windows_recipe_writefile_advanced/windows-recipe-writefile-advanced.rs
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//! # Advanced [`recipe!`] example
//!
//! This example demonstrates how to write a recipe with multiple steps
//! and advanced control flow using [`RecipeControlFlow`].
//!
//! The recipe is injected into the `explorer.exe` process and writes
//! a file in chunks to the guest.
//!
//! # Possible log output
//!
//! > Note the page faults, which are automatically handled by the
//! > [`InjectorHandler`] and injected back into the guest.
//!
//! ```text
//! DEBUG domain_id=XenDomainId(104)
//! DEBUG found MZ base_address=0xfffff80002861000
//! INFO profile already exists profile_path="cache/windows/ntkrnlmp.pdb/3844dbb920174967be7aa4a2c20430fa2/profile.json"
//! INFO Creating VMI session
//! INFO found explorer.exe pid=1248 object=0xfffffa80030e9060
//! DEBUG injector{vcpu=0 rip=0x0000000077c618ca}:memory_access: thread hijacked current_tid=2776
//! DEBUG injector{vcpu=0 rip=0x0000000077c618ca}:memory_access: recipe step index=0
//! INFO injector{vcpu=0 rip=0x0000000077c618ca}:memory_access: step 1: kernel32!CreateFileA() target_path="C:\\Users\\John\\Desktop\\test.txt"
//! DEBUG injector{vcpu=0 rip=0x0000000077c618ca}:memory_access: recipe step index=1
//! INFO injector{vcpu=0 rip=0x0000000077c618ca}:memory_access: step 2: kernel32!WriteFile() handle=0x0000000000000000
//! DEBUG injector{vcpu=0 rip=0x0000000077c618ca}:memory_access: recipe step index=2
//! DEBUG injector{vcpu=0 rip=0x0000000077c618ca}:memory_access: recipe step index=2 (x20)
//! WARN injecting page fault pf=PageFault { address: 0x0000000006358d70, root: 0x0000000070749000 }
//! DEBUG injector{vcpu=0 rip=0x0000000077c618ca}:memory_access: recipe step index=2
//! DEBUG injector{vcpu=0 rip=0x0000000077c618ca}:memory_access: recipe step index=2 (x6)
//! WARN injecting page fault pf=PageFault { address: 0x0000000006356fb0, root: 0x0000000070749000 }
//! DEBUG injector{vcpu=0 rip=0x0000000077c618ca}:memory_access: recipe step index=2
//! DEBUG injector{vcpu=0 rip=0x0000000077c618ca}:memory_access: recipe step index=2 (x4)
//! WARN injecting page fault pf=PageFault { address: 0x0000000006355eb0, root: 0x0000000070749000 }
//! DEBUG injector{vcpu=2 rip=0x0000000077c618ca}:memory_access: recipe step index=2
//! DEBUG injector{vcpu=2 rip=0x0000000077c618ca}:memory_access: recipe step index=2 (x4)
//! WARN injecting page fault pf=PageFault { address: 0x0000000006354db0, root: 0x0000000070749000 }
//! DEBUG injector{vcpu=2 rip=0x0000000077c618ca}:memory_access: recipe step index=2
//! DEBUG injector{vcpu=2 rip=0x0000000077c618ca}:memory_access: recipe step index=2 (x4)
//! WARN injecting page fault pf=PageFault { address: 0x0000000006353cb0, root: 0x0000000070749000 }
//! DEBUG injector{vcpu=2 rip=0x0000000077c618ca}:memory_access: recipe step index=2
//! DEBUG injector{vcpu=2 rip=0x0000000077c618ca}:memory_access: recipe step index=2 (x4)
//! WARN injecting page fault pf=PageFault { address: 0x0000000006352ff0, root: 0x0000000070749000 }
//! DEBUG injector{vcpu=2 rip=0x0000000077c618ca}:memory_access: recipe step index=2
//! DEBUG injector{vcpu=2 rip=0x0000000077c618ca}:memory_access: recipe step index=2 (x8)
//! DEBUG injector{vcpu=2 rip=0x0000000077c618ca}:memory_access: recipe step index=3
//! INFO injector{vcpu=2 rip=0x0000000077c618ca}:memory_access: step 4: kernel32!WriteFile() number_of_bytes_written=26
//! INFO injector{vcpu=2 rip=0x0000000077c618ca}:memory_access: step 4: kernel32!CloseHandle() handle=0x0000000000000bac
//! DEBUG injector{vcpu=2 rip=0x0000000077c618ca}:memory_access: recipe finished result=0x0000000000000001
//! ```
mod _common;
use vmi::{
arch::amd64::Amd64,
os::windows::WindowsOs,
utils::injector::{recipe, InjectorHandler, Recipe, RecipeControlFlow},
Hex, Va, VcpuId, VmiDriver,
};
#[derive(Debug, Default)]
pub struct GuestFile {
/// Target path in the guest to write the file.
