usage/

parse.rs

use heck::ToSnakeCase;
use indexmap::IndexMap;
use itertools::Itertools;
use log::trace;
use miette::bail;
use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap, HashSet, VecDeque};
use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter};
use std::sync::Arc;
use strum::EnumTryAs;

#[cfg(feature = "docs")]
use crate::docs;
use crate::error::UsageErr;
use crate::spec::arg::SpecDoubleDashChoices;
use crate::{Spec, SpecArg, SpecChoices, SpecCommand, SpecFlag};

/// Merge a subcommand's flags into the currently available flags when descending
/// into that subcommand.
///
/// On descent we drop the parent's non-global flags (they are scoped to the parent)
/// but keep its global flags so they remain recognized further down. A subcommand may
/// re-declare a flag that the parent exposed as global (e.g. `-C/--cd`) but mark its own
/// copy as non-global. In that case we must NOT let the non-global re-declaration shadow
/// the inherited global flag, otherwise the next descent's `retain(global)` would drop it
/// entirely and later parsing would treat the already-consumed global token as an
/// unexpected positional/flag value.
///
/// Descending into a *mounted* subcommand (`crossing_mount`) is different: the mounted
/// command describes another program, which does not accept the mounting CLI's globals.
/// Those globals stay recognized (they may appear before the mounted command, and Phase 2
/// re-parses them), but the mounted command's own flags take precedence over them, so its
/// choices/completions are not replaced by a global's. Which flags a completion may offer
/// there is a separate question, answered by [`ParseOutput::completion_flags`].
fn merge_subcommand_flags(
    available: &mut BTreeMap<String, Arc<SpecFlag>>,
    new_flags: BTreeMap<String, Arc<SpecFlag>>,
    crossing_mount: bool,
) {
    // Keep only inherited global flags from the parent.
    available.retain(|_, f| f.global);

    if crossing_mount {
        // A mounted command owns its flags outright, including names an inherited global also
        // uses: a word after the mounted command belongs to the mounted program. Words before
        // it keep resolving to the global they were read as, via `prefix_bindings`. Aliases the
        // mounted command does not declare (e.g. a global's short) stay inherited.
        for (key, flag) in new_flags {
            available.insert(key, flag);
        }
        return;
    }

    // Cache the merged (global ∪ orphan-alias) flag per re-declared child so every alias key of
    // that flag ends up sharing one `Arc`. Keyed by the child `Arc`'s identity.
    let mut merged_cache: HashMap<usize, Arc<SpecFlag>> = HashMap::new();

    // Iterate the *flattened* child map directly (one entry per alias key). This preserves the
    // map's existing intra-subcommand collision resolution: when two flags in the same command
    // share an alias (e.g. `-x --alpha` then `-x --beta`), the BTreeMap already collapsed `-x`
    // to its last-declared owner, and we must not change which flag owns it.
    for (key, flag) in new_flags {
        if flag.global {
            // A child that re-declares (or adds) a global flag stays recognized everywhere.
            available.insert(key, flag);
            continue;
        }

        // A non-global re-declaration that shares a LONG name with an inherited global flag is
        // the SAME logical flag (e.g. mise's `-r --raw` re-declaring the long-only `--raw`
        // global). Keep the global flag (global precedence, so it survives the next descent's
        // `retain`), but union in any short/long aliases that exist only on the re-declaration,
        // otherwise those orphan aliases would be silently dropped. Matching on a shared long is
        // deliberate: a re-declaration sharing only a short letter with an unrelated global
        // (`-q --quiet` vs `-q --quoting`) is a genuine collision, not an alias addition, and is
        // handled by the `contains_key` skip below instead.
        let inherited_global = flag.long.iter().find_map(|l| {
            available
                .get(&format!("--{l}"))
                .filter(|f| f.global)
                .cloned()
        });
        if let Some(global_flag) = inherited_global {
            // Never clobber a *different* inherited global's alias. If this re-declaration's
            // orphan alias (e.g. `-r`) is already owned by some other global (e.g. an unrelated
            // `-r --restrict`), that is a genuine collision: keep the existing global, as global
            // precedence dictates, instead of stealing the alias for the merged flag.
            if available
                .get(&key)
                .is_some_and(|existing| existing.global && !Arc::ptr_eq(existing, &global_flag))
            {
                continue;
            }
            let merged = merged_cache
                .entry(Arc::as_ptr(&flag) as usize)
                .or_insert_with(|| {
                    let mut merged = (*global_flag).clone();
                    for s in &flag.short {
                        if !merged.short.contains(s) {
                            merged.short.push(*s);
                        }
                    }
                    for l in &flag.long {
                        if !merged.long.contains(l) {
                            merged.long.push(l.clone());
                        }
                    }
                    Arc::new(merged)
                })
                .clone();
            available.insert(key, merged);
            continue;
        }

        // Purely-local flag (shares nothing with an inherited global), or one that collides only
        // on a short with an unrelated global. Insert this alias but never shadow an inherited
        // global flag. Such non-global flags are dropped by the next descent's `retain`.
        if available.contains_key(&key) {
            continue;
        }
        available.insert(key, flag);
    }
}

/// Build the lookup keys a flag is registered under in `available_flags`:
/// `--<long>` for each long name, `-<short>` for each short char, plus the `negate` token.
fn flag_keys(flag: &SpecFlag) -> Vec<String> {
    let mut keys: Vec<String> = flag
        .long
        .iter()
        .map(|l| format!("--{l}"))
        .chain(flag.short.iter().map(|s| format!("-{s}")))
        .collect();
    if let Some(negate) = &flag.negate {
        keys.push(negate.clone());
    }
    keys
}

/// The flags a command declares, keyed by each of their aliases.
fn gather_flags(cmd: &SpecCommand) -> BTreeMap<String, Arc<SpecFlag>> {
    cmd.flags
        .iter()
        .flat_map(|f| {
            let f = Arc::new(f.clone()); // One clone per flag, then cheap Arc refs
            flag_keys(&f)
                .into_iter()
                .map(|key| (key, Arc::clone(&f)))
                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
        })
        .collect()
}

fn unique_flags<'a>(
    flags: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a Arc<SpecFlag>>,
) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'a Arc<SpecFlag>> {
    let mut seen = HashSet::new();
    flags
        .into_iter()
        .filter(move |flag| seen.insert(Arc::as_ptr(flag) as usize))
}

/// Extract the flag key from a flag word for lookup in available_flags map
/// Handles both long flags (--flag, --flag=value) and short flags (-f)
fn get_flag_key(word: &str) -> &str {
    if word.starts_with("--") {
        // Long flag: strip =value if present
        word.split_once('=').map(|(k, _)| k).unwrap_or(word)
    } else if word.len() >= 2 {
        // Short flag: first two chars (-X)
        &word[0..2]
    } else {
        word
    }
}

pub struct ParseOutput {
    pub cmd: SpecCommand,
    pub cmds: Vec<SpecCommand>,
    pub args: IndexMap<Arc<SpecArg>, ParseValue>,
    pub flags: IndexMap<Arc<SpecFlag>, ParseValue>,
    /// Every flag the parser recognizes at this point, keyed by each of its aliases
    /// (`--long`, `-s`, negations).
    ///
    /// This includes flags that only remain recognized because they may appear *before* a
    /// mounted command — see [`ParseOutput::completion_flags`] for the set a completion
    /// should offer.
    pub available_flags: BTreeMap<String, Arc<SpecFlag>>,
    pub flag_awaiting_value: Vec<Arc<SpecFlag>>,
    pub errors: Vec<UsageErr>,
}

impl ParseOutput {
    /// The flags a completion should offer for the parsed command.
    ///
    /// Usually every recognized flag, i.e. [`ParseOutput::available_flags`]. Once a mounted
    /// command has been reached, though, the commands above it belong to the mounting CLI and
    /// their flags are not accepted there — mise, for example, forwards everything after a task
    /// name to the task itself — so only the flags declared from the mount boundary down are
    /// offered. Those globals stay in `available_flags` because they may legitimately appear
    /// *before* the mounted command.
    pub fn completion_flags(&self) -> BTreeMap<String, Arc<SpecFlag>> {
        let Some(boundary) = self.cmds.iter().position(|cmd| cmd.mounted) else {
            return self.available_flags.clone();
        };
        // A mount can also merge flags from its spec's root into the command it is mounted on
        // (`SpecCommand::flags_from_mount`). Those describe the mounted program too, so the
        // replay starts one level up to inherit its globals.
        let start = match boundary.checked_sub(1) {
            Some(prev) if self.cmds[prev].flags_from_mount => prev,
            _ => boundary,
        };
        // Re-run the descent from there, which starts with no inherited flags. Below the
        // boundary the mounted program's commands are ordinary commands, so the descents use
        // the same merge as the real parse.
        let mut offered = gather_flags(&self.cmds[start]);
        for cmd in &self.cmds[start + 1..] {
            merge_subcommand_flags(&mut offered, gather_flags(cmd), false);
        }
        offered
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, EnumTryAs, Clone)]
pub enum ParseValue {
    Bool(bool),
    String(String),
    MultiBool(Vec<bool>),
    MultiString(Vec<String>),
}

/// Builder for parsing command-line arguments with custom options.
///
/// Use this when you need to customize parsing behavior, such as providing
/// a custom environment variable map instead of using the process environment.
///
/// # Example
/// ```
/// use std::collections::HashMap;
/// use usage::Spec;
/// use usage::parse::Parser;
///
/// let spec: Spec = r#"flag "--name <name>" env="NAME""#.parse().unwrap();
/// let env: HashMap<String, String> = [("NAME".into(), "john".into())].into();
///
/// let result = Parser::new(&spec)
///     .with_env(env)
///     .parse(&["cmd".into()])
///     .unwrap();
/// ```
#[non_exhaustive]
pub struct Parser<'a> {
    spec: &'a Spec,
    env: Option<HashMap<String, String>>,
}

impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
    /// Create a new parser for the given spec.
    pub fn new(spec: &'a Spec) -> Self {
        Self { spec, env: None }
    }

    /// Use a custom environment variable map instead of the process environment.
    ///
    /// This is useful when parsing for tasks in a monorepo where the env vars
    /// come from a child config file rather than the current process environment.
    pub fn with_env(mut self, env: HashMap<String, String>) -> Self {
        self.env = Some(env);
        self
    }

    /// Parse the input arguments.
    ///
    /// Returns the parsed arguments and flags, with defaults and env vars applied.
    pub fn parse(self, input: &[String]) -> Result<ParseOutput, miette::Error> {
        let custom_env = self.env.as_ref();
        let mut out = parse_partial_with_env(self.spec, input, custom_env)?;
        trace!("{out:?}");

        let get_env = |key: &str| -> Option<String> {
            if let Some(env_map) = custom_env {
                env_map.get(key).cloned()
            } else {
                std::env::var(key).ok()
            }
        };

