vortex_dtype/
ptype.rs

1//! Physical type definitions and behavior.
2
3use std::cmp::Ordering;
4use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter};
5use std::hash::Hash;
6use std::panic::RefUnwindSafe;
7
8use num_traits::bounds::UpperBounded;
9use num_traits::{FromPrimitive, Num, NumCast, ToPrimitive};
10use vortex_error::{VortexError, VortexResult, vortex_err};
11
12use crate::DType;
13use crate::DType::*;
14use crate::half::f16;
15use crate::nullability::Nullability::NonNullable;
16
17/// Physical type enum, represents the in-memory physical layout but might represent a different logical type.
18#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Hash)]
19#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
20#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", serde(rename_all = "lowercase"))]
21#[cfg_attr(
22    feature = "rkyv",
23    derive(
24        rkyv::Archive,
25        rkyv::Portable,
26        rkyv::Serialize,
27        rkyv::Deserialize,
28        rkyv::bytecheck::CheckBytes,
29    ),
30    rkyv(as = PType),
31    bytecheck(crate = rkyv::bytecheck),
32)]
33#[repr(u8)]
34pub enum PType {
35    /// An 8-bit unsigned integer
36    U8,
37    /// A 16-bit unsigned integer
38    U16,
39    /// A 32-bit unsigned integer
40    U32,
41    /// A 64-bit unsigned integer
42    U64,
43    /// An 8-bit signed integer
44    I8,
45    /// A 16-bit signed integer
46    I16,
47    /// A 32-bit signed integer
48    I32,
49    /// A 64-bit signed integer
50    I64,
51    /// A 16-bit floating point number
52    F16,
53    /// A 32-bit floating point number
54    F32,
55    /// A 64-bit floating point number
56    F64,
57}
58
59/// A trait for native Rust types that correspond 1:1 to a PType
60pub trait NativePType:
61    Send
62    + Sync
63    + Clone
64    + Copy
65    + Debug
66    + Display
67    + Default
68    + RefUnwindSafe
69    + Num
70    + NumCast
71    + FromPrimitive
72    + ToBytes
73    + TryFromBytes
74    + 'static
75{
76    /// The PType that corresponds to this native type
77    const PTYPE: PType;
78
79    /// Whether this instance (`self`) is NaN
80    /// For integer types, this is always `false`
81    fn is_nan(self) -> bool;
82
83    /// Compare another instance of this type to `self`, providing a total ordering
84    fn total_compare(self, other: Self) -> Ordering;
85
86    /// Test whether self is less than or equal to the other
87    #[inline]
88    fn is_le(self, other: Self) -> bool {
89        self.total_compare(other).is_le()
90    }
91
92    /// Test whether self is less than the other
93    #[inline]
94    fn is_lt(self, other: Self) -> bool {
95        self.total_compare(other).is_lt()
96    }
97
98    /// Test whether self is greater than or equal to the other
99    #[inline]
100    fn is_ge(self, other: Self) -> bool {
101        self.total_compare(other).is_ge()
102    }
103
104    /// Test whether self is greater than the other
105    #[inline]
106    fn is_gt(self, other: Self) -> bool {
107        self.total_compare(other).is_gt()
108    }
109
110    /// Whether another instance of this type (`other`) is bitwise equal to `self`
111    fn is_eq(self, other: Self) -> bool;
112}
113
114macro_rules! native_ptype {
115    ($T:ty, $ptype:tt) => {
116        impl NativePType for $T {
117            const PTYPE: PType = PType::$ptype;
118
119            fn is_nan(self) -> bool {
120                false
121            }
122
123            fn total_compare(self, other: Self) -> Ordering {
124                self.cmp(&other)
125            }
126
127            fn is_eq(self, other: Self) -> bool {
128                self == other
129            }
130        }
131    };
132}
133
134macro_rules! native_float_ptype {
135    ($T:ty, $ptype:tt) => {
136        impl NativePType for $T {
137            const PTYPE: PType = PType::$ptype;
138
139            fn is_nan(self) -> bool {
140                <$T>::is_nan(self)
141            }
142
143            fn total_compare(self, other: Self) -> Ordering {
144                self.total_cmp(&other)
145            }
146
147            fn is_eq(self, other: Self) -> bool {
148                self.to_bits() == other.to_bits()
149            }
150        }
151    };
152}
153
154native_ptype!(u8, U8);
155native_ptype!(u16, U16);
156native_ptype!(u32, U32);
157native_ptype!(u64, U64);
158native_ptype!(i8, I8);
159native_ptype!(i16, I16);
160native_ptype!(i32, I32);
161native_ptype!(i64, I64);
162native_float_ptype!(f16, F16);
