tensogram_encodings/

pipeline.rs

// (C) Copyright 2026- ECMWF and individual contributors.
//
// This software is licensed under the terms of the Apache Licence Version 2.0
// which can be obtained at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
// In applying this licence, ECMWF does not waive the privileges and immunities
// granted to it by virtue of its status as an intergovernmental organisation nor
// does it submit to any jurisdiction.

use std::borrow::Cow;

#[cfg(feature = "blosc2")]
use crate::compression::Blosc2Compressor;
#[cfg(feature = "lz4")]
use crate::compression::Lz4Compressor;
#[cfg(feature = "sz3")]
use crate::compression::Sz3Compressor;
#[cfg(feature = "szip")]
use crate::compression::SzipCompressor;
#[cfg(feature = "szip-pure")]
use crate::compression::SzipPureCompressor;
#[cfg(feature = "zfp")]
use crate::compression::ZfpCompressor;
#[cfg(feature = "zstd")]
use crate::compression::ZstdCompressor;
#[cfg(feature = "zstd-pure")]
use crate::compression::ZstdPureCompressor;
use crate::compression::{CompressResult, CompressionError, Compressor};
use crate::shuffle;
use crate::simple_packing::{self, PackingError, SimplePackingParams};
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use std::sync::OnceLock;
use thiserror::Error;

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
pub enum ByteOrder {
    Big,
    Little,
}

impl ByteOrder {
    /// Returns the byte order of the platform this code was compiled for.
    #[inline]
    pub fn native() -> Self {
        #[cfg(target_endian = "little")]
        {
            ByteOrder::Little
        }
        #[cfg(target_endian = "big")]
        {
            ByteOrder::Big
        }
    }
}

/// Reverse bytes within each `unit_size`-byte chunk of `data`, converting
/// between big-endian and little-endian representations in place.
///
/// No-op when `unit_size <= 1` (single-byte types have no byte order).
/// Returns an error if `data.len()` is not a multiple of `unit_size`.
/// For complex types, pass the scalar component size (e.g. 4 for complex64)
/// so that each float32 component is swapped independently.
pub fn byteswap(data: &mut [u8], unit_size: usize) -> Result<(), PipelineError> {
    if unit_size <= 1 {
        return Ok(());
    }
    if !data.len().is_multiple_of(unit_size) {
        return Err(PipelineError::Range(format!(
            "byteswap: data length {} is not a multiple of unit_size {}",
            data.len(),
            unit_size,
        )));
    }
    for chunk in data.chunks_exact_mut(unit_size) {
        chunk.reverse();
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[derive(Debug, Error)]
pub enum PipelineError {
    #[error("encoding error: {0}")]
    Encoding(#[from] PackingError),
    #[error("compression error: {0}")]
    Compression(#[from] CompressionError),
    #[error("shuffle error: {0}")]
    Shuffle(String),
    #[error("range error: {0}")]
    Range(String),
    #[error("unknown encoding: {0}")]
    UnknownEncoding(String),
    #[error("unknown filter: {0}")]
    UnknownFilter(String),
    #[error("unknown compression: {0}")]
    UnknownCompression(String),
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum EncodingType {
    None,
    SimplePacking(SimplePackingParams),
}

impl std::fmt::Display for EncodingType {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        match self {
            EncodingType::None => write!(f, "none"),
            EncodingType::SimplePacking(_) => write!(f, "simple_packing"),
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum FilterType {
    None,
    Shuffle { element_size: usize },
}

#[cfg(feature = "blosc2")]
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
pub enum Blosc2Codec {
    Blosclz,
    Lz4,
    Lz4hc,
    Zlib,
    Zstd,
}

#[cfg(feature = "zfp")]
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum ZfpMode {
    FixedRate { rate: f64 },
    FixedPrecision { precision: u32 },
    FixedAccuracy { tolerance: f64 },
}

#[cfg(feature = "sz3")]
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum Sz3ErrorBound {
    Absolute(f64),
    Relative(f64),
    Psnr(f64),
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum CompressionType {
    None,
    #[cfg(any(feature = "szip", feature = "szip-pure"))]
    Szip {
        rsi: u32,
        block_size: u32,
        flags: u32,
        bits_per_sample: u32,
    },
    #[cfg(any(feature = "zstd", feature = "zstd-pure"))]
    Zstd {
        level: i32,
    },
    #[cfg(feature = "lz4")]
    Lz4,
    #[cfg(feature = "blosc2")]
    Blosc2 {
        codec: Blosc2Codec,
        clevel: i32,
        typesize: usize,
    },
    #[cfg(feature = "zfp")]
    Zfp {
        mode: ZfpMode,
    },
    #[cfg(feature = "sz3")]
    Sz3 {
        error_bound: Sz3ErrorBound,
    },
}

