teksilo_core/

build_context.rs

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 FernTech

//! BuildContext — context available during Widget::build().
//!
//! Provides Signal-based APIs for creating reactive state, registering
//! effects, and adding child widgets during the build lifecycle.

use crate::binding::BindingRegistry;
use crate::event_source::{SubscriptionHandle, SubscriptionId};
use crate::signal::{ObserverHandle, Signal};
use crate::widget_id::WidgetId;

/// Context available during Widget::build().
pub struct BuildContext<'a> {
    pub(crate) tree: &'a mut crate::widget_tree::WidgetTree,
    pub(crate) composite_id: Option<WidgetId>,
    /// RAII handles for effects registered during this build cycle.
    /// Transferred to the arena node's `effect_handles` after build returns.
    pub(crate) effect_handles: Vec<ObserverHandle>,
    /// Backend-event subscription handles registered during this build
    /// cycle via `subscribe_event`. Transferred to the arena node's
    /// `subscription_handles` after build returns.
    pub(crate) subscription_handles: Vec<(SubscriptionId, SubscriptionHandle)>,
    /// The `SubscriptionId`s the **previous** build of this same widget used, in the
    /// order it created them. Empty on a first mount.
    ///
    /// A subscription's id is what crosses the thread boundary: the publisher-side
    /// wrapper captures it by value and posts it, and the UI thread looks it up some
    /// frames later. Minting a fresh id on every rebuild therefore silently destroys
    /// every event already in flight, because `rebuild_single_widget` removes the
    /// previous build's callbacks before `build()` runs and the queued event then names
    /// an id nothing answers to. Re-using the ids here makes a subscription's identity
    /// span the rebuilds of one widget, so an event posted before a rebuild is delivered
    /// to the closure the *new* build installed.
    ///
    /// Matched **by position**, which is what makes it cheap and predictable: the Nth
    /// `subscribe_event`/`subscribe_event_with_ctx` call of this build re-uses the id of
    /// the Nth call of the last one. A build that subscribes fewer times simply leaves
    /// the surplus ids unclaimed and they stay torn down; one that subscribes more
    /// allocates fresh ids for the extras.
    pub(crate) reusable_sub_ids: Vec<SubscriptionId>,
}

impl<'a> BuildContext<'a> {
    /// The WidgetId of the widget being built.
    pub fn self_id(&self) -> WidgetId {
        self.composite_id
            .expect("self_id() called outside of build()")
    }

    /// Add a widget to the tree.
    pub fn add(&mut self, widget: impl crate::widget::Widget + 'static) -> WidgetId {
        self.tree.add(widget)
    }

    /// Add a pre-boxed widget to the tree.
    pub fn add_boxed(&mut self, widget: Box<dyn crate::widget::Widget>) -> WidgetId {
        self.tree.add_boxed(widget)
    }

    /// Add a **parentless** widget this one owns: pre-built overlay content
    /// (a dropdown menu, a date picker's calendar, a tooltip's nested cascade
    /// children) that must not be reached by the child walk.
    ///
    /// Use this — never a bare [`add`](Self::add) — for anything built ahead of
    /// time and parked with [`set_dormant`](Self::set_dormant) to be shown later
    /// through an overlay. The two differ only in bookkeeping: `add` hands back
    /// a node nothing owns, so the builder's own teardown cannot reach it and
    /// every rebuild strands another copy in the arena; this records the
    /// ownership edge, so the node dies with its owner and the previous
    /// generation dies with each rebuild.
    ///
    /// Content that *can* be a child should be returned from `build()` as one
    /// instead. This exists for content that cannot: activation and the paint
    /// walk both descend through `children`, so a dormant popup parked there
    /// wakes with its host and paints inline at zero size.
    pub fn add_detached(&mut self, widget: impl crate::widget::Widget + 'static) -> WidgetId {
        self.add_detached_boxed(Box::new(widget))
    }

    /// Insert a child whose subtree is **not built until `reveal` first turns
    /// true**, and is retained from then on. Returns the host's id immediately.
    ///
    /// The shape this replaces is `ctx.add(panel)` followed by
    /// `ctx.set_dormant(id)` — correct, but it builds content the user may never
    /// open, on every rebuild of the owner. In a virtualized collection the
    /// owner is a per-row delegate, so that cost is multiplied by the row count:
    /// on a 40-row table whose cells each carried a four-item menu, the eager
    /// form cost 325–552 ms per rebuild against 42–46 ms without the column at
    /// all, and ~85% of it was the `add` rather than constructing the widget
    /// value. See [`DeferredSubtree`](crate::deferred_subtree::DeferredSubtree)
    /// for the full contract.
    ///
    /// Pass the same signal the content's `visible_when` gate uses. Everything
    /// downstream of the returned id — `set_dormant` / `activate`,
    /// `visible_when`, `OverlayRequest::content`, descendant checks,
    /// dismissal — is unchanged; only when the subtree below it exists moves.
    pub fn add_deferred(
        &mut self,
        reveal: crate::signal::Signal<bool>,
        widget: impl crate::widget::Widget + 'static,
    ) -> WidgetId {
        self.add_deferred_boxed(reveal, Box::new(widget))
    }

    /// [`add_deferred`](Self::add_deferred) for an already-boxed widget.
    pub fn add_deferred_boxed(
        &mut self,
        reveal: crate::signal::Signal<bool>,
        widget: Box<dyn crate::widget::Widget>,
    ) -> WidgetId {
        self.add(crate::deferred_subtree::DeferredSubtree::new(
            Some(reveal),
            widget,
        ))
    }

    /// [`add_deferred`](Self::add_deferred) for content the **framework**
    /// materializes, kept as a child of the builder.
    ///
    /// The parented twin of
    /// [`add_detached_deferred_on_demand`](Self::add_detached_deferred_on_demand),
    /// for the two rich-tooltip attach paths: they have always parented their
    /// body on the anchor's owner, and reparenting them to `detached` would move
    /// which teardown reaps them. Only *when* the body is built changes.
    ///
    /// Worth the separate entry point because a rich tooltip is not one widget:
    /// `RichTooltipWidget::build` eagerly pre-creates a nested tooltip for every
    /// `:key` link in its body, recursively, so one attached tip expands into a
    /// cascade. Built eagerly on a data view's row delegate, 29 rows of
    /// Skribisto's Overview carried 1,305 tooltip widgets inside a 22,737-node
    /// subtree, and tearing that down cost 5.3 s per arrow-key press — the
    /// destroy, not the build.
    pub fn add_deferred_on_demand(
        &mut self,
        widget: impl crate::widget::Widget + 'static,
    ) -> WidgetId {
        self.add(crate::deferred_subtree::DeferredSubtree::new(
            None,
            Box::new(widget),
        ))
    }

