xitca_web/app/

mod.rs

mod object;
mod router;

use core::{
    convert::Infallible,
    fmt,
    future::{Future, ready},
    pin::Pin,
};

use std::error;

use futures_core::stream::Stream;
use xitca_http::util::{
    middleware::context::ContextBuilder,
    service::router::{IntoObject, PathGen, RouteGen, RouteObject, TypedRoute},
};

use crate::{
    body::{Either, RequestBody, ResponseBody},
    bytes::Bytes,
    context::WebContext,
    error::{Error, RouterError},
    http::{WebRequest, WebResponse},
    middleware::eraser::TypeEraser,
    service::{EnclosedBuilder, EnclosedFnBuilder, MapBuilder, Service, ServiceExt, ready::ReadyService},
};

use self::{object::WebObject, router::AppRouter};

/// composed application type with router, stateful context and default middlewares.
pub struct App<R = (), CF = ()> {
    router: R,
    ctx_builder: CF,
}

type BoxFuture<C> = Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<C, Box<dyn fmt::Debug>>>>>;
type CtxBuilder<C> = Box<dyn Fn() -> BoxFuture<C> + Send + Sync>;
type DefaultWebObject<C> = WebObject<C, RequestBody, WebResponse, RouterError<Error>>;
type DefaultAppRouter<C> = AppRouter<RouteObject<(), DefaultWebObject<C>, Infallible>>;

// helper trait to poly between () and Box<dyn Fn()> as application state.
pub trait IntoCtx {
    type Ctx;

    fn into_ctx(self) -> impl Fn() -> BoxFuture<Self::Ctx> + Send + Sync;
}

impl IntoCtx for () {
    type Ctx = ();

    fn into_ctx(self) -> impl Fn() -> BoxFuture<Self::Ctx> + Send + Sync {
        || Box::pin(ready(Ok(())))
    }
}

impl<C> IntoCtx for CtxBuilder<C> {
    type Ctx = C;

    fn into_ctx(self) -> impl Fn() -> BoxFuture<Self::Ctx> + Send + Sync {
        self
    }
}

/// type alias for concrete type of nested App.
///
/// # Example
/// ```rust
/// # use xitca_web::{handler::handler_service, App, NestApp, WebContext};
/// // a function return an App instance.
/// fn app() -> NestApp<usize> {
///     App::new().at("/index", handler_service(|_: &WebContext<'_, usize>| async { "" }))
/// }
///
/// // nest app would be registered with /v2 as prefix therefore "/v2/index" become accessible.
/// App::new().at("/v2", app()).with_state(996usize);
/// ```
pub type NestApp<C> = App<DefaultAppRouter<C>>;

impl App {
    /// Construct a new application instance.
    pub fn new<Obj>() -> App<AppRouter<Obj>> {
        App {
            router: AppRouter::new(),
            ctx_builder: (),
        }
    }
}