/// Selects which backend to use when both FFI and pure-Rust implementations
/// are compiled in for the same codec (szip or zstd).
///
/// When only one feature is enabled the backend field is ignored — the
/// available implementation is always used.
///
/// The default is resolved once from the `TENSOGRAM_COMPRESSION_BACKEND`
/// environment variable (values: `ffi` or `pure`).
/// On `wasm32` the default is always `Pure`.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum CompressionBackend {
    /// Use the C FFI implementation (libaec for szip, libzstd for zstd).
    /// Falls back to pure-Rust if the FFI feature is not compiled in.
    Ffi,
    /// Use the pure-Rust implementation (tensogram-szip, ruzstd).
    /// Falls back to FFI if the pure feature is not compiled in.
    Pure,
}

impl Default for CompressionBackend {
    fn default() -> Self {
        default_compression_backend()
    }
}

/// Resolve the default compression backend from environment variables.
///
/// - `TENSOGRAM_COMPRESSION_BACKEND=pure|ffi` overrides the default for
///   both szip and zstd.
/// - On `wasm32` the default is always `Pure` (FFI backends cannot exist).
/// - On native the default is `Ffi` (faster, battle-tested).
pub fn default_compression_backend() -> CompressionBackend {
    static DEFAULT: OnceLock<CompressionBackend> = OnceLock::new();
    *DEFAULT.get_or_init(|| {
        if cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32") {
            return CompressionBackend::Pure;
        }
        // Check env — accept "pure" or "ffi" (case-insensitive)
        if let Ok(val) = std::env::var("TENSOGRAM_COMPRESSION_BACKEND") {
            return parse_backend(&val);
        }
        // Native default: prefer FFI
        CompressionBackend::Ffi
    })
}

fn parse_backend(val: &str) -> CompressionBackend {
    match val.trim().to_ascii_lowercase().as_str() {
        "pure" | "rust" => CompressionBackend::Pure,
        _ => CompressionBackend::Ffi,
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct PipelineConfig {
    pub encoding: EncodingType,
    pub filter: FilterType,
    pub compression: CompressionType,
    pub num_values: usize,
    pub byte_order: ByteOrder,
    pub dtype_byte_width: usize,
    /// The size of the fundamental scalar component for byte-order swapping.
    /// Equal to `dtype_byte_width` for simple types.  For complex types the
    /// swap must operate on each float component independently, so this is
    /// half of `dtype_byte_width` (e.g. 4 for complex64, 8 for complex128).
    pub swap_unit_size: usize,
    /// Which backend to use for szip / zstd when both are compiled in.
    pub compression_backend: CompressionBackend,
    /// Intra-codec thread budget for this object.
    ///
    /// - `0` — sequential (default; preserves pre-threads behaviour).
    /// - `N ≥ 1` — codec may use up to `N` threads internally.  Only a
    ///   subset of codecs honour this (currently: blosc2, zstd FFI,
    ///   simple_packing, shuffle); others ignore it.  Output bytes are
    ///   byte-identical regardless of `N`.
    ///
    /// Callers should expect this to be set by the `tensogram-core`
    /// layer after consulting
    /// [`EncodeOptions.threads`](../../../tensogram_core/encode/struct.EncodeOptions.html#structfield.threads)
    /// and the small-message threshold; direct pipeline callers may
    /// leave it at `0`.
    pub intra_codec_threads: u32,
}

pub struct PipelineResult {
    pub encoded_bytes: Vec<u8>,
    /// Block offsets produced by compressors that support random access (szip, blosc2).
    pub block_offsets: Option<Vec<u64>>,
}

/// Build an szip compressor, dispatching between FFI and pure-Rust at runtime.
#[cfg(any(feature = "szip", feature = "szip-pure"))]
fn build_szip_compressor(
    #[allow(unused_variables)] backend: CompressionBackend,
    rsi: u32,
    block_size: u32,
    flags: u32,
    bits_per_sample: u32,
) -> Box<dyn Compressor> {
    // When both features are compiled in, dispatch at runtime.
    #[cfg(all(feature = "szip", feature = "szip-pure"))]
    if matches!(backend, CompressionBackend::Pure) {
        return Box::new(SzipPureCompressor {
            rsi,
            block_size,
            flags,
            bits_per_sample,
        });
    }