    /// [`add_deferred`](Self::add_deferred) for content the **framework**
    /// materializes rather than a widget's own open signal.
    ///
    /// The tooltip case: a tooltip body has no open signal a widget could hand
    /// over — the tree decides, when a dwell matures. `WidgetTree` forces such
    /// a host just before it consults `Widget::tooltip_has_content`, so the
    /// body exists by the time anything asks it a question.
    pub fn add_detached_deferred_on_demand(
        &mut self,
        widget: impl crate::widget::Widget + 'static,
    ) -> WidgetId {
        self.add_detached(crate::deferred_subtree::DeferredSubtree::new(
            None,
            Box::new(widget),
        ))
    }

    /// [`add_deferred`](Self::add_deferred), inserted detached — the shape
    /// overlay content wants, so it is owned by the builder and dies with it
    /// rather than outliving every menu the user ever opened.
    pub fn add_detached_deferred_boxed(
        &mut self,
        reveal: crate::signal::Signal<bool>,
        widget: Box<dyn crate::widget::Widget>,
    ) -> WidgetId {
        self.add_detached(crate::deferred_subtree::DeferredSubtree::new(
            Some(reveal),
            widget,
        ))
    }

    /// [`add_detached_deferred_boxed`](Self::add_detached_deferred_boxed) for an
    /// unboxed widget.
    pub fn add_detached_deferred(
        &mut self,
        reveal: crate::signal::Signal<bool>,
        widget: impl crate::widget::Widget + 'static,
    ) -> WidgetId {
        self.add_detached_deferred_boxed(reveal, Box::new(widget))
    }

    /// [`add_detached`](Self::add_detached) for an already-boxed widget.
    pub fn add_detached_boxed(&mut self, widget: Box<dyn crate::widget::Widget>) -> WidgetId {
        let id = self.tree.add_boxed(widget);
        let owner = self.self_id();
        self.tree.record_detached(owner, id);
        id
    }

    /// Add a Level 2 widget as a child of another widget.
    pub fn add_child(
        &mut self,
        parent: WidgetId,
        widget: impl crate::widget::Widget + 'static,
    ) -> WidgetId {
        self.tree.add_child(parent, widget)
    }

    // --- Signal APIs ---

    /// Create a new mutable signal.
    pub fn signal<T: 'static>(&mut self, value: T) -> Signal<T> {
        Signal::new(value)
    }

    /// Create a new `Signal<f32>` that supports `animate_to()`.
    /// Registered with the animation scheduler automatically. The owning
    /// widget (`self_id()`) is recorded so that the scheduler can pause
    /// the animation when the widget is offscreen, dormant, or rebuilt.
    pub fn animated_signal(&mut self, value: f32) -> Signal<f32> {
        let signal = Signal::new_animated(value);
        let owner = self.self_id();
        self.tree.register_animated_signal(&signal, owner);
        signal
    }

    /// Register a pre-existing `Signal<f32>` for animation support.
    /// Use this when the signal was created outside of `build()` (e.g. in the
    /// widget constructor) and needs to be registered with the animation scheduler.
    pub fn register_animated_signal(&mut self, signal: &Signal<f32>) {
        let owner = self.self_id();
        self.tree.register_animated_signal(signal, owner);
    }

    /// Read the OS-level `prefers-reduced-motion` preference. Widgets
    /// that use looping or decorative animations (spinners, sprite
    /// icons, marquee text, etc.) should skip starting them when this
    /// returns `true` so the UI respects accessibility settings and —
    /// as a bonus — draws no CPU/GPU.
    pub fn prefers_reduced_motion(&self) -> bool {
        self.tree.prefers_reduced_motion()
    }

    /// Build an [`AnimationSpec`](crate::animation_builder::AnimationSpec)
    /// — the fluent ergonomic façade over `Signal<f32>::animate_to`.
    /// Captures the theme's `MotionTokens` and the platform
    /// reduced-motion preference at build time, returns a clonable
    /// spec that event-handler closures can drive without
    /// re-threading durations and easing.
    ///
    /// ```ignore
    /// let knob_anim = ctx.animate().fast().standard();
    /// handlers = handlers.on_tap(move |_, _| {
    ///     knob_anim.to_or_snap(&knob_position, target);
    /// });
    /// ```
    pub fn animate(&self) -> crate::animation_builder::AnimationSpec {
        crate::animation_builder::AnimationSpec::from_motion(
            self.theme().motion.clone(),
            self.prefers_reduced_motion(),
        )
    }

    /// Attach `trigger` to the widget being built, in this window. Call it in
    /// every `build()`: a rebuild whose `build()` no longer attaches it
    /// releases it, as does the widget's destruction, and the tree's drop
    /// releases the rest. A request pending when the widget is rebuilt is
    /// still pending after it. Attaching the same trigger to the same widget
    /// twice is a no-op. See [`crate::RepaintTrigger`].
    pub fn attach_repaint_trigger(&mut self, trigger: &crate::RepaintTrigger) {
        let id = self.self_id();
        self.tree.attach_repaint_trigger(id, trigger);
    }

    /// Attach `source` to the widget being built, in this window, writing its
    /// size and status into `signals`. Call it in every `build()`: a rebuild
    /// detaches it and the new `build()` attaches again, the widget's
    /// destruction detaches it, and the tree's drop detaches the rest.
    ///
    /// The source's current size and status are written into `signals`, and
    /// recorded for the widget's paint, before this returns: a widget built
    /// after this frame's layout pre-pass, or attached to a source that will
    /// never commit again, lays out and draws its picture in its first frame.
    /// Its pixels reach the renderer without passing through the widget: in
    /// `paint()` the widget hands the attachment's consumer to
    /// `Canvas::draw_live_image`. See [`teksilo_canvas::live_image`].
    pub fn attach_live_image(
        &mut self,
        source: &teksilo_canvas::live_image::LiveImageSource,
        signals: &crate::LiveImageSignals,
    ) -> crate::LiveImageAttachment {
        let id = self.self_id();
        self.tree.attach_live_image(id, source, signals)
    }

