Trait wasmer_types::lib::std::marker::Copy1.0.0[][src]

pub trait Copy: Clone { }
Expand description

Types whose values can be duplicated simply by copying bits.

By default, variable bindings have ‘move semantics.’ In other words:

#[derive(Debug)]
struct Foo;

let x = Foo;

let y = x;

// `x` has moved into `y`, and so cannot be used

// println!("{:?}", x); // error: use of moved value

However, if a type implements Copy, it instead has ‘copy semantics’:

// We can derive a `Copy` implementation. `Clone` is also required, as it's
// a supertrait of `Copy`.
#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
struct Foo;

let x = Foo;

let y = x;

// `y` is a copy of `x`

println!("{:?}", x); // A-OK!

It’s important to note that in these two examples, the only difference is whether you are allowed to access x after the assignment. Under the hood, both a copy and a move can result in bits being copied in memory, although this is sometimes optimized away.

How can I implement Copy?

There are two ways to implement Copy on your type. The simplest is to use derive:

#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
struct MyStruct;

You can also implement Copy and Clone manually:

struct MyStruct;

impl Copy for MyStruct { }

impl Clone for MyStruct {
    fn clone(&self) -> MyStruct {
        *self
    }
}

There is a small difference between the two: the derive strategy will also place a Copy bound on type parameters, which isn’t always desired.

What’s the difference between Copy and Clone?

Copies happen implicitly, for example as part of an assignment y = x. The behavior of Copy is not overloadable; it is always a simple bit-wise copy.

Cloning is an explicit action, x.clone(). The implementation of Clone can provide any type-specific behavior necessary to duplicate values safely. For example, the implementation of Clone for String needs to copy the pointed-to string buffer in the heap. A simple bitwise copy of String values would merely copy the pointer, leading to a double free down the line. For this reason, String is Clone but not Copy.

Clone is a supertrait of Copy, so everything which is Copy must also implement Clone. If a type is Copy then its Clone implementation only needs to return *self (see the example above).

When can my type be Copy?

A type can implement Copy if all of its components implement Copy. For example, this struct can be Copy:

#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
struct Point {
   x: i32,
   y: i32,
}

A struct can be Copy, and i32 is Copy, therefore Point is eligible to be Copy. By contrast, consider

struct PointList {
    points: Vec<Point>,
}

The struct PointList cannot implement Copy, because Vec<T> is not Copy. If we attempt to derive a Copy implementation, we’ll get an error:

the trait `Copy` may not be implemented for this type; field `points` does not implement `Copy`

Shared references (&T) are also Copy, so a type can be Copy, even when it holds shared references of types T that are not Copy. Consider the following struct, which can implement Copy, because it only holds a shared reference to our non-Copy type PointList from above:

#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
struct PointListWrapper<'a> {
    point_list_ref: &'a PointList,
}

When can’t my type be Copy?

Some types can’t be copied safely. For example, copying &mut T would create an aliased mutable reference. Copying String would duplicate responsibility for managing the String’s buffer, leading to a double free.

Generalizing the latter case, any type implementing Drop can’t be Copy, because it’s managing some resource besides its own size_of::<T> bytes.

If you try to implement Copy on a struct or enum containing non-Copy data, you will get the error E0204.

When should my type be Copy?

Generally speaking, if your type can implement Copy, it should. Keep in mind, though, that implementing Copy is part of the public API of your type. If the type might become non-Copy in the future, it could be prudent to omit the Copy implementation now, to avoid a breaking API change.

Additional implementors

In addition to the implementors listed below, the following types also implement Copy:

  • Function item types (i.e., the distinct types defined for each function)
  • Function pointer types (e.g., fn() -> i32)
  • Array types, for all sizes, if the item type also implements Copy (e.g., [i32; 123456])
  • Tuple types, if each component also implements Copy (e.g., (), (i32, bool))
  • Closure types, if they capture no value from the environment or if all such captured values implement Copy themselves. Note that variables captured by shared reference always implement Copy (even if the referent doesn’t), while variables captured by mutable reference never implement Copy.

