vortex_file/

lib.rs

// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright the Vortex contributors

#![expect(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
#![doc(html_logo_url = "/vortex/docs/_static/vortex_spiral_logo.svg")]
//! Read and write Vortex layouts, a serialization of Vortex arrays.
//!
//! A Vortex file stores a root [`Layout`](vortex_layout::Layout), the byte segments referenced by
//! that layout, an optional file-level [`DType`](vortex_array::dtype::DType) and statistics, and
//! enough footer metadata to deserialize the tree. Layouts are recursive, so a file may organize
//! data by row groups, columns, dictionaries, statistics, or other writer-chosen structures without
//! changing the logical dtype seen by readers. The built-in layouts are:
//!
//! - [`FlatLayout`](vortex_layout::layouts::flat::FlatLayout): a single contiguously serialized
//!   array of buffers with a specific in-memory [`Alignment`](vortex_buffer::Alignment).
//! - [`StructLayout`](vortex_layout::layouts::struct_::StructLayout): each column laid out at known
//!   offsets, permitting a subset of columns to be read in linear time with constant-time random
//!   access to any column.
//! - [`ChunkedLayout`](vortex_layout::layouts::chunked::ChunkedLayout): each chunk laid out at known
//!   offsets; locating the chunks covering a row range is an `N log(N)` search of the offsets.
//! - [`DictLayout`](vortex_layout::layouts::dict::DictLayout): a shared dictionary of values with a
//!   child layout holding indices.
//! - [`ZonedLayout`](vortex_layout::layouts::zoned::ZonedLayout): a zone-map of statistics used for
//!   filter pruning.
//!
//! A layout alone is _not_ a standalone Vortex file: it is not self-describing, so the file pairs it
//! with the dtype and footer metadata needed to deserialize it. This crate owns the file
//! reader/writer APIs; the byte-level format is described under [File Format](#file-format) below
//! and specified in full in the docs: <https://docs.vortex.dev/specs/file-format.html>.
//!
//! # Reading
//!
//! Use [`OpenOptionsSessionExt::open_options`] to create [`VortexOpenOptions`] from a session.
//! Opening reads or accepts a footer, builds a segment source, and returns [`VortexFile`]. Scans are
//! configured from [`VortexFile::scan`] with projection/filter expressions, row ranges,
//! [`Selection`](vortex_scan::selection::Selection), split strategy, and concurrency settings from
//! `vortex-layout`.
//!
//! Supplying known metadata can reduce open-time IO:
//!
//! - [`VortexOpenOptions::with_file_size`] avoids a size request.
//! - [`VortexOpenOptions::with_dtype`] is required for files written without an embedded dtype.
//! - [`VortexOpenOptions::with_footer`] can open a file without reading footer bytes.
//! - [`VortexOpenOptions::with_segment_cache`] reuses segment buffers across scans.
//!
//! # Writing
//!
//! Use [`WriteOptionsSessionExt::write_options`] or [`VortexWriteOptions::new`] to write an
//! [`ArrayStream`](vortex_array::stream::ArrayStream). The default [`WriteStrategyBuilder`]
//! repartitions rows, builds statistics layouts, dictionary-encodes suitable columns, compresses
//! chunks with the BtrBlocks-style compressor, and writes flat leaf layouts. Advanced users can
//! replace the whole strategy or override individual fields.
//!
//! # File Format
//!
//! A Vortex file begins and ends with the 4-byte magic `VTXF`. Data segments are written first, in
//! writer-chosen order, followed by the footer flatbuffers, a postscript, and an 8-byte
//! end-of-file marker:
//!
//! ```text
//! ┌────────────────────────────┐
//! │     Magic bytes 'VTXF'     │  4 bytes
//! ├────────────────────────────┤
//! │          Segments          │  serialized array chunks and per-column
//! │     (data & statistics)    │  statistics, in writer-chosen order
//! ├────────────────────────────┤
//! │   User-metadata segments   │  optional; opaque values keyed by the postscript
//! ├────────────────────────────┤
//! │      DType flatbuffer      │  optional; omitted via `exclude_dtype`
//! ├────────────────────────────┤
//! │      Layout flatbuffer     │  required; the root Layout tree
//! ├────────────────────────────┤
//! │    Statistics flatbuffer   │  optional; file-level per-field statistics
//! ├────────────────────────────┤
//! │      Footer flatbuffer     │  required; dictionary-encoded segment map
//! │                            │  and array/layout/compression/encryption specs
//! ├────────────────────────────┤
//! │         Postscript         │  locators for the footer and user-metadata segments;
//! │                            │  at most 65528 bytes
//! ├────────────────────────────┤
//! │     8-byte End of File     │  u16 version, u16 postscript length,
//! │                            │  4 magic bytes 'VTXF'
//! └────────────────────────────┘
//! ```
//!
//! The postscript records the offset, length, and alignment of the dtype, layout, statistics, and
//! footer segments, plus any user-defined metadata segments keyed by string, so a single read of the
//! file tail (defaulting to 64KiB) is enough to locate and parse the footer and metadata locators.
//! User-metadata values live in their own segments; opening a file reads none of them by default.
//! [`VortexOpenOptions::include_metadata`] eagerly resolves every locator through the cache-backed
//! segment source, issuing targeted reads only for values not already covered by the initial read.
//! The byte-level format is specified in full at
//! <https://docs.vortex.dev/specs/file-format.html>.
//!
//! A Parquet-style file is realized by nesting a chunked layout of struct layouts of chunked layouts
//! of flat layouts: the outer chunked layout models row groups and the inner one models pages.
//! Layouts are adaptive, so the writer is free to build arbitrarily complex layouts to trade off
//! locality and parallelism, or to elide statistics entirely when an external index supplies them.
//!
//! # Footer Deserialization
//!
//! [`FooterDeserializer`] supports incremental footer reads. It returns [`DeserializeStep`] values
//! when it needs more bytes or a file size, and returns [`Footer`] once all required footer segments
//! are available. [`VortexOpenOptions`] drives this state machine for ordinary file opens.

