an ambiguity when calling Pin::from. A demonstration of such a poor impl is shown below.

struct Foo; // A type defined in this crate.
impl From<Box<()>> for Pin<Foo> {
    fn from(_: Box<()>) -> Pin<Foo> {
        Pin::new(Foo)
    }
}

let foo = Box::new(());
let bar = Pin::from(foo);

Trait Implementations

impl<A, T> ApplicationHandler<T> for Box<A>

where A: ApplicationHandler<T> + ?Sized, T: 'static,

fn new_events(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop, cause: StartCause)

Emitted when new events arrive from the OS to be processed.

fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop)

Emitted when the application has been resumed.

fn user_event(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop, event: T)

Emitted when an event is sent from EventLoopProxy::send_event.

fn window_event( &mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop, window_id: WindowId, event: WindowEvent, )

Emitted when the OS sends an event to a winit window.

fn device_event( &mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop, device_id: DeviceId, event: DeviceEvent, )

Emitted when the OS sends an event to a device.

fn about_to_wait(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop)

Emitted when the event loop is about to block and wait for new events.

fn suspended(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop)

Emitted when the application has been suspended.

fn exiting(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop)

Emitted when the event loop is being shut down.

fn memory_warning(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop)

Emitted when the application has received a memory warning.

impl<T> AsFd for Box<T>

where T: AsFd + ?Sized,

fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_>

Borrows the file descriptor.

impl<T, A> AsMut<T> for Box<T, A>

where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T

Converts this type into a mutable reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

impl<T> AsRawFd for Box<T>

where T: AsRawFd,

fn as_raw_fd(&self) -> i32

Extracts the raw file descriptor.

impl<T> AsRawXcbConnection for Box<T>

where T: AsRawXcbConnection + ?Sized,

Available on crate feature alloc only.

fn as_raw_xcb_connection(&self) -> *mut xcb_connection_t

Get a raw xcb connection pointer from this object.

impl<T, A> AsRef<T> for Box<T, A>

where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

fn as_ref(&self) -> &T

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

impl<T> AsyncBufRead for Box<T>

where T: AsyncBufRead + Unpin + ?Sized,

fn poll_fill_buf( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, ) -> Poll<Result<&[u8], Error>>

Attempt to return the contents of the internal buffer, filling it with more data from the inner reader if it is empty.

fn consume(self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, amt: usize)

Tells this buffer that amt bytes have been consumed from the buffer, so they should no longer be returned in calls to poll_read.

impl<T> AsyncBufRead for Box<T>

where T: AsyncBufRead + Unpin + ?Sized,

fn poll_fill_buf( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, ) -> Poll<Result<&[u8], Error>>

Attempts to return the contents of the internal buffer, filling it with more data from the inner reader if it is empty.

fn consume(self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, amt: usize)

Tells this buffer that amt bytes have been consumed from the buffer, so they should no longer be returned in calls to poll_read.

impl<Args, F, A> AsyncFn<Args> for Box<F, A>

where Args: Tuple, F: AsyncFn<Args> + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

extern "rust-call" fn async_call( &self, args: Args, ) -> <Box<F, A> as AsyncFnMut<Args>>::CallRefFuture<'_>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (async_fn_traits)

Call the AsyncFn, returning a future which may borrow from the called closure.

impl<Args, F, A> AsyncFnMut<Args> for Box<F, A>

where Args: Tuple, F: AsyncFnMut<Args> + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

type CallRefFuture<'a> = <F as AsyncFnMut<Args>>::CallRefFuture<'a> where Box<F, A>: 'a

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (async_fn_traits)

Future returned by AsyncFnMut::async_call_mut and AsyncFn::async_call.

extern "rust-call" fn async_call_mut( &mut self, args: Args, ) -> <Box<F, A> as AsyncFnMut<Args>>::CallRefFuture<'_>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (async_fn_traits)

Call the AsyncFnMut, returning a future which may borrow from the called closure.

impl<Args, F, A> AsyncFnOnce<Args> for Box<F, A>

where Args: Tuple, F: AsyncFnOnce<Args> + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

type Output = <F as AsyncFnOnce<Args>>::Output

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (async_fn_traits)

Output type of the called closure’s future.

type CallOnceFuture = <F as AsyncFnOnce<Args>>::CallOnceFuture

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (async_fn_traits)

Future returned by AsyncFnOnce::async_call_once.

extern "rust-call" fn async_call_once( self, args: Args, ) -> <Box<F, A> as AsyncFnOnce<Args>>::CallOnceFuture

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (async_fn_traits)

Call the AsyncFnOnce, returning a future which may move out of the called closure.

impl<S> AsyncIterator for Box<S>

where S: AsyncIterator + Unpin + ?Sized,

type Item = <S as AsyncIterator>::Item

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (async_iterator)

The type of items yielded by the async iterator.

fn poll_next( self: Pin<&mut Box<S>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, ) -> Poll<Option<<Box<S> as AsyncIterator>::Item>>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (async_iterator)

Attempts to pull out the next value of this async iterator, registering the current task for wakeup if the value is not yet available, and returning None if the async iterator is exhausted.

fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (async_iterator)

Returns the bounds on the remaining length of the async iterator.

impl<T> AsyncRead for Box<T>

where T: AsyncRead + Unpin + ?Sized,

fn poll_read( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, buf: &mut [u8], ) -> Poll<Result<usize, Error>>

Attempt to read from the AsyncRead into buf.

fn poll_read_vectored( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, bufs: &mut [IoSliceMut<'_>], ) -> Poll<Result<usize, Error>>

Attempt to read from the AsyncRead into bufs using vectored IO operations.

impl<T> AsyncRead for Box<T>

where T: AsyncRead + Unpin + ?Sized,

fn poll_read( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, buf: &mut ReadBuf<'_>, ) -> Poll<Result<(), Error>>

Attempts to read from the AsyncRead into buf.

impl<T> AsyncSeek for Box<T>

where T: AsyncSeek + Unpin + ?Sized,

fn poll_seek( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, pos: SeekFrom, ) -> Poll<Result<u64, Error>>

Attempt to seek to an offset, in bytes, in a stream.

impl<T> AsyncSeek for Box<T>

where T: AsyncSeek + Unpin + ?Sized,

fn start_seek(self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, pos: SeekFrom) -> Result<(), Error>

Attempts to seek to an offset, in bytes, in a stream.

fn poll_complete( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, ) -> Poll<Result<u64, Error>>

Waits for a seek operation to complete.

impl<T> AsyncSeekForward for Box<T>

where T: AsyncSeekForward + Unpin + ?Sized,

fn poll_seek_forward( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, offset: u64, ) -> Poll<Result<u64, Error>>

Attempts to asynchronously seek forward by a specified number of bytes from the current cursor position.

impl<T> AsyncWrite for Box<T>

where T: AsyncWrite + Unpin + ?Sized,

fn poll_write( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, buf: &[u8], ) -> Poll<Result<usize, Error>>

Attempt to write bytes from buf into the object.

fn poll_write_vectored( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, bufs: &[IoSlice<'_>], ) -> Poll<Result<usize, Error>>

Attempt to write bytes from bufs into the object using vectored IO operations.

fn poll_flush( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, ) -> Poll<Result<(), Error>>

Attempt to flush the object, ensuring that any buffered data reach their destination.

fn poll_close( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, ) -> Poll<Result<(), Error>>

Attempt to close the object.

impl<T> AsyncWrite for Box<T>

where T: AsyncWrite + Unpin + ?Sized,

fn poll_write( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, buf: &[u8], ) -> Poll<Result<usize, Error>>

Attempt to write bytes from buf into the object.

fn poll_write_vectored( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, bufs: &[IoSlice<'_>], ) -> Poll<Result<usize, Error>>

Like poll_write, except that it writes from a slice of buffers.

fn is_write_vectored(&self) -> bool

Determines if this writer has an efficient poll_write_vectored implementation.

fn poll_flush( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, ) -> Poll<Result<(), Error>>

Attempts to flush the object, ensuring that any buffered data reach their destination.

fn poll_shutdown( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, ) -> Poll<Result<(), Error>>

Initiates or attempts to shut down this writer, returning success when the I/O connection has completely shut down.

impl<T> Body for Box<T>

where T: Body + Unpin + ?Sized,

type Data = <T as Body>::Data

Values yielded by the Body.

type Error = <T as Body>::Error

The error type this Body might generate.

fn poll_frame( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, ) -> Poll<Option<Result<Frame<<Box<T> as Body>::Data>, <Box<T> as Body>::Error>>>

Attempt to pull out the next data buffer of this stream.

fn is_end_stream(&self) -> bool

Returns true when the end of stream has been reached.

fn size_hint(&self) -> SizeHint

Returns the bounds on the remaining length of the stream.

impl<T, A> Borrow<T> for Box<T, A>

where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

fn borrow(&self) -> &T

Immutably borrows from an owned value.

impl<T, A> BorrowMut<T> for Box<T, A>

where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T

Mutably borrows from an owned value.

impl<T> Buf for Box<T>

where T: Buf + ?Sized,

fn remaining(&self) -> usize

Returns the number of bytes between the current position and the end of the buffer.

fn chunk(&self) -> &[u8]

Returns a slice starting at the current position and of length between 0 and Buf::remaining(). Note that this can return a shorter slice (this allows non-continuous internal representation).

fn chunks_vectored<'b>(&'b self, dst: &mut [IoSlice<'b>]) -> usize

Available on crate feature std only.

Fills dst with potentially multiple slices starting at self’s current position.

fn advance(&mut self, cnt: usize)

Advance the internal cursor of the Buf

fn has_remaining(&self) -> bool

Returns true if there are any more bytes to consume

fn copy_to_slice(&mut self, dst: &mut [u8])

Copies bytes from self into dst.

fn get_u8(&mut self) -> u8

Gets an unsigned 8 bit integer from self.

fn get_i8(&mut self) -> i8

Gets a signed 8 bit integer from self.

fn get_u16(&mut self) -> u16

Gets an unsigned 16 bit integer from self in big-endian byte order.

fn get_u16_le(&mut self) -> u16

Gets an unsigned 16 bit integer from self in little-endian byte order.

fn get_u16_ne(&mut self) -> u16

Gets an unsigned 16 bit integer from self in native-endian byte order.

fn get_i16(&mut self) -> i16

Gets a signed 16 bit integer from self in big-endian byte order.

fn get_i16_le(&mut self) -> i16

Gets a signed 16 bit integer from self in little-endian byte order.

fn get_i16_ne(&mut self) -> i16

Gets a signed 16 bit integer from self in native-endian byte order.

fn get_u32(&mut self) -> u32

Gets an unsigned 32 bit integer from self in the big-endian byte order.

fn get_u32_le(&mut self) -> u32

Gets an unsigned 32 bit integer from self in the little-endian byte order.

fn get_u32_ne(&mut self) -> u32

Gets an unsigned 32 bit integer from self in native-endian byte order.

fn get_i32(&mut self) -> i32

Gets a signed 32 bit integer from self in big-endian byte order.

fn get_i32_le(&mut self) -> i32

Gets a signed 32 bit integer from self in little-endian byte order.

fn get_i32_ne(&mut self) -> i32

Gets a signed 32 bit integer from self in native-endian byte order.

fn get_u64(&mut self) -> u64

Gets an unsigned 64 bit integer from self in big-endian byte order.

fn get_u64_le(&mut self) -> u64

Gets an unsigned 64 bit integer from self in little-endian byte order.

fn get_u64_ne(&mut self) -> u64

Gets an unsigned 64 bit integer from self in native-endian byte order.

fn get_i64(&mut self) -> i64

Gets a signed 64 bit integer from self in big-endian byte order.

fn get_i64_le(&mut self) -> i64

Gets a signed 64 bit integer from self in little-endian byte order.

fn get_i64_ne(&mut self) -> i64

Gets a signed 64 bit integer from self in native-endian byte order.

fn get_u128(&mut self) -> u128

Gets an unsigned 128 bit integer from self in big-endian byte order.

fn get_u128_le(&mut self) -> u128

Gets an unsigned 128 bit integer from self in little-endian byte order.

fn get_u128_ne(&mut self) -> u128

Gets an unsigned 128 bit integer from self in native-endian byte order.

fn get_i128(&mut self) -> i128

Gets a signed 128 bit integer from self in big-endian byte order.

fn get_i128_le(&mut self) -> i128

Gets a signed 128 bit integer from self in little-endian byte order.

fn get_i128_ne(&mut self) -> i128

Gets a signed 128 bit integer from self in native-endian byte order.

fn get_uint(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> u64

Gets an unsigned n-byte integer from self in big-endian byte order.

fn get_uint_le(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> u64

Gets an unsigned n-byte integer from self in little-endian byte order.

fn get_uint_ne(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> u64

Gets an unsigned n-byte integer from self in native-endian byte order.

fn get_int(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> i64

Gets a signed n-byte integer from self in big-endian byte order.

fn get_int_le(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> i64

Gets a signed n-byte integer from self in little-endian byte order.

fn get_int_ne(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> i64

Gets a signed n-byte integer from self in native-endian byte order.

fn get_f32(&mut self) -> f32

Gets an IEEE754 single-precision (4 bytes) floating point number from self in big-endian byte order.

fn get_f32_le(&mut self) -> f32

Gets an IEEE754 single-precision (4 bytes) floating point number from self in little-endian byte order.

fn get_f32_ne(&mut self) -> f32

Gets an IEEE754 single-precision (4 bytes) floating point number from self in native-endian byte order.

fn get_f64(&mut self) -> f64

Gets an IEEE754 double-precision (8 bytes) floating point number from self in big-endian byte order.

fn get_f64_le(&mut self) -> f64

Gets an IEEE754 double-precision (8 bytes) floating point number from self in little-endian byte order.

fn get_f64_ne(&mut self) -> f64

Gets an IEEE754 double-precision (8 bytes) floating point number from self in native-endian byte order.

fn try_copy_to_slice(&mut self, dst: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), TryGetError>

Copies bytes from self into dst.

fn try_get_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 8 bit integer from self.

fn try_get_i8(&mut self) -> Result<i8, TryGetError>

Gets a signed 8 bit integer from self.

fn try_get_u16(&mut self) -> Result<u16, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 16 bit integer from self in big-endian byte order.

fn try_get_u16_le(&mut self) -> Result<u16, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 16 bit integer from self in little-endian byte order.

fn try_get_u16_ne(&mut self) -> Result<u16, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 16 bit integer from self in native-endian byte order.

fn try_get_i16(&mut self) -> Result<i16, TryGetError>

Gets a signed 16 bit integer from self in big-endian byte order.

fn try_get_i16_le(&mut self) -> Result<i16, TryGetError>

Gets an signed 16 bit integer from self in little-endian byte order.

fn try_get_i16_ne(&mut self) -> Result<i16, TryGetError>

Gets a signed 16 bit integer from self in native-endian byte order.

fn try_get_u32(&mut self) -> Result<u32, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 32 bit integer from self in big-endian byte order.

fn try_get_u32_le(&mut self) -> Result<u32, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 32 bit integer from self in little-endian byte order.

fn try_get_u32_ne(&mut self) -> Result<u32, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 32 bit integer from self in native-endian byte order.

fn try_get_i32(&mut self) -> Result<i32, TryGetError>

Gets a signed 32 bit integer from self in big-endian byte order.

fn try_get_i32_le(&mut self) -> Result<i32, TryGetError>

Gets a signed 32 bit integer from self in little-endian byte order.

fn try_get_i32_ne(&mut self) -> Result<i32, TryGetError>

Gets a signed 32 bit integer from self in native-endian byte order.

fn try_get_u64(&mut self) -> Result<u64, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 64 bit integer from self in big-endian byte order.

fn try_get_u64_le(&mut self) -> Result<u64, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 64 bit integer from self in little-endian byte order.

fn try_get_u64_ne(&mut self) -> Result<u64, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 64 bit integer from self in native-endian byte order.

fn try_get_i64(&mut self) -> Result<i64, TryGetError>

Gets a signed 64 bit integer from self in big-endian byte order.

fn try_get_i64_le(&mut self) -> Result<i64, TryGetError>

Gets a signed 64 bit integer from self in little-endian byte order.

fn try_get_i64_ne(&mut self) -> Result<i64, TryGetError>

Gets a signed 64 bit integer from self in native-endian byte order.

fn try_get_u128(&mut self) -> Result<u128, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 128 bit integer from self in big-endian byte order.

fn try_get_u128_le(&mut self) -> Result<u128, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 128 bit integer from self in little-endian byte order.

fn try_get_u128_ne(&mut self) -> Result<u128, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 128 bit integer from self in native-endian byte order.

fn try_get_i128(&mut self) -> Result<i128, TryGetError>

Gets a signed 128 bit integer from self in big-endian byte order.

fn try_get_i128_le(&mut self) -> Result<i128, TryGetError>

Gets a signed 128 bit integer from self in little-endian byte order.

fn try_get_i128_ne(&mut self) -> Result<i128, TryGetError>

Gets a signed 128 bit integer from self in native-endian byte order.

fn try_get_uint(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> Result<u64, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned n-byte integer from self in big-endian byte order.

fn try_get_uint_le(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> Result<u64, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned n-byte integer from self in little-endian byte order.

fn try_get_uint_ne(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> Result<u64, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned n-byte integer from self in native-endian byte order.

fn try_get_int(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> Result<i64, TryGetError>

Gets a signed n-byte integer from self in big-endian byte order.

fn try_get_int_le(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> Result<i64, TryGetError>

Gets a signed n-byte integer from self in little-endian byte order.

fn try_get_int_ne(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> Result<i64, TryGetError>

Gets a signed n-byte integer from self in native-endian byte order.

fn try_get_f32(&mut self) -> Result<f32, TryGetError>

Gets an IEEE754 single-precision (4 bytes) floating point number from self in big-endian byte order.

fn try_get_f32_le(&mut self) -> Result<f32, TryGetError>

Gets an IEEE754 single-precision (4 bytes) floating point number from self in little-endian byte order.

fn try_get_f32_ne(&mut self) -> Result<f32, TryGetError>

Gets an IEEE754 single-precision (4 bytes) floating point number from self in native-endian byte order.

fn try_get_f64(&mut self) -> Result<f64, TryGetError>

Gets an IEEE754 double-precision (8 bytes) floating point number from self in big-endian byte order.

fn try_get_f64_le(&mut self) -> Result<f64, TryGetError>

Gets an IEEE754 double-precision (8 bytes) floating point number from self in little-endian byte order.

fn try_get_f64_ne(&mut self) -> Result<f64, TryGetError>

Gets an IEEE754 double-precision (8 bytes) floating point number from self in native-endian byte order.

fn copy_to_bytes(&mut self, len: usize) -> Bytes

Consumes len bytes inside self and returns new instance of Bytes with this data.

fn take(self, limit: usize) -> Take<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Creates an adaptor which will read at most limit bytes from self.

fn chain<U>(self, next: U) -> Chain<Self, U>

where U: Buf, Self: Sized,

Creates an adaptor which will chain this buffer with another.

fn reader(self) -> Reader<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Available on crate feature std only.