    /// Run `hook` on the UI thread in the frame after a `RepaintTrigger`
    /// attached to the widget being built requests a pull
    /// ([`crate::RepaintTrigger::request_pull`]), whether or not the widget
    /// is shown: it takes in what the producer stored and says what changed.
    /// A widget that is not shown takes it in without its window drawing a
    /// frame. Set it in every `build()`; it replaces the one an earlier
    /// build set, and a pull requested before a rebuild runs the new one.
    pub fn on_trigger_pull(&mut self, hook: impl FnMut() -> crate::PullOutcome + 'static) {
        let id = self.self_id();
        self.tree.set_trigger_pull_hook(id, Box::new(hook));
    }

    /// Opt into the shader-driven animated-quad pipeline. The widget
    /// paint() emits ONE `canvas.draw_animated_quad(bounds, handle.slot(),
    /// class)` call; the renderer samples per-slot state from its
    /// uniform buffer each frame and the widget's paint() does not
    /// re-run for animation ticks — only on layout changes. The
    /// returned handle is stable for the widget-mount lifetime and
    /// should be stashed on `self` to thread to `paint()`.
    ///
    /// For decorative motion that isn't a quad (scroll-offset tweens,
    /// sidebar slide, toggle knob), keep using `ctx.animated_signal` +
    /// `signal.animate_looping` — both paths coexist.
    pub fn animated_quad(
        &mut self,
        kind: crate::animated_quad::AnimatedQuadKind,
    ) -> crate::animated_quad::AnimatedQuadHandle {
        let owner = self.self_id();
        self.tree.register_animated_quad(owner, kind)
    }

    /// The per-frame delta-seconds signal. Observe it via
    /// `ctx.effect(&ctx.frame_tick(), |delta| ...)` to run code once per
    /// frame **the tree was explicitly asked to pump**. Merely observing
    /// this signal does not keep the event loop awake — widgets must
    /// call [`request_frame`](Self::request_frame) (typically from an
    /// event handler or from inside the tick closure itself) to schedule
    /// the next wake-up. This preserves Teksilo's draw-when-needed model.
    pub fn frame_tick(&self) -> Signal<f32> {
        self.tree.frame_tick()
    }

    /// Ask the tree to pump exactly one more frame. See
    /// [`frame_tick`](Self::frame_tick) for the observer side.
    pub fn request_frame(&self) {
        self.tree.request_frame();
    }

    /// Request that the AccessKit tree be re-walked after this build pass.
    /// Use when `build()` restructured its subtree in a way that changes the
    /// accessibility tree (relayout alone no longer re-walks AT). `SceneView`
    /// calls this each build, since it may have materialised or destroyed
    /// scene widgets or applied a11y-only scene mutations.
    pub fn request_accessibility_update(&self) {
        self.tree.request_accessibility_update();
    }

    /// Speak `message` to the screen reader, politely.
    ///
    /// The build-time companion to
    /// [`EventContext::announce`](crate::widget::EventContext::announce), for a
    /// widget that discovers during `build()` that something needs saying — an
    /// error surface appearing, a result count changing. Announcing from
    /// `build()` announces once per *rebuild*, so guard it on a real change
    /// rather than on the build itself.
    pub fn announce(&mut self, message: impl Into<String>) {
        self.tree.announce(message);
    }

    /// Speak `message` to the screen reader at the given urgency. See
    /// [`EventContext::announce_with`](crate::widget::EventContext::announce_with).
    pub fn announce_with(
        &mut self,
        message: impl Into<String>,
        politeness: crate::announcer::Politeness,
    ) {
        self.tree.announce_with(message, politeness);
    }

    /// Clone the shared "frame requested" flag. Stash it on widget
    /// state and call `.set(true)` from inside a frame-tick effect
    /// closure to chain-request another frame without needing
    /// mutable access to the tree. Used by widgets with continuous
    /// frame needs (caret blink, drag auto-scroll, smooth
    /// animations driven from a tick closure).
    ///
    /// **Prefer [`subscribe_frame_tick`](Self::subscribe_frame_tick)**
    /// for visual-only continuous animations (Pulse, Cycle, …): the
    /// scheduler-backed path automatically pauses the chain when the
    /// owner widget is hidden, while this raw handle keeps the event
    /// loop pumping at full frame rate regardless of visibility.
    pub fn frame_request_handle(&self) -> std::rc::Rc<std::cell::Cell<bool>> {
        self.tree.frame_request_handle()
    }

    /// Subscribe the widget being built to the per-frame-effect
    /// scheduler. The returned RAII guard removes the subscription on
    /// drop — store it on `self` so its lifetime tracks the widget's.
    ///
    /// While at least one subscriber's owner is visible, the framework
    /// re-arms the frame tick after every render. When all
    /// subscribers are hidden (e.g. parked inside a non-selected
    /// `Switcher` branch), no re-arm happens and the chain dies, so
    /// the event loop sleeps. On a hidden→visible transition the
    /// `visible_when` binding's relayout dirty triggers a repaint that
    /// paints the subscriber, which the post-render arm then detects
    /// and resumes the chain.
    ///
    /// Replaces the widget-managed `frame_request.set(true)` re-arm
    /// pattern for visual-only continuous animations. The widget's
    /// `frame_tick` effect closure no longer needs to call
    /// `frame_request.set(true)` itself — the scheduler handles it.
    pub fn subscribe_frame_tick(&self) -> crate::frame_tick_scheduler::FrameTickSubscription {
        let sub = self.tree.subscribe_frame_tick(self.self_id());
        // Bootstrap: ensure at least one frame runs after registration
        // so the first paint happens. The post-render re-arm takes over
        // from there. This is also the resume nudge for the case where
        // a widget rebuilds (e.g. due to a state change) while still
        // hidden — the parent's relayout dirty will trigger paint, and
        // post-render arm will pick up the chain.
        self.tree.request_frame();
        sub
    }

