vortex_array/

validity.rs

// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright the Vortex contributors

//! Array validity and nullability behavior, used by arrays and compute functions.

use std::fmt::Debug;
use std::ops::Range;

use vortex_buffer::BitBuffer;
use vortex_error::VortexExpect as _;
use vortex_error::VortexResult;
use vortex_error::vortex_bail;
use vortex_error::vortex_err;
use vortex_error::vortex_panic;
use vortex_mask::AllOr;
use vortex_mask::Mask;
use vortex_mask::MaskValues;

use crate::ArrayRef;
use crate::Canonical;
use crate::ExecutionCtx;
use crate::IntoArray;
use crate::ToCanonical;
use crate::arrays::BoolArray;
use crate::arrays::ConstantArray;
use crate::arrays::bool::BoolArrayExt;
use crate::arrays::scalar_fn::ScalarFnFactoryExt;
use crate::builtins::ArrayBuiltins;
use crate::dtype::DType;
use crate::dtype::Nullability;
use crate::optimizer::ArrayOptimizer;
use crate::patches::Patches;
use crate::scalar::Scalar;
use crate::scalar_fn::fns::binary::Binary;
use crate::scalar_fn::fns::operators::Operator;

/// Validity information for an array
#[derive(Clone)]
pub enum Validity {
    /// Items *can't* be null
    NonNullable,
    /// All items are valid
    AllValid,
    /// All items are null
    AllInvalid,
    /// The validity of each position in the array is determined by a boolean array.
    ///
    /// True values are valid, false values are invalid ("null").
    Array(ArrayRef),
}

impl Debug for Validity {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        match self {
            Self::NonNullable => write!(f, "NonNullable"),
            Self::AllValid => write!(f, "AllValid"),
            Self::AllInvalid => write!(f, "AllInvalid"),
            Self::Array(arr) => write!(f, "SomeValid({})", arr.display_values()),
        }
    }
}

impl Validity {
    /// Make a step towards canonicalising validity if necessary
    pub fn execute(self, ctx: &mut ExecutionCtx) -> VortexResult<Validity> {
        match self {
            v @ Validity::NonNullable | v @ Validity::AllValid | v @ Validity::AllInvalid => Ok(v),
            Validity::Array(a) => Ok(Validity::Array(a.execute::<Canonical>(ctx)?.into_array())),
        }
    }
}

impl Validity {
    /// The [`DType`] of the underlying validity array (if it exists).
    pub const DTYPE: DType = DType::Bool(Nullability::NonNullable);

    /// Convert the validity to an array representation.
    pub fn to_array(&self, len: usize) -> ArrayRef {
        match self {
            Self::NonNullable | Self::AllValid => ConstantArray::new(true, len).into_array(),
            Self::AllInvalid => ConstantArray::new(false, len).into_array(),
            Self::Array(a) => a.clone(),
        }
    }

    /// If Validity is [`Validity::Array`], returns the array, otherwise returns `None`.
    #[inline]
    pub fn into_array(self) -> Option<ArrayRef> {
        if let Self::Array(a) = self {
            Some(a)
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    /// If Validity is [`Validity::Array`], returns a reference to the array array, otherwise returns `None`.
    #[inline]
    pub fn as_array(&self) -> Option<&ArrayRef> {
        if let Self::Array(a) = self {
            Some(a)
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn nullability(&self) -> Nullability {
        if matches!(self, Self::NonNullable) {
            Nullability::NonNullable
        } else {
            Nullability::Nullable
        }
    }

    /// The union nullability and validity.
    #[inline]
    pub fn union_nullability(self, nullability: Nullability) -> Self {
        match nullability {
            Nullability::NonNullable => self,
            Nullability::Nullable => self.into_nullable(),
        }
    }

    /// Returns whether the `index` item is valid.
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_valid(&self, index: usize) -> VortexResult<bool> {
        Ok(match self {
            Self::NonNullable | Self::AllValid => true,
            Self::AllInvalid => false,
            Self::Array(a) => a
                .scalar_at(index)
                .vortex_expect("Validity array must support scalar_at")
                .as_bool()
                .value()
                .vortex_expect("Validity must be non-nullable"),
        })
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_null(&self, index: usize) -> VortexResult<bool> {
        Ok(!self.is_valid(index)?)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn slice(&self, range: Range<usize>) -> VortexResult<Self> {
        match self {
            Self::Array(a) => Ok(Self::Array(a.slice(range)?)),
            Self::NonNullable | Self::AllValid | Self::AllInvalid => Ok(self.clone()),
        }
    }