163native_float_ptype!(f32, F32);
164native_float_ptype!(f64, F64);
165
166/// Macro to match over each PType, binding the corresponding native type (from `NativePType`)
167#[macro_export]
168macro_rules! match_each_native_ptype {
169    ($self:expr, | $_:tt $enc:ident | $($body:tt)*) => ({
170        macro_rules! __with__ {( $_ $enc:ident ) => ( $($body)* )}
171        use $crate::PType;
172        use $crate::half::f16;
173        match $self {
174            PType::I8 => __with__! { i8 },
175            PType::I16 => __with__! { i16 },
176            PType::I32 => __with__! { i32 },
177            PType::I64 => __with__! { i64 },
178            PType::U8 => __with__! { u8 },
179            PType::U16 => __with__! { u16 },
180            PType::U32 => __with__! { u32 },
181            PType::U64 => __with__! { u64 },
182            PType::F16 => __with__! { f16 },
183            PType::F32 => __with__! { f32 },
184            PType::F64 => __with__! { f64 },
185        }
186    });
187    ($self:expr,
188     integral: | $_:tt $integral_enc:ident | { $($integral_body:tt)* }
189     floating_point: | $_2:tt $floating_point_enc:ident | { $($floating_point_body:tt)* }
190    ) => ({
191        macro_rules! __with_integer__ {( $_ $integral_enc:ident ) => ( { $($integral_body)* } )}
192        macro_rules! __with_floating_point__ {( $_ $floating_point_enc:ident ) => ( { $($floating_point_body)* } )}
193        use $crate::PType;
194        use $crate::half::f16;
195        match $self {
196            PType::I8 => __with_integer__! { i8 },
197            PType::I16 => __with_integer__! { i16 },
198            PType::I32 => __with_integer__! { i32 },
199            PType::I64 => __with_integer__! { i64 },
200            PType::U8 => __with_integer__! { u8 },
201            PType::U16 => __with_integer__! { u16 },
202            PType::U32 => __with_integer__! { u32 },
203            PType::U64 => __with_integer__! { u64 },
204            PType::F16 => __with_floating_point__! { f16 },
205            PType::F32 => __with_floating_point__! { f32 },
206            PType::F64 => __with_floating_point__! { f64 },
207        }
208    });
209    ($self:expr,
210     unsigned: | $_:tt $unsigned_enc:ident | { $($unsigned_body:tt)* }
211     signed: | $_1:tt $signed_enc:ident | { $($signed_body:tt)* }
212     floating: | $_2:tt $floating_point_enc:ident | { $($floating_point_body:tt)* }
213    ) => ({
214        macro_rules! __with_unsigned__ {( $_ $unsigned_enc:ident ) => ( { $($unsigned_body)* } )}
215        macro_rules! __with_signed__ {( $_ $signed_enc:ident ) => ( { $($signed_body)* } )}
216        macro_rules! __with_floating_point__ {( $_ $floating_point_enc:ident ) => ( { $($floating_point_body)* } )}
217        use $crate::PType;
218        use $crate::half::f16;
219        match $self {
220            PType::U8 => __with_unsigned__! { u8 },
221            PType::U16 => __with_unsigned__! { u16 },
222            PType::U32 => __with_unsigned__! { u32 },
223            PType::U64 => __with_unsigned__! { u64 },
224            PType::I8 => __with_signed__! { i8 },
225            PType::I16 => __with_signed__! { i16 },
226            PType::I32 => __with_signed__! { i32 },
227            PType::I64 => __with_signed__! { i64 },
228            PType::F16 => __with_floating_point__! { f16 },
229            PType::F32 => __with_floating_point__! { f32 },
230            PType::F64 => __with_floating_point__! { f64 },
231        }
232    })
233}
234
235/// Macro to match over each integer PType, binding the corresponding native type (from `NativePType`)
236#[macro_export]
237macro_rules! match_each_integer_ptype {
238    ($self:expr, | $_:tt $enc:ident | $($body:tt)*) => ({
239        macro_rules! __with__ {( $_ $enc:ident ) => ( $($body)* )}
240        use $crate::PType;
241        match $self {
242            PType::I8 => __with__! { i8 },
243            PType::I16 => __with__! { i16 },
244            PType::I32 => __with__! { i32 },
245            PType::I64 => __with__! { i64 },
246            PType::U8 => __with__! { u8 },
247            PType::U16 => __with__! { u16 },
248            PType::U32 => __with__! { u32 },
249            PType::U64 => __with__! { u64 },
250            other => panic!("Unsupported ptype {other}")
251        }
252    })
253}
254
255/// Macro to match over each integer PType, binding the corresponding native type (from
256/// `NativePType`) and the corresponding unsigned type (also a `NativePType`).