    /// Like [`subscribe_frame_tick`](Self::subscribe_frame_tick), but the
    /// widget only needs to wake **at most once per `interval`** while
    /// visible. Same visibility gate and RAII guard; between wakes the
    /// event loop sleeps to the interval deadline rather than rendering
    /// identical 60 fps frames. Use when the widget's visible output
    /// changes far less often than 60 Hz — e.g. `Cycle`'s once-per-period
    /// index advance, or a seconds-granular clock.
    ///
    /// The interval delays this widget's own wake and nothing else: a frame
    /// anything else requests still runs at 60 Hz, and the `frame_tick`
    /// effect fires on it too. Read the clock in the effect rather than
    /// counting ticks.
    pub fn subscribe_frame_tick_throttled(
        &self,
        interval: std::time::Duration,
    ) -> crate::frame_tick_scheduler::FrameTickSubscription {
        let sub = self
            .tree
            .subscribe_frame_tick_throttled(self.self_id(), interval);
        // Bootstrap the first frame after registration (see
        // `subscribe_frame_tick`).
        self.tree.request_frame();
        sub
    }

    /// Clone the shared wake-at deadline cell. Stash it on widget
    /// state and set `Some(instant)` from a frame-tick effect to
    /// schedule a one-shot deadline wake-up without keeping the event
    /// loop in `Poll` mode. See `WidgetTree::wake_at_handle` for
    /// the underlying mechanism.
    pub fn wake_at_handle(&self) -> std::rc::Rc<std::cell::Cell<Option<std::time::Instant>>> {
        self.tree.wake_at_handle()
    }

    /// Register a scoped effect tied to this build cycle.
    /// The effect fires whenever the signal changes. It is automatically
    /// cleaned up on rebuild or widget destruction.
    pub fn effect<T: Clone + 'static>(&mut self, signal: &Signal<T>, f: impl Fn(&T) + 'static) {
        let handle = signal.observe(f);
        self.effect_handles.push(handle);
    }

    /// Register a pre-existing observer handle for lifecycle management.
    /// The handle will be dropped (and the observer removed) on rebuild
    /// or widget destruction.
    pub fn own_handle(&mut self, handle: ObserverHandle) {
        self.effect_handles.push(handle);
    }

    /// Get the binding registry.
    pub fn binding_registry(&self) -> &BindingRegistry {
        self.tree.binding_registry()
    }

    /// Get the current theme.
    pub fn theme(&self) -> &crate::styles::Theme {
        self.tree.theme()
    }

    /// The active [`TargetDensity`] — the ladder `ctx.theme().input` was
    /// projected onto.
    ///
    /// Read it in `build()` when a dimension must be chosen once per build
    /// (a `MinSize` wrapper, a recipe's metrics). For the values themselves
    /// prefer `ctx.theme().input` plus the
    /// [`density`](crate::styles::density) helpers, which encode the floors.
    ///
    /// [`TargetDensity`]: teksilo_tokens::TargetDensity
    pub fn density(&self) -> teksilo_tokens::TargetDensity {
        self.tree.input_density()
    }

    /// Reactive handle on the current theme. Fires observers when
    /// `tree.set_theme(...)` is called. Build implementations that want
    /// theme-driven values to update without a rebuild should use this
    /// instead of cloning tokens from `self.theme()` — for example,
    /// `ctx.theme_signal().map(|t| t.colors.accent)` or combining with
    /// interaction state via `zip(...)`.
    pub fn theme_signal(&self) -> crate::signal::Signal<crate::styles::Theme> {
        self.tree.theme_signal().clone()
    }

    /// Current combined text-scale factor (`user × OS`, `1.0` = 100 %). One-shot
    /// read for build-time sizing; for a value that updates without a rebuild,
    /// bind [`text_scale_signal`](Self::text_scale_signal) instead.
    pub fn text_scale(&self) -> f32 {
        self.tree.effective_text_scale()
    }

    /// Reactive handle on the combined text-scale factor. Fires when the user
    /// scale, theme, or OS text-scale preference changes. Build implementations
    /// that derive a build-time dimension from the scale (e.g. `Calendar`'s
    /// fixed cell sizes) bind this — typically at `Rebuild` level so the change
    /// recomputes the constants — since a scale change relayouts but does not
    /// rebuild on its own.
    pub fn text_scale_signal(&self) -> crate::signal::Signal<f32> {
        self.tree.text_scale_signal()
    }

    /// The window's device scale (physical px per logical px), as a signal.
    /// Bind it at `Relayout` when `layout_response` or `place_children` reads
    /// `LayoutContext::scale_factor`: a scale change with an unchanged logical
    /// size relayouts nothing on its own.
    pub fn device_scale_signal(&self) -> crate::signal::Signal<f32> {
        self.tree.device_scale_signal()
    }

    /// Whether the host window is currently active (`focused AND not
    /// occluded`). One-shot read for build-time use; for a value that reacts
    /// to focus changes, bind [`window_active_signal`](Self::window_active_signal).
    pub fn window_active(&self) -> bool {
        self.tree.is_window_active()
    }

    /// Reactive handle on window-active state. Fires when the host window gains
    /// or loses active status (`focused AND not occluded`). Build
    /// implementations that show/hide appearance with window focus — caret
    /// effects, the selection-colour swap in text fields, `DimWhenInactive` —
    /// bind this, typically at `RepaintOnly` level (an active-state flip never
    /// affects geometry). Starts `true`.
    pub fn window_active_signal(&self) -> crate::signal::Signal<bool> {
        self.tree.window_active_signal()
    }

    /// Reactive handle on the current locale. Fires observers when
    /// `tree.set_locale(...)` is called.
    pub fn locale_signal(&self) -> crate::signal::Signal<Option<String>> {
        self.tree.locale_signal().clone()
    }

    /// The [`WindowState`](crate::window::WindowState) for the window
    /// hosting this tree. `None` only for trees built outside of an
    /// app (tests, headless scenarios). Use this to bind widgets to
    /// window-level signals like `placement`, `size`, `focused`.
    pub fn window(&self) -> Option<&crate::window::WindowState> {
        self.tree.window_state()
    }

    /// Retrieve an application-scoped value of type `T` registered via
    /// `TeksiloAppBuilder::app_state`. Returns `None` if no value of
    /// that type was registered. The returned reference borrows from
    /// the framework for the duration of the build pass.
    pub fn app_state<T: 'static>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
        self.tree.app_context().app_state::<T>()
    }

    /// Borrow the [`AppEventPoster`](crate::AppEventPoster) installed by the
    /// framework, if any. Mirrors [`EventContext::poster`](crate::widget::EventContext::poster).
    /// Used by integrations that wire a platform callback (e.g. a native menu
    /// item) to post a typed payload back to the UI loop. Returns `None` for
    /// trees built outside an app (tests / headless).
    pub fn poster(&self) -> Option<&std::sync::Arc<dyn crate::AppEventPoster>> {
        self.tree.app_context().poster()
    }