    // FFI path — used when szip feature is enabled and either:
    // (a) both features compiled but backend is Ffi, or
    // (b) only szip is compiled.
    #[cfg(feature = "szip")]
    {
        Box::new(SzipCompressor {
            rsi,
            block_size,
            flags,
            bits_per_sample,
        })
    }

    // Pure-only path — used when only szip-pure is compiled (no FFI).
    #[cfg(all(feature = "szip-pure", not(feature = "szip")))]
    {
        Box::new(SzipPureCompressor {
            rsi,
            block_size,
            flags,
            bits_per_sample,
        })
    }
}

/// Build a zstd compressor, dispatching between FFI and pure-Rust at runtime.
///
/// `nb_workers` is forwarded to the FFI path (libzstd `NbWorkers`
/// parameter) and ignored by the pure-Rust path (ruzstd is
/// single-threaded).
#[cfg(any(feature = "zstd", feature = "zstd-pure"))]
fn build_zstd_compressor(
    #[allow(unused_variables)] backend: CompressionBackend,
    level: i32,
    #[allow(unused_variables)] nb_workers: u32,
) -> Box<dyn Compressor> {
    #[cfg(all(feature = "zstd", feature = "zstd-pure"))]
    if matches!(backend, CompressionBackend::Pure) {
        return Box::new(ZstdPureCompressor { level });
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "zstd")]
    {
        Box::new(ZstdCompressor { level, nb_workers })
    }

    #[cfg(all(feature = "zstd-pure", not(feature = "zstd")))]
    {
        Box::new(ZstdPureCompressor { level })
    }
}

/// Build a boxed compressor from a CompressionType variant.
///
/// For szip and zstd, the `compression_backend` field in `PipelineConfig`
/// selects between FFI and pure-Rust implementations at **runtime**.  When
/// only one feature is compiled in, the backend field is ignored.
fn build_compressor(
    compression: &CompressionType,
    #[allow(unused_variables)] config: &PipelineConfig,
) -> Result<Option<Box<dyn Compressor>>, CompressionError> {
    match compression {
        CompressionType::None => Ok(None),
        #[cfg(any(feature = "szip", feature = "szip-pure"))]
        CompressionType::Szip {
            rsi,
            block_size,
            flags,
            bits_per_sample,
        } => {
            let mut szip_flags = *flags;
            // simple_packing output is MSB-first; tell the szip codec so its
            // predictor sees bytes in the correct significance order.
            // AEC_DATA_MSB = 4 in both libaec-sys and tensogram-szip.
            if matches!(config.encoding, EncodingType::SimplePacking(_)) {
                szip_flags |= 4; // AEC_DATA_MSB
            }

            // Runtime backend selection.  The helper builds the right
            // Box<dyn Compressor> based on what features are compiled in
            // and what the caller requested.
            let compressor: Box<dyn Compressor> = build_szip_compressor(
                config.compression_backend,
                *rsi,
                *block_size,
                szip_flags,
                *bits_per_sample,
            );
            Ok(Some(compressor))
        }
        #[cfg(any(feature = "zstd", feature = "zstd-pure"))]
        CompressionType::Zstd { level } => {
            let compressor: Box<dyn Compressor> = build_zstd_compressor(
                config.compression_backend,
                *level,
                config.intra_codec_threads,
            );
            Ok(Some(compressor))
        }
        #[cfg(feature = "lz4")]
        CompressionType::Lz4 => Ok(Some(Box::new(Lz4Compressor))),
        #[cfg(feature = "blosc2")]
        CompressionType::Blosc2 {
            codec,
            clevel,
            typesize,
        } => Ok(Some(Box::new(Blosc2Compressor {
            codec: *codec,
            clevel: *clevel,
            typesize: *typesize,
            nthreads: config.intra_codec_threads,
        }))),
        #[cfg(feature = "zfp")]
        CompressionType::Zfp { mode } => Ok(Some(Box::new(ZfpCompressor {
            mode: mode.clone(),
            num_values: config.num_values,
            byte_order: config.byte_order,
        }))),
        #[cfg(feature = "sz3")]
        CompressionType::Sz3 { error_bound } => Ok(Some(Box::new(Sz3Compressor {
            error_bound: error_bound.clone(),
            num_values: config.num_values,
            byte_order: config.byte_order,
        }))),
    }
}