Creates an adaptor which implements the Read trait for self.

impl<T> BufMut for Box<T>

where T: BufMut + ?Sized,

fn remaining_mut(&self) -> usize

Returns the number of bytes that can be written from the current position until the end of the buffer is reached.

fn chunk_mut(&mut self) -> &mut UninitSlice

Returns a mutable slice starting at the current BufMut position and of length between 0 and BufMut::remaining_mut(). Note that this can be shorter than the whole remainder of the buffer (this allows non-continuous implementation).

unsafe fn advance_mut(&mut self, cnt: usize)

Advance the internal cursor of the BufMut

fn put_slice(&mut self, src: &[u8])

Transfer bytes into self from src and advance the cursor by the number of bytes written.

fn put_u8(&mut self, n: u8)

Writes an unsigned 8 bit integer to self.

fn put_i8(&mut self, n: i8)

Writes a signed 8 bit integer to self.

fn put_u16(&mut self, n: u16)

Writes an unsigned 16 bit integer to self in big-endian byte order.

fn put_u16_le(&mut self, n: u16)

Writes an unsigned 16 bit integer to self in little-endian byte order.

fn put_u16_ne(&mut self, n: u16)

Writes an unsigned 16 bit integer to self in native-endian byte order.

fn put_i16(&mut self, n: i16)

Writes a signed 16 bit integer to self in big-endian byte order.

fn put_i16_le(&mut self, n: i16)

Writes a signed 16 bit integer to self in little-endian byte order.

fn put_i16_ne(&mut self, n: i16)

Writes a signed 16 bit integer to self in native-endian byte order.

fn put_u32(&mut self, n: u32)

Writes an unsigned 32 bit integer to self in big-endian byte order.

fn put_u32_le(&mut self, n: u32)

Writes an unsigned 32 bit integer to self in little-endian byte order.

fn put_u32_ne(&mut self, n: u32)

Writes an unsigned 32 bit integer to self in native-endian byte order.

fn put_i32(&mut self, n: i32)

Writes a signed 32 bit integer to self in big-endian byte order.

fn put_i32_le(&mut self, n: i32)

Writes a signed 32 bit integer to self in little-endian byte order.

fn put_i32_ne(&mut self, n: i32)

Writes a signed 32 bit integer to self in native-endian byte order.

fn put_u64(&mut self, n: u64)

Writes an unsigned 64 bit integer to self in the big-endian byte order.

fn put_u64_le(&mut self, n: u64)

Writes an unsigned 64 bit integer to self in little-endian byte order.

fn put_u64_ne(&mut self, n: u64)

Writes an unsigned 64 bit integer to self in native-endian byte order.

fn put_i64(&mut self, n: i64)

Writes a signed 64 bit integer to self in the big-endian byte order.

fn put_i64_le(&mut self, n: i64)

Writes a signed 64 bit integer to self in little-endian byte order.

fn put_i64_ne(&mut self, n: i64)

Writes a signed 64 bit integer to self in native-endian byte order.

fn has_remaining_mut(&self) -> bool

Returns true if there is space in self for more bytes.

fn put<T>(&mut self, src: T)

where T: Buf, Self: Sized,

Transfer bytes into self from src and advance the cursor by the number of bytes written.

fn put_bytes(&mut self, val: u8, cnt: usize)

Put cnt bytes val into self.

fn put_u128(&mut self, n: u128)

Writes an unsigned 128 bit integer to self in the big-endian byte order.

fn put_u128_le(&mut self, n: u128)

Writes an unsigned 128 bit integer to self in little-endian byte order.

fn put_u128_ne(&mut self, n: u128)

Writes an unsigned 128 bit integer to self in native-endian byte order.

fn put_i128(&mut self, n: i128)

Writes a signed 128 bit integer to self in the big-endian byte order.

fn put_i128_le(&mut self, n: i128)

Writes a signed 128 bit integer to self in little-endian byte order.

fn put_i128_ne(&mut self, n: i128)

Writes a signed 128 bit integer to self in native-endian byte order.

fn put_uint(&mut self, n: u64, nbytes: usize)

Writes an unsigned n-byte integer to self in big-endian byte order.

fn put_uint_le(&mut self, n: u64, nbytes: usize)

Writes an unsigned n-byte integer to self in the little-endian byte order.

fn put_uint_ne(&mut self, n: u64, nbytes: usize)

Writes an unsigned n-byte integer to self in the native-endian byte order.

fn put_int(&mut self, n: i64, nbytes: usize)

Writes low nbytes of a signed integer to self in big-endian byte order.

fn put_int_le(&mut self, n: i64, nbytes: usize)

Writes low nbytes of a signed integer to self in little-endian byte order.

fn put_int_ne(&mut self, n: i64, nbytes: usize)

Writes low nbytes of a signed integer to self in native-endian byte order.

fn put_f32(&mut self, n: f32)

Writes an IEEE754 single-precision (4 bytes) floating point number to self in big-endian byte order.

fn put_f32_le(&mut self, n: f32)

Writes an IEEE754 single-precision (4 bytes) floating point number to self in little-endian byte order.

fn put_f32_ne(&mut self, n: f32)

Writes an IEEE754 single-precision (4 bytes) floating point number to self in native-endian byte order.

fn put_f64(&mut self, n: f64)

Writes an IEEE754 double-precision (8 bytes) floating point number to self in big-endian byte order.

fn put_f64_le(&mut self, n: f64)

Writes an IEEE754 double-precision (8 bytes) floating point number to self in little-endian byte order.

fn put_f64_ne(&mut self, n: f64)

Writes an IEEE754 double-precision (8 bytes) floating point number to self in native-endian byte order.

fn limit(self, limit: usize) -> Limit<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Creates an adaptor which can write at most limit bytes to self.

fn writer(self) -> Writer<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Available on crate feature std only.

Creates an adaptor which implements the Write trait for self.

fn chain_mut<U>(self, next: U) -> Chain<Self, U>

where U: BufMut, Self: Sized,

Creates an adapter which will chain this buffer with another.

impl<B> BufRead for Box<B>

where B: BufRead + ?Sized,

fn fill_buf(&mut self) -> Result<&[u8], Error>

Returns the contents of the internal buffer, filling it with more data from the inner reader if it is empty.

fn consume(&mut self, amt: usize)

Tells this buffer that amt bytes have been consumed from the buffer, so they should no longer be returned in calls to read.

fn read_until(&mut self, byte: u8, buf: &mut Vec<u8>) -> Result<usize, Error>

Reads all bytes into buf until the delimiter byte or EOF is reached.

fn read_line(&mut self, buf: &mut String) -> Result<usize, Error>

Reads all bytes until a newline (the 0xA byte) is reached, and append them to the provided String buffer.

fn has_data_left(&mut self) -> Result<bool, Error>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (buf_read_has_data_left)

Checks if the underlying Read has any data left to be read.

fn skip_until(&mut self, byte: u8) -> Result<usize, Error>

Skips all bytes until the delimiter byte or EOF is reached.

fn split(self, byte: u8) -> Split<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Returns an iterator over the contents of this reader split on the byte byte.

fn lines(self) -> Lines<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Returns an iterator over the lines of this reader.

impl<T> BufferMut for Box<T>

where T: BufferMut + ?Sized,

fn capacity(&self) -> usize

fn write<const N: usize>(&mut self, offset: usize, val: &[u8; N])

fn write_slice(&mut self, offset: usize, val: &[u8])

fn try_enlarge(&mut self, wanted: usize) -> Result<(), EnlargeError>

impl<T> BufferRef for Box<T>

where T: BufferRef + ?Sized,

fn len(&self) -> usize

fn read<const N: usize>(&self, offset: usize) -> &[u8; N]

fn read_slice(&self, offset: usize, val: &mut [u8])

impl<T> CalculateSizeFor for Box<T>

where T: CalculateSizeFor + ?Sized,

fn calculate_size_for(nr_of_el: u64) -> NonZero<u64>

Returns the size of Self assuming the (contained) runtime-sized array has nr_of_el elements

impl<T> Clear for Box<T>

where T: Clear,

fn clear(&mut self)

Clear all data in self, retaining the allocated capacithy.

impl<T, A> Clone for Box<[T], A>

where T: Clone, A: Allocator + Clone,

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Box<[T], A>)

Copies source’s contents into self without creating a new allocation, so long as the two are of the same length.

Examples

let x = Box::new([5, 6, 7]);
let mut y = Box::new([8, 9, 10]);
let yp: *const [i32] = &*y;

y.clone_from(&x);

// The value is the same
assert_eq!(x, y);

// And no allocation occurred
assert_eq!(yp, &*y);

fn clone(&self) -> Box<[T], A>

Returns a copy of the value.

impl Clone for Box<ByteStr>

fn clone(&self) -> Box<ByteStr>

Returns a copy of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl Clone for Box<CStr>

fn clone(&self) -> Box<CStr>

Returns a copy of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl Clone for Box<OsStr>

fn clone(&self) -> Box<OsStr>

Returns a copy of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl Clone for Box<Path>

fn clone(&self) -> Box<Path>

Returns a copy of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl Clone for Box<RawValue>

fn clone(&self) -> Box<RawValue>

Returns a copy of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl<K, V> Clone for Box<Slice<K, V>>

where K: Clone, V: Clone,

fn clone(&self) -> Box<Slice<K, V>>

Returns a copy of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl<T> Clone for Box<Slice<T>>

where T: Clone,

fn clone(&self) -> Box<Slice<T>>

Returns a copy of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl<T, A> Clone for Box<T, A>

where T: Clone, A: Allocator + Clone,

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn clone(&self) -> Box<T, A>

Returns a new box with a clone() of this box’s contents.

Examples

let x = Box::new(5);
let y = x.clone();

// The value is the same
assert_eq!(x, y);

// But they are unique objects
assert_ne!(&*x as *const i32, &*y as *const i32);

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Box<T, A>)

Copies source’s contents into self without creating a new allocation.

Examples

let x = Box::new(5);
let mut y = Box::new(10);
let yp: *const i32 = &*y;

y.clone_from(&x);

// The value is the same
assert_eq!(x, y);

// And no allocation occurred
assert_eq!(yp, &*y);

impl Clone for Box<dyn AnyClone + Sync + Send>

fn clone(&self) -> Box<dyn AnyClone + Sync + Send>

Returns a copy of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl Clone for Box<dyn DynDigest>

Available on crate feature alloc only.

fn clone(&self) -> Box<dyn DynDigest>

Returns a copy of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl Clone for Box<str>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn clone(&self) -> Box<str>

Returns a copy of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl<C> Connection for Box<C>

where C: Connection + ?Sized,

fn wait_for_event(&self) -> Result<Event, ConnectionError>

Wait for a new event from the X11 server.

fn wait_for_raw_event( &self, ) -> Result<<Box<C> as RequestConnection>::Buf, ConnectionError>

Wait for a new raw/unparsed event from the X11 server.

fn wait_for_event_with_sequence(&self) -> Result<(Event, u64), ConnectionError>

Wait for a new event from the X11 server.

fn wait_for_raw_event_with_sequence( &self, ) -> Result<(<Box<C> as RequestConnection>::Buf, u64), ConnectionError>

Wait for a new raw/unparsed event from the X11 server.

fn poll_for_event(&self) -> Result<Option<Event>, ConnectionError>

Poll for a new event from the X11 server.

fn poll_for_raw_event( &self, ) -> Result<Option<<Box<C> as RequestConnection>::Buf>, ConnectionError>

Poll for a new raw/unparsed event from the X11 server.

fn poll_for_event_with_sequence( &self, ) -> Result<Option<(Event, u64)>, ConnectionError>

Poll for a new event from the X11 server.

fn poll_for_raw_event_with_sequence( &self, ) -> Result<Option<(<Box<C> as RequestConnection>::Buf, u64)>, ConnectionError>

Poll for a new unparsed/raw event from the X11 server.

fn flush(&self) -> Result<(), ConnectionError>

Send all pending requests to the server.

fn setup(&self) -> &Setup

Get the setup information sent by the X11 server.

fn generate_id(&self) -> Result<u32, ReplyOrIdError>

Generate a new X11 identifier.

impl<G, R, A> Coroutine<R> for Box<G, A>

where G: Coroutine<R> + Unpin + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

type Yield = <G as Coroutine<R>>::Yield

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (coroutine_trait)

The type of value this coroutine yields.

type Return = <G as Coroutine<R>>::Return

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (coroutine_trait)

The type of value this coroutine returns.

fn resume( self: Pin<&mut Box<G, A>>, arg: R, ) -> CoroutineState<<Box<G, A> as Coroutine<R>>::Yield, <Box<G, A> as Coroutine<R>>::Return>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (coroutine_trait)

Resumes the execution of this coroutine.

impl<G, R, A> Coroutine<R> for Pin<Box<G, A>>

where G: Coroutine<R> + ?Sized, A: Allocator + 'static,

type Yield = <G as Coroutine<R>>::Yield

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (coroutine_trait)

The type of value this coroutine yields.

type Return = <G as Coroutine<R>>::Return

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (coroutine_trait)

The type of value this coroutine returns.

fn resume( self: Pin<&mut Pin<Box<G, A>>>, arg: R, ) -> CoroutineState<<Pin<Box<G, A>> as Coroutine<R>>::Yield, <Pin<Box<G, A>> as Coroutine<R>>::Return>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (coroutine_trait)

Resumes the execution of this coroutine.

impl<T> CreateFrom for Box<T>

where T: CreateFrom + ?Sized,

fn create_from<B>(reader: &mut Reader<B>) -> Box<T>

where B: BufferRef,

impl<T, A> Debug for Box<T, A>

where T: Debug + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl<T> Default for Box<[T]>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn default() -> Box<[T]>

Returns the “default value” for a type.

impl Default for Box<CStr>

fn default() -> Box<CStr>

Returns the “default value” for a type.

impl Default for Box<OsStr>

fn default() -> Box<OsStr>

Returns the “default value” for a type.

impl Default for Box<RawValue>

fn default() -> Box<RawValue>

Returns the “default value” for a type.

impl<K, V> Default for Box<Slice<K, V>>

fn default() -> Box<Slice<K, V>>

Returns the “default value” for a type.

impl<T> Default for Box<Slice<T>>

fn default() -> Box<Slice<T>>

Returns the “default value” for a type.

impl<T> Default for Box<T>

where T: Default,

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn default() -> Box<T>

Creates a Box<T>, with the Default value for T.

impl Default for Box<str>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn default() -> Box<str>

Returns the “default value” for a type.

impl<T, A> Deref for Box<T, A>

where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

type Target = T

The resulting type after dereferencing.

fn deref(&self) -> &T

Dereferences the value.

impl<T, A> DerefMut for Box<T, A>

where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T

Mutably dereferences the value.

impl<'de, T> Deserialize<'de> for Box<[T]>

where T: Deserialize<'de>,

Available on crate features std or alloc only.

fn deserialize<D>( deserializer: D, ) -> Result<Box<[T]>, <D as Deserializer<'de>>::Error>

where D: Deserializer<'de>,

Deserialize this value from the given Serde deserializer.

impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Box<CStr>

Available on crate feature std, or non-no_core_cstr and crate feature alloc only.

fn deserialize<D>( deserializer: D, ) -> Result<Box<CStr>, <D as Deserializer<'de>>::Error>

where D: Deserializer<'de>,

Deserialize this value from the given Serde deserializer.

impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Box<OsStr>

Available on crate feature std and (Unix or Windows) only.

fn deserialize<D>( deserializer: D, ) -> Result<Box<OsStr>, <D as Deserializer<'de>>::Error>

where D: Deserializer<'de>,

Deserialize this value from the given Serde deserializer.

impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Box<Path>

Available on crate feature std only.

fn deserialize<D>( deserializer: D, ) -> Result<Box<Path>, <D as Deserializer<'de>>::Error>

where D: Deserializer<'de>,

Deserialize this value from the given Serde deserializer.

impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Box<RawValue>

fn deserialize<D>( deserializer: D, ) -> Result<Box<RawValue>, <D as Deserializer<'de>>::Error>

where D: Deserializer<'de>,

Deserialize this value from the given Serde deserializer.