    /// Bind a widget's visibility to a boolean prop.
    pub fn visible_when(&mut self, id: WidgetId, state: impl Into<crate::signal::Prop<bool>>) {
        self.tree.visible_when(id, state);
    }

    /// Enqueue a one-shot action to run shortly after this build, with a real
    /// [`EventContext`](crate::widget::EventContext) — the only place a widget
    /// can read the OS parent window handle (`ctx.parent_window_handle()`),
    /// `app_state`, and `poster` *together*, after it is mounted under its
    /// window. The action runs at most once per enqueue (the app loop drains
    /// the queue each iteration); a widget that rebuilds must guard against
    /// enqueuing twice. Built for widgets owning a native OS resource that
    /// needs a window handle to initialise (a `WebView`'s engine subview);
    /// ordinary widgets never need it.
    pub fn run_after_mount(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut crate::widget::EventContext) + 'static) {
        self.tree.queue_mount_action(Box::new(f));
    }

    /// Observe a node's framework activation as a `Signal<bool>` — `true`
    /// while active, `false` while parked dormant by a `Switcher` /
    /// `visible_when` gate. Initialised to the node's current state and
    /// updated only on an actual Active↔Dormant transition.
    ///
    /// Ordinary widgets never need this: dormant subtrees are simply not
    /// painted, so they vanish for free. It exists for the one case where
    /// "not painted" ≠ "hidden" — a widget owning a native OS resource
    /// that renders *outside* the wgpu pass (a `WebView`'s engine subview).
    /// Such a widget does `ctx.effect(&ctx.activation_signal(id), move |a|
    /// handle.set_visible(*a))` to hide/show the native surface in lockstep.
    pub fn activation_signal(&mut self, id: WidgetId) -> Signal<bool> {
        self.tree.activation_signal(id)
    }

    /// The framework press signal for the widget being built — `true` while it
    /// holds a pointer press whose visual should show.
    ///
    /// The router owns the state, so this is correct for the four cases a
    /// widget's own `PointerDown`/`PointerUp` bookkeeping gets wrong: a press
    /// that slides off its target goes `false` and comes back `true` on
    /// re-entry (WCAG 2.2 SC 2.5.2), a press a pan claimant or an ancestor drag
    /// wins goes `false` with no release to hang it on, a cancel clears it, and
    /// a press inside a scrollable withholds the visual for the profile's
    /// `press_feedback_delay` so a finger that turns out to be scrolling never
    /// flashes a highlight. The rules are written out in `docs/touch-and-pen.md`
    /// §7.
    ///
    /// Bind it at [`BindingLevel::RepaintOnly`](crate::binding::BindingLevel) —
    /// a press changes colour, never size.
    pub fn pressed_signal(&mut self) -> Signal<bool> {
        let id = self.self_id();
        self.tree.pressed_signal(id)
    }

    /// Reactive `Signal<bool>` that is `true` while the *focus scope* containing
    /// the widget being built — its nearest focusable ancestor, e.g. the
    /// enclosing `ListView` / `TreeView` — holds keyboard focus. Items outside
    /// any focusable scope read a constant `true`.
    ///
    /// Drives **focus-aware selection**: a selected row renders with the active
    /// `Selected` chrome while its view has focus and the muted
    /// `SelectedInactive` chrome when focus moves elsewhere — the standard
    /// desktop affordance (Qt `SH_ItemView_...`, macOS inactive selection) that
    /// shows where the keyboard is. The scope is resolved at build time but the
    /// signal stays live across focus changes.
    pub fn view_focus_active(&mut self) -> Signal<bool> {
        // Prefer the scope a containing data view explicitly established for its
        // rows (deterministic, parenting-independent); else resolve by walking
        // to the nearest focusable ancestor.
        if let Some(scope) = self.tree.current_view_focus() {
            return scope;
        }
        let id = self.self_id();
        self.tree.view_focus_active_for(id)
    }

    /// Mark the widget being built as a **focus scope** for the rows/items it
    /// builds next: any descendant's [`view_focus_active`](Self::view_focus_active)
    /// (and `StandardItem`'s focus-aware selection / focus ring) reads *this*
    /// widget's keyboard focus. A data view calls this around its row loop, then
    /// [`end_view_focus`](Self::end_view_focus). Deterministic — unaffected by
    /// arena parenting, which may not be wired while docked/virtualized rows build.
    pub fn begin_view_focus(&mut self) -> Signal<bool> {
        let id = self.self_id();
        self.tree.begin_view_focus(id)
    }

    /// Like [`begin_view_focus`](Self::begin_view_focus) but keys the scope on
    /// an explicit `node_id` rather than the widget being built. A view whose
    /// rows are built by a **separate body-pane widget** (ListView / TreeView /
    /// TableView / TreeTableView / GridView) passes its own focusable root id so
    /// descendant
    /// items resolve the *root's* keyboard focus — not the pane's, which is a
    /// child of the root and so never holds focus itself.
    pub fn begin_view_focus_for(&mut self, node_id: WidgetId) -> Signal<bool> {
        self.tree.begin_view_focus(node_id)
    }

    /// End the focus scope opened by [`begin_view_focus`](Self::begin_view_focus).
    pub fn end_view_focus(&mut self) {
        self.tree.end_view_focus();
    }

    /// Input-modality "focus-visible" signal — `true` after keyboard input,
    /// `false` after pointer input (the standard `:focus-visible` rule). Pair
    /// with [`view_focus_active`](Self::view_focus_active) to draw a focus
    /// ring only during keyboard navigation, not on mouse clicks.
    pub fn focus_visible(&self) -> Signal<bool> {
        self.tree.focus_visible_signal()
    }

    /// Bind an opacity multiplier (0..1) to a widget. The render walker
    /// emits `SetOpacity(value)` before painting the widget's subtree
    /// and `RestoreOpacity` afterwards, so the multiplier composes
    /// correctly with ancestor opacity scopes. Bound at `RepaintOnly`:
    /// opacity changes never trigger relayout. Used by the `Fade`
    /// wrapper to animate a child between hidden and fully visible.
    pub fn set_opacity(&mut self, id: WidgetId, opacity: impl Into<crate::signal::Prop<f32>>) {
        self.tree.set_opacity(id, opacity);
    }