/// Full forward pipeline: encode → filter → compress
#[tracing::instrument(skip(data, config), fields(data_len = data.len(), encoding = %config.encoding))]
pub fn encode_pipeline(
    data: &[u8],
    config: &PipelineConfig,
) -> Result<PipelineResult, PipelineError> {
    // Step 1: Encoding — Cow avoids cloning when encoding is None
    let encoded: Cow<'_, [u8]> = match &config.encoding {
        EncodingType::None => Cow::Borrowed(data),
        EncodingType::SimplePacking(params) => {
            let values = bytes_to_f64(data, config.byte_order);
            Cow::Owned(simple_packing::encode_with_threads(
                &values,
                params,
                config.intra_codec_threads,
            )?)
        }
    };

    // Step 2: Filter
    let filtered: Cow<'_, [u8]> = match &config.filter {
        FilterType::None => encoded,
        FilterType::Shuffle { element_size } => Cow::Owned(
            shuffle::shuffle_with_threads(&encoded, *element_size, config.intra_codec_threads)
                .map_err(|e| PipelineError::Shuffle(e.to_string()))?,
        ),
    };

    // Step 3: Compression
    let compressor = build_compressor(&config.compression, config)?;
    match compressor {
        None => Ok(PipelineResult {
            encoded_bytes: filtered.into_owned(),
            block_offsets: None,
        }),
        Some(compressor) => {
            let CompressResult {
                data: compressed,
                block_offsets,
            } = compressor.compress(&filtered)?;
            Ok(PipelineResult {
                encoded_bytes: compressed,
                block_offsets,
            })
        }
    }
}

/// Encode from f64 values directly, avoiding the bytes→f64 conversion overhead
/// that `encode_pipeline` pays when the caller already has typed values.
#[tracing::instrument(skip(values, config), fields(num_values = values.len(), encoding = %config.encoding))]
pub fn encode_pipeline_f64(
    values: &[f64],
    config: &PipelineConfig,
) -> Result<PipelineResult, PipelineError> {
    let encoded: Cow<'_, [u8]> = match &config.encoding {
        EncodingType::None => Cow::Owned(f64_to_bytes(values, config.byte_order)),
        EncodingType::SimplePacking(params) => Cow::Owned(simple_packing::encode_with_threads(
            values,
            params,
            config.intra_codec_threads,
        )?),
    };

    let filtered: Cow<'_, [u8]> = match &config.filter {
        FilterType::None => encoded,
        FilterType::Shuffle { element_size } => Cow::Owned(
            shuffle::shuffle_with_threads(&encoded, *element_size, config.intra_codec_threads)
                .map_err(|e| PipelineError::Shuffle(e.to_string()))?,
        ),
    };

    let compressor = build_compressor(&config.compression, config)?;
    match compressor {
        None => Ok(PipelineResult {
            encoded_bytes: filtered.into_owned(),
            block_offsets: None,
        }),
        Some(compressor) => {
            let CompressResult {
                data: compressed,
                block_offsets,
            } = compressor.compress(&filtered)?;
            Ok(PipelineResult {
                encoded_bytes: compressed,
                block_offsets,
            })
        }
    }
}

/// Full reverse pipeline: decompress → unshuffle → decode → native byteswap.
///
/// When `native_byte_order` is true (the default at the API level), the
/// output bytes are converted to the caller's native byte order so that a
/// simple `reinterpret_cast` or `from_ne_bytes` produces correct values.
/// When false, bytes are returned in the message's declared wire byte order.
#[tracing::instrument(skip(encoded, config), fields(encoded_len = encoded.len()))]
pub fn decode_pipeline(
    encoded: &[u8],
    config: &PipelineConfig,
    native_byte_order: bool,
) -> Result<Vec<u8>, PipelineError> {
    // Step 1: Decompress — Cow avoids cloning when no compression
    let decompressed: Cow<'_, [u8]> = match build_compressor(&config.compression, config)? {
        None => Cow::Borrowed(encoded),
        Some(compressor) => {
            let expected_size = estimate_decompressed_size(config);
            Cow::Owned(compressor.decompress(encoded, expected_size)?)
        }
    };

    // Step 2: Unshuffle
    let unfiltered: Cow<'_, [u8]> = match &config.filter {
        FilterType::None => decompressed,
        FilterType::Shuffle { element_size } => Cow::Owned(
            shuffle::unshuffle_with_threads(
                &decompressed,
                *element_size,
                config.intra_codec_threads,
            )
            .map_err(|e| PipelineError::Shuffle(e.to_string()))?,
        ),
    };