impl<Obj, CF> App<AppRouter<Obj>, CF> {
    /// insert routed service with given string literal as route path to application. services will be routed with following rules:
    ///
    /// # Static route
    /// string literal matched against http request's uri path.
    /// ```rust
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// # use xitca_unsafe_collection::futures::NowOrPanic;
    /// # use xitca_web::{
    /// #   handler::{handler_service, path::PathRef},
    /// #   http::{Request, StatusCode},
    /// #   route::get,
    /// #   service::Service,
    /// #   App
    /// # };
    /// // register string path to handler service.
    /// let app = App::new().at("/users", get(handler_service(handler)));
    ///
    /// // handler function extract request's uri path.
    /// async fn handler(PathRef(path): PathRef<'_>) -> StatusCode {
    ///     assert_eq!(path, "/users");
    ///     StatusCode::OK
    /// }
    ///
    /// // boilerplate for starting application service in test. in real world this should be achieved
    /// // through App::serve API
    /// let app_service = app.finish().call(()).now_or_panic().unwrap();
    ///
    /// // get request with uri can be matched against registered route.
    /// let req = Request::builder().uri("/users").body(Default::default())?;
    ///
    /// // execute application service where the request would match handler function
    /// let res = app_service.call(req).now_or_panic()?;
    /// assert_eq!(res.status(), StatusCode::OK);
    ///
    /// // http query is not included in the path matching.
    /// let req = Request::builder().uri("/users?foo=bar").body(Default::default())?;
    /// let res = app_service.call(req).now_or_panic()?;
    /// assert_eq!(res.status(), StatusCode::OK);
    ///
    /// // any change on uri path would result in no match of route.
    /// let req = Request::builder().uri("/users/").body(Default::default())?;
    /// let res = app_service.call(req).now_or_panic()?;
    /// assert_eq!(res.status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
    ///
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Dynamic route
    /// Along with static routes, the router also supports dynamic route segments. These can either be named or catch-all parameters:
    ///
    /// ## Named Parameters
    /// Named parameters like `/:id` match anything until the next `/` or the end of the path:
    /// ```rust
    /// # fn main() {
    /// #   #[cfg(feature = "params")]
    /// #   _main();
    /// # }
    /// #
    /// # #[cfg(feature = "params")]
    /// # fn _main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// # use xitca_unsafe_collection::futures::NowOrPanic;
    /// # use xitca_web::{
    /// #   handler::{handler_service, params::Params},
    /// #   http::{Request, StatusCode},
    /// #   route::get,
    /// #   service::Service,
    /// #   App
    /// # };
    /// // register named param pattern to handler service.
    /// let app = App::new().at("/users/:id", get(handler_service(handler)));
    ///
    /// // handler function try to extract a single key/value string pair from url params.
    /// async fn handler(Params(val): Params<u32>) -> StatusCode {
    ///     // the value matches the string literal and it's routing rule registered in App::at.
    ///     assert_eq!(val, 996);
    ///     StatusCode::OK
    /// }
    ///
    /// // boilerplate for starting application service in test. in real world this should be achieved
    /// // through App::serve API
    /// let app_service = app.finish().call(()).now_or_panic().unwrap();
    ///
    /// // get request with uri can be matched against registered route.
    /// let req = Request::builder().uri("/users/996").body(Default::default())?;
    ///
    /// // execute application service where the request would match handler function
    /// let res = app_service.call(req).now_or_panic()?;
    /// assert_eq!(res.status(), StatusCode::OK);
    ///
    /// // :x pattern only match till next /. and in following request's case it will not find a matching route.
    /// let req = Request::builder().uri("/users/996/fool").body(Default::default())?;
    /// let res = app_service.call(req).now_or_panic()?;
    /// assert_eq!(res.status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// ## Catch-all Parameters
    /// Catch-all parameters start with `*` and match everything after the `/`.
    /// They must always be at the **end** of the route:
    /// ```rust
    /// # fn main() {
    /// #   #[cfg(feature = "params")]
    /// #   _main();
    /// # }
    /// #
    /// # #[cfg(feature = "params")]
    /// # fn _main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// # use xitca_unsafe_collection::futures::NowOrPanic;
    /// # use xitca_web::{
    /// #   handler::{handler_service, params::Params},
    /// #   http::{Request, StatusCode},
    /// #   route::get,
    /// #   service::Service,
    /// #   App
    /// # };
    /// // register named param pattern to handler service.
    /// let app = App::new().at("/*path", get(handler_service(handler)));
    ///
    /// // handler function try to extract a single key/value string pair from url params.
    /// async fn handler(Params(path): Params<String>) -> StatusCode {
    ///     assert!(path.ends_with(".css"));
    ///     StatusCode::OK
    /// }
    ///
    /// // boilerplate for starting application service in test. in real world this should be achieved
    /// // through App::serve API
    /// let app_service = app.finish().call(()).now_or_panic().unwrap();
    ///
    /// // get request with uri can be matched against registered route.
    /// let req = Request::builder().uri("/foo/bar.css").body(Default::default())?;
    ///
    /// // execute application service where the request would match handler function
    /// let res = app_service.call(req).now_or_panic()?;
    /// assert_eq!(res.status(), StatusCode::OK);
    ///
    /// // *x pattern match till the end of uri path. in following request's case it will match against handler
    /// let req = Request::builder().uri("/foo/bar/baz.css").body(Default::default())?;
    /// let res = app_service.call(req).now_or_panic()?;
    /// assert_eq!(res.status(), StatusCode::OK);
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// ## Implicit catch-all parameters
    /// Built in http services require catch-all params would implicitly utilize them to reduce user input.
    /// ```rust
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// # use xitca_unsafe_collection::futures::NowOrPanic;
    /// # use xitca_web::{
    /// #   handler::{handler_service, path::PathRef},
    /// #   http::{Request, StatusCode},
    /// #   route::get,
    /// #   service::Service,
    /// #   App
    /// # };
    /// // when nesting App is used as a route service it will silently register it as a catch-call param.
    /// let app = App::new().at("/users", App::new()
    ///     .at("/", get(handler_service(handler)))
    ///     .at("/996", get(handler_service(handler)))
    /// );
    ///
    /// // handler function.
    /// async fn handler() -> StatusCode {
    ///     StatusCode::OK
    /// }
    ///
    /// // boilerplate for starting application service in test. in real world this should be achieved
    /// // through App::serve API
    /// let app_service = app.finish().call(()).now_or_panic().unwrap();
    ///
    /// // get request with uri can be matched against registered route.
    /// let req = Request::builder().uri("/users/").body(Default::default())?;
    ///
    /// // execute application service where the request would match handler function
    /// let res = app_service.call(req).now_or_panic()?;
    /// assert_eq!(res.status(), StatusCode::OK);
    ///
    /// let req = Request::builder().uri("/users/996").body(Default::default())?;
    /// let res = app_service.call(req).now_or_panic()?;
    /// assert_eq!(res.status(), StatusCode::OK);
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// ## Routing Priority
    /// Static and dynamic route segments are allowed to overlap. If they do, static segments will be given higher priority:
    /// ```rust
    /// # use xitca_web::{
    /// #   handler::{html::Html, redirect::Redirect, handler_service},
    /// #   route::get,
    /// #   App
    /// # };
    /// let app = App::new()
    ///     .at("/", Redirect::see_other("/index.html"))        // high priority
    ///     .at("/index.html", Html("<h1>Hello,World!</h1>"))   // high priority
    ///     .at("/*path", get(handler_service(handler)))        // low priority
    ///     .serve();
    ///
    /// async fn handler() -> &'static str {
    ///     "todo"
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn at<F, C, B>(mut self, path: &'static str, builder: F) -> Self
    where
        F: RouteGen + Service + Send + Sync,
        F::Response: for<'r> Service<WebContext<'r, C, B>>,
        for<'r> WebContext<'r, C, B>: IntoObject<F::Route<F>, (), Object = Obj>,
    {
        self.router = self.router.insert(path, builder);
        self
    }