        // Apply env vars and defaults for args
        for arg in out.cmd.args.iter().skip(out.args.len()) {
            if let Some(env_var) = arg.env.as_ref() {
                if let Some(env_value) = get_env(env_var) {
                    validate_choice_value(
                        ChoiceTarget::arg(arg),
                        &env_value,
                        arg.choices.as_ref(),
                        custom_env,
                    )?;
                    out.args
                        .insert(Arc::new(arg.clone()), ParseValue::String(env_value));
                    continue;
                }
            }
            if !arg.default.is_empty() {
                // Consider var when deciding the type of default return value
                if arg.var {
                    validate_choice_values(
                        ChoiceTarget::arg(arg),
                        &arg.default,
                        arg.choices.as_ref(),
                        custom_env,
                    )?;
                    // For var=true, always return a vec (MultiString)
                    out.args.insert(
                        Arc::new(arg.clone()),
                        ParseValue::MultiString(arg.default.clone()),
                    );
                } else {
                    validate_choice_value(
                        ChoiceTarget::arg(arg),
                        &arg.default[0],
                        arg.choices.as_ref(),
                        custom_env,
                    )?;
                    // For var=false, return the first default value as String
                    out.args.insert(
                        Arc::new(arg.clone()),
                        ParseValue::String(arg.default[0].clone()),
                    );
                }
            }
        }

        // Apply env vars and defaults for flags
        for flag in out.available_flags.values() {
            if out.flags.contains_key(flag) {
                continue;
            }
            if let Some(env_var) = flag.env.as_ref() {
                if let Some(env_value) = get_env(env_var) {
                    if let Some(arg) = flag.arg.as_ref() {
                        validate_choice_value(
                            ChoiceTarget::option(flag),
                            &env_value,
                            arg.choices.as_ref(),
                            custom_env,
                        )?;
                        out.flags
                            .insert(Arc::clone(flag), ParseValue::String(env_value));
                    } else {
                        // For boolean flags, check if env value is truthy
                        let is_true = matches!(env_value.as_str(), "1" | "true" | "True" | "TRUE");
                        out.flags
                            .insert(Arc::clone(flag), ParseValue::Bool(is_true));
                    }
                    continue;
                }
            }
            // Apply flag default
            if !flag.default.is_empty() {
                // Consider var when deciding the type of default return value
                if flag.var {
                    // For var=true, always return a vec (MultiString for flags with args, MultiBool for boolean flags)
                    if let Some(arg) = flag.arg.as_ref() {
                        validate_choice_values(
                            ChoiceTarget::option(flag),
                            &flag.default,
                            arg.choices.as_ref(),
                            custom_env,
                        )?;
                        out.flags.insert(
                            Arc::clone(flag),
                            ParseValue::MultiString(flag.default.clone()),
                        );
                    } else {
                        // For boolean flags with var=true, convert default strings to bools
                        let bools: Vec<bool> = flag
                            .default
                            .iter()
                            .map(|s| matches!(s.as_str(), "1" | "true" | "True" | "TRUE"))
                            .collect();
                        out.flags
                            .insert(Arc::clone(flag), ParseValue::MultiBool(bools));
                    }
                } else {
                    // For var=false, return the first default value
                    if let Some(arg) = flag.arg.as_ref() {
                        validate_choice_value(
                            ChoiceTarget::option(flag),
                            &flag.default[0],
                            arg.choices.as_ref(),
                            custom_env,
                        )?;
                        out.flags.insert(
                            Arc::clone(flag),
                            ParseValue::String(flag.default[0].clone()),
                        );
                    } else {
                        // For boolean flags, convert default string to bool
                        let is_true =
                            matches!(flag.default[0].as_str(), "1" | "true" | "True" | "TRUE");
                        out.flags
                            .insert(Arc::clone(flag), ParseValue::Bool(is_true));
                    }
                }
            }
            // Also check nested arg defaults (for flags like --foo <arg> where the arg has a default)
            if let Some(arg) = flag.arg.as_ref() {
                if !out.flags.contains_key(flag) && !arg.default.is_empty() {
                    if flag.var {
                        validate_choice_values(
                            ChoiceTarget::option(flag),
                            &arg.default,
                            arg.choices.as_ref(),
                            custom_env,
                        )?;
                        out.flags.insert(
                            Arc::clone(flag),
                            ParseValue::MultiString(arg.default.clone()),
                        );
                    } else {
                        validate_choice_value(
                            ChoiceTarget::option(flag),
                            &arg.default[0],
                            arg.choices.as_ref(),
                            custom_env,
                        )?;
                        out.flags
                            .insert(Arc::clone(flag), ParseValue::String(arg.default[0].clone()));
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        if let Some(err) = out.errors.iter().find(|e| matches!(e, UsageErr::Help(_))) {
            bail!("{err}");
        }
        if !out.errors.is_empty() {
            bail!("{}", out.errors.iter().map(|e| e.to_string()).join("\n"));
        }
        Ok(out)
    }
}

/// Parse command-line arguments according to a spec.
///
/// Returns the parsed arguments and flags, with defaults and env vars applied.
/// Uses `std::env::var` for environment variable lookups.
///
/// For custom environment variable handling, use [`Parser`] instead.
#[must_use = "parsing result should be used"]
pub fn parse(spec: &Spec, input: &[String]) -> Result<ParseOutput, miette::Error> {
    Parser::new(spec).parse(input)
}

/// Parse command-line arguments without applying defaults.
///
/// Use this for help text generation or when you need the raw parsed values.
#[must_use = "parsing result should be used"]
pub fn parse_partial(spec: &Spec, input: &[String]) -> Result<ParseOutput, miette::Error> {
    parse_partial_with_env(spec, input, None)
}

/// Internal version of parse_partial that accepts an optional custom env map.
fn parse_partial_with_env(
    spec: &Spec,
    input: &[String],
    custom_env: Option<&HashMap<String, String>>,
) -> Result<ParseOutput, miette::Error> {
    trace!("parse_partial: {input:?}");
    let mut input = input.iter().cloned().collect::<VecDeque<_>>();
    input.pop_front();

    let mut out = ParseOutput {
        cmd: spec.cmd.clone(),
        cmds: vec![spec.cmd.clone()],
        args: IndexMap::new(),
        flags: IndexMap::new(),
        available_flags: gather_flags(&spec.cmd),
        flag_awaiting_value: vec![],
        errors: vec![],
    };

    // Phase 1: Scan for subcommands and collect global flags
    //
    // This phase identifies subcommands early because they may have mount points
    // that need to be executed with the global flags that appeared before them.
    //
    // Example: "usage --verbose run task"
    //   -> finds "run" subcommand, passes ["--verbose"] to its mount command
    //   -> then finds "task" as a subcommand of "run" (if it exists)
    //
    // We only collect global flags for mounts because:
    // - Non-global flags are specific to the current command, not subcommands
    // - Global flags affect all commands and should be passed to mount points
    let mut prefix_words: Vec<String> = vec![];
    // Which flag each word skipped here belongs to, aligned with the leading words left in
    // `input`: `Some(flag)` for a flag word, `None` for its value (or anything unresolved).
    //
    // The words stay in `input` for Phase 2 to re-parse — that is how they reach `out.flags`
    // and `as_env()` — but by then the recognized flags have changed, because each descent
    // drops the parent's non-global flags and a mounted command may declare the same name as
    // a global seen here. Recording the owner keeps a word bound to the flag it was read as.
    let mut prefix_bindings: VecDeque<Option<Arc<SpecFlag>>> = VecDeque::new();
    let mut idx = 0;
    // Track whether we've already applied the default_subcommand to prevent
    // multiple switches (e.g., if default is "run" and there's a task named "run")
    let mut used_default_subcommand = false;

    while idx < input.len() {
        if let Some(subcommand) = out.cmd.find_subcommand(&input[idx]) {
            let mut subcommand = subcommand.clone();
            // Pass prefix words (global flags before this subcommand) to mount
            subcommand.mount(&prefix_words)?;
            // Only the *boundary* is a mount crossing: below it, the mounted program's own
            // commands are ordinary commands relative to each other.
            let crossing_mount = subcommand.mounted && !out.cmd.mounted;
            merge_subcommand_flags(
                &mut out.available_flags,
                gather_flags(&subcommand),
                crossing_mount,
            );
            // Remove subcommand from input
            input.remove(idx);
            out.cmds.push(subcommand.clone());
            out.cmd = subcommand.clone();
            prefix_words.clear();
            // Continue from current position (don't reset to 0)
            // After remove(), idx now points to the next element
        } else if input[idx].starts_with('-') {
            // Check if this is a known flag
            let word = input[idx].clone();
            let flag_key = get_flag_key(&word);

            if let Some(f) = out.available_flags.get(flag_key).cloned() {
                // Skip the flag and keep scanning. Both global and non-global flags may precede
                // a subcommand (`mycli --verbose run task`, `mycli run --force task`), and
                // stopping at one would hide the subcommand — and any mount on it — from the
                // parse, leaving the subcommand name to be mis-read as a positional argument.
                //
                // Only globals are forwarded to mounts: a non-global flag belongs to the
                // command that declared it, not to what is mounted below it.
                prefix_bindings.push_back(Some(Arc::clone(&f)));
                if f.global {
                    prefix_words.push(word.clone());
                }
                idx += 1;

                // Only consume next word if flag takes an argument AND value isn't embedded
                // Example: "--dir foo" consumes "foo", but "--dir=foo" or "--verbose" do not
                if f.arg.is_some()
                    && !word.contains('=')
                    && idx < input.len()
                    && !input[idx].starts_with('-')
                {
                    if f.global {
                        prefix_words.push(input[idx].clone());
                    }
                    prefix_bindings.push_back(None);
                    idx += 1;
                }
            } else {
                // Unknown flag - stop looking for subcommands
                // Let the main parsing phase handle the error
                break;
            }
        } else {
            // Found a word that's not a flag or subcommand
            // Check if we should use the default_subcommand (only once)
            if !used_default_subcommand {
                if let Some(default_name) = &spec.default_subcommand {
                    if let Some(subcommand) = out.cmd.find_subcommand(default_name) {
                        let mut subcommand = subcommand.clone();
                        // Pass prefix words (global flags before this) to mount
                        subcommand.mount(&prefix_words)?;
                        let crossing_mount = subcommand.mounted && !out.cmd.mounted;
                        merge_subcommand_flags(
                            &mut out.available_flags,
                            gather_flags(&subcommand),
                            crossing_mount,
                        );
                        out.cmds.push(subcommand.clone());
                        out.cmd = subcommand.clone();
                        prefix_words.clear();
                        used_default_subcommand = true;
                        // Continue the loop to check if this word is a subcommand of the
                        // default subcommand (e.g., a task name added via mount).
                        // If it's not a subcommand, the next iteration will break and
                        // Phase 2 will handle it as a positional arg.
                        continue;
                    }
                }
            }
            // This could be a positional argument, so stop subcommand search
            break;
        }
    }

    // Phase 2: Main argument and flag parsing
    //
    // Now that we've identified all subcommands and executed their mounts,
    // we can parse the remaining arguments, flags, and their values.
    let mut next_arg = out.cmd.args.first();
    let mut enable_flags = true;
    let mut grouped_flag = false;

    while !input.is_empty() {
        let mut w = input.pop_front().unwrap();
        // The flag this word was read as in Phase 1, if it skipped it (see `prefix_bindings`).
        // Words pushed back below get a `None` so the two queues stay aligned.
        let binding = prefix_bindings.pop_front().flatten();

        // Check for restart_token - resets argument parsing for multiple command invocations
        // e.g., `mise run lint ::: test ::: check` with restart_token=":::"
        if let Some(ref restart_token) = out.cmd.restart_token {
            if w == *restart_token {
                // Reset argument parsing state for a fresh command invocation
                out.args.clear();
                next_arg = out.cmd.args.first();
                out.flag_awaiting_value.clear(); // Clear any pending flag values
                enable_flags = true; // Reset -- separator effect
                                     // Keep flags and continue parsing
                continue;
            }
        }

        if w == "--" {
            // Always disable flag parsing after seeing a "--" token
            enable_flags = false;