257#[macro_export]
258macro_rules! match_each_integer_ptype_with_unsigned_type {
259    ($self:expr, | $_:tt $enc:ident, $_2:tt $unsigned:ident | $($body:tt)*) => ({
260        macro_rules! __with__ {( $_ $enc:ident, $_2 $unsigned:ident ) => ( $($body)* )}
261        use $crate::PType;
262        match $self {
263            PType::I8 => __with__! { i8, u8 },
264            PType::I16 => __with__! { i16, u16 },
265            PType::I32 => __with__! { i32, u32 },
266            PType::I64 => __with__! { i64, u64 },
267            PType::U8 => __with__! { u8, u8 },
268            PType::U16 => __with__! { u16, u16 },
269            PType::U32 => __with__! { u32, u32 },
270            PType::U64 => __with__! { u64, u64 },
271            other => panic!("Unsupported ptype {other}")
272        }
273    })
274}
275
276/// Macro to match over each unsigned integer type, binding the corresponding native type (from `NativePType`)
277#[macro_export]
278macro_rules! match_each_unsigned_integer_ptype {
279    ($self:expr, | $_:tt $enc:ident | $($body:tt)*) => ({
280        macro_rules! __with__ {( $_ $enc:ident ) => ( $($body)* )}
281        use $crate::PType;
282        match $self {
283            PType::U8 => __with__! { u8 },
284            PType::U16 => __with__! { u16 },
285            PType::U32 => __with__! { u32 },
286            PType::U64 => __with__! { u64 },
287            other => panic!("Unsupported ptype {other}"),
288        }
289    })
290}
291
292/// Macro to match over each floating point type, binding the corresponding native type (from `NativePType`)
293#[macro_export]
294macro_rules! match_each_float_ptype {
295    ($self:expr, | $_:tt $enc:ident | $($body:tt)*) => ({
296        macro_rules! __with__ {( $_ $enc:ident ) => ( $($body)* )}
297        use $crate::PType;
298        use vortex_dtype::half::f16;
299        match $self {
300            PType::F16 => __with__! { f16 },
301            PType::F32 => __with__! { f32 },
302            PType::F64 => __with__! { f64 },
303            other => panic!("Unsupported ptype {other}"),
304        }
305    })
306}
307
308/// Macro to match over each SIMD capable `PType`, binding the corresponding native type (from `NativePType`)
309///
310/// Note: The match will panic in case of `PType::F16`.
311#[macro_export]
312macro_rules! match_each_native_simd_ptype {
313    ($self:expr, | $_:tt $enc:ident | $($body:tt)*) => ({
314        macro_rules! __with__ {( $_ $enc:ident ) => ( $($body)* )}
315        use $crate::PType;
316        match $self {
317            PType::I8 => __with__! { i8 },
318            PType::I16 => __with__! { i16 },
319            PType::I32 => __with__! { i32 },
320            PType::I64 => __with__! { i64 },
321            PType::U8 => __with__! { u8 },
322            PType::U16 => __with__! { u16 },
323            PType::U32 => __with__! { u32 },
324            PType::U64 => __with__! { u64 },
325            PType::F16 => panic!("f16 does not implement simd::SimdElement"),
326            PType::F32 => __with__! { f32 },
327            PType::F64 => __with__! { f64 },
328        }
329    })
330}
331
332impl PType {
333    /// Returns `true` iff this PType is an unsigned integer type
334    pub const fn is_unsigned_int(self) -> bool {
335        matches!(self, Self::U8 | Self::U16 | Self::U32 | Self::U64)
336    }
337
338    /// Returns `true` iff this PType is a signed integer type
339    pub const fn is_signed_int(self) -> bool {
340        matches!(self, Self::I8 | Self::I16 | Self::I32 | Self::I64)
341    }
342
343    /// Returns `true` iff this PType is an integer type
344    /// Equivalent to `self.is_unsigned_int() || self.is_signed_int()`
345    pub const fn is_int(self) -> bool {
346        self.is_unsigned_int() || self.is_signed_int()
347    }
348
349    /// Returns `true` iff this PType is a floating point type
350    pub const fn is_float(self) -> bool {
351        matches!(self, Self::F16 | Self::F32 | Self::F64)
352    }
353
354    /// Returns the number of bytes in this PType
355    pub const fn byte_width(&self) -> usize {
356        match_each_native_ptype!(self, |$T| std::mem::size_of::<$T>())
357    }
358
359    /// Returns the number of bits in this PType
360    pub const fn bit_width(&self) -> usize {
361        self.byte_width() * 8
362    }
363
364    /// Returns the maximum value of this PType if it is an integer type
365    /// Returns `u64::MAX` if the value is too large to fit in a `u64`