    pub fn take(&self, indices: &ArrayRef) -> VortexResult<Self> {
        match self {
            Self::NonNullable => match indices.validity_mask()?.bit_buffer() {
                AllOr::All => {
                    if indices.dtype().is_nullable() {
                        Ok(Self::AllValid)
                    } else {
                        Ok(Self::NonNullable)
                    }
                }
                AllOr::None => Ok(Self::AllInvalid),
                AllOr::Some(buf) => Ok(Validity::from(buf.clone())),
            },
            Self::AllValid => match indices.validity_mask()?.bit_buffer() {
                AllOr::All => Ok(Self::AllValid),
                AllOr::None => Ok(Self::AllInvalid),
                AllOr::Some(buf) => Ok(Validity::from(buf.clone())),
            },
            Self::AllInvalid => Ok(Self::AllInvalid),
            Self::Array(is_valid) => {
                let maybe_is_valid = is_valid.take(indices.clone())?;
                // Null indices invalidate that position.
                let is_valid = maybe_is_valid.fill_null(Scalar::from(false))?;
                Ok(Self::Array(is_valid))
            }
        }
    }

    // Invert the validity
    pub fn not(&self) -> VortexResult<Self> {
        match self {
            Validity::NonNullable => Ok(Validity::NonNullable),
            Validity::AllValid => Ok(Validity::AllInvalid),
            Validity::AllInvalid => Ok(Validity::AllValid),
            Validity::Array(arr) => Ok(Validity::Array(arr.not()?)),
        }
    }

    /// Lazily filters a [`Validity`] with a selection mask, which keeps only the entries for which
    /// the mask is true.
    ///
    /// The result has length equal to the number of true values in mask.
    ///
    /// If the validity is a [`Validity::Array`], then this lazily wraps it in a `FilterArray`
    /// instead of eagerly filtering the values immediately.
    pub fn filter(&self, mask: &Mask) -> VortexResult<Self> {
        // NOTE(ngates): we take the mask as a reference to avoid the caller cloning unnecessarily
        //  if we happen to be NonNullable, AllValid, or AllInvalid.
        match self {
            v @ (Validity::NonNullable | Validity::AllValid | Validity::AllInvalid) => {
                Ok(v.clone())
            }
            Validity::Array(arr) => Ok(Validity::Array(arr.filter(mask.clone())?)),
        }
    }

    /// Converts this validity into a [`Mask`] of the given length.
    ///
    /// Valid elements are `true` and invalid elements are `false`.
    pub fn to_mask(&self, length: usize) -> Mask {
        match self {
            Self::NonNullable | Self::AllValid => Mask::new_true(length),
            Self::AllInvalid => Mask::new_false(length),
            Self::Array(a) => a.to_bool().to_mask(),
        }
    }

    pub fn execute_mask(&self, length: usize, ctx: &mut ExecutionCtx) -> VortexResult<Mask> {
        match self {
            Self::NonNullable | Self::AllValid => Ok(Mask::AllTrue(length)),
            Self::AllInvalid => Ok(Mask::AllFalse(length)),
            Self::Array(arr) => {
                assert_eq!(
                    arr.len(),
                    length,
                    "Validity::Array length must equal to_logical's argument: {}, {}.",
                    arr.len(),
                    length,
                );
                // TODO(ngates): I'm not sure execution should take arrays by ownership.
                //  If so we should fix call sites to clone and this function takes self.
                arr.clone().execute::<Mask>(ctx)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Compare two Validity values of the same length by executing them into masks if necessary.
    pub fn mask_eq(&self, other: &Validity, ctx: &mut ExecutionCtx) -> VortexResult<bool> {
        match (self, other) {
            (Validity::NonNullable, Validity::NonNullable) => Ok(true),
            (Validity::AllValid, Validity::AllValid) => Ok(true),
            (Validity::AllInvalid, Validity::AllInvalid) => Ok(true),
            (Validity::Array(a), Validity::Array(b)) => {
                let a = a.clone().execute::<Mask>(ctx)?;
                let b = b.clone().execute::<Mask>(ctx)?;
                Ok(a == b)
            }
            _ => Ok(false),
        }
    }