            // Only preserve the double dash token if we're collecting values for a variadic arg
            // in double_dash == `preserve` mode
            let should_preserve = next_arg
                .map(|arg| arg.var && arg.double_dash == SpecDoubleDashChoices::Preserve)
                .unwrap_or(false);

            if should_preserve {
                // Fall through to arg parsing
            } else {
                // Default behavior, skip the token
                continue;
            }
        }

        if w.starts_with('-')
            && out
                .flag_awaiting_value
                .last()
                .is_some_and(|flag| flag.allow_hyphen_values())
        {
            let should_return = drain_pending_flag_values(
                spec,
                &out.cmd,
                &mut out.errors,
                &mut out.flags,
                &mut out.flag_awaiting_value,
                &mut w,
                custom_env,
            )?;
            if should_return {
                return Ok(out);
            }
            continue;
        }

        // long flags
        if enable_flags && w.starts_with("--") {
            grouped_flag = false;
            let (word, val) = w.split_once('=').unwrap_or_else(|| (&w, ""));
            if let Some(f) = binding.as_ref().or_else(|| out.available_flags.get(word)) {
                // Only push the embedded value back when the flag is known so that
                // unknown --flag=value tokens fall through intact to positional arg
                // handling without also injecting a stray "value" positional.
                if !val.is_empty() {
                    input.push_front(val.to_string());
                    prefix_bindings.push_front(None);
                }
                if f.arg.is_some() {
                    out.flag_awaiting_value.push(Arc::clone(f));
                } else if f.count {
                    let arr = out
                        .flags
                        .entry(Arc::clone(f))
                        .or_insert_with(|| ParseValue::MultiBool(vec![]))
                        .try_as_multi_bool_mut()
                        .unwrap();
                    arr.push(true);
                } else {
                    let negate = f.negate.clone().unwrap_or_default();
                    out.flags
                        .insert(Arc::clone(f), ParseValue::Bool(w != negate));
                }
                continue;
            }
            if is_help_arg(spec, &w) {
                out.errors
                    .push(render_help_err(spec, &out.cmd, w.len() > 2));
                return Ok(out);
            }
        }

        // short flags
        if enable_flags && w.starts_with('-') && w.len() > 1 {
            let short = w.chars().nth(1).unwrap();
            if let Some(f) = binding
                .as_ref()
                .or_else(|| out.available_flags.get(&format!("-{short}")))
            {
                if w.len() > 2 {
                    input.push_front(format!("-{}", &w[2..]));
                    prefix_bindings.push_front(None);
                    grouped_flag = true;
                }
                if f.arg.is_some() {
                    out.flag_awaiting_value.push(Arc::clone(f));
                } else if f.count {
                    let arr = out
                        .flags
                        .entry(Arc::clone(f))
                        .or_insert_with(|| ParseValue::MultiBool(vec![]))
                        .try_as_multi_bool_mut()
                        .unwrap();
                    arr.push(true);
                } else {
                    let negate = f.negate.clone().unwrap_or_default();
                    out.flags
                        .insert(Arc::clone(f), ParseValue::Bool(w != negate));
                }
                continue;
            }
            if is_help_arg(spec, &w) {
                out.errors
                    .push(render_help_err(spec, &out.cmd, w.len() > 2));
                return Ok(out);
            }
            if grouped_flag {
                grouped_flag = false;
                w.remove(0);
            }
        }

        if !out.flag_awaiting_value.is_empty() {
            let should_return = drain_pending_flag_values(
                spec,
                &out.cmd,
                &mut out.errors,
                &mut out.flags,
                &mut out.flag_awaiting_value,
                &mut w,
                custom_env,
            )?;
            if should_return {
                return Ok(out);
            }
            continue;
        }

        if let Some(arg) = next_arg {
            if validate_choices(
                spec,
                &out.cmd,
                &mut out.errors,
                ChoiceTarget::arg(arg),
                &w,
                arg.choices.as_ref(),
                custom_env,
            )? {
                return Ok(out);
            }
            if arg.var {
                let arr = out
                    .args
                    .entry(Arc::new(arg.clone()))
                    .or_insert_with(|| ParseValue::MultiString(vec![]))
                    .try_as_multi_string_mut()
                    .unwrap();
                arr.push(w);
                if arr.len() >= arg.var_max.unwrap_or(usize::MAX) {
                    next_arg = out.cmd.args.get(out.args.len());
                }
            } else {
                out.args
                    .insert(Arc::new(arg.clone()), ParseValue::String(w));
                next_arg = out.cmd.args.get(out.args.len());
            }
            continue;
        }
        if is_help_arg(spec, &w) {
            out.errors
                .push(render_help_err(spec, &out.cmd, w.len() > 2));
            return Ok(out);
        }
        bail!("unexpected word: {w}");
    }

    for arg in out.cmd.args.iter().skip(out.args.len()) {
        if arg.required && arg.default.is_empty() {
            // Check if there's an env var available (custom env map takes precedence)
            let has_env = arg.env.as_ref().is_some_and(|e| {
                custom_env.map(|env| env.contains_key(e)).unwrap_or(false)
                    || std::env::var(e).is_ok()
            });
            if !has_env {
                out.errors.push(UsageErr::MissingArg(arg.name.clone()));
            }
        }
    }

    for flag in unique_flags(out.available_flags.values()) {
        if out.flags.contains_key(flag) {
            continue;
        }
        let has_default =
            !flag.default.is_empty() || flag.arg.iter().any(|a| !a.default.is_empty());
        // Check if there's an env var available (custom env map takes precedence)
        let has_env = flag.env.as_ref().is_some_and(|e| {
            custom_env.map(|env| env.contains_key(e)).unwrap_or(false) || std::env::var(e).is_ok()
        });
        if flag.required && !has_default && !has_env {
            out.errors.push(UsageErr::MissingFlag(flag.name.clone()));
        }
    }

    // Validate var_min/var_max constraints for variadic args
    for (arg, value) in &out.args {
        if arg.var {
            if let ParseValue::MultiString(values) = value {
                if let Some(min) = arg.var_min {
                    if values.len() < min {
                        out.errors.push(UsageErr::VarArgTooFew {
                            name: arg.name.clone(),
                            min,
                            got: values.len(),
                        });
                    }
                }
                if let Some(max) = arg.var_max {
                    if values.len() > max {
                        out.errors.push(UsageErr::VarArgTooMany {
                            name: arg.name.clone(),
                            max,
                            got: values.len(),
                        });
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Validate var_min/var_max constraints for variadic flags
    for (flag, value) in &out.flags {
        if flag.var {
            let count = match value {
                ParseValue::MultiString(values) => values.len(),
                ParseValue::MultiBool(values) => values.len(),
                _ => continue,
            };
            if let Some(min) = flag.var_min {
                if count < min {
                    out.errors.push(UsageErr::VarFlagTooFew {
                        name: flag.name.clone(),
                        min,
                        got: count,
                    });
                }
            }
            if let Some(max) = flag.var_max {
                if count > max {
                    out.errors.push(UsageErr::VarFlagTooMany {
                        name: flag.name.clone(),
                        max,
                        got: count,
                    });
                }
            }
        }
    }

    Ok(out)
}

#[cfg(feature = "docs")]
fn render_help_err(spec: &Spec, cmd: &SpecCommand, long: bool) -> UsageErr {
    UsageErr::Help(docs::cli::render_help(spec, cmd, long))
}

#[cfg(not(feature = "docs"))]
fn render_help_err(_spec: &Spec, _cmd: &SpecCommand, _long: bool) -> UsageErr {
    UsageErr::Help("help".to_string())
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
struct ChoiceTarget<'a> {
    kind: &'a str,
    name: &'a str,
}

impl<'a> ChoiceTarget<'a> {
    fn arg(arg: &'a SpecArg) -> Self {
        Self {
            kind: "arg",
            name: &arg.name,
        }
    }

    fn option(flag: &'a SpecFlag) -> Self {
        Self {
            kind: "option",
            name: &flag.name,
        }
    }
}

fn drain_pending_flag_values(
    spec: &Spec,
    cmd: &SpecCommand,
    errors: &mut Vec<UsageErr>,
    flags: &mut IndexMap<Arc<SpecFlag>, ParseValue>,
    flag_awaiting_value: &mut Vec<Arc<SpecFlag>>,
    word: &mut String,
    custom_env: Option<&HashMap<String, String>>,
) -> miette::Result<bool> {
    while let Some(flag) = flag_awaiting_value.pop() {
        let arg = flag.arg.as_ref().unwrap();
        if validate_choices(
            spec,
            cmd,
            errors,
            ChoiceTarget::option(&flag),
            word,
            arg.choices.as_ref(),
            custom_env,
        )? {
            return Ok(true);
        }
        let value = std::mem::take(word);
        if flag.var {
            let arr = flags
                .entry(flag)
                .or_insert_with(|| ParseValue::MultiString(vec![]))
                .try_as_multi_string_mut()
                .unwrap();
            arr.push(value);
        } else {
            flags.insert(flag, ParseValue::String(value));
        }
    }
    Ok(false)
}

fn choice_error(
    target: ChoiceTarget<'_>,
    value: &str,
    choices: Option<&SpecChoices>,
    custom_env: Option<&HashMap<String, String>>,
) -> Option<String> {
    let choices = choices?;
    let values = choices.values_with_env(custom_env);
    if values.iter().any(|choice| choice == value) {
        return None;
    }
    if let Some(env) = choices.env() {
        if values.is_empty() {
            return Some(format!(
                "Invalid choice for {} {}: {value}, no choices resolved from env {env}",
                target.kind, target.name,
            ));
        }
    }
    Some(format!(
        "Invalid choice for {} {}: {value}, expected one of {}",
        target.kind,
        target.name,
        values.join(", ")
    ))
}

fn validate_choices(
    spec: &Spec,
    cmd: &SpecCommand,
    errors: &mut Vec<UsageErr>,
    target: ChoiceTarget<'_>,
    value: &str,
    choices: Option<&SpecChoices>,
    custom_env: Option<&HashMap<String, String>>,
) -> miette::Result<bool> {
    if is_help_arg(spec, value)
        && choices.is_some_and(|choices| {
            !choices
                .values_with_env(custom_env)
                .iter()
                .any(|choice| choice == value)
        })
    {
        errors.push(render_help_err(spec, cmd, value.len() > 2));
        return Ok(true);
    }

    if let Some(err) = choice_error(target, value, choices, custom_env) {
        bail!("{err}");
    }
    Ok(false)
}

fn validate_choice_value(
    target: ChoiceTarget<'_>,
    value: &str,
    choices: Option<&SpecChoices>,
    custom_env: Option<&HashMap<String, String>>,
) -> miette::Result<()> {
    if let Some(err) = choice_error(target, value, choices, custom_env) {
        bail!("{err}");
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn validate_choice_values(
    target: ChoiceTarget<'_>,
    values: &[String],
    choices: Option<&SpecChoices>,
    custom_env: Option<&HashMap<String, String>>,
) -> miette::Result<()> {
    for value in values {
        validate_choice_value(target, value, choices, custom_env)?;
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn is_help_arg(spec: &Spec, w: &str) -> bool {
    spec.disable_help != Some(true)
        && (w == "--help"
            || w == "-h"
            || w == "-?"
            || (spec.cmd.subcommands.is_empty() && w == "help"))
}