366    pub fn max_value_as_u64(&self) -> u64 {
367        match_each_native_ptype!(self, |$T| <$T as UpperBounded>::max_value().to_u64().unwrap_or(u64::MAX))
368    }
369
370    /// Returns the PType that corresponds to the signed version of this PType
371    pub const fn to_signed(self) -> Self {
372        match self {
373            Self::U8 => Self::I8,
374            Self::U16 => Self::I16,
375            Self::U32 => Self::I32,
376            Self::U64 => Self::I64,
377            _ => self,
378        }
379    }
380
381    /// Returns the PType that corresponds to the unsigned version of this PType
382    /// For floating point types, this will simply return `self`
383    pub const fn to_unsigned(self) -> Self {
384        match self {
385            Self::I8 => Self::U8,
386            Self::I16 => Self::U16,
387            Self::I32 => Self::U32,
388            Self::I64 => Self::U64,
389            _ => self,
390        }
391    }
392}
393
394impl Display for PType {
395    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
396        match self {
397            Self::U8 => write!(f, "u8"),
398            Self::U16 => write!(f, "u16"),
399            Self::U32 => write!(f, "u32"),
400            Self::U64 => write!(f, "u64"),
401            Self::I8 => write!(f, "i8"),
402            Self::I16 => write!(f, "i16"),
403            Self::I32 => write!(f, "i32"),
404            Self::I64 => write!(f, "i64"),
405            Self::F16 => write!(f, "f16"),
406            Self::F32 => write!(f, "f32"),
407            Self::F64 => write!(f, "f64"),
408        }
409    }
410}
411
412impl TryFrom<&DType> for PType {
413    type Error = VortexError;
414
415    fn try_from(value: &DType) -> VortexResult<Self> {
416        match value {
417            Primitive(p, _) => Ok(*p),
418            _ => Err(vortex_err!("Cannot convert DType {} into PType", value)),
419        }
420    }
421}
422
423impl From<PType> for &DType {
424    fn from(item: PType) -> Self {
425        // We expand this match statement so that we can return a static reference.
426        match item {
427            PType::I8 => &Primitive(PType::I8, NonNullable),
428            PType::I16 => &Primitive(PType::I16, NonNullable),
429            PType::I32 => &Primitive(PType::I32, NonNullable),
430            PType::I64 => &Primitive(PType::I64, NonNullable),
431            PType::U8 => &Primitive(PType::U8, NonNullable),
432            PType::U16 => &Primitive(PType::U16, NonNullable),
433            PType::U32 => &Primitive(PType::U32, NonNullable),
434            PType::U64 => &Primitive(PType::U64, NonNullable),
435            PType::F16 => &Primitive(PType::F16, NonNullable),
436            PType::F32 => &Primitive(PType::F32, NonNullable),
437            PType::F64 => &Primitive(PType::F64, NonNullable),
438        }
439    }
440}
441
442impl From<PType> for DType {
443    fn from(item: PType) -> Self {
444        Primitive(item, NonNullable)
445    }
446}
447
448/// A trait for types that can be converted to a little-endian byte slice
449pub trait ToBytes: Sized {
450    /// Returns a slice of this type's bytes in little-endian order
451    fn to_le_bytes(&self) -> &[u8];
452}
453
454/// A trait for types that can be converted from a little-endian byte slice
455pub trait TryFromBytes: Sized {
456    /// Attempts to convert a slice of bytes in little-endian order to this type
457    fn try_from_le_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> VortexResult<Self>;
458}
459
460macro_rules! try_from_bytes {
461    ($T:ty) => {
462        impl ToBytes for $T {
463            #[inline]
464            #[allow(clippy::size_of_in_element_count)]
465            fn to_le_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
466                // NOTE(ngates): this assumes the platform is little-endian. Currently enforced
467                //  with a flag cfg(target_endian = "little")
468                let raw_ptr = self as *const $T as *const u8;
469                unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(raw_ptr, std::mem::size_of::<$T>()) }
470            }
471        }
472
473        impl TryFromBytes for $T {
474            fn try_from_le_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> VortexResult<Self> {
475                Ok(<$T>::from_le_bytes(bytes.try_into().map_err(|_| {
476                    vortex_err!("Failed to convert bytes into {}", stringify!($T))
477                })?))