target_path: String,
/// Content to write to the file.
content: Vec<u8>,
/// The size of the chunk to write to the file.
chunk_size: usize,
/// Handle to the file.
/// Assigned in 2nd step.
handle: u64,
/// The number of bytes written to the file.
/// Assigned in 2nd step and used in 3rd step.
bytes_written_ptr: Va,
/// The total number of bytes written to the file.
bytes_written_total: u32,
}
impl GuestFile {
pub fn new(target_path: impl AsRef<str>, content: impl AsRef<[u8]>) -> Self {
Self {
target_path: target_path.as_ref().to_string(),
content: content.as_ref().to_vec(),
chunk_size: 1024,
// Mutable fields.
handle: 0,
bytes_written_ptr: Va::default(),
bytes_written_total: 0,
}
}
}
/// Create a recipe to write a file to the guest.
///
/// # Equivalent C pseudo-code
///
/// ```c
/// const char* target_path = "...\\test.txt";
/// const char content[] = "...";
///
/// HANDLE handle = CreateFileA(target_path, // lpFileName
/// GENERIC_WRITE, // dwDesiredAccess
/// 0, // dwShareMode
/// NULL, // lpSecurityAttributes
/// CREATE_ALWAYS, // dwCreationDisposition
/// FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, // dwFlagsAndAttributes
/// NULL); // hTemplateFile
///
/// if (handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
/// printf("kernel32!CreateFileA() failed\n");
/// return;
/// }
///
/// DWORD bytes_written;
/// DWORD bytes_written_total = 0;
///
/// while (bytes_written_total < sizeof(content)) {
/// if (!WriteFile(handle, content, sizeof(content), &bytes_written, 0)) {
/// printf("kernel32!WriteFile() failed\n");
/// return;
/// }
///
/// bytes_written_total += bytes_written;
/// }
///
/// CloseHandle(handle);
/// ```
pub fn recipe_factory<Driver>(data: GuestFile) -> Recipe<Driver, WindowsOs<Driver>, GuestFile>
where
Driver: VmiDriver<Architecture = Amd64>,
{
recipe![
Recipe::<_, WindowsOs<Driver>, _>::new(data),
//
// Step 1:
// - Create a file.
//
{
tracing::info!(
target_path = data![target_path],
"step 1: kernel32!CreateFileA()"
);
const GENERIC_WRITE: u64 = 0x40000000;
const CREATE_ALWAYS: u64 = 2;
const FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL: u64 = 0x80;
inj! {
kernel32!CreateFileA(
&data![target_path], // lpFileName
GENERIC_WRITE, // dwDesiredAccess
0, // dwShareMode
0, // lpSecurityAttributes
CREATE_ALWAYS, // dwCreationDisposition
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, // dwFlagsAndAttributes
0 // hTemplateFile
)
}
},
//
// Step 2:
// - Verify the file handle
// - Write the first chunk to the file
//
{
let return_value = registers!().rax;
const INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE: u64 = 0xffff_ffff_ffff_ffff;
if return_value == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE {
tracing::error!(
return_value = %Hex(return_value),
"step 2: kernel32!CreateFileA() failed"
);
return Ok(RecipeControlFlow::Break);
}
tracing::info!(
handle = %Hex(data![handle]),
"step 2: kernel32!WriteFile()"
);
// Save the handle.