impl ParseOutput {
    pub fn as_env(&self) -> BTreeMap<String, String> {
        let mut env = BTreeMap::new();
        for (flag, val) in &self.flags {
            let key = format!("usage_{}", flag.name.to_snake_case());
            let val = match val {
                ParseValue::Bool(b) => if *b { "true" } else { "false" }.to_string(),
                ParseValue::String(s) => s.clone(),
                ParseValue::MultiBool(b) => b.iter().filter(|b| **b).count().to_string(),
                ParseValue::MultiString(s) => shell_words::join(s),
            };
            env.insert(key, val);
        }
        for (arg, val) in &self.args {
            let key = format!("usage_{}", arg.name.to_snake_case());
            env.insert(key, val.to_string());
        }
        env
    }
}

impl Display for ParseValue {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        match self {
            ParseValue::Bool(b) => write!(f, "{b}"),
            ParseValue::String(s) => write!(f, "{s}"),
            ParseValue::MultiBool(b) => write!(f, "{}", b.iter().join(" ")),
            ParseValue::MultiString(s) => write!(f, "{}", shell_words::join(s)),
        }
    }
}

impl Debug for ParseOutput {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("ParseOutput")
            .field("cmds", &self.cmds.iter().map(|c| &c.name).join(" ").trim())
            .field(
                "args",
                &self
                    .args
                    .iter()
                    .map(|(a, w)| format!("{}: {w}", a.name))
                    .collect_vec(),
            )
            .field(
                "available_flags",
                &self
                    .available_flags
                    .iter()
                    .map(|(f, w)| format!("{f}: {w}"))
                    .collect_vec(),
            )
            .field(
                "flags",
                &self
                    .flags
                    .iter()
                    .map(|(f, w)| format!("{}: {w}", f.name))
                    .collect_vec(),
            )
            .field("flag_awaiting_value", &self.flag_awaiting_value)
            .field("errors", &self.errors)
            .finish()
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    fn input(words: &[&str]) -> Vec<String> {
        words.iter().map(|word| (*word).to_string()).collect()
    }

    fn spec_with_arg(arg: SpecArg) -> Spec {
        let cmd = SpecCommand::builder().name("test").arg(arg).build();
        Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }

    fn spec_with_flag(flag: SpecFlag) -> Spec {
        let cmd = SpecCommand::builder().name("test").flag(flag).build();
        Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }

    fn parse_with_env(
        spec: &Spec,
        words: &[&str],
        env: &[(&str, &str)],
    ) -> Result<ParseOutput, miette::Error> {
        let env = env
            .iter()
            .map(|(k, v)| ((*k).to_string(), (*v).to_string()))
            .collect();
        Parser::new(spec).with_env(env).parse(&input(words))
    }

    fn first_string_value(parsed: &ParseOutput) -> &str {
        if let Some(ParseValue::String(value)) = parsed.args.values().next() {
            return value;
        }
        if let Some(ParseValue::String(value)) = parsed.flags.values().next() {
            return value;
        }
        panic!("expected first parsed value to be ParseValue::String");
    }

    fn flag_string_value<'a>(parsed: &'a ParseOutput, name: &str) -> &'a str {
        let flag = parsed
            .flags
            .keys()
            .find(|flag| flag.name == name)
            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("expected flag {name}"));
        let value = parsed
            .flags
            .get(flag)
            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("expected value for flag {name}"));
        match value {
            ParseValue::String(value) => value,
            _ => panic!("expected flag {name} to be ParseValue::String"),
        }
    }

    fn assert_parse_err(result: Result<ParseOutput, miette::Error>, expected: &str) {
        let err = result.expect_err("expected parser error");
        assert_eq!(format!("{err}"), expected);
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "unstable_choices_env")]
    fn spec_arg_choices_env(key: &str) -> Spec {
        spec_with_arg(
            SpecArg::builder()
                .name("env")
                .choices_env(key)
                .required(false)
                .build(),
        )
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "unstable_choices_env")]
    fn spec_flag_choices_env(key: &str) -> Spec {
        spec_with_flag(
            SpecFlag::builder()
                .long("env")
                .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("env").choices_env(key).build())
                .build(),
        )
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse() {
        let cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("test")
            .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("arg").build())
            .flag(SpecFlag::builder().long("flag").build())
            .build();
        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let input = vec!["test".to_string(), "arg1".to_string(), "--flag".to_string()];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(parsed.cmds.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(parsed.cmds[0].name, "test");
        assert_eq!(parsed.args.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(parsed.flags.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(parsed.available_flags.len(), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_as_env() {
        let cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("test")
            .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("arg").build())
            .flag(SpecFlag::builder().long("flag").build())
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .long("force")
                    .negate("--no-force")
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let input = vec![
            "test".to_string(),
            "--flag".to_string(),
            "--no-force".to_string(),
        ];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();
        let env = parsed.as_env();
        assert_eq!(env.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(env.get("usage_flag"), Some(&"true".to_string()));
        assert_eq!(env.get("usage_force"), Some(&"false".to_string()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_arg_env_var() {
        let cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("test")
            .arg(
                SpecArg::builder()
                    .name("input")
                    .env("TEST_ARG_INPUT")
                    .required(true)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // Set env var
        std::env::set_var("TEST_ARG_INPUT", "test_file.txt");

        let input = vec!["test".to_string()];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(parsed.args.len(), 1);
        let arg = parsed.args.keys().next().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(arg.name, "input");
        let value = parsed.args.values().next().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(value.to_string(), "test_file.txt");

        // Clean up
        std::env::remove_var("TEST_ARG_INPUT");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_flag_env_var_with_arg() {
        let cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("test")
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .long("output")
                    .env("TEST_FLAG_OUTPUT")
                    .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("file").build())
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // Set env var
        std::env::set_var("TEST_FLAG_OUTPUT", "output.txt");

        let input = vec!["test".to_string()];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(parsed.flags.len(), 1);
        let flag = parsed.flags.keys().next().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(flag.name, "output");
        let value = parsed.flags.values().next().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(value.to_string(), "output.txt");

        // Clean up
        std::env::remove_var("TEST_FLAG_OUTPUT");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_flag_env_var_boolean() {
        let cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("test")
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .long("verbose")
                    .env("TEST_FLAG_VERBOSE")
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // Set env var to true
        std::env::set_var("TEST_FLAG_VERBOSE", "true");

        let input = vec!["test".to_string()];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(parsed.flags.len(), 1);
        let flag = parsed.flags.keys().next().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(flag.name, "verbose");
        let value = parsed.flags.values().next().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(value.to_string(), "true");

        // Clean up
        std::env::remove_var("TEST_FLAG_VERBOSE");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_env_var_precedence() {
        // CLI args should take precedence over env vars
        let cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("test")
            .arg(
                SpecArg::builder()
                    .name("input")
                    .env("TEST_PRECEDENCE_INPUT")
                    .required(true)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // Set env var
        std::env::set_var("TEST_PRECEDENCE_INPUT", "env_file.txt");

        let input = vec!["test".to_string(), "cli_file.txt".to_string()];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(parsed.args.len(), 1);
        let value = parsed.args.values().next().unwrap();
        // CLI arg should take precedence
        assert_eq!(value.to_string(), "cli_file.txt");

        // Clean up
        std::env::remove_var("TEST_PRECEDENCE_INPUT");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_flag_var_true_with_single_default() {
        // When var=true and default="bar", the default should be MultiString(["bar"])
        let cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("test")
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .long("foo")
                    .var(true)
                    .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("foo").build())
                    .default_value("bar")
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // User doesn't provide the flag
        let input = vec!["test".to_string()];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(parsed.flags.len(), 1);
        let flag = parsed.flags.keys().next().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(flag.name, "foo");
        let value = parsed.flags.values().next().unwrap();
        // Should be MultiString, not String
        match value {
            ParseValue::MultiString(v) => {
                assert_eq!(v.len(), 1);
                assert_eq!(v[0], "bar");
            }
            _ => panic!("Expected MultiString, got {:?}", value),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_flag_var_true_with_multiple_defaults() {
        // When var=true and multiple defaults, should return MultiString(["xyz", "bar"])
        let cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("test")
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .long("foo")
                    .var(true)
                    .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("foo").build())
                    .default_values(["xyz", "bar"])
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // User doesn't provide the flag
        let input = vec!["test".to_string()];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(parsed.flags.len(), 1);
        let value = parsed.flags.values().next().unwrap();
        // Should be MultiString with both values
        match value {
            ParseValue::MultiString(v) => {
                assert_eq!(v.len(), 2);
                assert_eq!(v[0], "xyz");
                assert_eq!(v[1], "bar");
            }
            _ => panic!("Expected MultiString, got {:?}", value),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_flag_var_false_with_default_remains_string() {
        // When var=false (default), the default should still be String("bar")
        let cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("test")
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .long("foo")
                    .var(false) // Default behavior
                    .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("foo").build())
                    .default_value("bar")
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // User doesn't provide the flag
        let input = vec!["test".to_string()];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(parsed.flags.len(), 1);
        let value = parsed.flags.values().next().unwrap();
        // Should be String, not MultiString
        match value {
            ParseValue::String(s) => {
                assert_eq!(s, "bar");
            }
            _ => panic!("Expected String, got {:?}", value),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_arg_var_true_with_single_default() {
        // When arg has var=true and default="bar", the default should be MultiString(["bar"])
        let cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("test")
            .arg(
                SpecArg::builder()
                    .name("files")
                    .var(true)
                    .default_value("default.txt")
                    .required(false)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // User doesn't provide the arg
        let input = vec!["test".to_string()];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(parsed.args.len(), 1);
        let value = parsed.args.values().next().unwrap();
        // Should be MultiString, not String
        match value {
            ParseValue::MultiString(v) => {
                assert_eq!(v.len(), 1);
                assert_eq!(v[0], "default.txt");
            }
            _ => panic!("Expected MultiString, got {:?}", value),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_arg_var_true_with_multiple_defaults() {
        // When arg has var=true and multiple defaults
        let cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("test")
            .arg(
                SpecArg::builder()
                    .name("files")
                    .var(true)
                    .default_values(["file1.txt", "file2.txt"])
                    .required(false)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // User doesn't provide the arg
        let input = vec!["test".to_string()];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(parsed.args.len(), 1);
        let value = parsed.args.values().next().unwrap();
        // Should be MultiString with both values
        match value {
            ParseValue::MultiString(v) => {
                assert_eq!(v.len(), 2);
                assert_eq!(v[0], "file1.txt");
                assert_eq!(v[1], "file2.txt");
            }
            _ => panic!("Expected MultiString, got {:?}", value),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_arg_var_false_with_default_remains_string() {
        // When arg has var=false (default), the default should still be String
        let cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("test")
            .arg(
                SpecArg::builder()
                    .name("file")
                    .var(false)
                    .default_value("default.txt")
                    .required(false)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // User doesn't provide the arg
        let input = vec!["test".to_string()];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(parsed.args.len(), 1);
        let value = parsed.args.values().next().unwrap();
        // Should be String, not MultiString
        match value {
            ParseValue::String(s) => {
                assert_eq!(s, "default.txt");
            }
            _ => panic!("Expected String, got {:?}", value),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_scalar_defaults_validate_only_first_default_choice() {
        let specs = [
            spec_with_arg(
                SpecArg::builder()
                    .name("env")
                    .var(false)
                    .default_values(["dev", "prod"])
                    .choices(["dev"])
                    .required(false)
                    .build(),
            ),
            spec_with_flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .long("env")
                    .arg(
                        SpecArg::builder()
                            .name("env")
                            .default_values(["dev", "prod"])
                            .choices(["dev"])
                            .build(),
                    )
                    .build(),
            ),
        ];

        for spec in specs {
            let parsed = parse(&spec, &input(&["test"])).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(first_string_value(&parsed), "dev");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_default_subcommand() {
        // Test that default_subcommand routes to the specified subcommand
        let run_cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("run")
            .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("task").build())
            .build();
        let mut cmd = SpecCommand::builder().name("test").build();
        cmd.subcommands.insert("run".to_string(), run_cmd);