478            }
479        }
480    };
481}
482
483try_from_bytes!(u8);
484try_from_bytes!(u16);
485try_from_bytes!(u32);
486try_from_bytes!(u64);
487try_from_bytes!(i8);
488try_from_bytes!(i16);
489try_from_bytes!(i32);
490try_from_bytes!(i64);
491try_from_bytes!(f16);
492try_from_bytes!(f32);
493try_from_bytes!(f64);
494
495#[cfg(test)]
496mod tests {
497    use super::*;
498
499    #[test]
500    fn try_from_bytes() {
501        assert_eq!(u8::try_from_le_bytes(&[0x01]).unwrap(), 0x01);
502        assert_eq!(u16::try_from_le_bytes(&[0x01, 0x02]).unwrap(), 0x0201);
503        assert_eq!(
504            u32::try_from_le_bytes(&[0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04]).unwrap(),
505            0x04030201
506        );
507        assert_eq!(
508            u64::try_from_le_bytes(&[0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08]).unwrap(),
509            0x0807060504030201
510        );
511    }
512
513    #[test]
514    fn to_bytes_rt() {
515        assert_eq!(&0x01u8.to_le_bytes(), &[0x01]);
516        assert_eq!(&0x0201u16.to_le_bytes(), &[0x01, 0x02]);
517
518        assert_eq!(u8::try_from_le_bytes(&42_u8.to_le_bytes()).unwrap(), 42);
519        assert_eq!(u16::try_from_le_bytes(&42_u16.to_le_bytes()).unwrap(), 42);
520        assert_eq!(u32::try_from_le_bytes(&42_u32.to_le_bytes()).unwrap(), 42);
521        assert_eq!(u64::try_from_le_bytes(&42_u64.to_le_bytes()).unwrap(), 42);
522        assert_eq!(i8::try_from_le_bytes(&42_i8.to_le_bytes()).unwrap(), 42);
523        assert_eq!(i16::try_from_le_bytes(&42_i16.to_le_bytes()).unwrap(), 42);
524        assert_eq!(i32::try_from_le_bytes(&42_i32.to_le_bytes()).unwrap(), 42);
525        assert_eq!(i64::try_from_le_bytes(&42_i64.to_le_bytes()).unwrap(), 42);
526        assert_eq!(
527            f16::try_from_le_bytes(&f16::from_f32(42.0).to_le_bytes()).unwrap(),
528            f16::from_f32(42.0)
529        );
530        assert_eq!(
531            f32::try_from_le_bytes(&42.0_f32.to_le_bytes()).unwrap(),
532            42.0
533        );
534        assert_eq!(
535            f64::try_from_le_bytes(&42.0_f64.to_le_bytes()).unwrap(),
536            42.0
537        );
538    }
539
540    #[test]
541    fn max_value_u64() {
542        assert_eq!(PType::U8.max_value_as_u64(), u8::MAX as u64);
543        assert_eq!(PType::U16.max_value_as_u64(), u16::MAX as u64);
544        assert_eq!(PType::U32.max_value_as_u64(), u32::MAX as u64);
545        assert_eq!(PType::U64.max_value_as_u64(), u64::MAX);
546        assert_eq!(PType::I8.max_value_as_u64(), i8::MAX as u64);
547        assert_eq!(PType::I16.max_value_as_u64(), i16::MAX as u64);
548        assert_eq!(PType::I32.max_value_as_u64(), i32::MAX as u64);
549        assert_eq!(PType::I64.max_value_as_u64(), i64::MAX as u64);
550        assert_eq!(PType::F16.max_value_as_u64(), 65504); // f16 is a weird type...
