yash_env/

builtin.rs

// This file is part of yash, an extended POSIX shell.
// Copyright (C) 2021 WATANABE Yuki
//
// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

//! Type definitions for built-in utilities
//!
//! This module provides data types for defining built-in utilities.
//!
//! Note that concrete implementations of built-ins are not included in the
//! `yash_env` crate. For implementations of specific built-ins like `cd` and
//! `export`, see the `yash_builtin` crate.

use crate::Env;
#[cfg(doc)]
use crate::semantics::Divert;
use crate::semantics::ExitStatus;
use crate::semantics::Field;
use std::fmt::Debug;
use std::pin::Pin;

/// Types of built-in utilities
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
pub enum Type {
    /// Special built-in
    ///
    /// Special built-in utilities are built-ins that are defined in [POSIX XCU
    /// section 2.15](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/V3_chap02.html#tag_19_15).
    ///
    /// They are treated differently from other built-ins.
    /// Especially, special built-ins are found in the first stage of command
    /// search without the `$PATH` search and cannot be overridden by functions
    /// or external utilities.
    /// Many errors in special built-ins force the shell to exit.
    Special,

    /// Standard utility that can be used without `$PATH` search
    ///
    /// Mandatory built-ins are utilities that are listed in [POSIX XCU section
    /// 1.7](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/V3_chap01.html#tag_18_07).
    /// In POSIX, they are called "intrinsic utilities".
    ///
    /// Like special built-ins, mandatory built-ins are not subject to `$PATH`
    /// in command search; They are always found regardless of whether there is
    /// a corresponding external utility in `$PATH`. However, mandatory
    /// built-ins can still be overridden by functions.
    ///
    /// We call them "mandatory" because POSIX effectively requires them to be
    /// built into the shell.
    Mandatory,

    /// Non-portable built-in that can be used without `$PATH` search
    ///
    /// Elective built-ins are built-ins that are listed in step 1b of [Command
    /// Search and Execution](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/V3_chap02.html#tag_19_09_01_04)
    /// in POSIX XCU section 2.9.1.4.
    /// They are very similar to mandatory built-ins, but their behavior is not
    /// specified by POSIX, so they are not portable. They cannot be used when
    /// the (TODO TBD) option is set. <!-- An option that disables non-portable
    /// behavior would make elective built-ins unusable even if found. An option
    /// that disables non-conforming behavior would not affect elective
    /// built-ins. -->
    ///
    /// We call them "elective" because it is up to the shell whether to
    /// implement them.
    Elective,

    /// Non-conforming extension
    ///
    /// Extension built-ins are non-conformant extensions to the POSIX shell.
    /// Like elective built-ins, they can be executed without `$PATH` search
    /// finding a corresponding external utility. However, since this behavior
    /// does not conform to [Command Search and
    /// Execution](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/V3_chap02.html#tag_19_09_01_04)
    /// in POSIX XCU section 2.9.1.4:
    ///
    /// - When the [`PosixlyCorrect`](crate::option::PosixlyCorrect) option is
    ///   on, they are ignored: they are regarded as non-existing utilities so
    ///   that the command search falls through to external utilities.
    /// - When the (TODO TBD) option is on, they cannot be used even if found
    ///   in command search.
    Extension,

    /// Built-in that works like a standalone utility
    ///
    /// A substitutive built-in is a built-in that is executed instead of an
    /// external utility to minimize invocation overhead. Since a substitutive
    /// built-in behaves just as if it were an external utility, it must be
    /// found in `$PATH` in order to be executed.
    Substitutive,
}

/// Names of the special built-in utilities defined by POSIX
///
/// This is the fixed list of utility names listed in [POSIX XCU section
/// 2.15](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/V3_chap02.html#tag_19_15).
/// The names are sorted in ASCII order.
///
/// Note that the `yash-builtin` crate also implements the `source` built-in and
/// registers it with [`Type::Special`], but `source` is excluded from this list
/// because it is not part of the POSIX-mandated set.
pub const POSIX_SPECIAL_BUILTIN_NAMES: &[&str] = &[
    ".", ":", "break", "continue", "eval", "exec", "exit", "export", "readonly", "return", "set",
    "shift", "times", "trap", "unset",
];