impl<'de, T> Deserialize<'de> for Box<T>

where T: Deserialize<'de>,

Available on crate features std or alloc only.

fn deserialize<D>( deserializer: D, ) -> Result<Box<T>, <D as Deserializer<'de>>::Error>

where D: Deserializer<'de>,

Deserialize this value from the given Serde deserializer.

impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Box<str>

Available on crate features std or alloc only.

fn deserialize<D>( deserializer: D, ) -> Result<Box<str>, <D as Deserializer<'de>>::Error>

where D: Deserializer<'de>,

Deserialize this value from the given Serde deserializer.

impl<'de, T> Deserializer<'de> for Box<T>

where T: Deserializer<'de> + ?Sized,

fn erased_deserialize_any( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_bool( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_i8( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_i16( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_i32( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_i64( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_i128( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_u8( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_u16( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_u32( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_u64( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_u128( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_f32( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_f64( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_char( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_str( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_string( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_bytes( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_byte_buf( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_option( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_unit( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_unit_struct( &mut self, name: &'static str, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_newtype_struct( &mut self, name: &'static str, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_seq( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_tuple( &mut self, len: usize, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_tuple_struct( &mut self, name: &'static str, len: usize, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_map( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_struct( &mut self, name: &'static str, fields: &'static [&'static str], visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_identifier( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_enum( &mut self, name: &'static str, variants: &'static [&'static str], visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_deserialize_ignored_any( &mut self, visitor: &mut dyn Visitor<'de>, ) -> Result<Out, Error>

fn erased_is_human_readable(&self) -> bool

impl<'de> Deserializer<'de> for Box<dyn Deserializer<'de> + '_>

type Error = Error

The error type that can be returned if some error occurs during deserialization.

fn deserialize_any<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Require the Deserializer to figure out how to drive the visitor based on what data type is in the input.

fn deserialize_bool<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a bool value.

fn deserialize_i8<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an i8 value.

fn deserialize_i16<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an i16 value.

fn deserialize_i32<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an i32 value.

fn deserialize_i64<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an i64 value.

fn deserialize_i128<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an i128 value.

fn deserialize_u8<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a u8 value.

fn deserialize_u16<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a u16 value.

fn deserialize_u32<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a u32 value.

fn deserialize_u64<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a u64 value.

fn deserialize_u128<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an u128 value.

fn deserialize_f32<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a f32 value.

fn deserialize_f64<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a f64 value.

fn deserialize_char<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a char value.

fn deserialize_str<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a string value and does not benefit from taking ownership of buffered data owned by the Deserializer.

fn deserialize_string<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a string value and would benefit from taking ownership of buffered data owned by the Deserializer.

fn deserialize_bytes<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a byte array and does not benefit from taking ownership of buffered data owned by the Deserializer.

fn deserialize_byte_buf<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a byte array and would benefit from taking ownership of buffered data owned by the Deserializer.

fn deserialize_option<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an optional value.

fn deserialize_unit<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a unit value.

fn deserialize_unit_struct<V>( self, name: &'static str, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a unit struct with a particular name.

fn deserialize_newtype_struct<V>( self, name: &'static str, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a newtype struct with a particular name.

fn deserialize_seq<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a sequence of values.

fn deserialize_tuple<V>( self, len: usize, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a sequence of values and knows how many values there are without looking at the serialized data.

fn deserialize_tuple_struct<V>( self, name: &'static str, len: usize, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a tuple struct with a particular name and number of fields.

fn deserialize_map<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a map of key-value pairs.

fn deserialize_struct<V>( self, name: &'static str, fields: &'static [&'static str], visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a struct with a particular name and fields.

fn deserialize_identifier<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting the name of a struct field or the discriminant of an enum variant.

fn deserialize_enum<V>( self, name: &'static str, variants: &'static [&'static str], visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an enum value with a particular name and possible variants.

fn deserialize_ignored_any<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type needs to deserialize a value whose type doesn’t matter because it is ignored.

fn is_human_readable(&self) -> bool

Determine whether Deserialize implementations should expect to deserialize their human-readable form.

impl<'de> Deserializer<'de> for Box<dyn Deserializer<'de> + Send + '_>

type Error = Error

The error type that can be returned if some error occurs during deserialization.

fn deserialize_any<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Require the Deserializer to figure out how to drive the visitor based on what data type is in the input.

fn deserialize_bool<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a bool value.

fn deserialize_i8<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an i8 value.

fn deserialize_i16<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an i16 value.

fn deserialize_i32<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an i32 value.

fn deserialize_i64<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an i64 value.

fn deserialize_i128<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an i128 value.

fn deserialize_u8<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a u8 value.

fn deserialize_u16<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a u16 value.

fn deserialize_u32<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a u32 value.

fn deserialize_u64<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a u64 value.

fn deserialize_u128<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an u128 value.

fn deserialize_f32<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a f32 value.

fn deserialize_f64<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a f64 value.

fn deserialize_char<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a char value.

fn deserialize_str<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a string value and does not benefit from taking ownership of buffered data owned by the Deserializer.

fn deserialize_string<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a string value and would benefit from taking ownership of buffered data owned by the Deserializer.

fn deserialize_bytes<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a byte array and does not benefit from taking ownership of buffered data owned by the Deserializer.

fn deserialize_byte_buf<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a byte array and would benefit from taking ownership of buffered data owned by the Deserializer.

fn deserialize_option<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an optional value.

fn deserialize_unit<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a unit value.

fn deserialize_unit_struct<V>( self, name: &'static str, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a unit struct with a particular name.

fn deserialize_newtype_struct<V>( self, name: &'static str, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a newtype struct with a particular name.

fn deserialize_seq<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a sequence of values.

fn deserialize_tuple<V>( self, len: usize, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a sequence of values and knows how many values there are without looking at the serialized data.

fn deserialize_tuple_struct<V>( self, name: &'static str, len: usize, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a tuple struct with a particular name and number of fields.

fn deserialize_map<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a map of key-value pairs.

fn deserialize_struct<V>( self, name: &'static str, fields: &'static [&'static str], visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a struct with a particular name and fields.

fn deserialize_identifier<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting the name of a struct field or the discriminant of an enum variant.

fn deserialize_enum<V>( self, name: &'static str, variants: &'static [&'static str], visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an enum value with a particular name and possible variants.

fn deserialize_ignored_any<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type needs to deserialize a value whose type doesn’t matter because it is ignored.

fn is_human_readable(&self) -> bool

Determine whether Deserialize implementations should expect to deserialize their human-readable form.

impl<'de> Deserializer<'de> for Box<dyn Deserializer<'de> + Sync + Send + '_>

type Error = Error

The error type that can be returned if some error occurs during deserialization.

fn deserialize_any<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Require the Deserializer to figure out how to drive the visitor based on what data type is in the input.

fn deserialize_bool<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a bool value.

fn deserialize_i8<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an i8 value.

fn deserialize_i16<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an i16 value.

fn deserialize_i32<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an i32 value.

fn deserialize_i64<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an i64 value.

fn deserialize_i128<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an i128 value.

fn deserialize_u8<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a u8 value.

fn deserialize_u16<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a u16 value.

fn deserialize_u32<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a u32 value.

fn deserialize_u64<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a u64 value.

fn deserialize_u128<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an u128 value.

fn deserialize_f32<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a f32 value.

fn deserialize_f64<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a f64 value.

fn deserialize_char<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a char value.

fn deserialize_str<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a string value and does not benefit from taking ownership of buffered data owned by the Deserializer.

fn deserialize_string<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a string value and would benefit from taking ownership of buffered data owned by the Deserializer.

fn deserialize_bytes<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a byte array and does not benefit from taking ownership of buffered data owned by the Deserializer.

fn deserialize_byte_buf<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a byte array and would benefit from taking ownership of buffered data owned by the Deserializer.

fn deserialize_option<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an optional value.

fn deserialize_unit<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a unit value.

fn deserialize_unit_struct<V>( self, name: &'static str, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a unit struct with a particular name.

fn deserialize_newtype_struct<V>( self, name: &'static str, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a newtype struct with a particular name.

fn deserialize_seq<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a sequence of values.

fn deserialize_tuple<V>( self, len: usize, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a sequence of values and knows how many values there are without looking at the serialized data.

fn deserialize_tuple_struct<V>( self, name: &'static str, len: usize, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a tuple struct with a particular name and number of fields.

fn deserialize_map<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a map of key-value pairs.

fn deserialize_struct<V>( self, name: &'static str, fields: &'static [&'static str], visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a struct with a particular name and fields.

fn deserialize_identifier<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting the name of a struct field or the discriminant of an enum variant.

fn deserialize_enum<V>( self, name: &'static str, variants: &'static [&'static str], visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an enum value with a particular name and possible variants.

fn deserialize_ignored_any<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type needs to deserialize a value whose type doesn’t matter because it is ignored.

fn is_human_readable(&self) -> bool

Determine whether Deserialize implementations should expect to deserialize their human-readable form.

impl<'de> Deserializer<'de> for Box<dyn Deserializer<'de> + Sync + '_>

type Error = Error

The error type that can be returned if some error occurs during deserialization.

fn deserialize_any<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Require the Deserializer to figure out how to drive the visitor based on what data type is in the input.

fn deserialize_bool<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a bool value.

fn deserialize_i8<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an i8 value.

fn deserialize_i16<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an i16 value.

fn deserialize_i32<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an i32 value.

fn deserialize_i64<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an i64 value.

fn deserialize_i128<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an i128 value.

fn deserialize_u8<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a u8 value.

fn deserialize_u16<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a u16 value.

fn deserialize_u32<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a u32 value.

fn deserialize_u64<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a u64 value.

fn deserialize_u128<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an u128 value.

fn deserialize_f32<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a f32 value.

fn deserialize_f64<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a f64 value.

fn deserialize_char<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a char value.

fn deserialize_str<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a string value and does not benefit from taking ownership of buffered data owned by the Deserializer.

fn deserialize_string<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a string value and would benefit from taking ownership of buffered data owned by the Deserializer.

fn deserialize_bytes<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a byte array and does not benefit from taking ownership of buffered data owned by the Deserializer.

fn deserialize_byte_buf<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a byte array and would benefit from taking ownership of buffered data owned by the Deserializer.

fn deserialize_option<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an optional value.

fn deserialize_unit<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a unit value.

fn deserialize_unit_struct<V>( self, name: &'static str, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a unit struct with a particular name.

fn deserialize_newtype_struct<V>( self, name: &'static str, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a newtype struct with a particular name.

fn deserialize_seq<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a sequence of values.

fn deserialize_tuple<V>( self, len: usize, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a sequence of values and knows how many values there are without looking at the serialized data.

fn deserialize_tuple_struct<V>( self, name: &'static str, len: usize, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a tuple struct with a particular name and number of fields.

fn deserialize_map<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a map of key-value pairs.

fn deserialize_struct<V>( self, name: &'static str, fields: &'static [&'static str], visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting a struct with a particular name and fields.

fn deserialize_identifier<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting the name of a struct field or the discriminant of an enum variant.

fn deserialize_enum<V>( self, name: &'static str, variants: &'static [&'static str], visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type is expecting an enum value with a particular name and possible variants.

fn deserialize_ignored_any<V>( self, visitor: V, ) -> Result<<V as Visitor<'de>>::Value, Error>

where V: Visitor<'de>,

Hint that the Deserialize type needs to deserialize a value whose type doesn’t matter because it is ignored.

fn is_human_readable(&self) -> bool

Determine whether Deserialize implementations should expect to deserialize their human-readable form.

impl<T, A> Display for Box<T, A>

where T: Display + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl<I, A> DoubleEndedIterator for Box<I, A>

where I: DoubleEndedIterator + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<<I as Iterator>::Item>

Removes and returns an element from the end of the iterator.

fn nth_back(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<<I as Iterator>::Item>

Returns the nth element from the end of the iterator.

fn advance_back_by(&mut self, n: usize) -> Result<(), NonZero<usize>>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iter_advance_by)

Advances the iterator from the back by n elements.

fn try_rfold<B, F, R>(&mut self, init: B, f: F) -> R

where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(B, Self::Item) -> R, R: Try<Output = B>,

This is the reverse version of Iterator::try_fold(): it takes elements starting from the back of the iterator.

fn rfold<B, F>(self, init: B, f: F) -> B

where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(B, Self::Item) -> B,

An iterator method that reduces the iterator’s elements to a single, final value, starting from the back.

fn rfind<P>(&mut self, predicate: P) -> Option<Self::Item>

where Self: Sized, P: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,

Searches for an element of an iterator from the back that satisfies a predicate.

impl<T, A> Drop for Box<T, A>

where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

fn drop(&mut self)

Executes the destructor for this type.

impl<E> Error for Box<E>

where E: Error,

fn description(&self) -> &str

👎Deprecated since 1.42.0: use the Display impl or to_string()

fn cause(&self) -> Option<&dyn Error>

👎Deprecated since 1.33.0: replaced by Error::source, which can support downcasting

fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)>

Returns the lower-level source of this error, if any.

fn provide<'b>(&'b self, request: &mut Request<'b>)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (error_generic_member_access)

Provides type-based access to context intended for error reports.

impl<T> EventSource for Box<T>

where T: EventSource,

Blanket implementation for boxed event sources. EventSource is not an object safe trait, so this does not include trait objects.

const NEEDS_EXTRA_LIFECYCLE_EVENTS: bool = T::NEEDS_EXTRA_LIFECYCLE_EVENTS

Whether this source needs to be sent the EventSource::before_sleep and EventSource::before_handle_events notifications. These are opt-in because they require more expensive checks, and almost all sources will not need these notifications

type Event = <T as EventSource>::Event

The type of events generated by your source.

type Metadata = <T as EventSource>::Metadata

Some metadata of your event source

type Ret = <T as EventSource>::Ret

The return type of the user callback

type Error = <T as EventSource>::Error

The error type returned from process_events() (not the user callback!).

fn process_events<F>( &mut self, readiness: Readiness, token: Token, callback: F, ) -> Result<PostAction, <Box<T> as EventSource>::Error>

where F: FnMut(<Box<T> as EventSource>::Event, &mut <Box<T> as EventSource>::Metadata) -> <Box<T> as EventSource>::Ret,

Process any relevant events

fn register( &mut self, poll: &mut Poll, token_factory: &mut TokenFactory, ) -> Result<(), Error>

Register yourself to this poll instance

fn reregister( &mut self, poll: &mut Poll, token_factory: &mut TokenFactory, ) -> Result<(), Error>

Re-register your file descriptors

fn unregister(&mut self, poll: &mut Poll) -> Result<(), Error>

Unregister your file descriptors

fn before_sleep(&mut self) -> Result<Option<(Readiness, Token)>, Error>

Notification that a single poll is about to begin

fn before_handle_events(&mut self, events: EventIterator<'_>)

Notification that polling is complete, and EventSource::process_events will be called with the given events for this source. The iterator may be empty, which indicates that no events were generated for this source

impl<I, A> ExactSizeIterator for Box<I, A>

where I: ExactSizeIterator + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

fn len(&self) -> usize

Returns the exact remaining length of the iterator.

fn is_empty(&self) -> bool

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (exact_size_is_empty)

Returns true if the iterator is empty.

impl<A> Extend<Box<str, A>> for String

where A: Allocator,

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn extend<I>(&mut self, iter: I)

where I: IntoIterator<Item = Box<str, A>>,

Extends a collection with the contents of an iterator.

fn extend_one(&mut self, item: A)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (extend_one)

Extends a collection with exactly one element.

fn extend_reserve(&mut self, additional: usize)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (extend_one)

Reserves capacity in a collection for the given number of additional elements.

impl<S> Filter<S> for Box<dyn Filter<S> + Sync + Send>

Available on crate feature registry only.

fn enabled(&self, meta: &Metadata<'_>, cx: &Context<'_, S>) -> bool

Returns true if this layer is interested in a span or event with the given Metadata in the current Context, similarly to Subscriber::enabled.

fn callsite_enabled(&self, meta: &'static Metadata<'static>) -> Interest

Returns an Interest indicating whether this layer will always, sometimes, or never be interested in the given Metadata.

fn max_level_hint(&self) -> Option<LevelFilter>

Returns an optional hint of the highest verbosity level that this Filter will enable.

fn event_enabled(&self, event: &Event<'_>, cx: &Context<'_, S>) -> bool

Called before the filtered [Layer]'s [on_event], to determine if on_event` should be called.

fn on_new_span(&self, attrs: &Attributes<'_>, id: &Id, ctx: Context<'_, S>)

Notifies this filter that a new span was constructed with the given Attributes and Id.

fn on_record(&self, id: &Id, values: &Record<'_>, ctx: Context<'_, S>)

Notifies this filter that a span with the given Id recorded the given values.

fn on_enter(&self, id: &Id, ctx: Context<'_, S>)

Notifies this filter that a span with the given ID was entered.

fn on_exit(&self, id: &Id, ctx: Context<'_, S>)

Notifies this filter that a span with the given ID was exited.

fn on_close(&self, id: Id, ctx: Context<'_, S>)

Notifies this filter that a span with the given ID has been closed.

impl<Args, F, A> Fn<Args> for Box<F, A>

where Args: Tuple, F: Fn<Args> + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

extern "rust-call" fn call( &self, args: Args, ) -> <Box<F, A> as FnOnce<Args>>::Output

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (fn_traits)

Performs the call operation.

impl<Args, F, A> FnMut<Args> for Box<F, A>

where Args: Tuple, F: FnMut<Args> + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

extern "rust-call" fn call_mut( &mut self, args: Args, ) -> <Box<F, A> as FnOnce<Args>>::Output

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (fn_traits)

Performs the call operation.

impl<Args, F, A> FnOnce<Args> for Box<F, A>

where Args: Tuple, F: FnOnce<Args> + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

type Output = <F as FnOnce<Args>>::Output

The returned type after the call operator is used.

extern "rust-call" fn call_once( self, args: Args, ) -> <Box<F, A> as FnOnce<Args>>::Output

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (fn_traits)

Performs the call operation.

impl<T> From<&[T]> for Box<[T]>

where T: Clone,

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from(slice: &[T]) -> Box<[T]>

Converts a &[T] into a Box<[T]>

This conversion allocates on the heap and performs a copy of slice and its contents.