    /// insert typed route service with given path to application.
    pub fn at_typed<T, C>(mut self, typed: T) -> Self
    where
        T: TypedRoute<C, Route = Obj>,
    {
        self.router = self.router.insert_typed(typed);
        self
    }
}

impl<R, CF> App<R, CF> {
    /// Construct App with a thread safe state that will be shared among all tasks and worker threads.
    ///
    /// State accessing is based on generic type approach where the State type and it's typed fields are generally
    /// opaque to middleware and routing services of the application. In order to cast concrete type from generic
    /// state type [std::borrow::Borrow] trait is utilized. See example below for explanation.
    ///
    /// # Example
    /// ```rust
    /// # use xitca_web::{
    /// #   error::Error,
    /// #   handler::{handler_service, state::{BorrowState, StateRef}, FromRequest},
    /// #   service::Service,
    /// #   App, WebContext
    /// # };
    /// // our typed state.
    /// #[derive(Clone, Default)]
    /// struct State {
    ///     string: String,
    ///     usize: usize
    /// }
    ///
    /// // implement Borrow trait to enable borrowing &String type from State.
    /// impl BorrowState<String> for State {
    ///     fn borrow(&self) -> &String {
    ///         &self.string
    ///     }
    /// }
    ///
    /// App::new()
    ///     .with_state(State::default())// construct app with state type.
    ///     .at("/", handler_service(index)) // a function service that have access to state.
    ///     # .at("/nah", handler_service(|_: &WebContext<'_, State>| async { "used for infer type" }))
    ///     .enclosed_fn(middleware_fn); // a function middleware that have access to state
    ///
    /// // the function service don't know what the real type of application state is.
    /// // it only needs to know &String can be borrowed from it.
    /// async fn index(_: StateRef<'_, String>) -> &'static str {
    ///     ""
    /// }
    ///
    /// // similar to function service. the middleware does not need to know the real type of C.
    /// // it only needs to know it implement according trait.
    /// async fn middleware_fn<S, C, Res>(service: &S, ctx: WebContext<'_, C>) -> Result<Res, Error>
    /// where
    ///     S: for<'r> Service<WebContext<'r, C>, Response = Res, Error = Error>,
    ///     C: BorrowState<String> // annotate we want to borrow &String from generic C state type.
    /// {
    ///     // WebContext::state would return &C then we can call Borrow::borrow on it to get &String
    ///     let _string = ctx.state().borrow();
    ///     // or use extractor manually like in function service.
    ///     let _string = StateRef::<'_, String>::from_request(&ctx).await?;
    ///     service.call(ctx).await
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn with_state<C>(self, state: C) -> App<R, CtxBuilder<C>>
    where
        C: Send + Sync + Clone + 'static,
    {
        self.with_async_state(move || ready(Ok::<_, Infallible>(state.clone())))
    }