mod counting;
mod file;
mod footer;
pub mod multi;
mod open;
mod pruning;
mod read;
/// Segment sources, caches, and sinks used by file readers and writers.
pub mod segments;
mod strategy;
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests;
/// Compatibility readers for newer file-statistics layout behavior.
pub mod v2;
mod writer;

pub use counting::CountingVortexWrite;
pub use file::*;
pub use footer::*;
pub use forever_constant::*;
pub use open::*;
pub use strategy::*;
use vortex_array::arrays::Patched;
use vortex_array::arrays::patched::use_experimental_patches;
use vortex_array::session::ArraySessionExt;
use vortex_pco::Pco;
use vortex_session::VortexSession;
pub use writer::*;

/// The current version of the Vortex file format
pub const VERSION: u16 = 1;
/// The size of the footer in bytes in Vortex version 1
pub const V1_FOOTER_FBS_SIZE: usize = 32;

/// Constants that will never change (i.e., doing so would break backwards compatibility)
mod forever_constant {
    /// The extension for Vortex files
    pub const VORTEX_FILE_EXTENSION: &str = "vortex";

    /// The maximum length of a Vortex postscript in bytes
    pub const MAX_POSTSCRIPT_SIZE: u16 = u16::MAX - 8;
    /// The magic bytes for a Vortex file
    pub const MAGIC_BYTES: [u8; 4] = *b"VTXF";
    /// The size of the EOF marker in bytes
    pub const EOF_SIZE: usize = 8;

    #[cfg(test)]
    mod test {
        use crate::*;

        #[test]
        fn never_change_these_constants() {
            assert_eq!(V1_FOOTER_FBS_SIZE, 32);
            assert_eq!(MAX_POSTSCRIPT_SIZE, 65527);
            assert_eq!(MAGIC_BYTES, *b"VTXF");
            assert_eq!(EOF_SIZE, 8);
        }
    }
}