Examples

// create a &[u8] which will be used to create a Box<[u8]>
let slice: &[u8] = &[104, 101, 108, 108, 111];
let boxed_slice: Box<[u8]> = Box::from(slice);

println!("{boxed_slice:?}");

impl From<&CStr> for Box<CStr>

fn from(s: &CStr) -> Box<CStr>

Converts a &CStr into a Box<CStr>, by copying the contents into a newly allocated Box.

impl From<&OsStr> for Box<OsStr>

fn from(s: &OsStr) -> Box<OsStr>

Copies the string into a newly allocated Box<OsStr>.

impl From<&Path> for Box<Path>

fn from(path: &Path) -> Box<Path>

Creates a boxed Path from a reference.

This will allocate and clone path to it.

impl<K, V> From<&Slice<K, V>> for Box<Slice<K, V>>

where K: Copy, V: Copy,

fn from(slice: &Slice<K, V>) -> Box<Slice<K, V>>

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl<T> From<&Slice<T>> for Box<Slice<T>>

where T: Copy,

fn from(slice: &Slice<T>) -> Box<Slice<T>>

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl<T> From<&mut [T]> for Box<[T]>

where T: Clone,

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from(slice: &mut [T]) -> Box<[T]>

Converts a &mut [T] into a Box<[T]>

This conversion allocates on the heap and performs a copy of slice and its contents.

Examples

// create a &mut [u8] which will be used to create a Box<[u8]>
let mut array = [104, 101, 108, 108, 111];
let slice: &mut [u8] = &mut array;
let boxed_slice: Box<[u8]> = Box::from(slice);

println!("{boxed_slice:?}");

impl From<&mut CStr> for Box<CStr>

fn from(s: &mut CStr) -> Box<CStr>

Converts a &mut CStr into a Box<CStr>, by copying the contents into a newly allocated Box.

impl From<&mut OsStr> for Box<OsStr>

fn from(s: &mut OsStr) -> Box<OsStr>

Copies the string into a newly allocated Box<OsStr>.

impl From<&mut Path> for Box<Path>

fn from(path: &mut Path) -> Box<Path>

Creates a boxed Path from a reference.

This will allocate and clone path to it.

impl From<&mut str> for Box<str>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from(s: &mut str) -> Box<str>

Converts a &mut str into a Box<str>

This conversion allocates on the heap and performs a copy of s.

Examples

let mut original = String::from("hello");
let original: &mut str = &mut original;
let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from(original);
println!("{boxed}");

impl<'a> From<&str> for Box<dyn Error + 'a>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from(err: &str) -> Box<dyn Error + 'a>

Converts a str into a box of dyn Error.

Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;

let a_str_error = "a str error";
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_str_error);
assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

impl<'a> From<&str> for Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'a>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from(err: &str) -> Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'a>

Converts a str into a box of dyn Error + Send + Sync.

Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;

let a_str_error = "a str error";
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_str_error);
assert!(
    mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

impl From<&str> for Box<str>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from(s: &str) -> Box<str>

Converts a &str into a Box<str>

This conversion allocates on the heap and performs a copy of s.

Examples

let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from("hello");
println!("{boxed}");

impl<T, const N: usize> From<[T; N]> for Box<[T]>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from(array: [T; N]) -> Box<[T]>

Converts a [T; N] into a Box<[T]>

This conversion moves the array to newly heap-allocated memory.

Examples

let boxed: Box<[u8]> = Box::from([4, 2]);
println!("{boxed:?}");

impl<T, O> From<BitBox<T, O>> for Box<[T]>

where T: BitStore, O: BitOrder,

fn from(bb: BitBox<T, O>) -> Box<[T]>

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl<T, A> From<Box<[T], A>> for Vec<T, A>

where A: Allocator,

fn from(s: Box<[T], A>) -> Vec<T, A>

Converts a boxed slice into a vector by transferring ownership of the existing heap allocation.

Examples

let b: Box<[i32]> = vec![1, 2, 3].into_boxed_slice();
assert_eq!(Vec::from(b), vec![1, 2, 3]);

impl From<Box<[u8]>> for Box<ByteStr>

fn from(s: Box<[u8]>) -> Box<ByteStr>

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<Box<[u8]>> for Bytes

fn from(slice: Box<[u8]>) -> Bytes

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<Box<BinderError>> for DispatchError

fn from(source: Box<BinderError>) -> DispatchError

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<Box<BinderError>> for DrawError

fn from(source: Box<BinderError>) -> DrawError

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<Box<ByteStr>> for Box<[u8]>

fn from(s: Box<ByteStr>) -> Box<[u8]>

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<Box<CStr>> for CString

fn from(s: Box<CStr>) -> CString

Converts a Box<CStr> into a CString without copying or allocating.

impl From<Box<DeviceMismatch>> for DeviceError

fn from(source: Box<DeviceMismatch>) -> DeviceError

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl<'a, F> From<Box<F>> for FutureObj<'a, ()>

where F: Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'a,

fn from(boxed: Box<F>) -> FutureObj<'a, ()>

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl<'a, F> From<Box<F>> for LocalFutureObj<'a, ()>

where F: Future<Output = ()> + 'a,

fn from(boxed: Box<F>) -> LocalFutureObj<'a, ()>

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<Box<OsStr>> for OsString

fn from(boxed: Box<OsStr>) -> OsString

Converts a Box<OsStr> into an OsString without copying or allocating.

impl From<Box<Path>> for PathBuf

fn from(boxed: Box<Path>) -> PathBuf

Converts a Box<Path> into a PathBuf.

This conversion does not allocate or copy memory.

impl From<Box<RawValue>> for Box<str>

fn from(raw_value: Box<RawValue>) -> Box<str>

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl<T> From<Box<T>> for Atomic<T>

fn from(b: Box<T>) -> Atomic<T>

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl<T, O> From<Box<T>> for BitBox<T, O>

where T: BitStore, O: BitOrder,

fn from(elem: Box<T>) -> BitBox<T, O>

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl<T> From<Box<T>> for BoxBytes

where T: BoxBytesOf + ?Sized,

fn from(value: Box<T>) -> BoxBytes

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl<T> From<Box<T>> for Owned<T>

fn from(b: Box<T>) -> Owned<T>

Returns a new owned pointer pointing to b.

Panics

Panics if the pointer (the Box) is not properly aligned.

Examples

use crossbeam_epoch::Owned;

let o = unsafe { Owned::from_raw(Box::into_raw(Box::new(1234))) };

impl<T, A> From<Box<T, A>> for Arc<T, A>

where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from(v: Box<T, A>) -> Arc<T, A>

Move a boxed object to a new, reference-counted allocation.

Example

let unique: Box<str> = Box::from("eggplant");
let shared: Arc<str> = Arc::from(unique);
assert_eq!("eggplant", &shared[..]);

impl<T, A> From<Box<T, A>> for Pin<Box<T, A>>

where A: Allocator + 'static, T: ?Sized,

fn from(boxed: Box<T, A>) -> Pin<Box<T, A>>

Converts a Box<T> into a Pin<Box<T>>. If T does not implement Unpin, then *boxed will be pinned in memory and unable to be moved.

This conversion does not allocate on the heap and happens in place.

This is also available via Box::into_pin.

Constructing and pinning a Box with <Pin<Box<T>>>::from(Box::new(x)) can also be written more concisely using Box::pin(x). This From implementation is useful if you already have a Box<T>, or you are constructing a (pinned) Box in a different way than with Box::new.

impl<T, A> From<Box<T, A>> for Rc<T, A>

where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from(v: Box<T, A>) -> Rc<T, A>

Move a boxed object to a new, reference counted, allocation.

Example

let original: Box<i32> = Box::new(1);
let shared: Rc<i32> = Rc::from(original);
assert_eq!(1, *shared);

impl From<Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send>> for Error

fn from(source: Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send>) -> Error

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send>> for ParseError

Available on crate feature std only.

fn from(e: Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send>) -> ParseError

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl<'a> From<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + 'a>> for LocalFutureObj<'a, ()>

fn from(boxed: Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + 'a>) -> LocalFutureObj<'a, ()>

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl<'a> From<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'a>> for FutureObj<'a, ()>

fn from(boxed: Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'a>) -> FutureObj<'a, ()>

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<Box<str>> for SmolStr

fn from(s: Box<str>) -> SmolStr

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<Box<str>> for String

fn from(s: Box<str>) -> String

Converts the given boxed str slice to a String. It is notable that the str slice is owned.

Examples

let s1: String = String::from("hello world");
let s2: Box<str> = s1.into_boxed_str();
let s3: String = String::from(s2);

assert_eq!("hello world", s3)

impl<A> From<Box<str, A>> for Box<[u8], A>

where A: Allocator,

fn from(s: Box<str, A>) -> Box<[u8], A>

Converts a Box<str> into a Box<[u8]>

This conversion does not allocate on the heap and happens in place.

Examples

// create a Box<str> which will be used to create a Box<[u8]>
let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from("hello");
let boxed_str: Box<[u8]> = Box::from(boxed);

// create a &[u8] which will be used to create a Box<[u8]>
let slice: &[u8] = &[104, 101, 108, 108, 111];
let boxed_slice = Box::from(slice);

assert_eq!(boxed_slice, boxed_str);

impl From<CString> for Box<CStr>

fn from(s: CString) -> Box<CStr>

Converts a CString into a Box<CStr> without copying or allocating.

impl<T> From<Cow<'_, [T]>> for Box<[T]>

where T: Clone,

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from(cow: Cow<'_, [T]>) -> Box<[T]>

Converts a Cow<'_, [T]> into a Box<[T]>

When cow is the Cow::Borrowed variant, this conversion allocates on the heap and copies the underlying slice. Otherwise, it will try to reuse the owned Vec’s allocation.

impl From<Cow<'_, CStr>> for Box<CStr>

fn from(cow: Cow<'_, CStr>) -> Box<CStr>

Converts a Cow<'a, CStr> into a Box<CStr>, by copying the contents if they are borrowed.

impl From<Cow<'_, OsStr>> for Box<OsStr>

fn from(cow: Cow<'_, OsStr>) -> Box<OsStr>

Converts a Cow<'a, OsStr> into a Box<OsStr>, by copying the contents if they are borrowed.

impl From<Cow<'_, Path>> for Box<Path>

fn from(cow: Cow<'_, Path>) -> Box<Path>

Creates a boxed Path from a clone-on-write pointer.

Converting from a Cow::Owned does not clone or allocate.

impl From<Cow<'_, str>> for Box<str>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from(cow: Cow<'_, str>) -> Box<str>

Converts a Cow<'_, str> into a Box<str>

When cow is the Cow::Borrowed variant, this conversion allocates on the heap and copies the underlying str. Otherwise, it will try to reuse the owned String’s allocation.

Examples

use std::borrow::Cow;

let unboxed = Cow::Borrowed("hello");
let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from(unboxed);
println!("{boxed}");

let unboxed = Cow::Owned("hello".to_string());
let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from(unboxed);
println!("{boxed}");

impl<'a, 'b> From<Cow<'b, str>> for Box<dyn Error + 'a>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from(err: Cow<'b, str>) -> Box<dyn Error + 'a>

Converts a Cow into a box of dyn Error.

Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;
use std::borrow::Cow;

let a_cow_str_error = Cow::from("a str error");
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_cow_str_error);
assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

impl<'a, 'b> From<Cow<'b, str>> for Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'a>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from(err: Cow<'b, str>) -> Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'a>

Converts a Cow into a box of dyn Error + Send + Sync.

Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;
use std::borrow::Cow;

let a_cow_str_error = Cow::from("a str error");
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_cow_str_error);
assert!(
    mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

impl<'a, E> From<E> for Box<dyn Error + 'a>

where E: Error + 'a,

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from(err: E) -> Box<dyn Error + 'a>

Converts a type of Error into a box of dyn Error.

Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::fmt;
use std::mem;

#[derive(Debug)]
struct AnError;

impl fmt::Display for AnError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "An error")
    }
}

impl Error for AnError {}

let an_error = AnError;
assert!(0 == mem::size_of_val(&an_error));
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(an_error);
assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

impl<'a, E> From<E> for Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'a>

where E: Error + Send + Sync + 'a,

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from(err: E) -> Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'a>

Converts a type of Error + Send + Sync into a box of dyn Error + Send + Sync.

Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::fmt;
use std::mem;

#[derive(Debug)]
struct AnError;

impl fmt::Display for AnError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "An error")
    }
}

impl Error for AnError {}

unsafe impl Send for AnError {}

unsafe impl Sync for AnError {}

let an_error = AnError;
assert!(0 == mem::size_of_val(&an_error));
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(an_error);
assert!(
    mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

impl From<Error> for Box<dyn Error>

fn from(error: Error) -> Box<dyn Error>

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<Error> for Box<dyn Error + Send>

fn from(error: Error) -> Box<dyn Error + Send>

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<Error> for Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send>

fn from(error: Error) -> Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send>

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<OsString> for Box<OsStr>

fn from(s: OsString) -> Box<OsStr>

Converts an OsString into a Box<OsStr> without copying or allocating.

impl From<PathBuf> for Box<Path>

fn from(p: PathBuf) -> Box<Path>

Converts a PathBuf into a Box<Path>.

This conversion currently should not allocate memory, but this behavior is not guaranteed on all platforms or in all future versions.

impl<'a> From<String> for Box<dyn Error + 'a>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from(str_err: String) -> Box<dyn Error + 'a>

Converts a String into a box of dyn Error.

Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;

let a_string_error = "a string error".to_string();
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_string_error);
assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

impl<'a> From<String> for Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'a>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from(err: String) -> Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'a>

Converts a String into a box of dyn Error + Send + Sync.

Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;

let a_string_error = "a string error".to_string();
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_string_error);
assert!(
    mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

impl From<String> for Box<str>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from(s: String) -> Box<str>

Converts the given String to a boxed str slice that is owned.

Examples

let s1: String = String::from("hello world");
let s2: Box<str> = Box::from(s1);
let s3: String = String::from(s2);

assert_eq!("hello world", s3)

impl<T> From<T> for Box<T>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from(t: T) -> Box<T>

Converts a T into a Box<T>

The conversion allocates on the heap and moves t from the stack into it.

Examples

let x = 5;
let boxed = Box::new(5);

assert_eq!(Box::from(x), boxed);

impl<T, A> From<Vec<T, A>> for Box<[T], A>

where A: Allocator,

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from(v: Vec<T, A>) -> Box<[T], A>

Converts a vector into a boxed slice.

Before doing the conversion, this method discards excess capacity like Vec::shrink_to_fit.