        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            default_subcommand: Some("run".to_string()),
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // "test mytask" should be parsed as if it were "test run mytask"
        let input = vec!["test".to_string(), "mytask".to_string()];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();

        // Should have two commands: root and "run"
        assert_eq!(parsed.cmds.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(parsed.cmds[1].name, "run");

        // Should have parsed the task argument
        assert_eq!(parsed.args.len(), 1);
        let arg = parsed.args.keys().next().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(arg.name, "task");
        let value = parsed.args.values().next().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(value.to_string(), "mytask");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_default_subcommand_explicit_still_works() {
        // Test that explicit subcommand takes precedence
        let run_cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("run")
            .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("task").build())
            .build();
        let other_cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("other")
            .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("other_arg").build())
            .build();
        let mut cmd = SpecCommand::builder().name("test").build();
        cmd.subcommands.insert("run".to_string(), run_cmd);
        cmd.subcommands.insert("other".to_string(), other_cmd);

        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            default_subcommand: Some("run".to_string()),
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // "test other foo" should use "other" subcommand, not default
        let input = vec!["test".to_string(), "other".to_string(), "foo".to_string()];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();

        // Should have used "other" subcommand
        assert_eq!(parsed.cmds.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(parsed.cmds[1].name, "other");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_default_subcommand_with_nested_subcommands() {
        // Test that default_subcommand works when the default subcommand has nested subcommands.
        // This is the mise use case: "mise say" should be parsed as "mise run say"
        // where "say" is a subcommand of "run" (a task).
        let say_cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("say")
            .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("name").build())
            .build();
        let mut run_cmd = SpecCommand::builder().name("run").build();
        run_cmd.subcommands.insert("say".to_string(), say_cmd);

        let mut cmd = SpecCommand::builder().name("test").build();
        cmd.subcommands.insert("run".to_string(), run_cmd);

        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            default_subcommand: Some("run".to_string()),
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // "test say hello" should be parsed as "test run say hello"
        let input = vec!["test".to_string(), "say".to_string(), "hello".to_string()];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();

        // Should have three commands: root, "run", and "say"
        assert_eq!(parsed.cmds.len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(parsed.cmds[0].name, "test");
        assert_eq!(parsed.cmds[1].name, "run");
        assert_eq!(parsed.cmds[2].name, "say");

        // Should have parsed the "name" argument
        assert_eq!(parsed.args.len(), 1);
        let arg = parsed.args.keys().next().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(arg.name, "name");
        let value = parsed.args.values().next().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(value.to_string(), "hello");
    }

    /// Build a spec equivalent to the post-mount structure produced by mise's
    /// `mise usage` output: a root with a value-taking global flag (`-C/--cd`), a `run`
    /// subcommand that re-declares the same flag as NON-global, and a mounted task
    /// (`sample:run`) carrying a positional arg with `choices`.
    ///
    /// We construct the merged structure directly instead of executing a real mount so the
    /// test stays hermetic and cross-platform while still exercising the parser defect.
    fn mounted_global_flag_spec() -> Spec {
        let task_cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("sample:run")
            .arg(
                SpecArg::builder()
                    .name("profile")
                    .choices(["alpha", "beta", "gamma"])
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        // `run` re-declares `-C/--cd` but as a NON-global flag, mirroring the mise spec.
        let mut run_cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("run")
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .name("cd")
                    .short('C')
                    .long("cd")
                    .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("dir").build())
                    .global(false)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        run_cmd
            .subcommands
            .insert("sample:run".to_string(), task_cmd);

        let mut cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("test")
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .name("cd")
                    .short('C')
                    .long("cd")
                    .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("dir").build())
                    .global(true)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        cmd.subcommands.insert("run".to_string(), run_cmd);

        Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_prefix_global_flag_does_not_pollute_choices() {
        // Regression for the parser-side root cause referenced by jdx/mise#10069.
        //
        // When `run` re-declares the global `-C/--cd` as non-global, descending into it (and
        // then into the mounted `sample:run`) used to drop the inherited global flag from
        // `available_flags`. Phase 2 then no longer recognized the prefix `-C`, so it was
        // mis-validated against the task's `choices` positional arg.
        let spec = mounted_global_flag_spec();

        // The prefix global flag must stay recognized so it is consumed as a flag (not as the
        // positional). Before the fix this bailed with "Invalid choice for arg profile: -C".
        for words in [
            &["test", "-C", "/tmp", "run", "sample:run"][..],
            // Embedded-value form must behave identically.
            &["test", "--cd=/tmp", "run", "sample:run"][..],
        ] {
            let parsed = parse_partial(&spec, &input(words)).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(
                parsed
                    .cmds
                    .iter()
                    .map(|c| c.name.as_str())
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                vec!["test", "run", "sample:run"],
            );
            // No positional arg should have been consumed by the leftover global-flag tokens.
            assert!(
                parsed.args.is_empty(),
                "args should be empty, got {:?}",
                parsed.args
            );

            // Fix (B): the inherited global flag survives the descent even though `run`
            // re-declares `-C/--cd` as non-global.
            let cd = parsed
                .available_flags
                .get("--cd")
                .expect("--cd should remain available after descending into the subcommand");
            assert!(cd.global, "--cd must stay global after descent");
            assert!(
                parsed.available_flags.get("-C").is_some_and(|f| f.global),
                "-C must stay global after descent",
            );

            // The global flag must still be recorded in `out.flags` so it reaches `as_env()`
            // for normal execution and for the env passed to mount scripts. (Removing the
            // token in Phase 1 instead of re-parsing it would silently drop `usage_cd`.)
            assert_eq!(
                parsed.as_env().get("usage_cd").map(String::as_str),
                Some("/tmp"),
                "global flag value must survive in as_env(), got {:?}",
                parsed.as_env(),
            );
        }

        // A real, valid choice still parses through the global flag prefix.
        let parsed = parse_partial(
            &spec,
            &input(&["test", "-C", "/tmp", "run", "sample:run", "alpha"]),
        )
        .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(parsed.args.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(parsed.args.values().next().unwrap().to_string(), "alpha");

        // And genuinely invalid choices are still rejected (we didn't disable validation).
        assert_parse_err(
            parse_partial(&spec, &input(&["test", "run", "sample:run", "wrong"])),
            "Invalid choice for arg profile: wrong, expected one of alpha, beta, gamma",
        );
    }

    /// Build a spec mirroring mise's orphan-short re-declarations: a root with a LONG-ONLY
    /// global boolean flag (`--raw`, no short), a `run` subcommand that re-declares it as a
    /// NON-global flag while ADDING a short (`-r --raw`) plus a purely-local `-f/--force`
    /// flag, and a mounted task (`sample:run`) with a `choices` positional arg.
    fn mounted_orphan_short_spec() -> Spec {
        let task_cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("sample:run")
            .arg(
                SpecArg::builder()
                    .name("profile")
                    .choices(["alpha", "beta", "gamma"])
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        // `run` re-declares `--raw` as NON-global but adds a `-r` short that exists only here,
        // and also carries a purely-local `-f/--force` flag (shares nothing with a global).
        let mut run_cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("run")
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .name("raw")
                    .short('r')
                    .long("raw")
                    .global(false)
                    .build(),
            )
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .name("force")
                    .short('f')
                    .long("force")
                    .global(false)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        run_cmd
            .subcommands
            .insert("sample:run".to_string(), task_cmd);

        // Root global is LONG-ONLY: `--raw` with no short.
        let mut cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("test")
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .name("raw")
                    .long("raw")
                    .global(true)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        cmd.subcommands.insert("run".to_string(), run_cmd);

        Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_orphan_short_alias_survives_merge() {
        // Follow-up to test_prefix_global_flag_does_not_pollute_choices (jdx/mise#10069):
        // when `run` re-declares the long-only global `--raw` as a non-global `-r --raw`, the
        // added short `-r` must be unioned onto the surviving inherited global flag instead of
        // being discarded with the wholesale re-declaration. Otherwise `mycli run -r <task>`
        // would not recognize `-r` and would mis-validate it against the task's `choices` arg.
        let spec = mounted_orphan_short_spec();

        let parsed = parse_partial(&spec, &input(&["test", "run", "-r", "sample:run"])).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            parsed
                .cmds
                .iter()
                .map(|c| c.name.as_str())
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec!["test", "run", "sample:run"],
        );

        // (a) The orphan short `-r` survives the descent, merged onto the inherited global flag,
        // and the original long `--raw` is still global too.
        assert!(
            parsed.available_flags.get("-r").is_some_and(|f| f.global),
            "-r must be merged onto the inherited global flag and stay global after descent",
        );
        assert!(
            parsed
                .available_flags
                .get("--raw")
                .is_some_and(|f| f.global),
            "--raw must stay global after descent",
        );

        // (b) The token is consumed as a flag, not mistaken for the `choices` positional.
        assert!(
            parsed.args.is_empty(),
            "args should be empty, got {:?}",
            parsed.args
        );

        // (c) The value still reaches as_env() so `usage_raw` is produced for execution/mounts.
        assert_eq!(
            parsed.as_env().get("usage_raw").map(String::as_str),
            Some("true"),
            "merged short's value must survive in as_env(), got {:?}",
            parsed.as_env(),
        );

        // (d) Negative case: a purely-local flag that shares nothing with a global is NOT
        // promoted/merged — it is correctly dropped when descending into the mount.
        assert!(
            parsed.available_flags.get("-f").is_none(),
            "purely-local -f must not be promoted onto a global",
        );
        assert!(
            parsed.available_flags.get("--force").is_none(),
            "purely-local --force must not be promoted onto a global",
        );

        // A real, valid choice still parses through the merged short prefix.
        let parsed =
            parse_partial(&spec, &input(&["test", "run", "-r", "sample:run", "alpha"])).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(parsed.args.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(parsed.args.values().next().unwrap().to_string(), "alpha");