    /// Construct App with async closure which it's output would be used as state.
    /// async state is used to produce thread per core and/or non thread safe state copies.
    /// The output state is not bound to `Send` and `Sync` auto traits.
    pub fn with_async_state<CF1, Fut, C, E>(self, builder: CF1) -> App<R, CtxBuilder<C>>
    where
        CF1: Fn() -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Fut: Future<Output = Result<C, E>> + 'static,
        E: fmt::Debug + 'static,
    {
        let ctx_builder = Box::new(move || {
            let fut = builder();
            Box::pin(async { fut.await.map_err(|e| Box::new(e) as Box<dyn fmt::Debug>) }) as _
        });

        App {
            router: self.router,
            ctx_builder,
        }
    }
}

impl<R, CF> App<R, CF>
where
    R: Service + Send + Sync,
    R::Error: fmt::Debug + 'static,
{
    /// Enclose App with middleware type. Middleware must impl [Service] trait.
    /// See [middleware](crate::middleware) for more.
    pub fn enclosed<T>(self, transform: T) -> App<EnclosedBuilder<R, T>, CF>
    where
        T: Service<Result<R::Response, R::Error>>,
    {
        App {
            router: self.router.enclosed(transform),
            ctx_builder: self.ctx_builder,
        }
    }

    /// Enclose App with function as middleware type.
    /// See [middleware](crate::middleware) for more.
    pub fn enclosed_fn<Req, T, O>(self, transform: T) -> App<EnclosedFnBuilder<R, T>, CF>
    where
        T: AsyncFn(&R::Response, Req) -> O + Clone,
    {
        App {
            router: self.router.enclosed_fn(transform),
            ctx_builder: self.ctx_builder,
        }
    }

    /// Mutate `<<Self::Response as Service<Req>>::Future as Future>::Output` type with given
    /// closure.
    pub fn map<T, Res, ResMap>(self, mapper: T) -> App<MapBuilder<R, T>, CF>
    where
        T: Fn(Res) -> ResMap + Clone,
        Self: Sized,
    {
        App {
            router: self.router.map(mapper),
            ctx_builder: self.ctx_builder,
        }
    }
}

impl<R, CF> App<R, CF>
where
    R: Service + Send + Sync,
    R::Error: fmt::Debug + 'static,
{
    /// Finish App build. No other App method can be called afterwards.
    pub fn finish<C, ResB, SE>(
        self,
    ) -> impl Service<
        Response = impl ReadyService + Service<WebRequest, Response = WebResponse<EitherResBody<ResB>>, Error = Infallible>,
        Error = impl fmt::Debug,
    >
    where
        R::Response: ReadyService + for<'r> Service<WebContext<'r, C>, Response = WebResponse<ResB>, Error = SE>,
        SE: for<'r> Service<WebContext<'r, C>, Response = WebResponse, Error = Infallible>,
        CF: IntoCtx<Ctx = C>,
        C: 'static,
    {
        let App { ctx_builder, router } = self;
        router
            .enclosed(crate::middleware::WebContext)
            .enclosed(ContextBuilder::new(ctx_builder.into_ctx()))
    }

    /// Finish App build. No other App method can be called afterwards.
    pub fn finish_boxed<C, ResB, SE, BE>(
        self,
    ) -> AppObject<impl ReadyService + Service<WebRequest, Response = WebResponse, Error = Infallible>>
    where
        R: 'static,
        R::Response:
            ReadyService + for<'r> Service<WebContext<'r, C>, Response = WebResponse<ResB>, Error = SE> + 'static,
        SE: for<'r> Service<WebContext<'r, C>, Response = WebResponse, Error = Infallible> + 'static,
        ResB: Stream<Item = Result<Bytes, BE>> + 'static,
        BE: error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
        CF: IntoCtx<Ctx = C> + 'static,
        C: 'static,
    {
        struct BoxApp<S>(S);

        impl<S, Arg> Service<Arg> for BoxApp<S>
        where
            S: Service<Arg>,
            S::Error: fmt::Debug + 'static,
        {
            type Response = S::Response;
            type Error = Box<dyn fmt::Debug>;

            async fn call(&self, arg: Arg) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
                self.0.call(arg).await.map_err(|e| Box::new(e) as _)
            }
        }