Examples

assert_eq!(Box::from(vec![1, 2, 3]), vec![1, 2, 3].into_boxed_slice());

Any excess capacity is removed:

let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(10);
vec.extend([1, 2, 3]);

assert_eq!(Box::from(vec), vec![1, 2, 3].into_boxed_slice());

impl<'a> FromIterator<&'a char> for Box<str>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from_iter<T>(iter: T) -> Box<str>

where T: IntoIterator<Item = &'a char>,

Creates a value from an iterator.

impl<'a> FromIterator<&'a str> for Box<str>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from_iter<T>(iter: T) -> Box<str>

where T: IntoIterator<Item = &'a str>,

Creates a value from an iterator.

impl FromIterator<Box<dyn PartialReflect>> for DynamicArray

fn from_iter<I>(values: I) -> DynamicArray

where I: IntoIterator<Item = Box<dyn PartialReflect>>,

Creates a value from an iterator.

impl FromIterator<Box<dyn PartialReflect>> for DynamicList

fn from_iter<I>(values: I) -> DynamicList

where I: IntoIterator<Item = Box<dyn PartialReflect>>,

Creates a value from an iterator.

impl FromIterator<Box<dyn PartialReflect>> for DynamicSet

fn from_iter<I>(values: I) -> DynamicSet

where I: IntoIterator<Item = Box<dyn PartialReflect>>,

Creates a value from an iterator.

impl FromIterator<Box<dyn PartialReflect>> for DynamicTuple

fn from_iter<I>(fields: I) -> DynamicTuple

where I: IntoIterator<Item = Box<dyn PartialReflect>>,

Creates a value from an iterator.

impl FromIterator<Box<dyn PartialReflect>> for DynamicTupleStruct

fn from_iter<I>(fields: I) -> DynamicTupleStruct

where I: IntoIterator<Item = Box<dyn PartialReflect>>,

Creates a value from an iterator.

impl<A> FromIterator<Box<str, A>> for Box<str>

where A: Allocator,

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from_iter<T>(iter: T) -> Box<str>

where T: IntoIterator<Item = Box<str, A>>,

Creates a value from an iterator.

impl<A> FromIterator<Box<str, A>> for String

where A: Allocator,

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from_iter<I>(iter: I) -> String

where I: IntoIterator<Item = Box<str, A>>,

Creates a value from an iterator.

impl<'a> FromIterator<Cow<'a, str>> for Box<str>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from_iter<T>(iter: T) -> Box<str>

where T: IntoIterator<Item = Cow<'a, str>>,

Creates a value from an iterator.

impl<I> FromIterator<I> for Box<[I]>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from_iter<T>(iter: T) -> Box<[I]>

where T: IntoIterator<Item = I>,

Creates a value from an iterator.

impl FromIterator<String> for Box<str>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from_iter<T>(iter: T) -> Box<str>

where T: IntoIterator<Item = String>,

Creates a value from an iterator.

impl FromIterator<char> for Box<str>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn from_iter<T>(iter: T) -> Box<str>

where T: IntoIterator<Item = char>,

Creates a value from an iterator.

impl FromParallelIterator<Box<str>> for String

Collects boxed strings from a parallel iterator into one large string.

fn from_par_iter<I>(par_iter: I) -> String

where I: IntoParallelIterator<Item = Box<str>>,

Creates an instance of the collection from the parallel iterator par_iter.

impl<T> FromParallelIterator<T> for Box<[T]>

where T: Send,

Collects items from a parallel iterator into a boxed slice.

fn from_par_iter<I>(par_iter: I) -> Box<[T]>

where I: IntoParallelIterator<Item = T>,

Creates an instance of the collection from the parallel iterator par_iter.

impl<F> FusedFuture for Box<F>

where F: FusedFuture + Unpin + ?Sized,

fn is_terminated(&self) -> bool

Returns true if the underlying future should no longer be polled.

impl<S> FusedStream for Box<S>

where S: FusedStream + Unpin + ?Sized,

fn is_terminated(&self) -> bool

Returns true if the stream should no longer be polled.

impl<F, A> Future for Box<F, A>

where F: Future + Unpin + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

type Output = <F as Future>::Output

The type of value produced on completion.

fn poll( self: Pin<&mut Box<F, A>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, ) -> Poll<<Box<F, A> as Future>::Output>

Attempts to resolve the future to a final value, registering the current task for wakeup if the value is not yet available.

impl<H> HasDisplayHandle for Box<H>

where H: HasDisplayHandle + ?Sized,

Available on crate feature alloc only.

fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<DisplayHandle<'_>, HandleError>

Get a handle to the display controller of the windowing system.

impl<H> HasWindowHandle for Box<H>

where H: HasWindowHandle + ?Sized,

Available on crate feature alloc only.

fn window_handle(&self) -> Result<WindowHandle<'_>, HandleError>

Get a handle to the window.

impl<T, A> Hash for Box<T, A>

where T: Hash + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

fn hash<H>(&self, state: &mut H)

where H: Hasher,

Feeds this value into the given Hasher.

fn hash_slice<H>(data: &[Self], state: &mut H)

where H: Hasher, Self: Sized,

Feeds a slice of this type into the given Hasher.

impl<T, A> Hasher for Box<T, A>

where T: Hasher + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

fn finish(&self) -> u64

Returns the hash value for the values written so far.

fn write(&mut self, bytes: &[u8])

Writes some data into this Hasher.

fn write_u8(&mut self, i: u8)

Writes a single u8 into this hasher.

fn write_u16(&mut self, i: u16)

Writes a single u16 into this hasher.

fn write_u32(&mut self, i: u32)

Writes a single u32 into this hasher.

fn write_u64(&mut self, i: u64)

Writes a single u64 into this hasher.

fn write_u128(&mut self, i: u128)

Writes a single u128 into this hasher.

fn write_usize(&mut self, i: usize)

Writes a single usize into this hasher.

fn write_i8(&mut self, i: i8)

Writes a single i8 into this hasher.

fn write_i16(&mut self, i: i16)

Writes a single i16 into this hasher.

fn write_i32(&mut self, i: i32)

Writes a single i32 into this hasher.

fn write_i64(&mut self, i: i64)

Writes a single i64 into this hasher.

fn write_i128(&mut self, i: i128)

Writes a single i128 into this hasher.

fn write_isize(&mut self, i: isize)

Writes a single isize into this hasher.

fn write_length_prefix(&mut self, len: usize)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (hasher_prefixfree_extras)

Writes a length prefix into this hasher, as part of being prefix-free.

fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (hasher_prefixfree_extras)

Writes a single str into this hasher.

impl<T> ImageDecoder for Box<T>

where T: ImageDecoder + ?Sized,

fn dimensions(&self) -> (u32, u32)

Returns a tuple containing the width and height of the image

fn color_type(&self) -> ColorType

Returns the color type of the image data produced by this decoder

fn original_color_type(&self) -> ExtendedColorType

Returns the color type of the image file before decoding

fn icc_profile(&mut self) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>, ImageError>

Returns the ICC color profile embedded in the image, or Ok(None) if the image does not have one.

fn exif_metadata(&mut self) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>, ImageError>

Returns the raw Exif chunk, if it is present. A third-party crate such as kamadak-exif is required to actually parse it.

fn total_bytes(&self) -> u64

Returns the total number of bytes in the decoded image.

fn read_image(self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), ImageError>

where Box<T>: Sized,

Returns all the bytes in the image.

fn read_image_boxed(self: Box<Box<T>>, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), ImageError>

Use read_image instead; this method is an implementation detail needed so the trait can be object safe.

fn set_limits(&mut self, limits: Limits) -> Result<(), ImageError>

Set the decoder to have the specified limits. See Limits for the different kinds of limits that is possible to set.

fn orientation(&mut self) -> Result<Orientation, ImageError>

Returns the orientation of the image.

impl<'a, I, A> IntoIterator for &'a Box<[I], A>

where A: Allocator,

type IntoIter = Iter<'a, I>

Which kind of iterator are we turning this into?

type Item = &'a I

The type of the elements being iterated over.

fn into_iter(self) -> Iter<'a, I>

Creates an iterator from a value.

impl<'a, I, A> IntoIterator for &'a mut Box<[I], A>

where A: Allocator,

type IntoIter = IterMut<'a, I>

Which kind of iterator are we turning this into?

type Item = &'a mut I

The type of the elements being iterated over.

fn into_iter(self) -> IterMut<'a, I>

Creates an iterator from a value.

impl<I, A> IntoIterator for Box<[I], A>

where A: Allocator,

type IntoIter = IntoIter<I, A>

Which kind of iterator are we turning this into?

type Item = I

The type of the elements being iterated over.

fn into_iter(self) -> IntoIter<I, A>

Creates an iterator from a value.

impl<K, V> IntoIterator for Box<Slice<K, V>>

type IntoIter = IntoIter<K, V>

Which kind of iterator are we turning this into?

type Item = (K, V)

The type of the elements being iterated over.

fn into_iter(self) -> <Box<Slice<K, V>> as IntoIterator>::IntoIter

Creates an iterator from a value.

impl<T> IntoIterator for Box<Slice<T>>

type IntoIter = IntoIter<T>

Which kind of iterator are we turning this into?

type Item = T

The type of the elements being iterated over.

fn into_iter(self) -> <Box<Slice<T>> as IntoIterator>::IntoIter

Creates an iterator from a value.

impl IntoSystemConfigs<()> for Box<dyn System<Out = (), In = ()>>

fn into_configs(self) -> NodeConfigs<Box<dyn System<Out = (), In = ()>>>

Convert into a SystemConfigs.

fn in_set( self, set: impl SystemSet, ) -> NodeConfigs<Box<dyn System<Out = (), In = ()>>>

Add these systems to the provided set.

fn before<M>( self, set: impl IntoSystemSet<M>, ) -> NodeConfigs<Box<dyn System<Out = (), In = ()>>>

Runs before all systems in set. If self has any systems that produce Commands or other Deferred operations, all systems in set will see their effect.

fn after<M>( self, set: impl IntoSystemSet<M>, ) -> NodeConfigs<Box<dyn System<Out = (), In = ()>>>

Run after all systems in set. If set has any systems that produce Commands or other Deferred operations, all systems in self will see their effect.

fn before_ignore_deferred<M>( self, set: impl IntoSystemSet<M>, ) -> NodeConfigs<Box<dyn System<Out = (), In = ()>>>

Run before all systems in set.

fn after_ignore_deferred<M>( self, set: impl IntoSystemSet<M>, ) -> NodeConfigs<Box<dyn System<Out = (), In = ()>>>

Run after all systems in set.

fn distributive_run_if<M>( self, condition: impl Condition<M> + Clone, ) -> NodeConfigs<Box<dyn System<Out = (), In = ()>>>

Add a run condition to each contained system.

fn run_if<M>( self, condition: impl Condition<M>, ) -> NodeConfigs<Box<dyn System<Out = (), In = ()>>>

Run the systems only if the Condition is true.

fn ambiguous_with<M>( self, set: impl IntoSystemSet<M>, ) -> NodeConfigs<Box<dyn System<Out = (), In = ()>>>

Suppress warnings and errors that would result from these systems having ambiguities (conflicting access but indeterminate order) with systems in set.

fn ambiguous_with_all(self) -> NodeConfigs<Box<dyn System<Out = (), In = ()>>>

Suppress warnings and errors that would result from these systems having ambiguities (conflicting access but indeterminate order) with any other system.

fn chain(self) -> NodeConfigs<Box<dyn System<Out = (), In = ()>>>

Treat this collection as a sequence of systems.

fn chain_ignore_deferred( self, ) -> NodeConfigs<Box<dyn System<Out = (), In = ()>>>

Treat this collection as a sequence of systems.

impl<I, A> Iterator for Box<I, A>

where I: Iterator + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item

The type of the elements being iterated over.

fn next(&mut self) -> Option<<I as Iterator>::Item>

Advances the iterator and returns the next value.

fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>)

Returns the bounds on the remaining length of the iterator.

fn nth(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<<I as Iterator>::Item>

Returns the nth element of the iterator.

fn last(self) -> Option<<I as Iterator>::Item>

Consumes the iterator, returning the last element.

fn next_chunk<const N: usize>( &mut self, ) -> Result<[Self::Item; N], IntoIter<Self::Item, N>>

where Self: Sized,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iter_next_chunk)

Advances the iterator and returns an array containing the next N values.

fn count(self) -> usize

where Self: Sized,

Consumes the iterator, counting the number of iterations and returning it.

fn advance_by(&mut self, n: usize) -> Result<(), NonZero<usize>>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iter_advance_by)

Advances the iterator by n elements.

fn step_by(self, step: usize) -> StepBy<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Creates an iterator starting at the same point, but stepping by the given amount at each iteration.

fn chain<U>(self, other: U) -> Chain<Self, <U as IntoIterator>::IntoIter>

where Self: Sized, U: IntoIterator<Item = Self::Item>,

Takes two iterators and creates a new iterator over both in sequence.

fn zip<U>(self, other: U) -> Zip<Self, <U as IntoIterator>::IntoIter>

where Self: Sized, U: IntoIterator,

‘Zips up’ two iterators into a single iterator of pairs.

fn intersperse(self, separator: Self::Item) -> Intersperse<Self>

where Self: Sized, Self::Item: Clone,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iter_intersperse)

Creates a new iterator which places a copy of separator between adjacent items of the original iterator.

fn intersperse_with<G>(self, separator: G) -> IntersperseWith<Self, G>

where Self: Sized, G: FnMut() -> Self::Item,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iter_intersperse)

Creates a new iterator which places an item generated by separator between adjacent items of the original iterator.

fn map<B, F>(self, f: F) -> Map<Self, F>

where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> B,

Takes a closure and creates an iterator which calls that closure on each element.

fn for_each<F>(self, f: F)

where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(Self::Item),

Calls a closure on each element of an iterator.

fn filter<P>(self, predicate: P) -> Filter<Self, P>

where Self: Sized, P: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,

Creates an iterator which uses a closure to determine if an element should be yielded.

fn filter_map<B, F>(self, f: F) -> FilterMap<Self, F>

where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> Option<B>,

Creates an iterator that both filters and maps.

fn enumerate(self) -> Enumerate<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Creates an iterator which gives the current iteration count as well as the next value.

fn peekable(self) -> Peekable<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Creates an iterator which can use the peek and peek_mut methods to look at the next element of the iterator without consuming it. See their documentation for more information.

fn skip_while<P>(self, predicate: P) -> SkipWhile<Self, P>

where Self: Sized, P: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,

Creates an iterator that skips elements based on a predicate.

fn take_while<P>(self, predicate: P) -> TakeWhile<Self, P>

where Self: Sized, P: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,

Creates an iterator that yields elements based on a predicate.

fn map_while<B, P>(self, predicate: P) -> MapWhile<Self, P>

where Self: Sized, P: FnMut(Self::Item) -> Option<B>,

Creates an iterator that both yields elements based on a predicate and maps.

fn skip(self, n: usize) -> Skip<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Creates an iterator that skips the first n elements.

fn take(self, n: usize) -> Take<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Creates an iterator that yields the first n elements, or fewer if the underlying iterator ends sooner.

fn scan<St, B, F>(self, initial_state: St, f: F) -> Scan<Self, St, F>

where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(&mut St, Self::Item) -> Option<B>,

An iterator adapter which, like fold, holds internal state, but unlike fold, produces a new iterator.

fn flat_map<U, F>(self, f: F) -> FlatMap<Self, U, F>

where Self: Sized, U: IntoIterator, F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> U,

Creates an iterator that works like map, but flattens nested structure.

fn flatten(self) -> Flatten<Self>

where Self: Sized, Self::Item: IntoIterator,

Creates an iterator that flattens nested structure.

fn map_windows<F, R, const N: usize>(self, f: F) -> MapWindows<Self, F, N>

where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(&[Self::Item; N]) -> R,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iter_map_windows)

Calls the given function f for each contiguous window of size N over self and returns an iterator over the outputs of f. Like slice::windows(), the windows during mapping overlap as well.

fn fuse(self) -> Fuse<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Creates an iterator which ends after the first None.

fn inspect<F>(self, f: F) -> Inspect<Self, F>

where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(&Self::Item),

Does something with each element of an iterator, passing the value on.

fn by_ref(&mut self) -> &mut Self

where Self: Sized,

Borrows an iterator, rather than consuming it.

fn collect<B>(self) -> B

where B: FromIterator<Self::Item>, Self: Sized,

Transforms an iterator into a collection.

fn try_collect<B>( &mut self, ) -> <<Self::Item as Try>::Residual as Residual<B>>::TryType

where Self: Sized, Self::Item: Try, <Self::Item as Try>::Residual: Residual<B>, B: FromIterator<<Self::Item as Try>::Output>,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iterator_try_collect)

Fallibly transforms an iterator into a collection, short circuiting if a failure is encountered.

fn collect_into<E>(self, collection: &mut E) -> &mut E

where E: Extend<Self::Item>, Self: Sized,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iter_collect_into)

Collects all the items from an iterator into a collection.

fn partition<B, F>(self, f: F) -> (B, B)

where Self: Sized, B: Default + Extend<Self::Item>, F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,

Consumes an iterator, creating two collections from it.

fn partition_in_place<'a, T, P>(self, predicate: P) -> usize

where T: 'a, Self: Sized + DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &'a mut T>, P: FnMut(&T) -> bool,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iter_partition_in_place)

Reorders the elements of this iterator in-place according to the given predicate, such that all those that return true precede all those that return false. Returns the number of true elements found.

fn is_partitioned<P>(self, predicate: P) -> bool

where Self: Sized, P: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iter_is_partitioned)

Checks if the elements of this iterator are partitioned according to the given predicate, such that all those that return true precede all those that return false.

fn try_fold<B, F, R>(&mut self, init: B, f: F) -> R

where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(B, Self::Item) -> R, R: Try<Output = B>,

An iterator method that applies a function as long as it returns successfully, producing a single, final value.

fn try_for_each<F, R>(&mut self, f: F) -> R

where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> R, R: Try<Output = ()>,

An iterator method that applies a fallible function to each item in the iterator, stopping at the first error and returning that error.

fn fold<B, F>(self, init: B, f: F) -> B

where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(B, Self::Item) -> B,

Folds every element into an accumulator by applying an operation, returning the final result.

fn reduce<F>(self, f: F) -> Option<Self::Item>

where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(Self::Item, Self::Item) -> Self::Item,

Reduces the elements to a single one, by repeatedly applying a reducing operation.

fn try_reduce<R>( &mut self, f: impl FnMut(Self::Item, Self::Item) -> R, ) -> <<R as Try>::Residual as Residual<Option<<R as Try>::Output>>>::TryType

where Self: Sized, R: Try<Output = Self::Item>, <R as Try>::Residual: Residual<Option<Self::Item>>,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iterator_try_reduce)

Reduces the elements to a single one by repeatedly applying a reducing operation. If the closure returns a failure, the failure is propagated back to the caller immediately.

fn all<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> bool

where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,

Tests if every element of the iterator matches a predicate.

fn any<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> bool

where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,

Tests if any element of the iterator matches a predicate.

fn find<P>(&mut self, predicate: P) -> Option<Self::Item>

where Self: Sized, P: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,

Searches for an element of an iterator that satisfies a predicate.

fn find_map<B, F>(&mut self, f: F) -> Option<B>

where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> Option<B>,

Applies function to the elements of iterator and returns the first non-none result.

fn try_find<R>( &mut self, f: impl FnMut(&Self::Item) -> R, ) -> <<R as Try>::Residual as Residual<Option<Self::Item>>>::TryType

where Self: Sized, R: Try<Output = bool>, <R as Try>::Residual: Residual<Option<Self::Item>>,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (try_find)

Applies function to the elements of iterator and returns the first true result or the first error.

fn position<P>(&mut self, predicate: P) -> Option<usize>

where Self: Sized, P: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,

Searches for an element in an iterator, returning its index.