        // And genuinely invalid choices are still rejected.
        assert_parse_err(
            parse_partial(&spec, &input(&["test", "run", "-r", "sample:run", "wrong"])),
            "Invalid choice for arg profile: wrong, expected one of alpha, beta, gamma",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_orphan_short_does_not_clobber_unrelated_global() {
        // When a re-declaration's orphan short collides with a DIFFERENT inherited global's
        // short, the merge must not steal it. Here the root has both a long-only `--raw` global
        // and a `-r --restrict` global; `run` re-declares `-r --raw` as non-global. `-r` is a
        // genuine collision with `--restrict`, so global precedence must keep `-r -> restrict`.
        let run_cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("run")
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .name("raw")
                    .short('r')
                    .long("raw")
                    .global(false)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        let mut cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("test")
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .name("raw")
                    .long("raw")
                    .global(true)
                    .build(),
            )
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .name("restrict")
                    .short('r')
                    .long("restrict")
                    .global(true)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        cmd.subcommands.insert("run".to_string(), run_cmd);
        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        let parsed = parse_partial(&spec, &input(&["test", "run"])).unwrap();
        // `-r` stays owned by the unrelated `--restrict` global, not stolen by the merged raw.
        assert_eq!(
            parsed.available_flags.get("-r").map(|f| f.name.as_str()),
            Some("restrict"),
            "-r must remain owned by the unrelated global it already belonged to",
        );
        // Both globals are still recognized and global after the descent.
        assert!(parsed
            .available_flags
            .get("--raw")
            .is_some_and(|f| f.global));
        assert!(parsed
            .available_flags
            .get("--restrict")
            .is_some_and(|f| f.global));
    }

    /// Build a spec shaped like mise's post-mount structure for jdx/mise#11282: a root with
    /// globals (`-E/--env <ENV>`, `--silent`), a `run` subcommand with a non-global flag, and a
    /// MOUNTED task command that declares its own `--env` (with choices) plus `--bump`.
    ///
    /// The task command is marked `mounted` the same way `SpecCommand::mount()` marks the
    /// commands it merges in, so the test stays hermetic (no mount subprocess).
    fn mounted_task_flag_spec() -> Spec {
        let mut task_cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("mytask")
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .name("env")
                    .long("env")
                    .arg(
                        SpecArg::builder()
                            .name("name")
                            .choices(["dev", "stage", "prod"])
                            .build(),
                    )
                    .global(false)
                    .build(),
            )
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .name("bump")
                    .long("bump")
                    .arg(
                        SpecArg::builder()
                            .name("type")
                            .choices(["auto", "major"])
                            .build(),
                    )
                    .global(false)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        task_cmd.mounted = true;

        let mut run_cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("run")
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .name("force")
                    .short('f')
                    .long("force")
                    .global(false)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        run_cmd.subcommands.insert("mytask".to_string(), task_cmd);

        let mut cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("test")
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .name("env")
                    .short('E')
                    .long("env")
                    .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("ENV").build())
                    .global(true)
                    .build(),
            )
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .name("silent")
                    .long("silent")
                    .global(true)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        cmd.subcommands.insert("run".to_string(), run_cmd);

        Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_mount_boundary_does_not_apply_inside_the_mounted_tree() {
        // The mounted program's own commands are ordinary commands relative to each other, so
        // descending *within* the mounted tree must follow the normal rules — including keeping
        // an inherited global that a nested command re-declares as non-global (jdx/usage#649).
        // Treating every level of the tree as a mount boundary let the re-declaration shadow the
        // global, which the next descent's `retain(global)` then dropped entirely.
        let deep = SpecCommand::builder().name("deep").build();
        let mut sub = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("sub")
            // Re-declares the mounted program's own global as non-global.
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .name("cd")
                    .short('C')
                    .long("cd")
                    .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("dir").build())
                    .global(false)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        sub.subcommands.insert("deep".to_string(), deep);
        let mut task = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("task")
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .name("cd")
                    .short('C')
                    .long("cd")
                    .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("dir").build())
                    .global(true)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        task.subcommands.insert("sub".to_string(), sub);
        task.mark_mounted();

        let mut run_cmd = SpecCommand::builder().name("run").build();
        run_cmd.subcommands.insert("task".to_string(), task);
        let mut cmd = SpecCommand::builder().name("test").build();
        cmd.subcommands.insert("run".to_string(), run_cmd);
        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        let parsed = parse_partial(&spec, &input(&["test", "run", "task", "sub", "deep"])).unwrap();
        assert!(
            parsed.available_flags.get("--cd").is_some_and(|f| f.global),
            "the mounted program's own global must survive descents inside the mounted tree",
        );
        assert!(
            parsed.completion_flags().contains_key("--cd"),
            "and must still be offered there: it belongs to the mounted program",
        );
        assert!(
            parsed.completion_flags().contains_key("-C"),
            "including the short the nested command re-declared",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_mount_flags_merged_into_the_mounting_cmd_are_offered() {
        // A mounted spec may declare flags on its own root, which `SpecCommand::merge` folds
        // into the command the mount sits on. They belong to the mounted program, so they must
        // be offered inside the mounted commands rather than filtered out with the mounting
        // CLI's own flags.
        let mut task = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("task")
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .name("bump")
                    .long("bump")
                    .global(false)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        task.mark_mounted();

        let mut run_cmd = SpecCommand::builder().name("run").build();
        run_cmd.subcommands.insert("task".to_string(), task);
        // What `mount()` leaves behind when the mounted spec's root declares flags.
        run_cmd.flags = vec![
            SpecFlag::builder()
                .name("tglobal")
                .long("tglobal")
                .global(true)
                .build(),
            SpecFlag::builder()
                .name("tlocal")
                .long("tlocal")
                .global(false)
                .build(),
        ];
        run_cmd.flags_from_mount = true;

        let mut cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("test")
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .name("silent")
                    .long("silent")
                    .global(true)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        cmd.subcommands.insert("run".to_string(), run_cmd);
        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        let parsed = parse_partial(&spec, &input(&["test", "run", "task"])).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            parsed.completion_flags().keys().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec!["--bump", "--tglobal"],
            "the mounted spec's root global belongs to the mounted program; the mounting CLI's \
             `--silent` does not, and the mount's non-global root flag is not inherited",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_mounted_cmd_does_not_offer_mounting_cli_globals() {
        // Regression for jdx/mise#11282. A mounted command describes another program, which
        // does not accept the mounting CLI's globals (mise forwards everything after a task
        // name to the task). They must stay recognized — they may appear before the mounted
        // command — but must not be offered in completions there.
        let spec = mounted_task_flag_spec();
        let parsed = parse_partial(&spec, &input(&["test", "run", "mytask"])).unwrap();

        // Still recognized for parsing...
        assert!(parsed.available_flags.contains_key("--silent"));
        assert!(parsed.available_flags.contains_key("-E"));
        // ...but belonging to a command above the mount, so not offered.
        assert_eq!(
            parsed.completion_flags().keys().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec!["--bump", "--env"],
            "only the mounted command's own flags may be offered",
        );

        // `run`'s own non-global flag is dropped on descent, as it always was.
        assert!(!parsed.available_flags.contains_key("--force"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_mounted_cmd_flag_wins_over_inherited_global() {
        // Second half of jdx/mise#11282: the mounted `--env` (with choices) used to be shadowed
        // by the root's `--env` global, so completing its value fell back to file completion.
        let spec = mounted_task_flag_spec();
        let parsed = parse_partial(&spec, &input(&["test", "run", "mytask", "--env"])).unwrap();

        let awaiting = parsed
            .flag_awaiting_value
            .first()
            .expect("--env should await a value");
        assert_eq!(
            awaiting
                .arg
                .as_ref()
                .and_then(|a| a.choices.as_ref())
                .map(|c| c.choices.clone()),
            Some(vec![
                "dev".to_string(),
                "stage".to_string(),
                "prod".to_string()
            ]),
            "the mounted command's own --env must win over the inherited global",
        );

        // The global's short is not declared by the mounted command, so it keeps pointing at
        // the global and a value passed before the mounted command still parses.
        let parsed =
            parse_partial(&spec, &input(&["test", "-E", "anything", "run", "mytask"])).unwrap();
        assert!(
            parsed.args.is_empty(),
            "prefix global tokens must not be consumed as positionals, got {:?}",
            parsed.args
        );
        assert_eq!(
            parsed.as_env().get("usage_env").map(String::as_str),
            Some("anything"),
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_prefix_flag_keeps_the_flag_it_was_read_as() {
        // A word before the mounted command is re-parsed by Phase 2, when the mounted command
        // already owns the name. It has to stay bound to the flag Phase 1 read it as, or the
        // global's value would be validated against the mounted flag's choices and a legitimate
        // value would be rejected.
        let spec = mounted_task_flag_spec();
        let parsed = parse_partial(
            &spec,
            &input(&["test", "--env", "not-a-task-choice", "run", "mytask"]),
        )
        .unwrap();
        assert!(
            parsed.errors.is_empty(),
            "prefix global value must not be validated against the mounted flag: {:?}",
            parsed
                .errors
                .iter()
                .map(|e| e.to_string())
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
        );
        assert_eq!(
            parsed.as_env().get("usage_env").map(String::as_str),
            Some("not-a-task-choice"),
        );

        // The embedded-value form binds the same way.
        let parsed = parse_partial(
            &spec,
            &input(&["test", "--env=not-a-task-choice", "run", "mytask"]),
        )
        .unwrap();
        assert!(parsed.errors.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(
            parsed.as_env().get("usage_env").map(String::as_str),
            Some("not-a-task-choice"),
        );

        // Meanwhile a word *after* the mounted command belongs to the mounted flag, even when
        // the same name was already used before it.
        let parsed = parse_partial(
            &spec,
            &input(&["test", "--env", "prod", "run", "mytask", "--env"]),
        )
        .unwrap();
        let awaiting = parsed
            .flag_awaiting_value
            .first()
            .expect("--env should await a value");
        assert_eq!(
            awaiting
                .arg
                .as_ref()
                .and_then(|a| a.choices.as_ref())
                .map(|c| c.choices.clone()),
            Some(vec![
                "dev".to_string(),
                "stage".to_string(),
                "prod".to_string()
            ]),
            "the mounted command's --env must own the name after the mounted command",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_non_global_flag_does_not_hide_subcommand() {
        // A non-global flag may precede a subcommand (`mycli run --force task`). Phase 1 used to
        // stop scanning at one, so the subcommand — and any mount on it — was never reached and
        // its name was left to Phase 2 to mis-read as a positional: `unexpected word: mytask`.
        let spec = mounted_task_flag_spec();

        for words in [
            // `run` declares `-f/--force` as non-global.
            &["test", "run", "--force", "mytask"][..],
            &["test", "run", "-f", "mytask"][..],
            // Mixed with a global before the subcommand.
            &["test", "-E", "prod", "run", "--force", "mytask"][..],
        ] {
            let parsed = parse_partial(&spec, &input(words)).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(
                parsed
                    .cmds
                    .iter()
                    .map(|c| c.name.as_str())
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                vec!["test", "run", "mytask"],
                "{words:?} should descend into the mounted command",
            );
            assert!(
                parsed.args.is_empty(),
                "{words:?} should not consume a positional, got {:?}",
                parsed.args,
            );
            assert_eq!(
                parsed.as_env().get("usage_force").map(String::as_str),
                Some("true"),
                "the non-global flag must still be recorded for {words:?}",
            );
        }

        // A non-global flag that takes a value consumes it, rather than reading the value as the
        // subcommand.
        let mut run_cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("run")
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .name("output")
                    .short('o')
                    .long("output")
                    .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("mode").build())
                    .global(false)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        run_cmd.subcommands.insert(
            "task".to_string(),
            SpecCommand::builder().name("task").build(),
        );
        let mut cmd = SpecCommand::builder().name("test").build();
        cmd.subcommands.insert("run".to_string(), run_cmd);
        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        let parsed =
            parse_partial(&spec, &input(&["test", "run", "--output", "quiet", "task"])).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            parsed
                .cmds
                .iter()
                .map(|c| c.name.as_str())
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec!["test", "run", "task"],
        );
        assert_eq!(
            parsed.as_env().get("usage_output").map(String::as_str),
            Some("quiet"),
        );