        Box::new(BoxApp(self.finish().enclosed(TypeEraser::response_body())))
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "__server")]
    /// Finish App build and serve is with [HttpServer]. No other App method can be called afterwards.
    ///
    /// [HttpServer]: crate::server::HttpServer
    pub fn serve<C, ResB, SE>(
        self,
    ) -> crate::server::HttpServer<
        impl Service<
            Response = impl ReadyService
                       + Service<WebRequest, Response = WebResponse<EitherResBody<ResB>>, Error = Infallible>,
            Error = impl fmt::Debug,
        >,
    >
    where
        R: 'static,
        R::Response: ReadyService + for<'r> Service<WebContext<'r, C>, Response = WebResponse<ResB>, Error = SE>,
        SE: for<'r> Service<WebContext<'r, C>, Response = WebResponse, Error = Infallible> + 'static,
        ResB: 'static,
        CF: IntoCtx<Ctx = C> + 'static,
        C: 'static,
    {
        crate::server::HttpServer::serve(self.finish())
    }
}

type EitherResBody<B> = Either<B, ResponseBody>;

impl<R, F> PathGen for App<R, F>
where
    R: PathGen,
{
    fn path_gen(&mut self, prefix: &str) -> String {
        self.router.path_gen(prefix)
    }
}

impl<R, F> RouteGen for App<R, F>
where
    R: RouteGen,
{
    type Route<R1> = R::Route<R1>;

    fn route_gen<R1>(route: R1) -> Self::Route<R1> {
        R::route_gen(route)
    }
}

impl<R, Arg> Service<Arg> for App<R>
where
    R: Service<Arg>,
{
    type Response = R::Response;
    type Error = R::Error;

    async fn call(&self, req: Arg) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
        self.router.call(req).await
    }
}

impl<R, Arg, C> Service<Arg> for App<R, CtxBuilder<C>>
where
    R: Service<Arg>,
{
    type Response = NestAppService<C, R::Response>;
    type Error = R::Error;

    async fn call(&self, req: Arg) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
        let ctx = (self.ctx_builder)()
            .await
            .expect("fallible nested application state builder is not supported yet");
        let service = self.router.call(req).await?;

        Ok(NestAppService { ctx, service })
    }
}

pub struct NestAppService<C, S> {
    ctx: C,
    service: S,
}

impl<'r, C1, C, S, SE> Service<WebContext<'r, C1>> for NestAppService<C, S>
where
    S: for<'r1> Service<WebContext<'r1, C>, Response = WebResponse, Error = SE>,
    SE: Into<Error>,
{
    type Response = WebResponse;
    type Error = Error;

    async fn call(&self, ctx: WebContext<'r, C1>) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
        let WebContext { req, body, .. } = ctx;

        self.service
            .call(WebContext {
                req,
                body,
                ctx: &self.ctx,
            })
            .await
            .map_err(Into::into)
    }
}

/// object safe [App] instance. used for case where naming [App]'s type is needed.
pub type AppObject<S> =
    Box<dyn xitca_service::object::ServiceObject<(), Response = S, Error = Box<dyn fmt::Debug>> + Send + Sync>;

#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
    use xitca_unsafe_collection::futures::NowOrPanic;

    use crate::{
        handler::{
            extension::ExtensionRef, extension::ExtensionsRef, handler_service, path::PathRef, state::StateRef,
            uri::UriRef,
        },
        http::{Method, const_header_value::TEXT_UTF8, header::CONTENT_TYPE, request},
        middleware::UncheckedReady,
        route::get,
    };

    use super::*;

    async fn middleware<S, C, B, Res, Err>(s: &S, req: WebContext<'_, C, B>) -> Result<Res, Err>
    where
        S: for<'r> Service<WebContext<'r, C, B>, Response = Res, Error = Err>,
    {
        s.call(req).await
    }