    // Determine the target byte order for the output.  When the caller
    // requests native byte order, simple_packing can write directly in
    // native (avoiding a redundant write + swap).
    let target_byte_order = if native_byte_order {
        ByteOrder::native()
    } else {
        config.byte_order
    };

    // Step 3: Decode encoding
    let mut decoded = match &config.encoding {
        EncodingType::None => unfiltered.into_owned(),
        EncodingType::SimplePacking(params) => {
            // simple_packing decodes to Vec<f64> in-register values (no byte
            // order) then serialises directly to the target byte order.
            let values = simple_packing::decode_with_threads(
                &unfiltered,
                config.num_values,
                params,
                config.intra_codec_threads,
            )?;
            f64_to_bytes(&values, target_byte_order)
        }
    };

    // Step 4: Native-endian byteswap for encoding=none.
    // (simple_packing already wrote in target_byte_order above.)
    if native_byte_order
        && matches!(config.encoding, EncodingType::None)
        && config.byte_order != ByteOrder::native()
    {
        byteswap(&mut decoded, config.swap_unit_size)?;
    }

    Ok(decoded)
}

/// Decode a partial sample range from a compressed+encoded pipeline.
///
/// Supports compressors with random access (szip, blosc2, zfp fixed-rate).
/// Shuffle filter is not supported with range decode.
///
/// `sample_offset` and `sample_count` are in logical element units.
/// `block_offsets` are block boundary offsets from encoding (compressor-specific).
///
/// When `native_byte_order` is true, the output bytes are in the caller's
/// native byte order.
pub fn decode_range_pipeline(
    encoded: &[u8],
    config: &PipelineConfig,
    block_offsets: &[u64],
    sample_offset: u64,
    sample_count: u64,
    native_byte_order: bool,
) -> Result<Vec<u8>, PipelineError> {
    if matches!(config.filter, FilterType::Shuffle { .. }) {
        return Err(PipelineError::Shuffle(
            "partial range decode is not supported with shuffle filter".to_string(),
        ));
    }

    // Phase 1: Compute byte range needed from the (possibly compressed) stream
    let (byte_start, byte_size, bit_offset_in_chunk) = match &config.encoding {
        EncodingType::SimplePacking(params) => {
            let bit_start = sample_offset * params.bits_per_value as u64;
            let bit_count = sample_count * params.bits_per_value as u64;
            let bs = (bit_start / 8) as usize;
            let be = (bit_start + bit_count).div_ceil(8) as usize;
            (bs, be - bs, Some((bit_start % 8) as usize))
        }
        EncodingType::None => {
            let elem_size = config.dtype_byte_width;
            let bs = (sample_offset as usize)
                .checked_mul(elem_size)
                .ok_or_else(|| PipelineError::Range("byte offset overflow".to_string()))?;
            let sz = (sample_count as usize)
                .checked_mul(elem_size)
                .ok_or_else(|| PipelineError::Range("byte count overflow".to_string()))?;
            (bs, sz, None)
        }
    };

    // Phase 2: Get decompressed bytes for the range
    let decompressed = match build_compressor(&config.compression, config)? {
        None => {
            // No compression: slice directly from encoded buffer
            let byte_end = byte_start
                .checked_add(byte_size)
                .ok_or_else(|| PipelineError::Range("byte end overflow".to_string()))?;
            if byte_end > encoded.len() {
                return Err(PipelineError::Range(format!(
                    "range ({sample_offset}, {sample_count}) exceeds payload size"
                )));
            }
            encoded[byte_start..byte_end].to_vec()
        }
        Some(compressor) => {
            compressor.decompress_range(encoded, block_offsets, byte_start, byte_size)?
        }
    };

    let target_byte_order = if native_byte_order {
        ByteOrder::native()
    } else {
        config.byte_order
    };