fn rposition<P>(&mut self, predicate: P) -> Option<usize>

where P: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool, Self: Sized + ExactSizeIterator + DoubleEndedIterator,

Searches for an element in an iterator from the right, returning its index.

fn max(self) -> Option<Self::Item>

where Self: Sized, Self::Item: Ord,

Returns the maximum element of an iterator.

fn min(self) -> Option<Self::Item>

where Self: Sized, Self::Item: Ord,

Returns the minimum element of an iterator.

fn max_by_key<B, F>(self, f: F) -> Option<Self::Item>

where B: Ord, Self: Sized, F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> B,

Returns the element that gives the maximum value from the specified function.

fn max_by<F>(self, compare: F) -> Option<Self::Item>

where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(&Self::Item, &Self::Item) -> Ordering,

Returns the element that gives the maximum value with respect to the specified comparison function.

fn min_by_key<B, F>(self, f: F) -> Option<Self::Item>

where B: Ord, Self: Sized, F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> B,

Returns the element that gives the minimum value from the specified function.

fn min_by<F>(self, compare: F) -> Option<Self::Item>

where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(&Self::Item, &Self::Item) -> Ordering,

Returns the element that gives the minimum value with respect to the specified comparison function.

fn rev(self) -> Rev<Self>

where Self: Sized + DoubleEndedIterator,

Reverses an iterator’s direction.

fn unzip<A, B, FromA, FromB>(self) -> (FromA, FromB)

where FromA: Default + Extend<A>, FromB: Default + Extend<B>, Self: Sized + Iterator<Item = (A, B)>,

Converts an iterator of pairs into a pair of containers.

fn copied<'a, T>(self) -> Copied<Self>

where T: 'a + Copy, Self: Sized + Iterator<Item = &'a T>,

Creates an iterator which copies all of its elements.

fn cloned<'a, T>(self) -> Cloned<Self>

where T: 'a + Clone, Self: Sized + Iterator<Item = &'a T>,

Creates an iterator which clones all of its elements.

fn cycle(self) -> Cycle<Self>

where Self: Sized + Clone,

Repeats an iterator endlessly.

fn array_chunks<const N: usize>(self) -> ArrayChunks<Self, N>

where Self: Sized,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iter_array_chunks)

Returns an iterator over N elements of the iterator at a time.

fn sum<S>(self) -> S

where Self: Sized, S: Sum<Self::Item>,

Sums the elements of an iterator.

fn product<P>(self) -> P

where Self: Sized, P: Product<Self::Item>,

Iterates over the entire iterator, multiplying all the elements

fn cmp<I>(self, other: I) -> Ordering

where I: IntoIterator<Item = Self::Item>, Self::Item: Ord, Self: Sized,

Lexicographically compares the elements of this Iterator with those of another.

fn cmp_by<I, F>(self, other: I, cmp: F) -> Ordering

where Self: Sized, I: IntoIterator, F: FnMut(Self::Item, <I as IntoIterator>::Item) -> Ordering,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iter_order_by)

Lexicographically compares the elements of this Iterator with those of another with respect to the specified comparison function.

fn partial_cmp<I>(self, other: I) -> Option<Ordering>

where I: IntoIterator, Self::Item: PartialOrd<<I as IntoIterator>::Item>, Self: Sized,

Lexicographically compares the PartialOrd elements of this Iterator with those of another. The comparison works like short-circuit evaluation, returning a result without comparing the remaining elements. As soon as an order can be determined, the evaluation stops and a result is returned.

fn partial_cmp_by<I, F>(self, other: I, partial_cmp: F) -> Option<Ordering>

where Self: Sized, I: IntoIterator, F: FnMut(Self::Item, <I as IntoIterator>::Item) -> Option<Ordering>,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iter_order_by)

Lexicographically compares the elements of this Iterator with those of another with respect to the specified comparison function.

fn eq<I>(self, other: I) -> bool

where I: IntoIterator, Self::Item: PartialEq<<I as IntoIterator>::Item>, Self: Sized,

Determines if the elements of this Iterator are equal to those of another.

fn eq_by<I, F>(self, other: I, eq: F) -> bool

where Self: Sized, I: IntoIterator, F: FnMut(Self::Item, <I as IntoIterator>::Item) -> bool,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iter_order_by)

Determines if the elements of this Iterator are equal to those of another with respect to the specified equality function.

fn ne<I>(self, other: I) -> bool

where I: IntoIterator, Self::Item: PartialEq<<I as IntoIterator>::Item>, Self: Sized,

Determines if the elements of this Iterator are not equal to those of another.

fn lt<I>(self, other: I) -> bool

where I: IntoIterator, Self::Item: PartialOrd<<I as IntoIterator>::Item>, Self: Sized,

Determines if the elements of this Iterator are lexicographically less than those of another.

fn le<I>(self, other: I) -> bool

where I: IntoIterator, Self::Item: PartialOrd<<I as IntoIterator>::Item>, Self: Sized,

Determines if the elements of this Iterator are lexicographically less or equal to those of another.

fn gt<I>(self, other: I) -> bool

where I: IntoIterator, Self::Item: PartialOrd<<I as IntoIterator>::Item>, Self: Sized,

Determines if the elements of this Iterator are lexicographically greater than those of another.

fn ge<I>(self, other: I) -> bool

where I: IntoIterator, Self::Item: PartialOrd<<I as IntoIterator>::Item>, Self: Sized,

Determines if the elements of this Iterator are lexicographically greater than or equal to those of another.

fn is_sorted(self) -> bool

where Self: Sized, Self::Item: PartialOrd,

Checks if the elements of this iterator are sorted.

fn is_sorted_by<F>(self, compare: F) -> bool

where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(&Self::Item, &Self::Item) -> bool,

Checks if the elements of this iterator are sorted using the given comparator function.

fn is_sorted_by_key<F, K>(self, f: F) -> bool

where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> K, K: PartialOrd,

Checks if the elements of this iterator are sorted using the given key extraction function.

impl<L, S> Layer<S> for Box<L>

where L: Layer<S>, S: Subscriber,

Available on crate features std or alloc only.

fn on_register_dispatch(&self, subscriber: &Dispatch)

Performs late initialization when installing this layer as a Subscriber.

fn on_layer(&mut self, subscriber: &mut S)

Performs late initialization when attaching a Layer to a Subscriber.

fn on_new_span(&self, attrs: &Attributes<'_>, id: &Id, ctx: Context<'_, S>)

Notifies this layer that a new span was constructed with the given Attributes and Id.

fn register_callsite(&self, metadata: &'static Metadata<'static>) -> Interest

Registers a new callsite with this layer, returning whether or not the layer is interested in being notified about the callsite, similarly to Subscriber::register_callsite.

fn enabled(&self, metadata: &Metadata<'_>, ctx: Context<'_, S>) -> bool

Returns true if this layer is interested in a span or event with the given metadata in the current Context, similarly to Subscriber::enabled.

fn on_record(&self, span: &Id, values: &Record<'_>, ctx: Context<'_, S>)

Notifies this layer that a span with the given Id recorded the given values.

fn on_follows_from(&self, span: &Id, follows: &Id, ctx: Context<'_, S>)

Notifies this layer that a span with the ID span recorded that it follows from the span with the ID follows.

fn event_enabled(&self, event: &Event<'_>, ctx: Context<'_, S>) -> bool

Called before on_event, to determine if on_event should be called.

fn on_event(&self, event: &Event<'_>, ctx: Context<'_, S>)

Notifies this layer that an event has occurred.

fn on_enter(&self, id: &Id, ctx: Context<'_, S>)

Notifies this layer that a span with the given ID was entered.

fn on_exit(&self, id: &Id, ctx: Context<'_, S>)

Notifies this layer that the span with the given ID was exited.

fn on_close(&self, id: Id, ctx: Context<'_, S>)

Notifies this layer that the span with the given ID has been closed.

fn on_id_change(&self, old: &Id, new: &Id, ctx: Context<'_, S>)

Notifies this layer that a span ID has been cloned, and that the subscriber returned a different ID.

fn and_then<L>(self, layer: L) -> Layered<L, Self, S>

where L: Layer<S>, Self: Sized,

Composes this layer around the given Layer, returning a Layered struct implementing Layer.

fn with_subscriber(self, inner: S) -> Layered<Self, S>

where Self: Sized,

Composes this Layer with the given Subscriber, returning a Layered struct that implements Subscriber.

fn with_filter<F>(self, filter: F) -> Filtered<Self, F, S>

where Self: Sized, F: Filter<S>,

Available on crate features registry and std only.

Combines self with a Filter, returning a Filtered layer.

fn boxed(self) -> Box<dyn Layer<S> + Sync + Send>

where Self: Sized + Layer<S> + Send + Sync + 'static, S: Subscriber,

Available on crate features alloc or std only.

Erases the type of this Layer, returning a Boxed dyn Layer trait object.

impl<S> Layer<S> for Box<dyn Layer<S> + Sync + Send>

where S: Subscriber,

Available on crate features std or alloc only.

fn on_register_dispatch(&self, subscriber: &Dispatch)

Performs late initialization when installing this layer as a Subscriber.

fn on_layer(&mut self, subscriber: &mut S)

Performs late initialization when attaching a Layer to a Subscriber.

fn on_new_span(&self, attrs: &Attributes<'_>, id: &Id, ctx: Context<'_, S>)

Notifies this layer that a new span was constructed with the given Attributes and Id.

fn register_callsite(&self, metadata: &'static Metadata<'static>) -> Interest

Registers a new callsite with this layer, returning whether or not the layer is interested in being notified about the callsite, similarly to Subscriber::register_callsite.

fn enabled(&self, metadata: &Metadata<'_>, ctx: Context<'_, S>) -> bool

Returns true if this layer is interested in a span or event with the given metadata in the current Context, similarly to Subscriber::enabled.

fn on_record(&self, span: &Id, values: &Record<'_>, ctx: Context<'_, S>)

Notifies this layer that a span with the given Id recorded the given values.

fn on_follows_from(&self, span: &Id, follows: &Id, ctx: Context<'_, S>)

Notifies this layer that a span with the ID span recorded that it follows from the span with the ID follows.

fn event_enabled(&self, event: &Event<'_>, ctx: Context<'_, S>) -> bool

Called before on_event, to determine if on_event should be called.

fn on_event(&self, event: &Event<'_>, ctx: Context<'_, S>)

Notifies this layer that an event has occurred.

fn on_enter(&self, id: &Id, ctx: Context<'_, S>)

Notifies this layer that a span with the given ID was entered.

fn on_exit(&self, id: &Id, ctx: Context<'_, S>)

Notifies this layer that the span with the given ID was exited.

fn on_close(&self, id: Id, ctx: Context<'_, S>)

Notifies this layer that the span with the given ID has been closed.

fn on_id_change(&self, old: &Id, new: &Id, ctx: Context<'_, S>)

Notifies this layer that a span ID has been cloned, and that the subscriber returned a different ID.

fn and_then<L>(self, layer: L) -> Layered<L, Self, S>

where L: Layer<S>, Self: Sized,

Composes this layer around the given Layer, returning a Layered struct implementing Layer.

fn with_subscriber(self, inner: S) -> Layered<Self, S>

where Self: Sized,

Composes this Layer with the given Subscriber, returning a Layered struct that implements Subscriber.

fn with_filter<F>(self, filter: F) -> Filtered<Self, F, S>

where Self: Sized, F: Filter<S>,

Available on crate features registry and std only.

Combines self with a Filter, returning a Filtered layer.

fn boxed(self) -> Box<dyn Layer<S> + Sync + Send>

where Self: Sized + Layer<S> + Send + Sync + 'static, S: Subscriber,

Available on crate features alloc or std only.

Erases the type of this Layer, returning a Boxed dyn Layer trait object.

impl<Sp> LocalSpawn for Box<Sp>

where Sp: LocalSpawn + ?Sized,

fn spawn_local_obj( &self, future: LocalFutureObj<'static, ()>, ) -> Result<(), SpawnError>

Spawns a future that will be run to completion.

fn status_local(&self) -> Result<(), SpawnError>

Determines whether the executor is able to spawn new tasks.

impl<T> Log for Box<T>

where T: Log + ?Sized,

Available on crate feature std only.

fn enabled(&self, metadata: &Metadata<'_>) -> bool

Determines if a log message with the specified metadata would be logged.

fn log(&self, record: &Record<'_>)

Logs the Record.

fn flush(&self)

Flushes any buffered records.

impl<T, A> Ord for Box<T, A>

where T: Ord + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

fn cmp(&self, other: &Box<T, A>) -> Ordering

This method returns an Ordering between self and other.

fn max(self, other: Self) -> Self

where Self: Sized,

Compares and returns the maximum of two values.

fn min(self, other: Self) -> Self

where Self: Sized,

Compares and returns the minimum of two values.

fn clamp(self, min: Self, max: Self) -> Self

where Self: Sized,

Restrict a value to a certain interval.

impl ParallelExtend<Box<str>> for String

Extends a string with boxed strings from a parallel iterator.

fn par_extend<I>(&mut self, par_iter: I)

where I: IntoParallelIterator<Item = Box<str>>,

Extends an instance of the collection with the elements drawn from the parallel iterator par_iter.

impl<T, A> PartialEq for Box<T, A>

where T: PartialEq + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

fn eq(&self, other: &Box<T, A>) -> bool

Tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

fn ne(&self, other: &Box<T, A>) -> bool

Tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.

impl<T, A> PartialOrd for Box<T, A>

where T: PartialOrd + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Box<T, A>) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between self and other values if one exists.

fn lt(&self, other: &Box<T, A>) -> bool

Tests less than (for self and other) and is used by the < operator.

fn le(&self, other: &Box<T, A>) -> bool

Tests less than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the <= operator.

fn ge(&self, other: &Box<T, A>) -> bool

Tests greater than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the >= operator.

fn gt(&self, other: &Box<T, A>) -> bool

Tests greater than (for self and other) and is used by the > operator.

impl<T, A> Pointer for Box<T, A>

where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl<R> Read for Box<R>

where R: Read + ?Sized,

fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize, Error>

Pull some bytes from this source into the specified buffer, returning how many bytes were read.

fn read_buf(&mut self, cursor: BorrowedCursor<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (read_buf)

Pull some bytes from this source into the specified buffer.

fn read_vectored(&mut self, bufs: &mut [IoSliceMut<'_>]) -> Result<usize, Error>

Like read, except that it reads into a slice of buffers.

fn is_read_vectored(&self) -> bool

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (can_vector)

Determines if this Reader has an efficient read_vectored implementation.

fn read_to_end(&mut self, buf: &mut Vec<u8>) -> Result<usize, Error>

Reads all bytes until EOF in this source, placing them into buf.

fn read_to_string(&mut self, buf: &mut String) -> Result<usize, Error>

Reads all bytes until EOF in this source, appending them to buf.

fn read_exact(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), Error>

Reads the exact number of bytes required to fill buf.

fn read_buf_exact(&mut self, cursor: BorrowedCursor<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (read_buf)

Reads the exact number of bytes required to fill cursor.

fn by_ref(&mut self) -> &mut Self

where Self: Sized,

Creates a “by reference” adaptor for this instance of Read.

fn bytes(self) -> Bytes<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Transforms this Read instance to an Iterator over its bytes.

fn chain<R>(self, next: R) -> Chain<Self, R>

where R: Read, Self: Sized,

Creates an adapter which will chain this stream with another.

fn take(self, limit: u64) -> Take<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Creates an adapter which will read at most limit bytes from it.

impl<T> Read for Box<T>

where T: Read + Unpin + ?Sized,

fn poll_read( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, buf: ReadBufCursor<'_>, ) -> Poll<Result<(), Error>>

Attempts to read bytes into the buf.

impl<T> ReadFrom for Box<T>

where T: ReadFrom + ?Sized,

fn read_from<B>(&mut self, reader: &mut Reader<B>)

where B: BufferRef,

impl ReadHalf for Box<dyn ReadHalf>

fn can_pass_unix_fd(&self) -> bool

Supports passing file descriptors.

fn receive_message<'life0, 'life1, 'life2, 'async_trait>( &'life0 mut self, seq: u64, already_received_bytes: &'life1 mut Vec<u8>, already_received_fds: &'life2 mut Vec<OwnedFd>, ) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<Message, Error>> + Send + 'async_trait>>

where 'life0: 'async_trait, 'life1: 'async_trait, 'life2: 'async_trait, Box<dyn ReadHalf>: 'async_trait,

Receive a message on the socket.

fn recvmsg<'life0, 'life1, 'async_trait>( &'life0 mut self, buf: &'life1 mut [u8], ) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<(usize, Vec<OwnedFd>), Error>> + Send + 'async_trait>>

where 'life0: 'async_trait, 'life1: 'async_trait, Box<dyn ReadHalf>: 'async_trait,

Attempt to receive bytes from the socket.

fn peer_credentials<'life0, 'async_trait>( &'life0 mut self, ) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<ConnectionCredentials, Error>> + Send + 'async_trait>>

where 'life0: 'async_trait, Box<dyn ReadHalf>: 'async_trait,

Return the peer credentials.

impl Reader for Box<dyn Reader + '_>

fn read_to_end<'a>( &'a mut self, buf: &'a mut Vec<u8>, ) -> StackFuture<'a, Result<usize, Error>, bevy_asset::::io::{impl#7}::read_to_end::{constant#0}>

Reads the entire contents of this reader and appends them to a vec.

impl<C> RequestConnection for Box<C>

where C: RequestConnection + ?Sized,

type Buf = <C as RequestConnection>::Buf

Type used as buffer to store raw replies or events before they are parsed.