/// Tests whether `name` is the name of a special built-in utility defined by
/// POSIX.
///
/// See [`POSIX_SPECIAL_BUILTIN_NAMES`] for the list of names this function
/// checks against.
#[must_use]
pub fn is_posix_special_builtin_name(name: &str) -> bool {
    POSIX_SPECIAL_BUILTIN_NAMES.contains(&name)
}

/// Result of built-in utility execution
///
/// The result type contains an exit status and optional flags that may affect
/// the behavior of the shell following the built-in execution.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
#[must_use]
pub struct Result {
    exit_status: ExitStatus,
    divert: crate::semantics::Result,
    should_retain_redirs: bool,
}

impl Result {
    /// Creates a new result.
    pub const fn new(exit_status: ExitStatus) -> Self {
        Self {
            exit_status,
            divert: crate::semantics::Result::Continue(()),
            should_retain_redirs: false,
        }
    }

    /// Creates a new result with a [`Divert`].
    #[inline]
    pub const fn with_exit_status_and_divert(
        exit_status: ExitStatus,
        divert: crate::semantics::Result,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            exit_status,
            divert,
            should_retain_redirs: false,
        }
    }

    /// Returns the exit status of this result.
    ///
    /// The return value is the argument to the previous invocation of
    /// [`new`](Self::new) or [`set_exit_status`](Self::set_exit_status).
    #[inline]
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn exit_status(&self) -> ExitStatus {
        self.exit_status
    }

    /// Sets the exit status of this result.
    ///
    /// See [`exit_status`](Self::exit_status()).
    #[inline]
    pub fn set_exit_status(&mut self, exit_status: ExitStatus) {
        self.exit_status = exit_status
    }

    /// Returns an optional [`Divert`] to be taken.
    ///
    /// The return value is the argument to the previous invocation of
    /// [`set_divert`](Self::set_divert). The default is `Continue(())`.
    #[inline]
    pub const fn divert(&self) -> crate::semantics::Result {
        self.divert
    }

    /// Sets a [`Divert`].
    ///
    /// See [`divert`](Self::divert()).
    #[inline]
    pub fn set_divert(&mut self, divert: crate::semantics::Result) {
        self.divert = divert;
    }

    /// Tests whether the caller should retain redirections.
    ///
    /// Usually, the shell reverts redirections applied to a built-in after
    /// executing it. However, redirections applied to a successful `exec`
    /// built-in should persist. To make it happen, the `exec` built-in calls
    /// [`retain_redirs`](Self::retain_redirs), and this function returns true.
    /// In that case, the caller of the built-in should take appropriate actions
    /// to preserve the effect of the redirections.
    #[inline]
    pub const fn should_retain_redirs(&self) -> bool {
        self.should_retain_redirs
    }

    /// Flags that redirections applied to the built-in should persist.
    ///
    /// Calling this function makes
    /// [`should_retain_redirs`](Self::should_retain_redirs) return true.
    /// [`clear_redirs`](Self::clear_redirs) cancels the effect of this
    /// function.
    #[inline]
    pub fn retain_redirs(&mut self) {
        self.should_retain_redirs = true;
    }

    /// Cancels the effect of [`retain_redirs`](Self::retain_redirs).
    #[inline]
    pub fn clear_redirs(&mut self) {
        self.should_retain_redirs = false;
    }

    /// Merges two results by taking the maximum of each field.
    pub fn max(self, other: Self) -> Self {
        use std::ops::ControlFlow::{Break, Continue};
        let divert = match (self.divert, other.divert) {
            (Continue(()), other) => other,
            (other, Continue(())) => other,
            (Break(left), Break(right)) => Break(left.max(right)),
        };

        Self {
            exit_status: self.exit_status.max(other.exit_status),
            divert,
            should_retain_redirs: self.should_retain_redirs.max(other.should_retain_redirs),
        }
    }
}

impl Default for Result {
    #[inline]
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new(ExitStatus::default())
    }
}

impl From<ExitStatus> for Result {
    #[inline]
    fn from(exit_status: ExitStatus) -> Self {
        Self::new(exit_status)
    }
}

/// Type of functions that implement the behavior of a built-in
///
/// The function takes two arguments.
/// The first is an environment in which the built-in is executed.
/// The second is arguments to the built-in
/// (not including the leading command name word).
pub type Main<S> = fn(&mut Env<S>, Vec<Field>) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result> + '_>>;