    /// Bind a 2D affine transform to a widget. The render walker emits
    /// `PushTransform(value)` before painting the widget's subtree and
    /// `PopTransform` afterwards, so the transform composes onto the
    /// renderer's stack with any ancestor transform scopes and with
    /// the widget's own canvas-level transforms. Bound at `RepaintOnly`:
    /// visual-only transforms never trigger relayout. Used by `Scale`
    /// and `Rotate`; reflow-driving wrappers (e.g. `Scale::reflow(true)`)
    /// must additionally bind their driver signal to themselves at
    /// `Relayout` to make layout track the value.
    pub fn set_transform(
        &mut self,
        id: WidgetId,
        transform: impl Into<crate::signal::Prop<teksilo_canvas::Transform2D>>,
    ) {
        self.tree.set_transform(id, transform);
    }

    /// Bind a 2D affine **content** transform to a widget — the transform
    /// positions the widget's content within its fixed parent-space viewport
    /// (its bounds) rather than transforming the widget itself. Renders the
    /// same `PushTransform` / `PopTransform` scope as
    /// [`set_transform`](Self::set_transform), but hit-testing treats the
    /// bounds as a fixed viewport so the whole visible area stays interactive
    /// at any pan / zoom. Used by `SceneView` for its pan/zoom view transform.
    pub fn set_content_transform(
        &mut self,
        id: WidgetId,
        transform: impl Into<crate::signal::Prop<teksilo_canvas::Transform2D>>,
    ) {
        self.tree.set_content_transform(id, transform);
    }

    /// Bind a Gaussian-equivalent blur radius to a widget. The render
    /// walker emits `BeginBlurredSubtree { bounds, radius }` before
    /// painting the widget's subtree and `EndBlurredSubtree` afterwards;
    /// the renderer redirects drawing into an intermediate texture, runs
    /// a dual-Kawase blur chain at the requested radius, and composites
    /// the blurred result back into the parent pass at the widget's
    /// bounds. Bound at `RepaintOnly`: blur radius changes never trigger
    /// relayout. Sub-perceptual radii (< 0.5) skip the Begin/End pair
    /// entirely so animated enable/disable patterns have zero per-frame
    /// cost when fully off. Used by the `Blur` wrapper.
    pub fn set_blur(&mut self, id: WidgetId, radius: impl Into<crate::signal::Prop<f32>>) {
        self.tree.set_blur(id, radius);
    }

    /// Bind a widget's enabled state to a boolean prop.
    pub fn enabled_when(&mut self, id: WidgetId, state: impl Into<crate::signal::Prop<bool>>) {
        self.tree.enabled_when(id, state);
    }

    /// Reactive view of "is this widget effectively enabled?" — the AND
    /// of the widget's own `enabled_state` and every ancestor's. The
    /// arena's [`crate::arena::WidgetArena::is_enabled`] is the
    /// non-reactive equivalent; this method gives composite widgets a
    /// `Signal<bool>` they can `.map(...)` / `.zip(...)` against to
    /// derive other reactive UI state (cursor, custom paint, helper
    /// signals).
    ///
    /// Leaves like `IconWidget` / `TextWidget` / `RectWidget` do NOT
    /// need this — they get the bool directly via
    /// [`crate::widget::PaintContext::effective_enabled`] at paint time.
    /// This method is for composites that need the value at build time
    /// or want to chain signals.
    ///
    /// The signal is node-resident and framework-refreshed (install-or-reuse,
    /// like [`Self::activation_signal`]), so it tracks ancestors correctly even
    /// though a widget's parent is not yet wired while its own `build()` runs.
    /// It is a *mutable* signal, so — unlike the old derived implementation —
    /// it can be passed to [`Self::effect`].
    ///
    /// Returns a signal reading `true` for any node whose entire ancestor
    /// chain (including itself) has no `enabled_state` bound.
    pub fn effective_enabled_signal(&mut self, id: WidgetId) -> Signal<bool> {
        self.tree.effective_enabled_signal(id)
    }

    /// Bind a widget's Tab-key participation to a boolean prop.
    /// When false, the widget is removed
    /// from Tab / Shift+Tab traversal but remains reachable via
    /// `request_focus` and arrow-key navigation. Implements the ARIA
    /// roving-tabindex pattern (HTML `tabindex="-1"` semantics).
    pub fn set_tab_stop(&mut self, id: WidgetId, state: impl Into<crate::signal::Prop<bool>>) {
        self.tree.set_tab_stop(id, state);
    }

    /// Publish what a data view's `Space` should do when the row containing
    /// `id` holds the keyboard cursor.
    ///
    /// A `ListView` / `TreeView` row is not itself focusable and the view keeps
    /// the row subtree out of the Tab order — a listbox is one Tab stop — so a
    /// checkbox inside a row has no keyboard route of its own.
    /// `StandardListItem` / `StandardTreeItem` publish one for the checkbox
    /// they embed; a hand-written row delegate calls this to get the same
    /// behaviour. Without it `Space` keeps meaning "toggle the selection".
    pub fn set_keyboard_toggle(
        &mut self,
        id: WidgetId,
        f: std::rc::Rc<dyn Fn(&mut crate::widget::EventContext)>,
    ) {
        self.tree.set_keyboard_toggle(id, f);
    }

    /// Declare the widget being built as a **traversal-scope boundary** for
    /// Tab / Shift+Tab navigation. Descendants' `tab_index` values become
    /// scoped to this node — they never collide with sibling scopes — and the
    /// `policy` controls what happens at the scope's ends:
    ///
    /// - [`TraversalScopePolicy::Continue`](crate::focus::TraversalScopePolicy::Continue)
    ///   — Tab flows out into the enclosing scope's next member (groups
    ///   numbering only).
    /// - [`TraversalScopePolicy::Cycle`](crate::focus::TraversalScopePolicy::Cycle)
    ///   — Tab wraps within the scope, never exits. For **modal dialogs only**:
    ///   a popover or menu is non-modal, and the framework closes one the
    ///   keyboard walks out of rather than containing focus in it. Trapping such
    ///   an overlay stops that dismissal from ever firing.
    ///
    /// This node is automatically excluded from being a Tab stop itself.
    /// Prefer the `FocusScope` wrapper widget in `teksilo-widgets` over
    /// calling this directly.
    pub fn set_traversal_scope(&mut self, policy: crate::focus::TraversalScopePolicy) {
        let id = self.self_id();
        self.tree.set_traversal_scope(id, policy);
    }