Implementations on Foreign Types

impl Copy for SocketAddrV6[src]

impl Copy for Shutdown[src]

impl Copy for SystemTime[src]

impl<'a> Copy for PrefixComponent<'a>[src]

impl Copy for ErrorKind[src]

impl Copy for ExitCode[src]

impl Copy for System[src]

impl Copy for Ipv4Addr[src]

impl<'a> Copy for Prefix<'a>[src]

impl<'a> Copy for Component<'a>[src]

impl Copy for Instant[src]

impl Copy for SocketAddr[src]

impl Copy for SeekFrom[src]

impl Copy for Ipv6MulticastScope[src]

impl Copy for ExitStatusError[src]

impl<'a> Copy for IoSlice<'a>[src]

impl<'a> Copy for Ancestors<'a>[src]

impl Copy for ExitStatus[src]

impl Copy for ThreadId[src]

impl Copy for SocketAddrV4[src]

impl Copy for FileType[src]

impl Copy for UCred[src]

impl Copy for AccessError[src]

impl Copy for Ipv6Addr[src]

impl Copy for IpAddr[src]

impl Copy for __m512bh[src]

impl<'_, T> Copy for &'_ T where
    T: ?Sized
[src]

Shared references can be copied, but mutable references cannot!

impl Copy for NonZeroI64[src]

impl Copy for i128[src]

impl Copy for NonZeroU8[src]

impl Copy for __m256[src]

impl Copy for usize[src]

impl Copy for NonZeroI32[src]

impl Copy for __m256bh[src]

impl Copy for Layout[src]

impl Copy for ![src]

impl<T> Copy for Option<T> where
    T: Copy
[src]

impl Copy for NonZeroI16[src]

impl Copy for __m512d[src]

impl Copy for NonZeroU64[src]

impl Copy for NonZeroI128[src]

impl Copy for NonZeroU16[src]

impl Copy for f32[src]

impl Copy for Utf8Error[src]

impl Copy for AllocError[src]

impl Copy for RawWakerVTable[src]

impl Copy for __m128bh[src]

impl Copy for __m128i[src]

impl<P> Copy for Pin<P> where
    P: Copy
[src]

impl Copy for u8[src]

impl Copy for __m512[src]

impl Copy for NonZeroIsize[src]

impl Copy for NonZeroI8[src]

impl Copy for u128[src]

impl Copy for u32[src]

impl Copy for TryFromIntError[src]

impl Copy for TryFromSliceError[src]

impl Copy for i64[src]

impl Copy for i8[src]

impl Copy for NonZeroU32[src]

impl Copy for f64[src]

impl<'a> Copy for Location<'a>[src]

impl Copy for __m512i[src]

impl Copy for Duration[src]

impl Copy for CharTryFromError[src]

impl Copy for FpCategory[src]

impl Copy for __m128[src]

impl Copy for NonZeroUsize[src]

impl Copy for i32[src]

impl Copy for u64[src]

impl Copy for isize[src]

impl<T> Copy for Wrapping<T> where
    T: Copy
[src]

impl Copy for CpuidResult[src]

impl Copy for bool[src]

impl<T> Copy for Poll<T> where
    T: Copy
[src]

impl<T, E> Copy for Result<T, E> where
    T: Copy,
    E: Copy
[src]

impl<T> Copy for *const T where
    T: ?Sized
[src]

impl Copy for NonZeroU128[src]

impl Copy for i16[src]

impl Copy for __m256i[src]

impl Copy for char[src]

impl Copy for __m256d[src]

impl<T> Copy for *mut T where
    T: ?Sized
[src]

impl Copy for TraitObject[src]

impl Copy for u16[src]

impl Copy for __m128d[src]

impl Copy for SearchStep[src]

impl Copy for Global[src]

impl Copy for _Unwind_Reason_Code

impl Copy for _Unwind_Action

impl<E> Copy for UnitDeserializer<E>[src]

impl<E> Copy for I8Deserializer<E>[src]

impl<E> Copy for I32Deserializer<E>[src]

impl<'de, E> Copy for BorrowedStrDeserializer<'de, E>[src]

impl Copy for IgnoredAny[src]

impl<E> Copy for UsizeDeserializer<E>[src]

impl<'a> Copy for Unexpected<'a>[src]

impl<E> Copy for I16Deserializer<E>[src]

impl<E> Copy for IsizeDeserializer<E>[src]

impl<'de, E> Copy for BorrowedBytesDeserializer<'de, E>[src]

impl<'a, E> Copy for BytesDeserializer<'a, E>[src]

impl<E> Copy for CharDeserializer<E>[src]

impl<E> Copy for F32Deserializer<E>[src]