/// Built-in utility definition
///
/// # Notes on equality
///
/// Although this type implements `PartialEq`, comparison between instances of
/// this type may not always yield predictable results due to the presence of
/// function pointers. As a result, it is recommended to avoid relying on
/// equality comparisons for values of this type. See
/// <https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/fn.fn_addr_eq.html> for the
/// characteristics of function pointer comparisons.
#[allow(
    unpredictable_function_pointer_comparisons,
    reason = "we implement PartialEq for this type for historical reasons"
)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub struct Builtin<S> {
    /// Type of the built-in
    pub r#type: Type,

    /// Function that implements the behavior of the built-in
    pub execute: Main<S>,

    /// Whether the built-in is a declaration utility
    ///
    /// The [`decl_util::Glossary`](crate::decl_util::Glossary) implementation
    /// for [`Env`] uses this field to determine whether a command name is a
    /// declaration utility. See the [method description] for the value this
    /// field should have.
    ///
    /// [method description]: crate::decl_util::Glossary::is_declaration_utility
    pub is_declaration_utility: Option<bool>,

    /// Whether the built-in handles signals internally
    ///
    /// If `true`, the built-in is responsible for all signal handling during
    /// its execution, including checking for caught signals and returning
    /// `Break(Divert::Interrupt(...))` if appropriate. The caller must not
    /// perform any additional signal checks while the built-in is executing.
    ///
    /// If `false` (the default), the built-in does not check for signals at
    /// all. The caller then checks for a caught SIGINT concurrently with the
    /// built-in's execution and interrupts the shell if needed. This allows the
    /// shell to respond to SIGINT even for built-ins that never look at signals
    /// themselves.
    ///
    /// Set this field to `true` for built-ins that handle signals themselves
    /// (like `fg`, `wait`, `eval`, and `source`), to prevent double-processing.
    pub handles_signals_internally: bool,
}

// Not derived automatically because S may not implement Clone or Copy.
impl<S> Clone for Builtin<S> {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        *self
    }
}

impl<S> Copy for Builtin<S> {}

impl<S> Debug for Builtin<S> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("Builtin")
            .field("type", &self.r#type)
            .field("execute", &self.execute)
            .field("is_declaration_utility", &self.is_declaration_utility)
            .field(
                "handles_signals_internally",
                &self.handles_signals_internally,
            )
            .finish()
    }
}

// Not derived automatically because S may not implement PartialEq, Eq, or Hash.
impl<S> PartialEq for Builtin<S> {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.r#type == other.r#type
            && std::ptr::fn_addr_eq(self.execute, other.execute)
            && self.is_declaration_utility == other.is_declaration_utility
            && self.handles_signals_internally == other.handles_signals_internally
    }
}

impl<S> Eq for Builtin<S> {}

impl<S> std::hash::Hash for Builtin<S> {
    fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
        self.r#type.hash(state);
        self.execute.hash(state);
        self.is_declaration_utility.hash(state);
        self.handles_signals_internally.hash(state);
    }
}

impl<S> Builtin<S> {
    /// Creates a new built-in utility definition.
    ///
    /// The `type` and `execute` fields are set to the given arguments.
    /// The `is_declaration_utility` field is set to `Some(false)`, indicating
    /// that the built-in is not a declaration utility. The
    /// `handles_signals_internally` field is set to `false`, meaning that
    /// the built-in does not handle signals internally by default.
    pub const fn new(r#type: Type, execute: Main<S>) -> Self {
        Self {
            r#type,
            execute,
            is_declaration_utility: Some(false),
            handles_signals_internally: false,
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn special_builtin_names_are_sorted() {
        assert!(POSIX_SPECIAL_BUILTIN_NAMES.is_sorted());
    }

    #[test]
    fn is_posix_special_builtin_name_accepts_special_builtins() {
        assert!(is_posix_special_builtin_name("break"));
        assert!(is_posix_special_builtin_name(":"));
        assert!(is_posix_special_builtin_name("."));
    }

    #[test]
    fn is_posix_special_builtin_name_rejects_non_special_names() {
        assert!(!is_posix_special_builtin_name("source"));
        assert!(!is_posix_special_builtin_name("cd"));
        assert!(!is_posix_special_builtin_name("foo"));
    }
}