551        assert_eq!(PType::F32.max_value_as_u64(), u64::MAX);
552        assert_eq!(PType::F64.max_value_as_u64(), u64::MAX);
553    }
554
555    #[test]
556    fn widths() {
557        assert_eq!(PType::U8.byte_width(), 1);
558        assert_eq!(PType::U16.byte_width(), 2);
559        assert_eq!(PType::U32.byte_width(), 4);
560        assert_eq!(PType::U64.byte_width(), 8);
561        assert_eq!(PType::I8.byte_width(), 1);
562        assert_eq!(PType::I16.byte_width(), 2);
563        assert_eq!(PType::I32.byte_width(), 4);
564        assert_eq!(PType::I64.byte_width(), 8);
565        assert_eq!(PType::F16.byte_width(), 2);
566        assert_eq!(PType::F32.byte_width(), 4);
567        assert_eq!(PType::F64.byte_width(), 8);
568
569        assert_eq!(PType::U8.bit_width(), 8);
570        assert_eq!(PType::U16.bit_width(), 16);
571        assert_eq!(PType::U32.bit_width(), 32);
572        assert_eq!(PType::U64.bit_width(), 64);
573        assert_eq!(PType::I8.bit_width(), 8);
574        assert_eq!(PType::I16.bit_width(), 16);
575        assert_eq!(PType::I32.bit_width(), 32);
576        assert_eq!(PType::I64.bit_width(), 64);
577        assert_eq!(PType::F16.bit_width(), 16);
578        assert_eq!(PType::F32.bit_width(), 32);
579        assert_eq!(PType::F64.bit_width(), 64);
580    }
581
582    #[test]
583    fn native_ptype_nan_handling() {
584        let a = f32::NAN;
585        let b = f32::NAN;
586        assert_ne!(a, b);
587        assert!(<f32 as NativePType>::is_nan(a));
588        assert!(<f32 as NativePType>::is_nan(b));
589        assert!(<f32 as NativePType>::is_eq(a, b));
590        assert!(<f32 as NativePType>::total_compare(a, b) == Ordering::Equal);
591    }
592
593    #[test]
594    fn to_signed() {
595        assert_eq!(PType::U8.to_signed(), PType::I8);
596        assert_eq!(PType::U16.to_signed(), PType::I16);
597        assert_eq!(PType::U32.to_signed(), PType::I32);
598        assert_eq!(PType::U64.to_signed(), PType::I64);
599        assert_eq!(PType::I8.to_signed(), PType::I8);
600        assert_eq!(PType::I16.to_signed(), PType::I16);
601        assert_eq!(PType::I32.to_signed(), PType::I32);
602        assert_eq!(PType::I64.to_signed(), PType::I64);
603        assert_eq!(PType::F16.to_signed(), PType::F16);
604        assert_eq!(PType::F32.to_signed(), PType::F32);
605        assert_eq!(PType::F64.to_signed(), PType::F64);
606    }
607
608    #[test]
609    fn to_unsigned() {
610        assert_eq!(PType::U8.to_unsigned(), PType::U8);
611        assert_eq!(PType::U16.to_unsigned(), PType::U16);
612        assert_eq!(PType::U32.to_unsigned(), PType::U32);
613        assert_eq!(PType::U64.to_unsigned(), PType::U64);
614        assert_eq!(PType::I8.to_unsigned(), PType::U8);
615        assert_eq!(PType::I16.to_unsigned(), PType::U16);
616        assert_eq!(PType::I32.to_unsigned(), PType::U32);
617        assert_eq!(PType::I64.to_unsigned(), PType::U64);
618        assert_eq!(PType::F16.to_unsigned(), PType::F16);
619        assert_eq!(PType::F32.to_unsigned(), PType::F32);
620        assert_eq!(PType::F64.to_unsigned(), PType::F64);
621    }
622
623    #[test]
624    fn to_dtype() {
625        assert_eq!(DType::from(PType::U8), Primitive(PType::U8, NonNullable));
626        assert_eq!(DType::from(PType::U16), Primitive(PType::U16, NonNullable));
627        assert_eq!(DType::from(PType::U32), Primitive(PType::U32, NonNullable));
628        assert_eq!(DType::from(PType::U64), Primitive(PType::U64, NonNullable));
629        assert_eq!(DType::from(PType::I8), Primitive(PType::I8, NonNullable));
630        assert_eq!(DType::from(PType::I16), Primitive(PType::I16, NonNullable));
631        assert_eq!(DType::from(PType::I32), Primitive(PType::I32, NonNullable));
632        assert_eq!(DType::from(PType::I64), Primitive(PType::I64, NonNullable));
633        assert_eq!(DType::from(PType::F16), Primitive(PType::F16, NonNullable));
634        assert_eq!(DType::from(PType::F32), Primitive(PType::F32, NonNullable));
635        assert_eq!(DType::from(PType::F64), Primitive(PType::F64, NonNullable));
636    }
637}