fn send_request_with_reply<R>( &self, bufs: &[IoSlice<'_>], fds: Vec<OwnedFd>, ) -> Result<Cookie<'_, Box<C>, R>, ConnectionError>

where R: TryParse,

Send a request with a reply to the server.

fn send_trait_request_with_reply<R>( &self, request: R, ) -> Result<Cookie<'_, Box<C>, <R as ReplyRequest>::Reply>, ConnectionError>

where R: ReplyRequest,

Send a request with a reply to the server.

fn send_request_with_reply_with_fds<R>( &self, bufs: &[IoSlice<'_>], fds: Vec<OwnedFd>, ) -> Result<CookieWithFds<'_, Box<C>, R>, ConnectionError>

where R: TryParseFd,

Send a request with a reply containing file descriptors to the server.

fn send_trait_request_with_reply_with_fds<R>( &self, request: R, ) -> Result<CookieWithFds<'_, Box<C>, <R as ReplyFDsRequest>::Reply>, ConnectionError>

where R: ReplyFDsRequest,

Send a request with a reply containing file descriptors to the server.

fn send_request_without_reply( &self, bufs: &[IoSlice<'_>], fds: Vec<OwnedFd>, ) -> Result<VoidCookie<'_, Box<C>>, ConnectionError>

Send a request without a reply to the server.

fn send_trait_request_without_reply<R>( &self, request: R, ) -> Result<VoidCookie<'_, Box<C>>, ConnectionError>

where R: VoidRequest,

Send a request without a reply to the server.

fn discard_reply(&self, sequence: u64, kind: RequestKind, mode: DiscardMode)

A reply to an error should be discarded.

fn prefetch_extension_information( &self, extension_name: &'static str, ) -> Result<(), ConnectionError>

Prefetches information about an extension.

fn extension_information( &self, extension_name: &'static str, ) -> Result<Option<ExtensionInformation>, ConnectionError>

Get information about an extension.

fn wait_for_reply_or_error( &self, sequence: u64, ) -> Result<<Box<C> as RequestConnection>::Buf, ReplyError>

Wait for the reply to a request.

fn wait_for_reply_or_raw_error( &self, sequence: u64, ) -> Result<ReplyOrError<<Box<C> as RequestConnection>::Buf>, ConnectionError>

Wait for the reply to a request.

fn wait_for_reply( &self, sequence: u64, ) -> Result<Option<<Box<C> as RequestConnection>::Buf>, ConnectionError>

Wait for the reply to a request.

fn wait_for_reply_with_fds( &self, sequence: u64, ) -> Result<(<Box<C> as RequestConnection>::Buf, Vec<OwnedFd>), ReplyError>

Wait for the reply to a request that has FDs.

fn wait_for_reply_with_fds_raw( &self, sequence: u64, ) -> Result<ReplyOrError<(<Box<C> as RequestConnection>::Buf, Vec<OwnedFd>), <Box<C> as RequestConnection>::Buf>, ConnectionError>

Wait for the reply to a request that has FDs.

fn check_for_error(&self, sequence: u64) -> Result<(), ReplyError>

Check whether a request that does not have a reply caused an X11 error.

fn check_for_raw_error( &self, sequence: u64, ) -> Result<Option<<Box<C> as RequestConnection>::Buf>, ConnectionError>

Check whether a request that does not have a reply caused an X11 error.

fn prefetch_maximum_request_bytes(&self)

Prefetches the maximum request length.

fn maximum_request_bytes(&self) -> usize

The maximum number of bytes that the X11 server accepts in a request.

fn parse_error(&self, error: &[u8]) -> Result<X11Error, ParseError>

Parse a generic error.

fn parse_event(&self, event: &[u8]) -> Result<Event, ParseError>

Parse a generic event.

impl<R> RngCore for Box<R>

where R: RngCore + ?Sized,

Available on crate feature alloc only.

fn next_u32(&mut self) -> u32

Return the next random u32.

fn next_u64(&mut self) -> u64

Return the next random u64.

fn fill_bytes(&mut self, dest: &mut [u8])

Fill dest with random data.

fn try_fill_bytes(&mut self, dest: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), Error>

Fill dest entirely with random data.

impl<S> Seek for Box<S>

where S: Seek + ?Sized,

fn seek(&mut self, pos: SeekFrom) -> Result<u64, Error>

Seek to an offset, in bytes, in a stream.

fn stream_position(&mut self) -> Result<u64, Error>

Returns the current seek position from the start of the stream.

fn rewind(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error>

Rewind to the beginning of a stream.

fn stream_len(&mut self) -> Result<u64, Error>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (seek_stream_len)

Returns the length of this stream (in bytes).

fn seek_relative(&mut self, offset: i64) -> Result<(), Error>

Seeks relative to the current position.

impl<T> Serialize for Box<T>

where T: Serialize + ?Sized,

Available on crate features std or alloc only.

fn serialize<S>( &self, serializer: S, ) -> Result<<S as Serializer>::Ok, <S as Serializer>::Error>

where S: Serializer,

Serialize this value into the given Serde serializer.

impl<T> Serializer for Box<T>

where T: Serializer + ?Sized,

fn erased_serialize_bool(&mut self, v: bool)

fn erased_serialize_i8(&mut self, v: i8)

fn erased_serialize_i16(&mut self, v: i16)

fn erased_serialize_i32(&mut self, v: i32)

fn erased_serialize_i64(&mut self, v: i64)

fn erased_serialize_i128(&mut self, v: i128)

fn erased_serialize_u8(&mut self, v: u8)

fn erased_serialize_u16(&mut self, v: u16)

fn erased_serialize_u32(&mut self, v: u32)

fn erased_serialize_u64(&mut self, v: u64)

fn erased_serialize_u128(&mut self, v: u128)

fn erased_serialize_f32(&mut self, v: f32)

fn erased_serialize_f64(&mut self, v: f64)

fn erased_serialize_char(&mut self, v: char)

fn erased_serialize_str(&mut self, v: &str)

fn erased_serialize_bytes(&mut self, v: &[u8])

fn erased_serialize_none(&mut self)

fn erased_serialize_some(&mut self, value: &dyn Serialize)

fn erased_serialize_unit(&mut self)

fn erased_serialize_unit_struct(&mut self, name: &'static str)

fn erased_serialize_unit_variant( &mut self, name: &'static str, variant_index: u32, variant: &'static str, )

fn erased_serialize_newtype_struct( &mut self, name: &'static str, value: &dyn Serialize, )

fn erased_serialize_newtype_variant( &mut self, name: &'static str, variant_index: u32, variant: &'static str, value: &dyn Serialize, )

fn erased_serialize_seq( &mut self, len: Option<usize>, ) -> Result<&mut dyn SerializeSeq, ErrorImpl>

fn erased_serialize_tuple( &mut self, len: usize, ) -> Result<&mut dyn SerializeTuple, ErrorImpl>

fn erased_serialize_tuple_struct( &mut self, name: &'static str, len: usize, ) -> Result<&mut dyn SerializeTupleStruct, ErrorImpl>

fn erased_serialize_tuple_variant( &mut self, name: &'static str, variant_index: u32, variant: &'static str, len: usize, ) -> Result<&mut dyn SerializeTupleVariant, ErrorImpl>

fn erased_serialize_map( &mut self, len: Option<usize>, ) -> Result<&mut dyn SerializeMap, ErrorImpl>

fn erased_serialize_struct( &mut self, name: &'static str, len: usize, ) -> Result<&mut dyn SerializeStruct, ErrorImpl>

fn erased_serialize_struct_variant( &mut self, name: &'static str, variant_index: u32, variant: &'static str, len: usize, ) -> Result<&mut dyn SerializeStructVariant, ErrorImpl>

fn erased_is_human_readable(&self) -> bool

impl<Request, S> Service<Request> for Box<S>

where S: Service<Request> + ?Sized,

type Response = <S as Service<Request>>::Response

Responses given by the service.

type Error = <S as Service<Request>>::Error

Errors produced by the service.

type Future = <S as Service<Request>>::Future

The future response value.

fn call(&self, req: Request) -> <Box<S> as Service<Request>>::Future

Process the request and return the response asynchronously. call takes &self instead of mut &self because:

impl<T> ShaderSize for Box<T>

where T: ShaderSize + ?Sized,

const SHADER_SIZE: NonZero<u64> = T::SHADER_SIZE

Represents WGSL Size (equivalent to ShaderType::min_size)

impl<T> ShaderType for Box<T>

where T: ShaderType + ?Sized,

fn size(&self) -> NonZero<u64>

Returns the size of Self at runtime

fn min_size() -> NonZero<u64>

Represents the minimum size of Self (equivalent to GPUBufferBindingLayout.minBindingSize)

fn assert_uniform_compat()

Asserts that Self meets the requirements of the uniform address space restrictions on stored values and the uniform address space layout constraints

impl<S, Item> Sink<Item> for Box<S>

where S: Sink<Item> + Unpin + ?Sized,

type Error = <S as Sink<Item>>::Error

The type of value produced by the sink when an error occurs.

fn poll_ready( self: Pin<&mut Box<S>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, ) -> Poll<Result<(), <Box<S> as Sink<Item>>::Error>>

Attempts to prepare the Sink to receive a value.

fn start_send( self: Pin<&mut Box<S>>, item: Item, ) -> Result<(), <Box<S> as Sink<Item>>::Error>

Begin the process of sending a value to the sink. Each call to this function must be preceded by a successful call to poll_ready which returned Poll::Ready(Ok(())).

fn poll_flush( self: Pin<&mut Box<S>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, ) -> Poll<Result<(), <Box<S> as Sink<Item>>::Error>>

Flush any remaining output from this sink.

fn poll_close( self: Pin<&mut Box<S>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, ) -> Poll<Result<(), <Box<S> as Sink<Item>>::Error>>

Flush any remaining output and close this sink, if necessary.

impl<'a> SomeArray<'a> for Box<dyn SomeArray<'a> + 'a>

fn type_name(&self) -> &str

The name of this type. For an array of u16s, this is [u16].

fn len(&self) -> usize

The length of the array.

fn get(&self, idx: usize) -> Option<FieldType<'a>>

Return the item at idx, or None if idx is out of bounds.

fn is_empty(&self) -> bool

Returns true if this array is empty.

impl<'a> SomeString<'a> for Box<dyn SomeString<'a> + 'a>

fn iter_chars(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = char> + 'a>

impl<'a> SomeTable<'a> for Box<dyn SomeTable<'a> + 'a>

fn type_name(&self) -> &str

The name of this table

fn get_field(&self, idx: usize) -> Option<Field<'a>>

Access this table’s fields, in declaration order.

impl<S> Source for Box<S>

where S: Source + ?Sized,

fn visit<'kvs>( &'kvs self, visitor: &mut dyn VisitSource<'kvs>, ) -> Result<(), Error>

Visit key-values.

fn get(&self, key: Key<'_>) -> Option<Value<'_>>

Get the value for a given key.

fn count(&self) -> usize

Count the number of key-values that can be visited.

impl<T> Source for Box<T>

where T: Source + ?Sized,

fn register( &mut self, registry: &Registry, token: Token, interests: Interest, ) -> Result<(), Error>

Register self with the given Registry instance.

fn reregister( &mut self, registry: &Registry, token: Token, interests: Interest, ) -> Result<(), Error>

Re-register self with the given Registry instance.

fn deregister(&mut self, registry: &Registry) -> Result<(), Error>

Deregister self from the given Registry instance.

impl<S> Source for Box<dyn Source<Item = S>>

where S: Sample,

fn current_frame_len(&self) -> Option<usize>

Returns the number of samples before the current frame ends. None means “infinite” or “until the sound ends”. Should never return 0 unless there’s no more data.

fn channels(&self) -> u16

Returns the number of channels. Channels are always interleaved.

fn sample_rate(&self) -> u32

Returns the rate at which the source should be played. In number of samples per second.

fn total_duration(&self) -> Option<Duration>

Returns the total duration of this source, if known.

fn try_seek(&mut self, pos: Duration) -> Result<(), SeekError>

Attempts to seek to a given position in the current source.

fn buffered(self) -> Buffered<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Stores the source in a buffer in addition to returning it. This iterator can be cloned.

fn mix<S>(self, other: S) -> Mix<Self, S>

where Self: Sized, Self::Item: FromSample<<S as Iterator>::Item>, S: Source, <S as Iterator>::Item: Sample,

Mixes this source with another one.

fn repeat_infinite(self) -> Repeat<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Repeats this source forever.

fn take_duration(self, duration: Duration) -> TakeDuration<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Takes a certain duration of this source and then stops.

fn delay(self, duration: Duration) -> Delay<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Delays the sound by a certain duration.

fn skip_duration(self, duration: Duration) -> SkipDuration<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Immediately skips a certain duration of this source.

fn amplify(self, value: f32) -> Amplify<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Amplifies the sound by the given value.

fn take_crossfade_with<S>( self, other: S, duration: Duration, ) -> Mix<TakeDuration<Self>, FadeIn<TakeDuration<S>>>

where S: Source, Self: Sized, Self::Item: FromSample<<S as Iterator>::Item>, <S as Iterator>::Item: Sample,

Mixes this sound fading out with another sound fading in for the given duration.

fn fade_in(self, duration: Duration) -> FadeIn<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Fades in the sound.

fn periodic_access<F>( self, period: Duration, access: F, ) -> PeriodicAccess<Self, F>

where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(&mut Self),

Calls the access closure on Self the first time the source is iterated and every time period elapses.

fn speed(self, ratio: f32) -> Speed<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Changes the play speed of the sound. Does not adjust the samples, only the play speed.

fn reverb( self, duration: Duration, amplitude: f32, ) -> Mix<Self, Delay<Amplify<Self>>>

where Self: Sized + Clone,

Adds a basic reverb effect.

fn convert_samples<D>(self) -> SamplesConverter<Self, D>

where Self: Sized, D: Sample,

Converts the samples of this source to another type.

fn pausable(self, initially_paused: bool) -> Pausable<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Makes the sound pausable.

fn stoppable(self) -> Stoppable<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Makes the sound stoppable.

fn skippable(self) -> Skippable<Self>

where Self: Sized,

fn track_position(self) -> TrackPosition<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Start tracking the elapsed duration since the start of the underlying source.

fn low_pass(self, freq: u32) -> BltFilter<Self>

where Self: Sized + Source<Item = f32>,

Applies a low-pass filter to the source. Warning: Probably buggy.

fn high_pass(self, freq: u32) -> BltFilter<Self>

where Self: Sized + Source<Item = f32>,

Applies a high-pass filter to the source.

fn low_pass_with_q(self, freq: u32, q: f32) -> BltFilter<Self>

where Self: Sized + Source<Item = f32>,

Applies a low-pass filter to the source while allowing the q (bandwidth) to be changed.

fn high_pass_with_q(self, freq: u32, q: f32) -> BltFilter<Self>

where Self: Sized + Source<Item = f32>,

Applies a high-pass filter to the source while allowing the q (bandwidth) to be changed.

impl<S> Source for Box<dyn Source<Item = S> + Send>

where S: Sample,

fn current_frame_len(&self) -> Option<usize>

Returns the number of samples before the current frame ends. None means “infinite” or “until the sound ends”. Should never return 0 unless there’s no more data.

fn channels(&self) -> u16

Returns the number of channels. Channels are always interleaved.

fn sample_rate(&self) -> u32

Returns the rate at which the source should be played. In number of samples per second.

fn total_duration(&self) -> Option<Duration>

Returns the total duration of this source, if known.

fn try_seek(&mut self, pos: Duration) -> Result<(), SeekError>

Attempts to seek to a given position in the current source.

fn buffered(self) -> Buffered<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Stores the source in a buffer in addition to returning it. This iterator can be cloned.

fn mix<S>(self, other: S) -> Mix<Self, S>

where Self: Sized, Self::Item: FromSample<<S as Iterator>::Item>, S: Source, <S as Iterator>::Item: Sample,

Mixes this source with another one.

fn repeat_infinite(self) -> Repeat<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Repeats this source forever.

fn take_duration(self, duration: Duration) -> TakeDuration<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Takes a certain duration of this source and then stops.

fn delay(self, duration: Duration) -> Delay<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Delays the sound by a certain duration.

fn skip_duration(self, duration: Duration) -> SkipDuration<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Immediately skips a certain duration of this source.

fn amplify(self, value: f32) -> Amplify<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Amplifies the sound by the given value.

fn take_crossfade_with<S>( self, other: S, duration: Duration, ) -> Mix<TakeDuration<Self>, FadeIn<TakeDuration<S>>>

where S: Source, Self: Sized, Self::Item: FromSample<<S as Iterator>::Item>, <S as Iterator>::Item: Sample,

Mixes this sound fading out with another sound fading in for the given duration.

fn fade_in(self, duration: Duration) -> FadeIn<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Fades in the sound.

fn periodic_access<F>( self, period: Duration, access: F, ) -> PeriodicAccess<Self, F>

where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(&mut Self),

Calls the access closure on Self the first time the source is iterated and every time period elapses.

fn speed(self, ratio: f32) -> Speed<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Changes the play speed of the sound. Does not adjust the samples, only the play speed.

fn reverb( self, duration: Duration, amplitude: f32, ) -> Mix<Self, Delay<Amplify<Self>>>

where Self: Sized + Clone,

Adds a basic reverb effect.

fn convert_samples<D>(self) -> SamplesConverter<Self, D>

where Self: Sized, D: Sample,

Converts the samples of this source to another type.

fn pausable(self, initially_paused: bool) -> Pausable<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Makes the sound pausable.

fn stoppable(self) -> Stoppable<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Makes the sound stoppable.