    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    async fn handler(
        _res: Result<UriRef<'_>, Error>,
        _opt: Option<UriRef<'_>>,
        _req: &WebRequest<()>,
        StateRef(state): StateRef<'_, String>,
        PathRef(path): PathRef<'_>,
        UriRef(_): UriRef<'_>,
        ExtensionRef(_): ExtensionRef<'_, Foo>,
        ExtensionsRef(_): ExtensionsRef<'_>,
        req: &WebContext<'_, String>,
    ) -> String {
        assert_eq!("state", state);
        assert_eq!(state, req.state());
        assert_eq!("/", path);
        assert_eq!(path, req.req().uri().path());
        state.to_string()
    }

    // Handler with no state extractor
    async fn stateless_handler(_: PathRef<'_>) -> String {
        String::from("debug")
    }

    #[derive(Clone)]
    struct Middleware;

    impl<S, E> Service<Result<S, E>> for Middleware {
        type Response = MiddlewareService<S>;
        type Error = E;

        async fn call(&self, res: Result<S, E>) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
            res.map(MiddlewareService)
        }
    }

    struct MiddlewareService<S>(S);

    impl<'r, S, C, B, Res, Err> Service<WebContext<'r, C, B>> for MiddlewareService<S>
    where
        S: for<'r2> Service<WebContext<'r2, C, B>, Response = Res, Error = Err>,
        C: 'r,
        B: 'r,
    {
        type Response = Res;
        type Error = Err;

        async fn call(&self, mut req: WebContext<'r, C, B>) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
            self.0.call(req.reborrow()).await
        }
    }

    #[allow(clippy::borrow_interior_mutable_const)]
    #[test]
    fn test_app() {
        let state = String::from("state");

        let service = App::new()
            .at("/", get(handler_service(handler)))
            .with_state(state)
            .at(
                "/stateless",
                get(handler_service(stateless_handler)).head(handler_service(stateless_handler)),
            )
            .enclosed_fn(middleware)
            .enclosed(Middleware)
            .enclosed(UncheckedReady)
            .finish()
            .call(())
            .now_or_panic()
            .ok()
            .unwrap();

        let mut req = WebRequest::default();
        req.extensions_mut().insert(Foo);

        let res = service.call(req).now_or_panic().unwrap();

        assert_eq!(res.status().as_u16(), 200);

        assert_eq!(res.headers().get(CONTENT_TYPE).unwrap(), TEXT_UTF8);

        let req = request::Builder::default()
            .uri("/abc")
            .body(Default::default())
            .unwrap();

        let res = service.call(req).now_or_panic().unwrap();

        assert_eq!(res.status().as_u16(), 404);

        let req = request::Builder::default()
            .method(Method::POST)
            .body(Default::default())
            .unwrap();

        let res = service.call(req).now_or_panic().unwrap();

        assert_eq!(res.status().as_u16(), 405);
    }

    #[derive(Clone)]
    struct Foo;

    #[test]
    fn app_nest_router() {
        async fn handler(StateRef(state): StateRef<'_, String>, PathRef(path): PathRef<'_>) -> String {
            assert_eq!("state", state);
            assert_eq!("/scope/nest", path);
            state.to_string()
        }

        fn app() -> NestApp<String> {
            App::new().at("/nest", get(handler_service(handler)))
        }

        let state = String::from("state");
        let service = App::new()
            .with_state(state.clone())
            .at("/root", get(handler_service(handler)))
            .at("/scope", app())
            .finish()
            .call(())
            .now_or_panic()
            .ok()
            .unwrap();

        let req = request::Builder::default()
            .uri("/scope/nest")
            .body(Default::default())
            .unwrap();

        let res = service.call(req).now_or_panic().unwrap();

        assert_eq!(res.status().as_u16(), 200);

        async fn handler2(StateRef(state): StateRef<'_, usize>, PathRef(path): PathRef<'_>) -> String {
            assert_eq!(996, *state);
            assert_eq!("/scope/nest", path);
            state.to_string()
        }

        let service = App::new()
            .with_state(state)
            .at("/root", get(handler_service(handler)))
            .at(
                "/scope",
                App::new()
                    .with_state(996usize)
                    .at("/nest", get(handler_service(handler2))),
            )
            .finish()
            .call(())
            .now_or_panic()
            .ok()
            .unwrap();

        let req = request::Builder::default()
            .uri("/scope/nest")
            .body(Default::default())
            .unwrap();

        let res = service.call(req).now_or_panic().unwrap();

        assert_eq!(res.status().as_u16(), 200);
    }
}