    /// Logically & two Validity values of the same length
    #[inline]
    pub fn and(self, rhs: Validity) -> VortexResult<Validity> {
        Ok(match (self, rhs) {
            // Should be pretty clear
            (Validity::NonNullable, Validity::NonNullable) => Validity::NonNullable,
            // Any `AllInvalid` makes the output all invalid values
            (Validity::AllInvalid, _) | (_, Validity::AllInvalid) => Validity::AllInvalid,
            // All truthy values on one side, which makes no effect on an `Array` variant
            (Validity::Array(a), Validity::AllValid)
            | (Validity::Array(a), Validity::NonNullable)
            | (Validity::NonNullable, Validity::Array(a))
            | (Validity::AllValid, Validity::Array(a)) => Validity::Array(a),
            // Both sides are all valid
            (Validity::NonNullable, Validity::AllValid)
            | (Validity::AllValid, Validity::NonNullable)
            | (Validity::AllValid, Validity::AllValid) => Validity::AllValid,
            // Here we actually have to do some work
            (Validity::Array(lhs), Validity::Array(rhs)) => Validity::Array(
                Binary
                    .try_new_array(lhs.len(), Operator::And, [lhs, rhs])?
                    .optimize()?,
            ),
        })
    }

    pub fn patch(
        self,
        len: usize,
        indices_offset: usize,
        indices: &ArrayRef,
        patches: &Validity,
        ctx: &mut ExecutionCtx,
    ) -> VortexResult<Self> {
        match (&self, patches) {
            (Validity::NonNullable, Validity::NonNullable) => return Ok(Validity::NonNullable),
            (Validity::NonNullable, _) => {
                vortex_bail!("Can't patch a non-nullable validity with nullable validity")
            }
            (_, Validity::NonNullable) => {
                vortex_bail!("Can't patch a nullable validity with non-nullable validity")
            }
            (Validity::AllValid, Validity::AllValid) => return Ok(Validity::AllValid),
            (Validity::AllInvalid, Validity::AllInvalid) => return Ok(Validity::AllInvalid),
            _ => {}
        };

        let own_nullability = if matches!(self, Validity::NonNullable) {
            Nullability::NonNullable
        } else {
            Nullability::Nullable
        };

        let source = match self {
            Validity::NonNullable => BoolArray::from(BitBuffer::new_set(len)),
            Validity::AllValid => BoolArray::from(BitBuffer::new_set(len)),
            Validity::AllInvalid => BoolArray::from(BitBuffer::new_unset(len)),
            Validity::Array(a) => a.execute::<BoolArray>(ctx)?,
        };

        let patch_values = match patches {
            Validity::NonNullable => BoolArray::from(BitBuffer::new_set(indices.len())),
            Validity::AllValid => BoolArray::from(BitBuffer::new_set(indices.len())),
            Validity::AllInvalid => BoolArray::from(BitBuffer::new_unset(indices.len())),
            Validity::Array(a) => a.clone().execute::<BoolArray>(ctx)?,
        };

        let patches = Patches::new(
            len,
            indices_offset,
            indices.clone(),
            patch_values.into_array(),
            // TODO(0ax1): chunk offsets
            None,
        )?;

        Ok(Self::from_array(
            source.patch(&patches, ctx)?.into_array(),
            own_nullability,
        ))
    }

    /// Convert into a nullable variant
    #[inline]
    pub fn into_nullable(self) -> Validity {
        match self {
            Self::NonNullable => Self::AllValid,
            Self::AllValid | Self::AllInvalid | Self::Array(_) => self,
        }
    }

    /// Convert into a non-nullable variant
    #[inline]
    pub fn into_non_nullable(self, len: usize) -> Option<Validity> {
        match self {
            _ if len == 0 => Some(Validity::NonNullable),
            Self::NonNullable => Some(Self::NonNullable),
            Self::AllValid => Some(Self::NonNullable),
            Self::AllInvalid => None,
            Self::Array(is_valid) => {
                is_valid
                    .statistics()
                    .compute_min::<bool>()
                    .vortex_expect("validity array must support min")
                    .then(|| {
                        // min true => all true
                        Self::NonNullable
                    })
            }
        }
    }

    /// Convert into a variant compatible with the given nullability, if possible.
    #[inline]
    pub fn cast_nullability(self, nullability: Nullability, len: usize) -> VortexResult<Validity> {
        match nullability {
            Nullability::NonNullable => self.into_non_nullable(len).ok_or_else(|| {
                vortex_err!(InvalidArgument: "Cannot cast array with invalid values to non-nullable type.")
            }),
            Nullability::Nullable => Ok(self.into_nullable()),
        }
    }