    // Phase 3: Decode encoding from decompressed bytes
    match &config.encoding {
        EncodingType::None => {
            let mut result = decompressed;
            if native_byte_order && config.byte_order != ByteOrder::native() {
                byteswap(&mut result, config.swap_unit_size)?;
            }
            Ok(result)
        }
        EncodingType::SimplePacking(params) => {
            let values = simple_packing::decode_range(
                &decompressed,
                bit_offset_in_chunk.unwrap_or(0),
                sample_count as usize,
                params,
            )?;
            Ok(f64_to_bytes(&values, target_byte_order))
        }
    }
}

fn estimate_decompressed_size(config: &PipelineConfig) -> usize {
    match &config.encoding {
        EncodingType::None => config.num_values.saturating_mul(config.dtype_byte_width),
        EncodingType::SimplePacking(params) => {
            let total_bits =
                (config.num_values as u128).saturating_mul(params.bits_per_value as u128);
            total_bits.div_ceil(8).min(usize::MAX as u128) as usize
        }
    }
}

fn bytes_to_f64(data: &[u8], byte_order: ByteOrder) -> Vec<f64> {
    data.chunks_exact(8)
        .map(|chunk| {
            let mut arr = [0u8; 8];
            arr.copy_from_slice(chunk);
            match byte_order {
                ByteOrder::Big => f64::from_be_bytes(arr),
                ByteOrder::Little => f64::from_le_bytes(arr),
            }
        })
        .collect()
}

fn f64_to_bytes(values: &[f64], byte_order: ByteOrder) -> Vec<u8> {
    values
        .iter()
        .flat_map(|v| match byte_order {
            ByteOrder::Big => v.to_be_bytes(),
            ByteOrder::Little => v.to_le_bytes(),
        })
        .collect()
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_passthrough_pipeline() {
        let data = vec![1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8];
        let config = PipelineConfig {
            encoding: EncodingType::None,
            filter: FilterType::None,
            compression: CompressionType::None,
            num_values: 1,
            byte_order: ByteOrder::Little,
            dtype_byte_width: 8,
            swap_unit_size: 8,
            compression_backend: CompressionBackend::default(),
            intra_codec_threads: 0,
        };
        let result = encode_pipeline(&data, &config).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(result.encoded_bytes, data);
        let decoded = decode_pipeline(&result.encoded_bytes, &config, false).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(decoded, data);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_simple_packing_pipeline() {
        let values: Vec<f64> = (0..50).map(|i| 200.0 + i as f64 * 0.1).collect();
        let data: Vec<u8> = values.iter().flat_map(|v| v.to_le_bytes()).collect();
        let params = simple_packing::compute_params(&values, 16, 0).unwrap();

        let config = PipelineConfig {
            encoding: EncodingType::SimplePacking(params),
            filter: FilterType::None,
            compression: CompressionType::None,
            num_values: values.len(),
            byte_order: ByteOrder::Little,
            dtype_byte_width: 8,
            swap_unit_size: 8,
            compression_backend: CompressionBackend::default(),
            intra_codec_threads: 0,
        };

        let result = encode_pipeline(&data, &config).unwrap();
        let decoded = decode_pipeline(&result.encoded_bytes, &config, false).unwrap();
        let decoded_values = bytes_to_f64(&decoded, ByteOrder::Little);

        for (orig, dec) in values.iter().zip(decoded_values.iter()) {
            assert!((orig - dec).abs() < 0.01, "orig={orig}, dec={dec}");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_shuffle_pipeline() {
        let data: Vec<u8> = (0..16).collect();
        let config = PipelineConfig {
            encoding: EncodingType::None,
            filter: FilterType::Shuffle { element_size: 4 },
            compression: CompressionType::None,
            num_values: 4,
            byte_order: ByteOrder::Little,
            dtype_byte_width: 4,
            swap_unit_size: 4,
            compression_backend: CompressionBackend::default(),
            intra_codec_threads: 0,
        };

        let result = encode_pipeline(&data, &config).unwrap();
        assert_ne!(result.encoded_bytes, data); // shuffled should differ
        let decoded = decode_pipeline(&result.encoded_bytes, &config, false).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(decoded, data);
    }

    #[cfg(any(feature = "szip", feature = "szip-pure"))]
    #[test]
    fn test_szip_round_trip_pipeline() {
        let data: Vec<u8> = (0..2048).map(|i| (i % 256) as u8).collect();

        // AEC_DATA_PREPROCESS = 8 in both libaec-sys and tensogram-szip
        let preprocess_flag = 8u32;

        let config = PipelineConfig {
            encoding: EncodingType::None,
            filter: FilterType::None,
            compression: CompressionType::Szip {
                rsi: 128,
                block_size: 16,
                flags: preprocess_flag,
                bits_per_sample: 8,
            },
            num_values: 2048,
            byte_order: ByteOrder::Little,
            dtype_byte_width: 1,
            swap_unit_size: 1,
            compression_backend: CompressionBackend::default(),
            intra_codec_threads: 0,
        };

        let result = encode_pipeline(&data, &config).unwrap();
        assert!(result.block_offsets.is_some());

        let decoded = decode_pipeline(&result.encoded_bytes, &config, false).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(decoded, data);
    }