    /// Attach a tooltip to a widget.
    pub fn attach_tooltip(
        &mut self,
        anchor_id: WidgetId,
        content_id: WidgetId,
        delay: std::time::Duration,
    ) {
        self.tree.attach_tooltip(anchor_id, content_id, delay);
        self.claim_tooltip_description(anchor_id);
    }

    /// Attach a tooltip with an explicit
    /// [`TooltipPlacement`](crate::overlay::TooltipPlacement) — use `Side`
    /// for anchors stacked vertically (menu items, a vertical tab strip,
    /// list/tree rows) so the tooltip opens beside the anchor instead of
    /// covering the next sibling.
    pub fn attach_tooltip_with_placement(
        &mut self,
        anchor_id: WidgetId,
        content_id: WidgetId,
        delay: std::time::Duration,
        placement: crate::overlay::TooltipPlacement,
    ) {
        self.tree
            .attach_tooltip_with_placement(anchor_id, content_id, delay, placement);
        self.claim_tooltip_description(anchor_id);
    }

    /// Attach a tooltip that auto-promotes to sticky after a dwell
    /// timer. Non-None `sticky_after` enables the sticky-on-dwell UX:
    /// once the tooltip has been shown for `sticky_after`, the tree
    /// flags the entry sticky and swaps the overlay's dismiss
    /// behavior to `EscapeOrClickOutside`.
    pub fn attach_tooltip_with_sticky(
        &mut self,
        anchor_id: WidgetId,
        content_id: WidgetId,
        delay: std::time::Duration,
        sticky_after: Option<std::time::Duration>,
    ) {
        self.tree
            .attach_tooltip_with_sticky(anchor_id, content_id, delay, sticky_after);
        self.claim_tooltip_description(anchor_id);
    }

    /// Variant of [`attach_tooltip_with_sticky`](Self::attach_tooltip_with_sticky)
    /// that takes a shared `Rc<Cell<Option<Instant>>>` "sink" the
    /// tree updates whenever the tooltip is shown / dismissed. The
    /// tooltip widget reads from this sink to compute its own dwell
    /// progress reliably, without needing a paint-gap heuristic.
    pub fn attach_tooltip_with_sticky_sink(
        &mut self,
        anchor_id: WidgetId,
        content_id: WidgetId,
        delay: std::time::Duration,
        sticky_after: Option<std::time::Duration>,
        shown_at_sink: std::rc::Rc<std::cell::Cell<Option<std::time::Instant>>>,
    ) {
        self.tree.attach_tooltip_with_sticky_sink(
            anchor_id,
            content_id,
            delay,
            sticky_after,
            shown_at_sink,
        );
        self.claim_tooltip_description(anchor_id);
    }

    /// Variant of [`attach_tooltip_with_sticky_sink`](Self::attach_tooltip_with_sticky_sink)
    /// that also carries a [`TooltipPlacement`](crate::overlay::TooltipPlacement).
    /// The full-featured path used by rich + composite tooltips that want
    /// `Side` placement in a vertical context (menu items, list/tree rows).
    pub fn attach_tooltip_with_sticky_sink_placement(
        &mut self,
        anchor_id: WidgetId,
        content_id: WidgetId,
        delay: std::time::Duration,
        sticky_after: Option<std::time::Duration>,
        shown_at_sink: std::rc::Rc<std::cell::Cell<Option<std::time::Instant>>>,
        placement: crate::overlay::TooltipPlacement,
    ) {
        self.tree.attach_tooltip_with_sticky_sink_placement(
            anchor_id,
            content_id,
            delay,
            sticky_after,
            shown_at_sink,
            placement,
        );
        self.claim_tooltip_description(anchor_id);
    }

    /// Name this widget as the one the tooltip just attached describes.
    ///
    /// Every `attach_tooltip*` wrapper ends with this, so a composing control
    /// gets it for free: `Button`, `Toggle` and the two dozen widgets shaped
    /// like them hang the overlay off an inner chrome node -- the thing with
    /// the right bounds to open against -- while their role, their name and
    /// their focusability sit on their own outer node, which is the node an
    /// assistive technology lands on and therefore the node a description has
    /// to be on.
    ///
    /// A widget anchoring its tooltip on itself claims itself, which is what
    /// it already had. A widget attaching *many* tooltips in one build -- a
    /// list body pane, one per visible row -- claims itself for every one of
    /// them, which is a claim that cannot be granted; the accessibility walk
    /// is where that is noticed, because it is the only place the whole set
    /// is visible at once.
    fn claim_tooltip_description(&mut self, anchor_id: WidgetId) {
        let owner = self.self_id();
        self.tree.set_tooltip_description_owner(anchor_id, owner);
    }

    /// Promote a shown tooltip to "sticky": removes its auto-dismiss
    /// on pointer-leave and swaps the overlay's dismiss behavior to
    /// `EscapeOrClickOutside`. Used by rich tooltips that implement a
    /// dwell timer.
    pub fn promote_tooltip_to_sticky(&mut self, content_id: WidgetId) {
        self.tree.promote_tooltip_to_sticky(content_id);
    }

    /// Set a widget as dormant (inactive). Used to pre-create overlay content
    /// that will be activated later via `EventContext::activate()`.
    pub fn set_dormant(&mut self, id: WidgetId) {
        self.tree.set_dormant(id);
    }

    /// Destroy a widget and its entire subtree, removing them from the
    /// arena and dropping any per-widget subscription / effect handles.
    ///
    /// Use this to clean up dormant subtrees that the current widget
    /// created during a prior build and that live outside its regular
    /// arena children — e.g., a pre-built popup panel inserted via
    /// `ctx.add(..)` + `ctx.set_dormant(..)` that becomes stale after a
    /// rebuild. Regular arena children of the composite (i.e. widgets
    /// whose ids are returned from `build`) are destroyed automatically
    /// by the framework's rebuild path and do not need this call.
    ///
    /// If an overlay currently references `id` as its content, the
    /// overlay is dismissed first so the manager does not retain a
    /// stale content reference.
    pub fn destroy_subtree(&mut self, id: WidgetId) {
        let overlay_id = self.tree.overlay_manager().find_by_content(id);
        if let Some(overlay_id) = overlay_id {
            self.tree.dismiss_overlay(overlay_id);
        }
        self.tree.destroy_subtree(id);
    }