    /// Create Validity by copying the given array's validity.
    #[inline]
    pub fn copy_from_array(array: &ArrayRef) -> VortexResult<Self> {
        Ok(Validity::from_mask(
            array.validity_mask()?,
            array.dtype().nullability(),
        ))
    }

    /// Create Validity from boolean array with given nullability of the array.
    ///
    /// Note: You want to pass the nullability of parent array and not the nullability of the validity array itself
    ///     as that is always nonnullable
    fn from_array(value: ArrayRef, nullability: Nullability) -> Self {
        if !matches!(value.dtype(), DType::Bool(Nullability::NonNullable)) {
            vortex_panic!("Expected a non-nullable boolean array")
        }
        match nullability {
            Nullability::NonNullable => Self::NonNullable,
            Nullability::Nullable => Self::Array(value),
        }
    }

    /// Returns the length of the validity array, if it exists.
    #[inline]
    pub fn maybe_len(&self) -> Option<usize> {
        match self {
            Self::NonNullable | Self::AllValid | Self::AllInvalid => None,
            Self::Array(a) => Some(a.len()),
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn uncompressed_size(&self) -> usize {
        if let Validity::Array(a) = self {
            a.len().div_ceil(8)
        } else {
            0
        }
    }
}

impl From<BitBuffer> for Validity {
    #[inline]
    fn from(value: BitBuffer) -> Self {
        let true_count = value.true_count();
        if true_count == value.len() {
            Self::AllValid
        } else if true_count == 0 {
            Self::AllInvalid
        } else {
            Self::Array(BoolArray::from(value).into_array())
        }
    }
}

impl FromIterator<Mask> for Validity {
    #[inline]
    fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = Mask>>(iter: T) -> Self {
        Validity::from_mask(iter.into_iter().collect(), Nullability::Nullable)
    }
}

impl FromIterator<bool> for Validity {
    #[inline]
    fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = bool>>(iter: T) -> Self {
        Validity::from(BitBuffer::from_iter(iter))
    }
}

impl From<Nullability> for Validity {
    #[inline]
    fn from(value: Nullability) -> Self {
        Validity::from(&value)
    }
}

impl From<&Nullability> for Validity {
    #[inline]
    fn from(value: &Nullability) -> Self {
        match *value {
            Nullability::NonNullable => Validity::NonNullable,
            Nullability::Nullable => Validity::AllValid,
        }
    }
}

impl Validity {
    pub fn from_bit_buffer(buffer: BitBuffer, nullability: Nullability) -> Self {
        if buffer.true_count() == buffer.len() {
            nullability.into()
        } else if buffer.true_count() == 0 {
            Validity::AllInvalid
        } else {
            Validity::Array(BoolArray::new(buffer, Validity::NonNullable).into_array())
        }
    }

    pub fn from_mask(mask: Mask, nullability: Nullability) -> Self {
        assert!(
            nullability == Nullability::Nullable || matches!(mask, Mask::AllTrue(_)),
            "NonNullable validity must be AllValid",
        );
        match mask {
            Mask::AllTrue(_) => match nullability {
                Nullability::NonNullable => Validity::NonNullable,
                Nullability::Nullable => Validity::AllValid,
            },
            Mask::AllFalse(_) => Validity::AllInvalid,
            Mask::Values(values) => Validity::Array(values.into_array()),
        }
    }
}

impl IntoArray for Mask {
    #[inline]
    fn into_array(self) -> ArrayRef {
        match self {
            Self::AllTrue(len) => ConstantArray::new(true, len).into_array(),
            Self::AllFalse(len) => ConstantArray::new(false, len).into_array(),
            Self::Values(a) => a.into_array(),
        }
    }
}

impl IntoArray for &MaskValues {
    #[inline]
    fn into_array(self) -> ArrayRef {
        BoolArray::new(self.bit_buffer().clone(), Validity::NonNullable).into_array()
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use rstest::rstest;
    use vortex_buffer::Buffer;
    use vortex_buffer::buffer;
    use vortex_mask::Mask;

    use crate::ArrayRef;
    use crate::IntoArray;
    use crate::LEGACY_SESSION;
    use crate::VortexSessionExecute;
    use crate::arrays::PrimitiveArray;
    use crate::dtype::Nullability;
    use crate::validity::BoolArray;
    use crate::validity::Validity;