fn skippable(self) -> Skippable<Self>

where Self: Sized,

fn track_position(self) -> TrackPosition<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Start tracking the elapsed duration since the start of the underlying source.

fn low_pass(self, freq: u32) -> BltFilter<Self>

where Self: Sized + Source<Item = f32>,

Applies a low-pass filter to the source. Warning: Probably buggy.

fn high_pass(self, freq: u32) -> BltFilter<Self>

where Self: Sized + Source<Item = f32>,

Applies a high-pass filter to the source.

fn low_pass_with_q(self, freq: u32, q: f32) -> BltFilter<Self>

where Self: Sized + Source<Item = f32>,

Applies a low-pass filter to the source while allowing the q (bandwidth) to be changed.

fn high_pass_with_q(self, freq: u32, q: f32) -> BltFilter<Self>

where Self: Sized + Source<Item = f32>,

Applies a high-pass filter to the source while allowing the q (bandwidth) to be changed.

impl<S> Source for Box<dyn Source<Item = S> + Sync + Send>

where S: Sample,

fn current_frame_len(&self) -> Option<usize>

Returns the number of samples before the current frame ends. None means “infinite” or “until the sound ends”. Should never return 0 unless there’s no more data.

fn channels(&self) -> u16

Returns the number of channels. Channels are always interleaved.

fn sample_rate(&self) -> u32

Returns the rate at which the source should be played. In number of samples per second.

fn total_duration(&self) -> Option<Duration>

Returns the total duration of this source, if known.

fn try_seek(&mut self, pos: Duration) -> Result<(), SeekError>

Attempts to seek to a given position in the current source.

fn buffered(self) -> Buffered<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Stores the source in a buffer in addition to returning it. This iterator can be cloned.

fn mix<S>(self, other: S) -> Mix<Self, S>

where Self: Sized, Self::Item: FromSample<<S as Iterator>::Item>, S: Source, <S as Iterator>::Item: Sample,

Mixes this source with another one.

fn repeat_infinite(self) -> Repeat<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Repeats this source forever.

fn take_duration(self, duration: Duration) -> TakeDuration<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Takes a certain duration of this source and then stops.

fn delay(self, duration: Duration) -> Delay<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Delays the sound by a certain duration.

fn skip_duration(self, duration: Duration) -> SkipDuration<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Immediately skips a certain duration of this source.

fn amplify(self, value: f32) -> Amplify<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Amplifies the sound by the given value.

fn take_crossfade_with<S>( self, other: S, duration: Duration, ) -> Mix<TakeDuration<Self>, FadeIn<TakeDuration<S>>>

where S: Source, Self: Sized, Self::Item: FromSample<<S as Iterator>::Item>, <S as Iterator>::Item: Sample,

Mixes this sound fading out with another sound fading in for the given duration.

fn fade_in(self, duration: Duration) -> FadeIn<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Fades in the sound.

fn periodic_access<F>( self, period: Duration, access: F, ) -> PeriodicAccess<Self, F>

where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(&mut Self),

Calls the access closure on Self the first time the source is iterated and every time period elapses.

fn speed(self, ratio: f32) -> Speed<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Changes the play speed of the sound. Does not adjust the samples, only the play speed.

fn reverb( self, duration: Duration, amplitude: f32, ) -> Mix<Self, Delay<Amplify<Self>>>

where Self: Sized + Clone,

Adds a basic reverb effect.

fn convert_samples<D>(self) -> SamplesConverter<Self, D>

where Self: Sized, D: Sample,

Converts the samples of this source to another type.

fn pausable(self, initially_paused: bool) -> Pausable<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Makes the sound pausable.

fn stoppable(self) -> Stoppable<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Makes the sound stoppable.

fn skippable(self) -> Skippable<Self>

where Self: Sized,

fn track_position(self) -> TrackPosition<Self>

where Self: Sized,

Start tracking the elapsed duration since the start of the underlying source.

fn low_pass(self, freq: u32) -> BltFilter<Self>

where Self: Sized + Source<Item = f32>,

Applies a low-pass filter to the source. Warning: Probably buggy.

fn high_pass(self, freq: u32) -> BltFilter<Self>

where Self: Sized + Source<Item = f32>,

Applies a high-pass filter to the source.

fn low_pass_with_q(self, freq: u32, q: f32) -> BltFilter<Self>

where Self: Sized + Source<Item = f32>,

Applies a low-pass filter to the source while allowing the q (bandwidth) to be changed.

fn high_pass_with_q(self, freq: u32, q: f32) -> BltFilter<Self>

where Self: Sized + Source<Item = f32>,

Applies a high-pass filter to the source while allowing the q (bandwidth) to be changed.

impl<Sp> Spawn for Box<Sp>

where Sp: Spawn + ?Sized,

fn spawn_obj(&self, future: FutureObj<'static, ()>) -> Result<(), SpawnError>

Spawns a future that will be run to completion.

fn status(&self) -> Result<(), SpawnError>

Determines whether the executor is able to spawn new tasks.

impl<S> Stream for Box<S>

where S: Stream + Unpin + ?Sized,

type Item = <S as Stream>::Item

Values yielded by the stream.

fn poll_next( self: Pin<&mut Box<S>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, ) -> Poll<Option<<Box<S> as Stream>::Item>>

Attempt to pull out the next value of this stream, registering the current task for wakeup if the value is not yet available, and returning None if the stream is exhausted.

fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>)

Returns the bounds on the remaining length of the stream.

impl<S> Subscriber for Box<S>

where S: Subscriber + ?Sized,

fn register_callsite(&self, metadata: &'static Metadata<'static>) -> Interest

Registers a new callsite with this subscriber, returning whether or not the subscriber is interested in being notified about the callsite.

fn enabled(&self, metadata: &Metadata<'_>) -> bool

Returns true if a span or event with the specified metadata would be recorded.

fn max_level_hint(&self) -> Option<LevelFilter>

Returns the highest verbosity level that this Subscriber will enable, or None, if the subscriber does not implement level-based filtering or chooses not to implement this method.

fn new_span(&self, span: &Attributes<'_>) -> Id

Visit the construction of a new span, returning a new span ID for the span being constructed.

fn record(&self, span: &Id, values: &Record<'_>)

Record a set of values on a span.

fn record_follows_from(&self, span: &Id, follows: &Id)

Adds an indication that span follows from the span with the id follows.

fn event_enabled(&self, event: &Event<'_>) -> bool

Determine if an Event should be recorded.

fn event(&self, event: &Event<'_>)

Records that an Event has occurred.

fn enter(&self, span: &Id)

Records that a span has been entered.

fn exit(&self, span: &Id)

Records that a span has been exited.

fn clone_span(&self, id: &Id) -> Id

Notifies the subscriber that a span ID has been cloned.

fn try_close(&self, id: Id) -> bool

Notifies the subscriber that a span ID has been dropped, and returns true if there are now 0 IDs that refer to that span.

fn drop_span(&self, id: Id)

👎Deprecated since 0.1.2: use Subscriber::try_close instead

This method is deprecated.

fn current_span(&self) -> Current

Returns a type representing this subscriber’s view of the current span.

unsafe fn downcast_raw(&self, id: TypeId) -> Option<*const ()>

If self is the same type as the provided TypeId, returns an untyped *const pointer to that type. Otherwise, returns None.

fn on_register_dispatch(&self, subscriber: &Dispatch)

Invoked when this subscriber becomes a Dispatch.

impl<T, O> TryFrom<Box<[T]>> for BitBox<T, O>

where T: BitStore, O: BitOrder,

type Error = Box<[T]>

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.

fn try_from( boxed: Box<[T]>, ) -> Result<BitBox<T, O>, <BitBox<T, O> as TryFrom<Box<[T]>>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.

impl<T, const N: usize> TryFrom<Box<[T]>> for Box<[T; N]>

fn try_from( boxed_slice: Box<[T]>, ) -> Result<Box<[T; N]>, <Box<[T; N]> as TryFrom<Box<[T]>>>::Error>

Attempts to convert a Box<[T]> into a Box<[T; N]>.

The conversion occurs in-place and does not require a new memory allocation.

Errors

Returns the old Box<[T]> in the Err variant if boxed_slice.len() does not equal N.

type Error = Box<[T]>

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.

impl<T, const N: usize> TryFrom<Vec<T>> for Box<[T; N]>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.

fn try_from( vec: Vec<T>, ) -> Result<Box<[T; N]>, <Box<[T; N]> as TryFrom<Vec<T>>>::Error>

Attempts to convert a Vec<T> into a Box<[T; N]>.

Like Vec::into_boxed_slice, this is in-place if vec.capacity() == N, but will require a reallocation otherwise.

Errors

Returns the original Vec<T> in the Err variant if boxed_slice.len() does not equal N.

Examples

This can be used with vec! to create an array on the heap:

let state: Box<[f32; 100]> = vec![1.0; 100].try_into().unwrap();
assert_eq!(state.len(), 100);

type Error = Vec<T>

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.

impl<T> Type for Box<T>

where T: Type + ?Sized,

fn signature() -> Signature<'static>

Get the signature for the implementing type.

impl<'a, T, F> UnsafeFutureObj<'a, T> for Box<F>

where F: Future<Output = T> + 'a,

fn into_raw(self) -> *mut dyn Future<Output = T> + 'a

Convert an owned instance into a (conceptually owned) fat pointer.

unsafe fn drop(ptr: *mut dyn Future<Output = T> + 'a)

Drops the future represented by the given fat pointer.

impl<'a, T> UnsafeFutureObj<'a, T> for Box<dyn Future<Output = T> + 'a>

where T: 'a,

fn into_raw(self) -> *mut dyn Future<Output = T> + 'a

Convert an owned instance into a (conceptually owned) fat pointer.

unsafe fn drop(ptr: *mut dyn Future<Output = T> + 'a)

Drops the future represented by the given fat pointer.

impl<'a, T> UnsafeFutureObj<'a, T> for Box<dyn Future<Output = T> + Send + 'a>

where T: 'a,

fn into_raw(self) -> *mut dyn Future<Output = T> + 'a

Convert an owned instance into a (conceptually owned) fat pointer.

unsafe fn drop(ptr: *mut dyn Future<Output = T> + 'a)

Drops the future represented by the given fat pointer.

impl<'a, T, F> UnsafeFutureObj<'a, T> for Pin<Box<F>>

where F: Future<Output = T> + 'a,

fn into_raw(self) -> *mut dyn Future<Output = T> + 'a

Convert an owned instance into a (conceptually owned) fat pointer.

unsafe fn drop(ptr: *mut dyn Future<Output = T> + 'a)

Drops the future represented by the given fat pointer.

impl<'a, T> UnsafeFutureObj<'a, T> for Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = T> + 'a>>

where T: 'a,

fn into_raw(self) -> *mut dyn Future<Output = T> + 'a

Convert an owned instance into a (conceptually owned) fat pointer.

unsafe fn drop(ptr: *mut dyn Future<Output = T> + 'a)

Drops the future represented by the given fat pointer.

impl<'a, T> UnsafeFutureObj<'a, T> for Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = T> + Send + 'a>>

where T: 'a,

fn into_raw(self) -> *mut dyn Future<Output = T> + 'a

Convert an owned instance into a (conceptually owned) fat pointer.

unsafe fn drop(ptr: *mut dyn Future<Output = T> + 'a)

Drops the future represented by the given fat pointer.

impl Validate for Box<RawValue>

fn validate<P, R>(&self, _: &Root, _: P, _: &mut R)

where P: Fn() -> Path, R: FnMut(&dyn Fn() -> Path, Error),

Validates the invariants required for the library to function safely.

impl<T> Value for Box<T>

where T: Value + ?Sized,

fn record(&self, key: &Field, visitor: &mut dyn Visit)

Visits this value with the given Visitor.

impl<'kvs, V> VisitSource<'kvs> for Box<V>

where V: VisitSource<'kvs> + ?Sized,

fn visit_pair( &mut self, key: Key<'kvs>, value: Value<'kvs>, ) -> Result<(), Error>

Visit a key-value pair.

impl<T> Write for Box<T>

where T: Write + Unpin + ?Sized,

fn poll_write( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, buf: &[u8], ) -> Poll<Result<usize, Error>>

Attempt to write bytes from buf into the destination.

fn poll_write_vectored( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, bufs: &[IoSlice<'_>], ) -> Poll<Result<usize, Error>>

Like poll_write, except that it writes from a slice of buffers.

fn is_write_vectored(&self) -> bool

Returns whether this writer has an efficient poll_write_vectored implementation.

fn poll_flush( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, ) -> Poll<Result<(), Error>>

Attempts to flush the object.

fn poll_shutdown( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, ) -> Poll<Result<(), Error>>

Attempts to shut down this writer.

impl<W> Write for Box<W>

where W: Write + ?Sized,

fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<usize, Error>

Writes a buffer into this writer, returning how many bytes were written.

fn write_vectored(&mut self, bufs: &[IoSlice<'_>]) -> Result<usize, Error>

Like write, except that it writes from a slice of buffers.

fn is_write_vectored(&self) -> bool

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (can_vector)

Determines if this Writer has an efficient write_vectored implementation.

fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error>

Flushes this output stream, ensuring that all intermediately buffered contents reach their destination.

fn write_all(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<(), Error>

Attempts to write an entire buffer into this writer.

fn write_fmt(&mut self, fmt: Arguments<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

Writes a formatted string into this writer, returning any error encountered.

fn write_all_vectored(&mut self, bufs: &mut [IoSlice<'_>]) -> Result<(), Error>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (write_all_vectored)

Attempts to write multiple buffers into this writer.

fn by_ref(&mut self) -> &mut Self

where Self: Sized,

Creates a “by reference” adapter for this instance of Write.

impl<T> WriteColor for Box<T>

where T: WriteColor + ?Sized,

fn supports_color(&self) -> bool

Returns true if and only if the underlying writer supports colors.

fn supports_hyperlinks(&self) -> bool

Returns true if and only if the underlying writer supports hyperlinks.

fn set_color(&mut self, spec: &ColorSpec) -> Result<(), Error>

Set the color settings of the writer.

fn set_hyperlink(&mut self, link: &HyperlinkSpec<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

Set the current hyperlink of the writer.

fn reset(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error>

Reset the current color settings to their original settings.

fn is_synchronous(&self) -> bool

Returns true if and only if the underlying writer must synchronously interact with an end user’s device in order to control colors. By default, this always returns false.

impl WriteHalf for Box<dyn WriteHalf>

fn send_message<'life0, 'life1, 'async_trait>( &'life0 mut self, msg: &'life1 Message, ) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<(), Error>> + Send + 'async_trait>>

where 'life0: 'async_trait, 'life1: 'async_trait, Box<dyn WriteHalf>: 'async_trait,

Send a message on the socket.

fn sendmsg<'life0, 'life1, 'life2, 'life3, 'async_trait>( &'life0 mut self, buffer: &'life1 [u8], fds: &'life2 [BorrowedFd<'life3>], ) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<usize, Error>> + Send + 'async_trait>>

where 'life0: 'async_trait, 'life1: 'async_trait, 'life2: 'async_trait, 'life3: 'async_trait, Box<dyn WriteHalf>: 'async_trait,

Attempt to send a message on the socket

fn close<'life0, 'async_trait>( &'life0 mut self, ) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<(), Error>> + Send + 'async_trait>>

where 'life0: 'async_trait, Box<dyn WriteHalf>: 'async_trait,

Close the socket.

fn can_pass_unix_fd(&self) -> bool

Supports passing file descriptors.

fn peer_credentials<'life0, 'async_trait>( &'life0 mut self, ) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<ConnectionCredentials, Error>> + Send + 'async_trait>>

where 'life0: 'async_trait, Box<dyn WriteHalf>: 'async_trait,

Return the peer credentials.

impl<T> WriteInto for Box<T>

where T: WriteInto + ?Sized,

fn write_into<B>(&self, writer: &mut Writer<B>)

where B: BufferMut,

impl<T, U, A> CoerceUnsized<Box<U, A>> for Box<T, A>

where T: Unsize<U> + ?Sized, A: Allocator, U: ?Sized,

impl<R> CryptoRng for Box<R>

where R: CryptoRng + ?Sized,

Available on crate feature alloc only.

impl<T, A> DerefPure for Box<T, A>

where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

impl<T, U> DispatchFromDyn<Box<U>> for Box<T>

where T: Unsize<U> + ?Sized, U: ?Sized,

impl<T, A> Eq for Box<T, A>

where T: Eq + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

impl<I, A> FusedIterator for Box<I, A>

where I: FusedIterator + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

impl<T> IoSafe for Box<T>

where T: IoSafe + ?Sized,

impl<'a, I, A> !Iterator for &'a Box<[I], A>

where A: Allocator,

This implementation is required to make sure that the &Box<[I]>: IntoIterator implementation doesn’t overlap with IntoIterator for T where T: Iterator blanket.

impl<'a, I, A> !Iterator for &'a mut Box<[I], A>

where A: Allocator,

This implementation is required to make sure that the &mut Box<[I]>: IntoIterator implementation doesn’t overlap with IntoIterator for T where T: Iterator blanket.

impl<I, A> !Iterator for Box<[I], A>

where A: Allocator,

This implementation is required to make sure that the Box<[I]>: IntoIterator implementation doesn’t overlap with IntoIterator for T where T: Iterator blanket.

impl<T, A> PinCoerceUnsized for Box<T, A>

where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

impl<T> PointerLike for Box<T>

impl<T, A> Unpin for Box<T, A>

where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

impl<T> ZeroableInOption for Box<T>

where T: ?Sized,

Available on crate feature extern_crate_alloc only.