        // An unknown flag still stops the scan: it may take a value, so the next word cannot be
        // assumed to be a subcommand. `run` takes no positional, so this stays an error.
        assert_parse_err(
            parse_partial(&spec, &input(&["test", "run", "--nope", "task"])),
            "unexpected word: --nope",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_non_mounted_subcommand_offers_inherited_globals() {
        // Nothing changes for ordinary (non-mounted) subcommands: a global declared above is
        // still both recognized and offered.
        let mut run_cmd = SpecCommand::builder().name("run").build();
        run_cmd.subcommands.insert(
            "nested".to_string(),
            SpecCommand::builder().name("nested").build(),
        );
        let mut cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("test")
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .name("silent")
                    .long("silent")
                    .global(true)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        cmd.subcommands.insert("run".to_string(), run_cmd);
        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        let parsed = parse_partial(&spec, &input(&["test", "run", "nested"])).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            parsed.completion_flags().keys().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            parsed.available_flags.keys().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
        );
        assert!(parsed.completion_flags().contains_key("--silent"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_subcommand_alias_collision_keeps_last_owner() {
        // The orphan-alias merge must not disturb how two flags in the SAME subcommand that
        // share an alias are resolved. Historically the flattened flag map gave the shared
        // alias to the LAST-declared flag (last-writer-wins); that must be preserved.
        let run_cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("run")
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .name("alpha")
                    .short('x')
                    .long("alpha")
                    .global(false)
                    .build(),
            )
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .name("beta")
                    .short('x')
                    .long("beta")
                    .global(false)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        let mut cmd = SpecCommand::builder().name("test").build();
        cmd.subcommands.insert("run".to_string(), run_cmd);
        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        let parsed = parse_partial(&spec, &input(&["test", "run"])).unwrap();
        // `-x` is declared by both flags; the last one (`beta`) keeps it, as before the fix.
        assert_eq!(
            parsed.available_flags.get("-x").map(|f| f.name.as_str()),
            Some("beta"),
            "the last-declared flag must keep a shared short alias",
        );
        // Both distinct long aliases remain recognized and point to their own flag.
        assert_eq!(
            parsed
                .available_flags
                .get("--alpha")
                .map(|f| f.name.as_str()),
            Some("alpha"),
        );
        assert_eq!(
            parsed
                .available_flags
                .get("--beta")
                .map(|f| f.name.as_str()),
            Some("beta"),
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_default_subcommand_same_name_child() {
        // Test that default_subcommand doesn't cause issues when the default subcommand
        // has a child with the same name (e.g., "run" has a task named "run").
        // This verifies we don't switch multiple times or get stuck in a loop.
        let run_task = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("run")
            .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("args").build())
            .build();
        let mut run_cmd = SpecCommand::builder().name("run").build();
        run_cmd.subcommands.insert("run".to_string(), run_task);

        let mut cmd = SpecCommand::builder().name("test").build();
        cmd.subcommands.insert("run".to_string(), run_cmd);

        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            default_subcommand: Some("run".to_string()),
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // "test run" explicitly matches the "run" subcommand (not via default_subcommand)
        let input = vec!["test".to_string(), "run".to_string()];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();

        // Should have two commands: root and "run"
        assert_eq!(parsed.cmds.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(parsed.cmds[0].name, "test");
        assert_eq!(parsed.cmds[1].name, "run");

        // "test run run" should descend into the "run" task (child of "run" subcommand)
        let input = vec![
            "test".to_string(),
            "run".to_string(),
            "run".to_string(),
            "hello".to_string(),
        ];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(parsed.cmds.len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(parsed.cmds[0].name, "test");
        assert_eq!(parsed.cmds[1].name, "run");
        assert_eq!(parsed.cmds[2].name, "run");
        assert_eq!(parsed.args.len(), 1);
        let value = parsed.args.values().next().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(value.to_string(), "hello");

        // Key test case: "test other" should switch to default subcommand "run"
        // and treat "other" as a positional arg (not try to switch again because
        // "run" also has a "run" child).
        let mut run_cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("run")
            .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("task").build())
            .build();
        let run_task = SpecCommand::builder().name("run").build();
        run_cmd.subcommands.insert("run".to_string(), run_task);

        let mut cmd = SpecCommand::builder().name("test").build();
        cmd.subcommands.insert("run".to_string(), run_cmd);

        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            default_subcommand: Some("run".to_string()),
            ..Default::default()
        };

        let input = vec!["test".to_string(), "other".to_string()];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();

        // Should have two commands: root and "run" (the default)
        // We should NOT have switched again to the "run" task child
        assert_eq!(parsed.cmds.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(parsed.cmds[0].name, "test");
        assert_eq!(parsed.cmds[1].name, "run");

        // "other" should be parsed as a positional arg
        assert_eq!(parsed.args.len(), 1);
        let value = parsed.args.values().next().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(value.to_string(), "other");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_restart_token() {
        // Test that restart_token resets argument parsing
        let run_cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("run")
            .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("task").build())
            .restart_token(":::".to_string())
            .build();
        let mut cmd = SpecCommand::builder().name("test").build();
        cmd.subcommands.insert("run".to_string(), run_cmd);

        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // "test run task1 ::: task2" - should end up with task2 as the arg
        let input = vec![
            "test".to_string(),
            "run".to_string(),
            "task1".to_string(),
            ":::".to_string(),
            "task2".to_string(),
        ];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();

        // After restart, args were cleared and task2 was parsed
        assert_eq!(parsed.args.len(), 1);
        let value = parsed.args.values().next().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(value.to_string(), "task2");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_restart_token_multiple() {
        // Test multiple restart tokens
        let run_cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("run")
            .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("task").build())
            .restart_token(":::".to_string())
            .build();
        let mut cmd = SpecCommand::builder().name("test").build();
        cmd.subcommands.insert("run".to_string(), run_cmd);

        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // "test run task1 ::: task2 ::: task3" - should end up with task3 as the arg
        let input = vec![
            "test".to_string(),
            "run".to_string(),
            "task1".to_string(),
            ":::".to_string(),
            "task2".to_string(),
            ":::".to_string(),
            "task3".to_string(),
        ];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();

        // After multiple restarts, args were cleared and task3 was parsed
        assert_eq!(parsed.args.len(), 1);
        let value = parsed.args.values().next().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(value.to_string(), "task3");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_restart_token_clears_flag_awaiting_value() {
        // Test that restart_token clears pending flag values
        let run_cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("run")
            .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("task").build())
            .flag(
                SpecFlag::builder()
                    .name("jobs")
                    .long("jobs")
                    .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("count").build())
                    .build(),
            )
            .restart_token(":::".to_string())
            .build();
        let mut cmd = SpecCommand::builder().name("test").build();
        cmd.subcommands.insert("run".to_string(), run_cmd);

        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // "test run task1 --jobs ::: task2" - task2 should be an arg, not a flag value
        let input = vec![
            "test".to_string(),
            "run".to_string(),
            "task1".to_string(),
            "--jobs".to_string(),
            ":::".to_string(),
            "task2".to_string(),
        ];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();

        // task2 should be parsed as the task arg, not as --jobs value
        assert_eq!(parsed.args.len(), 1);
        let value = parsed.args.values().next().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(value.to_string(), "task2");
        // --jobs should not have a value
        assert!(parsed.flag_awaiting_value.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_restart_token_resets_double_dash() {
        // Test that restart_token resets the -- separator effect
        let run_cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("run")
            .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("task").build())
            .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("extra_args").var(true).build())
            .flag(SpecFlag::builder().name("verbose").long("verbose").build())
            .restart_token(":::".to_string())
            .build();
        let mut cmd = SpecCommand::builder().name("test").build();
        cmd.subcommands.insert("run".to_string(), run_cmd);

        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // "test run task1 -- extra ::: --verbose task2" - --verbose should be a flag after :::
        let input = vec![
            "test".to_string(),
            "run".to_string(),
            "task1".to_string(),
            "--".to_string(),
            "extra".to_string(),
            ":::".to_string(),
            "--verbose".to_string(),
            "task2".to_string(),
        ];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();

        // --verbose should be parsed as a flag (not an arg) after the restart
        assert!(parsed.flags.keys().any(|f| f.name == "verbose"));
        // task2 should be the arg after restart
        let task_arg = parsed.args.keys().find(|a| a.name == "task").unwrap();
        let value = parsed.args.get(task_arg).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(value.to_string(), "task2");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_double_dashes_without_preserve() {
        // Test that variadic args WITHOUT `preserve` skip "--" tokens (default behavior)
        let run_cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("run")
            .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("args").var(true).build())
            .build();
        let mut cmd = SpecCommand::builder().name("test").build();
        cmd.subcommands.insert("run".to_string(), run_cmd);

        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // "test run arg1 -- arg2 -- arg3" - all double dashes should be skipped
        let input = vec![
            "test".to_string(),
            "run".to_string(),
            "arg1".to_string(),
            "--".to_string(),
            "arg2".to_string(),
            "--".to_string(),
            "arg3".to_string(),
        ];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();

        let args_arg = parsed.args.keys().find(|a| a.name == "args").unwrap();
        let value = parsed.args.get(args_arg).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(value.to_string(), "arg1 arg2 arg3");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_double_dashes_with_preserve() {
        // Test that variadic args WITH `preserve` keep all double dashes
        let run_cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("run")
            .arg(
                SpecArg::builder()
                    .name("args")
                    .var(true)
                    .double_dash(SpecDoubleDashChoices::Preserve)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        let mut cmd = SpecCommand::builder().name("test").build();
        cmd.subcommands.insert("run".to_string(), run_cmd);

        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // "test run arg1 -- arg2 -- arg3" - all double dashes should be preserved
        let input = vec![
            "test".to_string(),
            "run".to_string(),
            "arg1".to_string(),
            "--".to_string(),
            "arg2".to_string(),
            "--".to_string(),
            "arg3".to_string(),
        ];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();

        let args_arg = parsed.args.keys().find(|a| a.name == "args").unwrap();
        let value = parsed.args.get(args_arg).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(value.to_string(), "arg1 -- arg2 -- arg3");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_double_dashes_with_preserve_only_dashes() {
        // Test that variadic args WITH `preserve` keep all double dashes even
        // if the values are just double dashes
        let run_cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("run")
            .arg(
                SpecArg::builder()
                    .name("args")
                    .var(true)
                    .double_dash(SpecDoubleDashChoices::Preserve)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        let mut cmd = SpecCommand::builder().name("test").build();
        cmd.subcommands.insert("run".to_string(), run_cmd);

        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // "test run -- --" - all double dashes should be preserved
        let input = vec![
            "test".to_string(),
            "run".to_string(),
            "--".to_string(),
            "--".to_string(),
        ];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();

        let args_arg = parsed.args.keys().find(|a| a.name == "args").unwrap();
        let value = parsed.args.get(args_arg).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(value.to_string(), "-- --");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_double_dashes_with_preserve_multiple_args() {
        // Test with multiple args where only the second has has `preserve`
        let run_cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("run")
            .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("task").build())
            .arg(
                SpecArg::builder()
                    .name("extra_args")
                    .var(true)
                    .double_dash(SpecDoubleDashChoices::Preserve)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        let mut cmd = SpecCommand::builder().name("test").build();
        cmd.subcommands.insert("run".to_string(), run_cmd);