    #[rstest]
    #[case(Validity::AllValid, 5, &[2, 4], Validity::AllValid, Validity::AllValid)]
    #[case(
        Validity::AllValid,
        5,
        &[2, 4],
        Validity::AllInvalid,
        Validity::Array(BoolArray::from_iter([true, true, false, true, false]).into_array())
    )]
    #[case(
        Validity::AllValid,
        5,
        &[2, 4],
        Validity::Array(BoolArray::from_iter([true, false]).into_array()),
        Validity::Array(BoolArray::from_iter([true, true, true, true, false]).into_array())
    )]
    #[case(
        Validity::AllInvalid,
        5,
        &[2, 4],
        Validity::AllValid,
        Validity::Array(BoolArray::from_iter([false, false, true, false, true]).into_array())
    )]
    #[case(Validity::AllInvalid, 5, &[2, 4], Validity::AllInvalid, Validity::AllInvalid)]
    #[case(
        Validity::AllInvalid,
        5,
        &[2, 4],
        Validity::Array(BoolArray::from_iter([true, false]).into_array()),
        Validity::Array(BoolArray::from_iter([false, false, true, false, false]).into_array())
    )]
    #[case(
        Validity::Array(BoolArray::from_iter([false, true, false, true, false]).into_array()),
        5,
        &[2, 4],
        Validity::AllValid,
        Validity::Array(BoolArray::from_iter([false, true, true, true, true]).into_array())
    )]
    #[case(
        Validity::Array(BoolArray::from_iter([false, true, false, true, false]).into_array()),
        5,
        &[2, 4],
        Validity::AllInvalid,
        Validity::Array(BoolArray::from_iter([false, true, false, true, false]).into_array())
    )]
    #[case(
        Validity::Array(BoolArray::from_iter([false, true, false, true, false]).into_array()),
        5,
        &[2, 4],
        Validity::Array(BoolArray::from_iter([true, false]).into_array()),
        Validity::Array(BoolArray::from_iter([false, true, true, true, false]).into_array())
    )]

    fn patch_validity(
        #[case] validity: Validity,
        #[case] len: usize,
        #[case] positions: &[u64],
        #[case] patches: Validity,
        #[case] expected: Validity,
    ) {
        let indices =
            PrimitiveArray::new(Buffer::copy_from(positions), Validity::NonNullable).into_array();

        let mut ctx = LEGACY_SESSION.create_execution_ctx();

        assert!(
            validity
                .patch(
                    len,
                    0,
                    &indices,
                    &patches,
                    &mut LEGACY_SESSION.create_execution_ctx(),
                )
                .unwrap()
                .mask_eq(&expected, &mut ctx)
                .unwrap()
        );
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic]
    fn out_of_bounds_patch() {
        Validity::NonNullable
            .patch(
                2,
                0,
                &buffer![4].into_array(),
                &Validity::AllInvalid,
                &mut LEGACY_SESSION.create_execution_ctx(),
            )
            .unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic]
    fn into_validity_nullable() {
        Validity::from_mask(Mask::AllFalse(10), Nullability::NonNullable);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic]
    fn into_validity_nullable_array() {
        Validity::from_mask(Mask::from_iter(vec![true, false]), Nullability::NonNullable);
    }

    #[rstest]
    #[case(
        Validity::AllValid,
        PrimitiveArray::new(buffer![0, 1], Validity::from_iter(vec![true, false])).into_array(),
        Validity::from_iter(vec![true, false])
    )]
    #[case(Validity::AllValid, buffer![0, 1].into_array(), Validity::AllValid)]
    #[case(
        Validity::AllValid,
        PrimitiveArray::new(buffer![0, 1], Validity::AllInvalid).into_array(),
        Validity::AllInvalid
    )]
    #[case(
        Validity::NonNullable,
        PrimitiveArray::new(buffer![0, 1], Validity::from_iter(vec![true, false])).into_array(),
        Validity::from_iter(vec![true, false])
    )]
    #[case(Validity::NonNullable, buffer![0, 1].into_array(), Validity::NonNullable)]
    #[case(
        Validity::NonNullable,
        PrimitiveArray::new(buffer![0, 1], Validity::AllInvalid).into_array(),
        Validity::AllInvalid
    )]
    fn validity_take(
        #[case] validity: Validity,
        #[case] indices: ArrayRef,
        #[case] expected: Validity,
    ) {
        let mut ctx = LEGACY_SESSION.create_execution_ctx();
        assert!(
            validity
                .take(&indices)
                .unwrap()
                .mask_eq(&expected, &mut ctx)
                .unwrap()
        );
    }
}