    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    // byteswap utility tests
    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------

    #[test]
    fn test_byteswap_noop_for_single_byte() {
        let mut data = vec![1, 2, 3, 4];
        let original = data.clone();
        byteswap(&mut data, 1).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(data, original);
        byteswap(&mut data, 0).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(data, original);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_byteswap_2_bytes() {
        let mut data = vec![0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC, 0xDD];
        byteswap(&mut data, 2).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(data, vec![0xBB, 0xAA, 0xDD, 0xCC]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_byteswap_4_bytes() {
        let mut data = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8];
        byteswap(&mut data, 4).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(data, vec![4, 3, 2, 1, 8, 7, 6, 5]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_byteswap_8_bytes() {
        let mut data: Vec<u8> = (1..=16).collect();
        byteswap(&mut data, 8).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            data,
            vec![8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9]
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_byteswap_round_trip() {
        let original = vec![1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8];
        let mut data = original.clone();
        byteswap(&mut data, 4).unwrap();
        assert_ne!(data, original);
        byteswap(&mut data, 4).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(data, original);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_byteswap_misaligned_returns_error() {
        let mut data = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; // 5 bytes, not a multiple of 4
        let result = byteswap(&mut data, 4);
        assert!(result.is_err());
    }

    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Native byte-order decode tests
    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------

    #[test]
    fn test_decode_native_byte_order_encoding_none() {
        // Encode as big-endian float32 on a (likely) little-endian machine.
        let value: f32 = 42.0;
        let be_bytes = value.to_be_bytes();
        let config = PipelineConfig {
            encoding: EncodingType::None,
            filter: FilterType::None,
            compression: CompressionType::None,
            num_values: 1,
            byte_order: ByteOrder::Big,
            dtype_byte_width: 4,
            swap_unit_size: 4,
            compression_backend: CompressionBackend::default(),
            intra_codec_threads: 0,
        };

        let result = encode_pipeline(&be_bytes, &config).unwrap();

        // Decode with native_byte_order=true: should get native-endian bytes.
        let native_decoded = decode_pipeline(&result.encoded_bytes, &config, true).unwrap();
        let ne_value = f32::from_ne_bytes(native_decoded[..4].try_into().unwrap());
        assert_eq!(ne_value, value);

        // Decode with native_byte_order=false: should get big-endian bytes.
        let wire_decoded = decode_pipeline(&result.encoded_bytes, &config, false).unwrap();
        let be_value = f32::from_be_bytes(wire_decoded[..4].try_into().unwrap());
        assert_eq!(be_value, value);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decode_native_byte_order_simple_packing() {
        let values: Vec<f64> = vec![100.0, 200.0, 300.0, 400.0];
        // Encode with big-endian byte order.
        let data: Vec<u8> = values.iter().flat_map(|v| v.to_be_bytes()).collect();
        let params = simple_packing::compute_params(&values, 24, 0).unwrap();

        let config = PipelineConfig {
            encoding: EncodingType::SimplePacking(params),
            filter: FilterType::None,
            compression: CompressionType::None,
            num_values: values.len(),
            byte_order: ByteOrder::Big,
            dtype_byte_width: 8,
            swap_unit_size: 8,
            compression_backend: CompressionBackend::default(),
            intra_codec_threads: 0,
        };

        let result = encode_pipeline(&data, &config).unwrap();

        // Decode with native_byte_order=true: result should be native f64.
        let native_decoded = decode_pipeline(&result.encoded_bytes, &config, true).unwrap();
        let decoded_values: Vec<f64> = native_decoded
            .chunks_exact(8)
            .map(|c| f64::from_ne_bytes(c.try_into().unwrap()))
            .collect();
        for (orig, dec) in values.iter().zip(decoded_values.iter()) {
            assert!((orig - dec).abs() < 1.0, "orig={orig}, dec={dec}");
        }