data![handle] = return_value;
// Allocate a value on the stack to store the output parameter.
data![bytes_written_ptr] = copy_to_stack!(0u64)?;
// Get the first chunk of content.
let content = &data![content];
let chunk_size = usize::min(content.len(), data![chunk_size]);
let chunk = content[..chunk_size].to_vec();
inj! {
kernel32!WriteFile(
data![handle], // hFile
chunk, // lpBuffer
chunk.len() as u64, // nNumberOfBytesToWrite
data![bytes_written_ptr], // lpNumberOfBytesWritten
0 // lpOverlapped
)
}
},
//
// Step 3:
// - Verify that the `WriteFile()` call succeeded
// - Write the next chunk to the file
// - Repeat this step until all content is written
//
{
let return_value = registers!().rax;
if return_value == 0 {
tracing::error!(
return_value = %Hex(return_value),
"step 3: kernel32!WriteFile() failed"
);
return Ok(RecipeControlFlow::Break);
}
// Read the number of bytes written and update the total.
let number_of_bytes_written = vmi!().read_u32(data![bytes_written_ptr])?;
data![bytes_written_total] += number_of_bytes_written;
let bytes_written_total = data![bytes_written_total];
let content = &data![content];
// If all content is written, move to the next step.
if bytes_written_total >= content.len() as u32 {
return Ok(RecipeControlFlow::Continue);
}
// Get the next chunk of content.
let remaining = content.len() - bytes_written_total as usize;
let chunk_size = usize::min(remaining, data![chunk_size]);
let chunk = &content[bytes_written_total as usize..];
let chunk = chunk[..chunk_size].to_vec();
// Allocate a value on the stack to store the output parameter.
data![bytes_written_ptr] = copy_to_stack!(0u64)?;
inj! {
kernel32!WriteFile(
data![handle], // hFile
chunk, // lpBuffer
chunk.len() as u64, // nNumberOfBytesToWrite
data![bytes_written_ptr], // lpNumberOfBytesWritten
0 // lpOverlapped
)
}?;
Ok(RecipeControlFlow::Repeat)
},
//
// Step 4:
// - Verify that the last `WriteFile()` call succeeded
// - Close the file handle
//
{
let return_value = registers!().rax;
if return_value == 0 {
tracing::error!(
return_value = %Hex(return_value),
"step 4: kernel32!WriteFile() failed"
);
// Don't exit, we want to close the handle.
// return Ok(RecipeControlFlow::Break);
}
// Read the number of bytes written.
let number_of_bytes_written = vmi!().read_u32(data![bytes_written_ptr])?;
tracing::info!(number_of_bytes_written, "step 4: kernel32!WriteFile()");
tracing::info!(
handle = %Hex(data![handle]),
"step 4: kernel32!CloseHandle()"
);
inj! {
kernel32!CloseHandle(
data![handle] // hObject
)
}
},
]
}
fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
let (vmi, profile) = _common::create_vmi_session()?;
let processes = {
let _pause_guard = vmi.pause_guard()?;
let registers = vmi.registers(VcpuId(0))?;
vmi.os().processes(®isters)?
};
let explorer = processes
.iter()
.find(|process| process.name.to_lowercase() == "explorer.exe")
.expect("explorer.exe");
tracing::info!(
pid = %explorer.id,
object = %explorer.object,
"found explorer.exe"
);
let mut content = Vec::new();
for c in 'A'..='Z' {
content.extend((0..2049).map(|_| c as u8).collect::<Vec<_>>());
}
vmi.handle(|vmi| {
InjectorHandler::new(
vmi,
&profile,
explorer.id,
recipe_factory(GuestFile::new(
"C:\\Users\\John\\Desktop\\test.txt",
content,
)),
)
})?;
Ok(())
}