/// Register the default encodings use in Vortex files with the provided session.
///
/// Registration covers reading: a session can decode every encoding registered here. The
/// writer is gated separately by the editions enabled on its session.
pub fn register_default_encodings(session: &VortexSession) {
    vortex_bytebool::initialize(session);
    vortex_fsst::initialize(session);
    vortex_onpair::initialize(session);
    vortex_zigzag::initialize(session);
    #[cfg(feature = "zstd")]
    vortex_zstd::initialize(session);

    {
        let arrays = session.arrays();
        arrays.register(Pco);
        if use_experimental_patches() {
            arrays.register(Patched);
        }
    }

    vortex_alp::initialize(session);
    vortex_datetime_parts::initialize(session);
    vortex_decimal_byte_parts::initialize(session);
    vortex_fastlanes::initialize(session);
    vortex_runend::initialize(session);
    vortex_sequence::initialize(session);
    vortex_sparse::initialize(session);

    #[cfg(feature = "tensor")]
    vortex_tensor::initialize(session);
}

#[cfg(test)]
pub(crate) fn enable_all_registered_array_encodings(session: &VortexSession) {
    use vortex_array::dtype::session::DTypeSessionExt;
    use vortex_edition::ComponentKind;
    use vortex_edition::Edition;
    use vortex_edition::EditionId;
    use vortex_edition::EditionInclusion;
    use vortex_edition::EditionSessionExt;
    use vortex_error::VortexExpect;
    use vortex_error::vortex_err;
    use vortex_layout::session::LayoutSessionExt;

    const TEST_EDITION: EditionId = EditionId::new("test", 2026, 7, 0);

    let editions = session.editions();
    editions
        .declare_edition(Edition {
            id: TEST_EDITION,
            min_library_version: None,
        })
        .map_err(|error| vortex_err!("{error}"))
        .vortex_expect("test edition is valid");
    let component_ids = [
        (
            ComponentKind::Array,
            session
                .arrays()
                .registry()
                .read(|map| map.keys().copied().collect::<Vec<_>>()),
        ),
        (
            ComponentKind::Layout,
            session
                .layouts()
                .registry()
                .read(|map| map.keys().copied().collect::<Vec<_>>()),
        ),
        (
            ComponentKind::DType,
            session
                .dtypes()
                .registry()
                .read(|map| map.keys().copied().collect::<Vec<_>>()),
        ),
    ];
    for (kind, ids) in component_ids {
        for id in ids {
            editions
                .declare_inclusion(EditionInclusion::new(kind, &id, TEST_EDITION))
                .map_err(|error| vortex_err!("{error}"))
                .vortex_expect("registered component has one test-edition inclusion");
        }
    }
    for id in [
        "vortex.bounded_max",
        "vortex.bounded_min",
        "vortex.max",
        "vortex.min",
        "vortex.nan_count",
        "vortex.null_count",
    ] {
        editions
            .declare_inclusion(EditionInclusion::new(
                ComponentKind::Aggregate,
                id,
                TEST_EDITION,
            ))
            .map_err(|error| vortex_err!("{error}"))
            .vortex_expect("default aggregate has one test-edition inclusion");
    }
    session
        .enable_edition(TEST_EDITION)
        .map_err(|error| vortex_err!("{error}"))
        .vortex_expect("test edition is registered");
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod default_encoding_tests {
    use vortex_array::VTable as _;
    use vortex_array::array_session;
    use vortex_array::arrays::Filter;
    use vortex_array::optimizer::kernels::ArrayKernelsExt as _;
    use vortex_array::session::ArraySessionExt as _;
    use vortex_fsst::FSST;
    use vortex_onpair::OnPair;

    use crate::register_default_encodings;

    #[test]
    fn register_default_encodings_registers_external_execute_parent_kernels() {
        let session = array_session();

        assert!(!session.arrays().registry().contains_key(&FSST.id()));
        assert!(!session.kernels().has_execute_parent(Filter.id(), FSST.id()));

        register_default_encodings(&session);

        assert!(session.arrays().registry().contains_key(&FSST.id()));
        assert!(session.kernels().has_execute_parent(Filter.id(), FSST.id()));
        assert!(session.arrays().registry().contains_key(&OnPair.id()));
        assert!(
            session
                .kernels()
                .has_execute_parent(Filter.id(), OnPair.id())
        );
    }
}