impl<E> Copy for BoolDeserializer<E>[src]

impl<E> Copy for U16Deserializer<E>[src]

impl<E> Copy for U128Deserializer<E>[src]

impl<E> Copy for U64Deserializer<E>[src]

impl<E> Copy for U8Deserializer<E>[src]

impl<E> Copy for I64Deserializer<E>[src]

impl<E> Copy for F64Deserializer<E>[src]

impl<E> Copy for I128Deserializer<E>[src]

impl<'de, E> Copy for StrDeserializer<'de, E>[src]

impl<E> Copy for U32Deserializer<E>[src]

impl Copy for ArchivedDuration[src]

impl Copy for ArchivedSocketAddr[src]

impl Copy for ArchivedIpv6Addr[src]

impl Copy for ArchivedSocketAddrV4[src]

impl Copy for ArchivedIpAddr[src]

impl Copy for ArchivedSocketAddrV6[src]

impl Copy for ArchivedIpv4Addr[src]

impl<T> Copy for Aligned<T> where
    T: Copy
[src]

impl<Dyn> Copy for DynMetadata<Dyn> where
    Dyn: ?Sized

impl Copy for SeaHasher

Implementors

impl Copy for GlobalInit[src]

impl Copy for Mutability[src]

impl Copy for Type[src]

impl Copy for wasmer_types::lib::std::cmp::Ordering[src]

impl Copy for Infallible1.34.0[src]

impl Copy for wasmer_types::lib::std::sync::atomic::Ordering[src]

impl Copy for RecvTimeoutError1.12.0[src]

impl Copy for TryRecvError[src]

impl Copy for Bytes[src]

impl Copy for CustomSectionIndex[src]

impl Copy for DataIndex[src]

impl Copy for ElemIndex[src]

impl Copy for FunctionIndex[src]

impl Copy for GlobalIndex[src]

impl Copy for GlobalType[src]

impl Copy for LocalFunctionIndex[src]

impl Copy for LocalGlobalIndex[src]

impl Copy for LocalMemoryIndex[src]

impl Copy for LocalTableIndex[src]

impl Copy for MemoryIndex[src]

impl Copy for MemoryType[src]

impl Copy for PageCountOutOfRange[src]

impl Copy for Pages[src]

impl Copy for SignatureIndex[src]

impl Copy for TableIndex[src]

impl Copy for TableType[src]

impl Copy for V128[src]

impl Copy for VMExternRef[src]

impl Copy for TypeId[src]

impl Copy for Error[src]

impl Copy for RangeFull[src]

impl Copy for RecvError[src]

impl Copy for WaitTimeoutResult1.5.0[src]

impl Copy for PhantomPinned1.33.0[src]

impl<'a> Copy for Arguments<'a>[src]

impl<'a, T, const N: usize> Copy for ArrayWindows<'a, T, N> where
    T: 'a + Copy
[src]

impl<B, C> Copy for ControlFlow<B, C> where
    C: Copy,
    B: Copy
[src]

impl<Dyn> Copy for wasmer_types::lib::std::ptr::DynMetadata<Dyn> where
    Dyn: ?Sized
[src]

impl<F> Copy for RepeatWith<F> where
    F: Copy
1.28.0[src]

impl<Idx> Copy for RangeTo<Idx> where
    Idx: Copy
[src]

impl<Idx> Copy for RangeToInclusive<Idx> where
    Idx: Copy
1.26.0[src]

impl<T> Copy for Bound<T> where
    T: Copy
1.17.0[src]

impl<T> Copy for TrySendError<T> where
    T: Copy
[src]

impl<T> Copy for Reverse<T> where
    T: Copy
1.19.0[src]

impl<T> Copy for Discriminant<T>1.21.0[src]

impl<T> Copy for ManuallyDrop<T> where
    T: Copy + ?Sized
1.20.0[src]

impl<T> Copy for NonNull<T> where
    T: ?Sized
1.25.0[src]

impl<T> Copy for SendError<T> where
    T: Copy
[src]

impl<T> Copy for PhantomData<T> where
    T: ?Sized
[src]

impl<T> Copy for MaybeUninit<T> where
    T: Copy
1.36.0[src]

impl<T: Copy + ReservedValue> Copy for PackedOption<T>[src]

impl<Y, R> Copy for GeneratorState<Y, R> where
    R: Copy,
    Y: Copy
[src]