        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // The first arg "task1" is captured normally
        // Then extra_args with `preserve` captures everything, including the "--" tokens
        let input = vec![
            "test".to_string(),
            "run".to_string(),
            "task1".to_string(),
            "--".to_string(),
            "arg1".to_string(),
            "--".to_string(),
            "--foo".to_string(),
        ];
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();

        let task_arg = parsed.args.keys().find(|a| a.name == "task").unwrap();
        let task_value = parsed.args.get(task_arg).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(task_value.to_string(), "task1");

        let extra_arg = parsed.args.keys().find(|a| a.name == "extra_args").unwrap();
        let extra_value = parsed.args.get(extra_arg).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(extra_value.to_string(), "-- arg1 -- --foo");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parser_with_custom_env_for_required_arg() {
        let spec = spec_with_arg(
            SpecArg::builder()
                .name("name")
                .env("NAME")
                .required(true)
                .build(),
        );
        std::env::remove_var("NAME");

        let parsed = parse_with_env(&spec, &["test"], &[("NAME", "john")])
            .expect("parse should succeed with custom env");
        assert_eq!(parsed.args.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(first_string_value(&parsed), "john");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parser_with_custom_env_for_required_flag() {
        let spec = spec_with_flag(
            SpecFlag::builder()
                .long("name")
                .env("NAME")
                .required(true)
                .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("name").build())
                .build(),
        );
        std::env::remove_var("NAME");

        let parsed = parse_with_env(&spec, &["test"], &[("NAME", "jane")])
            .expect("parse should succeed with custom env");
        assert_eq!(parsed.flags.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(first_string_value(&parsed), "jane");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parser_with_custom_env_still_fails_when_missing() {
        let spec = spec_with_arg(
            SpecArg::builder()
                .name("name")
                .env("NAME")
                .required(true)
                .build(),
        );
        std::env::remove_var("NAME");
        assert!(parse_with_env(&spec, &["test"], &[]).is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parser_does_not_treat_env_choice_value_as_help() {
        let spec = spec_with_arg(
            SpecArg::builder()
                .name("env")
                .env("CURRENT_ENV")
                .choices(["dev", "staging"])
                .required(false)
                .build(),
        );

        assert_parse_err(
            parse_with_env(&spec, &["test"], &[("CURRENT_ENV", "--help")]),
            "Invalid choice for arg env: --help, expected one of dev, staging",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parser_does_not_treat_default_choice_value_as_help() {
        let spec = spec_with_flag(
            SpecFlag::builder()
                .long("env")
                .arg(
                    SpecArg::builder()
                        .name("env")
                        .choices(["dev", "staging"])
                        .build(),
                )
                .default_value("--help")
                .build(),
        );

        assert_parse_err(
            parse_with_env(&spec, &["test"], &[]),
            "Invalid choice for option env: --help, expected one of dev, staging",
        );
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "unstable_choices_env")]
    #[test]
    fn test_parser_arg_choices_from_custom_env() {
        let spec = spec_arg_choices_env("DEPLOY_ENVS");

        let parsed =
            parse_with_env(&spec, &["test", "bar"], &[("DEPLOY_ENVS", "foo,bar baz")]).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(first_string_value(&parsed), "bar");

        assert_parse_err(
            parse_with_env(&spec, &["test", "prod"], &[("DEPLOY_ENVS", "foo,bar baz")]),
            "Invalid choice for arg env: prod, expected one of foo, bar, baz",
        );
        assert_parse_err(
            parse_with_env(&spec, &["test", "prod"], &[]),
            "Invalid choice for arg env: prod, no choices resolved from env DEPLOY_ENVS",
        );
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "unstable_choices_env")]
    #[test]
    fn test_parser_validates_flag_choices_from_custom_env() {
        let spec = spec_flag_choices_env("DEPLOY_ENVS");
        let parsed = parse_with_env(
            &spec,
            &["test", "--env", "baz"],
            &[("DEPLOY_ENVS", "foo,bar baz")],
        )
        .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(first_string_value(&parsed), "baz");
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "unstable_choices_env")]
    #[test]
    fn test_parser_revalidates_env_and_default_values_against_choices_env() {
        let arg_env_spec = spec_with_arg(
            SpecArg::builder()
                .name("env")
                .env("CURRENT_ENV")
                .choices_env("DEPLOY_ENVS")
                .build(),
        );
        assert_parse_err(
            parse_with_env(
                &arg_env_spec,
                &["test"],
                &[("CURRENT_ENV", "prod"), ("DEPLOY_ENVS", "dev,staging")],
            ),
            "Invalid choice for arg env: prod, expected one of dev, staging",
        );

        let flag_default_spec = spec_with_flag(
            SpecFlag::builder()
                .long("env")
                .arg(
                    SpecArg::builder()
                        .name("env")
                        .choices_env("DEPLOY_ENVS")
                        .build(),
                )
                .default_value("prod")
                .build(),
        );
        assert_parse_err(
            parse_with_env(
                &flag_default_spec,
                &["test"],
                &[("DEPLOY_ENVS", "dev,staging")],
            ),
            "Invalid choice for option env: prod, expected one of dev, staging",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_variadic_arg_captures_unknown_flags_from_spec_string() {
        let spec: Spec = r#"
            flag "-v --verbose" var=#true
            arg "[database]" default="myapp_dev"
            arg "[args...]"
        "#
        .parse()
        .unwrap();
        let input: Vec<String> = vec!["test", "mydb", "--host", "localhost"]
            .into_iter()
            .map(String::from)
            .collect();
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();
        let env = parsed.as_env();
        assert_eq!(env.get("usage_database").unwrap(), "mydb");
        assert_eq!(env.get("usage_args").unwrap(), "--host localhost");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_variadic_arg_captures_unknown_flags() {
        let cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("test")
            .flag(SpecFlag::builder().short('v').long("verbose").build())
            .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("database").required(false).build())
            .arg(
                SpecArg::builder()
                    .name("args")
                    .required(false)
                    .var(true)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // Unknown --host flag and its value should be captured by [args...]
        let input: Vec<String> = vec!["test", "mydb", "--host", "localhost"]
            .into_iter()
            .map(String::from)
            .collect();
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(parsed.args.len(), 2);
        let args_val = parsed
            .args
            .iter()
            .find(|(a, _)| a.name == "args")
            .unwrap()
            .1;
        match args_val {
            ParseValue::MultiString(v) => {
                assert_eq!(v, &vec!["--host".to_string(), "localhost".to_string()]);
            }
            _ => panic!("Expected MultiString, got {:?}", args_val),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_variadic_arg_captures_unknown_flags_with_double_dash() {
        let cmd = SpecCommand::builder()
            .name("test")
            .flag(SpecFlag::builder().short('v').long("verbose").build())
            .arg(SpecArg::builder().name("database").required(false).build())
            .arg(
                SpecArg::builder()
                    .name("args")
                    .required(false)
                    .var(true)
                    .build(),
            )
            .build();
        let spec = Spec {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            bin: "test".to_string(),
            cmd,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // With explicit -- separator
        let input: Vec<String> = vec!["test", "--", "mydb", "--host", "localhost"]
            .into_iter()
            .map(String::from)
            .collect();
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(parsed.args.len(), 2);
        let args_val = parsed
            .args
            .iter()
            .find(|(a, _)| a.name == "args")
            .unwrap()
            .1;
        match args_val {
            ParseValue::MultiString(v) => {
                assert_eq!(v, &vec!["--host".to_string(), "localhost".to_string()]);
            }
            _ => panic!("Expected MultiString, got {:?}", args_val),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_variadic_arg_unknown_flag_equals_value_not_split() {
        // Regression: --flag=value should be treated as a single positional token when
        // --flag is not a known spec flag, not split into "--flag=value" AND "value".
        let spec: Spec = r#"arg "[other_args]" var=#true"#.parse().unwrap();

        // Single unknown --flag=value: must not produce a stray "3" positional.
        // as_env() shell-joins via shell_words::join, so "=" gets quoted.
        let input: Vec<String> = vec!["test", "--option=3"]
            .into_iter()
            .map(String::from)
            .collect();
        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input).unwrap();
        let env = parsed.as_env();
        assert_eq!(
            env.get("usage_other_args").map(String::as_str),
            Some("'--option=3'"),
            "expected a single --option=3 token, got {:?}",
            env.get("usage_other_args"),
        );

        // Multiple unknown --flag=value args should each be kept intact
        let input2: Vec<String> = vec!["test", "--foo=bar", "--baz=qux"]
            .into_iter()
            .map(String::from)
            .collect();
        let parsed2 = parse(&spec, &input2).unwrap();
        let env2 = parsed2.as_env();
        assert_eq!(
            env2.get("usage_other_args").map(String::as_str),
            Some("'--foo=bar' '--baz=qux'"),
            "expected two intact tokens, got {:?}",
            env2.get("usage_other_args"),
        );

        // Mix of plain positional args and unknown --flag=value tokens
        let input3: Vec<String> = vec!["test", "positional1", "--option=3", "positional2"]
            .into_iter()
            .map(String::from)
            .collect();
        let parsed3 = parse(&spec, &input3).unwrap();
        let env3 = parsed3.as_env();
        assert_eq!(
            env3.get("usage_other_args").map(String::as_str),
            Some("positional1 '--option=3' positional2"),
            "expected positional args and intact flag token, got {:?}",
            env3.get("usage_other_args"),
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_allow_hyphen_values_consumes_short_flag_collision() {
        let spec = r#"
flag "-d --working-dir <DIR>"
flag "-a --args <ARGS>" allow_hyphen_values=#true
"#
        .parse::<Spec>()
        .unwrap();

        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input(&["test", "-a", "-destroy"])).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(parsed.flags.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(flag_string_value(&parsed, "args"), "-destroy");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_allow_hyphen_values_consumes_embedded_long_value() {
        let spec = r#"
flag "-d --working-dir <DIR>"
flag "-a --args <ARGS>" allow_hyphen_values=#true
"#
        .parse::<Spec>()
        .unwrap();

        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input(&["test", "--args=-destroy"])).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(parsed.flags.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(flag_string_value(&parsed, "args"), "-destroy");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_variadic_allow_hyphen_values_consumes_repeated_flag_values() {
        let spec = r#"
flag "-a --args <ARGS>" var=#true allow_hyphen_values=#true
"#
        .parse::<Spec>()
        .unwrap();

        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input(&["test", "-a", "-val1", "-a", "-val2"])).unwrap();

        let flag = parsed
            .flags
            .keys()
            .find(|flag| flag.name == "args")
            .expect("expected args flag");
        let value = parsed.flags.get(flag).expect("expected args value");
        match value {
            ParseValue::MultiString(values) => {
                assert_eq!(values, &vec!["-val1".to_string(), "-val2".to_string()]);
            }
            _ => panic!("expected MultiString, got {value:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_hyphen_values_still_default_to_short_flag_parsing() {
        let spec = r#"
flag "-d --working-dir <DIR>"
flag "-a --args <ARGS>"
"#
        .parse::<Spec>()
        .unwrap();

        let parsed = parse(&spec, &input(&["test", "-a", "-destroy"])).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(flag_string_value(&parsed, "working-dir"), "estroy");
    }
}