        // Decode with native_byte_order=false: result should be big-endian f64.
        let wire_decoded = decode_pipeline(&result.encoded_bytes, &config, false).unwrap();
        let wire_values: Vec<f64> = wire_decoded
            .chunks_exact(8)
            .map(|c| f64::from_be_bytes(c.try_into().unwrap()))
            .collect();
        for (orig, dec) in values.iter().zip(wire_values.iter()) {
            assert!((orig - dec).abs() < 1.0, "orig={orig}, dec={dec}");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_native_byte_order_same_as_wire_is_noop() {
        // When wire byte order == native, native_byte_order=true/false should
        // produce identical output (no swap needed either way).
        let values: Vec<f32> = vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0];
        let data: Vec<u8> = values.iter().flat_map(|v| v.to_ne_bytes()).collect();

        let config = PipelineConfig {
            encoding: EncodingType::None,
            filter: FilterType::None,
            compression: CompressionType::None,
            num_values: values.len(),
            byte_order: ByteOrder::native(),
            dtype_byte_width: 4,
            swap_unit_size: 4,
            compression_backend: CompressionBackend::default(),
            intra_codec_threads: 0,
        };

        let result = encode_pipeline(&data, &config).unwrap();
        let native_decoded = decode_pipeline(&result.encoded_bytes, &config, true).unwrap();
        let wire_decoded = decode_pipeline(&result.encoded_bytes, &config, false).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(native_decoded, wire_decoded);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decode_native_byte_order_2byte_dtype() {
        // int16 / uint16 / float16 — 2-byte swap unit.
        let value: u16 = 0x0102;
        let be_bytes = value.to_be_bytes();
        let config = PipelineConfig {
            encoding: EncodingType::None,
            filter: FilterType::None,
            compression: CompressionType::None,
            num_values: 1,
            byte_order: ByteOrder::Big,
            dtype_byte_width: 2,
            swap_unit_size: 2,
            compression_backend: CompressionBackend::default(),
            intra_codec_threads: 0,
        };
        let result = encode_pipeline(&be_bytes, &config).unwrap();
        let native = decode_pipeline(&result.encoded_bytes, &config, true).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(u16::from_ne_bytes(native[..2].try_into().unwrap()), value);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decode_native_byte_order_8byte_dtype() {
        // float64 / int64 / uint64 — 8-byte swap unit.
        let value: f64 = std::f64::consts::E;
        let be_bytes = value.to_be_bytes();
        let config = PipelineConfig {
            encoding: EncodingType::None,
            filter: FilterType::None,
            compression: CompressionType::None,
            num_values: 1,
            byte_order: ByteOrder::Big,
            dtype_byte_width: 8,
            swap_unit_size: 8,
            compression_backend: CompressionBackend::default(),
            intra_codec_threads: 0,
        };
        let result = encode_pipeline(&be_bytes, &config).unwrap();
        let native = decode_pipeline(&result.encoded_bytes, &config, true).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(f64::from_ne_bytes(native[..8].try_into().unwrap()), value);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decode_native_byte_order_complex64() {
        // complex64 = two float32 — swap_unit_size=4, dtype_byte_width=8.
        // Each 4-byte component must be swapped independently.
        let real: f32 = 1.5;
        let imag: f32 = 2.5;
        let mut be_bytes = Vec::new();
        be_bytes.extend_from_slice(&real.to_be_bytes());
        be_bytes.extend_from_slice(&imag.to_be_bytes());
        let config = PipelineConfig {
            encoding: EncodingType::None,
            filter: FilterType::None,
            compression: CompressionType::None,
            num_values: 1,
            byte_order: ByteOrder::Big,
            dtype_byte_width: 8,
            swap_unit_size: 4, // complex64: swap each float32 component
            compression_backend: CompressionBackend::default(),
            intra_codec_threads: 0,
        };
        let result = encode_pipeline(&be_bytes, &config).unwrap();
        let native = decode_pipeline(&result.encoded_bytes, &config, true).unwrap();
        let decoded_real = f32::from_ne_bytes(native[0..4].try_into().unwrap());
        let decoded_imag = f32::from_ne_bytes(native[4..8].try_into().unwrap());
        assert_eq!(decoded_real, real);
        assert_eq!(decoded_imag, imag);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decode_native_byte_order_uint8_noop() {
        // uint8 / int8 — swap_unit_size=1, byteswap should be a no-op.
        let data = vec![1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5];
        let config = PipelineConfig {
            encoding: EncodingType::None,
            filter: FilterType::None,
            compression: CompressionType::None,
            num_values: 5,
            byte_order: ByteOrder::Big, // cross-endian, but 1-byte → no-op
            dtype_byte_width: 1,
            swap_unit_size: 1,
            compression_backend: CompressionBackend::default(),
            intra_codec_threads: 0,
        };
        let result = encode_pipeline(&data, &config).unwrap();
        let native = decode_pipeline(&result.encoded_bytes, &config, true).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(native, data); // no swap for single-byte types
    }
}