    /// Apply a `HandlerSet` to the composite widget being built (self).
    /// This transfers attached event handlers, focusable flag, cursor, etc.
    /// to the widget's arena node, replacing `event()` and `is_focusable()` overrides.
    pub fn apply_self_handlers(&mut self, handler_set: crate::widget_builder::HandlerSet) {
        let id = self.self_id();
        self.tree.apply_self_handler_set(id, handler_set);
    }

    /// Move keyboard focus to `id`. Mirrors
    /// `EventContext::request_focus` for use during `build()` — e.g.
    /// when a composing widget pre-builds an editor and needs focus to
    /// land on it as soon as the subtree is wired in.
    ///
    /// A dormant `id` is focused once the next layout pass wakes it, as for
    /// [`WidgetTree::focus`](crate::widget_tree::WidgetTree::focus).
    pub fn focus(&mut self, id: WidgetId) {
        self.tree.focus(id);
    }

    /// Find the first focusable widget within the subtree rooted at
    /// `root` in depth-first order. Returns `None` when the subtree has
    /// no focusable descendant or `root` is not in the arena.
    pub fn first_focusable_descendant(&self, root: WidgetId) -> Option<WidgetId> {
        self.tree.first_focusable_descendant(root)
    }

    /// Find the first widget within the subtree rooted at `root`, in
    /// depth-first order, that is declared focusable, **whether or not it can
    /// take focus right now**: a disabled control, or one kept out of the Tab
    /// order, still counts. Dormant subtrees are skipped, as they are by
    /// [`first_focusable_descendant`](Self::first_focusable_descendant).
    ///
    /// For a wrapper asking which control it stands for. A control disabled
    /// when it is built is still that control, and taking it for absent would
    /// have the wrapper add a focus stop of its own beside it.
    pub fn first_focus_capable_descendant(&self, root: WidgetId) -> Option<WidgetId> {
        self.tree.first_focus_capable_descendant(root)
    }

    /// Move keyboard focus **into** the subtree rooted at `id`: its first
    /// focusable descendant in tab order, or `id` itself when it is the only
    /// focusable thing there. Returns whether focus ended up inside `id`.
    ///
    /// The build-time twin of
    /// [`EventContext::request_focus_into`](crate::widget::EventContext::request_focus_into),
    /// and safe here for the same reason [`focus`](Self::focus) is: `add` builds
    /// a child's whole subtree synchronously, so by the time a composing widget
    /// holds a child's id the focusable descendants of that child already exist.
    ///
    /// **Idempotent, and that is the point.** `build` runs again on every
    /// rebuild, so a bare `focus` here would drag focus back into this subtree
    /// every time the owner rebuilt for an unrelated reason — a table body pane
    /// rebuilds on selection, on filtering and on scroll. This is a no-op while
    /// focus already sits inside `id`, so it expresses "focus belongs in here"
    /// rather than "focus here now".
    ///
    /// A subtree with nothing focusable leaves focus exactly where it was: an
    /// empty region never traps it.
    ///
    /// A **dormant** `id` (a parked page, a hidden branch) is entered once the
    /// next layout pass has woken it, as for
    /// [`WidgetTree::focus`](crate::widget_tree::WidgetTree::focus); this
    /// returns `false` meanwhile, since focus is not inside `id` yet.
    ///
    /// ⚠ **Ancestor-chain side effects do not run**, and that is a property of
    /// focusing from `build` at all, not of this method — [`focus`](Self::focus)
    /// has it too. A node added during `build` is not parented until the build
    /// that produced it *returns*, so at this moment `id`'s chain stops at
    /// whatever the caller has already inserted: `focus_within` signals on
    /// enclosing nodes never flip, and `scroll_focused_into_view` finds no
    /// scroll container to reveal the target in. Everything **below** `id` is
    /// linked (children are parented as each is inserted), so the walk that
    /// picks the focusable descendant, and every later key dispatch — which
    /// happens after the pass, on a whole tree — are unaffected.
    ///
    /// Reach for [`EventContext::request_focus_into`](crate::widget::EventContext::request_focus_into)
    /// where the difference matters: it is queued and drained after dispatch,
    /// against a complete tree.
    pub fn focus_into(&mut self, id: WidgetId) -> bool {
        if let Some(focused) = self.tree.focused()
            && (focused == id || self.tree.is_descendant_of(focused, id))
        {
            return true;
        }
        let mut noop = crate::window::NoopWindowOps;
        self.tree
            .request_focus_with_ops(id, crate::widget_tree::FocusRequestMode::Into, &mut noop);
        self.tree
            .focused()
            .is_some_and(|focused| focused == id || self.tree.is_descendant_of(focused, id))
    }

    // --- Actions & shortcuts ---

    /// Attach an [`Action`](crate::action::Action) to the widget being
    /// built. Actions are consulted during intent dispatch as the
    /// framework walks source-widget → root; the first matching,
    /// enabled action wins (subject to the `IntentResponse` returned
    /// by its handler).
    ///
    /// Actions are cleared on rebuild, mirroring event handlers.
    pub fn register_action(&mut self, action: crate::action::Action) {
        let id = self.self_id();
        self.tree.push_action(id, action);
    }

    /// Declare that the widget being built **edits text**.
    ///
    /// Every text widget should call this. It is what lets an application run
    /// an edit command — Undo, Copy — from a menu or a toolbar on whatever the
    /// caret is in: the host asks
    /// [`focused_text_surface`](crate::widget_tree::WidgetTree::focused_text_surface)
    /// and either drives this surface or runs its own command. See
    /// [`crate::text_surface`] for the whole argument.
    ///
    /// Owned by the registering widget and torn down on its rebuild or destroy,
    /// like [`register_action_global`](Self::register_action_global). Calling it
    /// twice from one widget re-points rather than duplicating, so a rebuild
    /// that hands over a fresh handle is correct.
    pub fn register_text_surface(
        &mut self,
        surface: std::rc::Rc<dyn crate::text_surface::TextSurface>,
    ) {
        let id = self.self_id();
        self.tree.push_text_surface(id, surface);
    }

    /// A cloneable view of this tree's registered text surfaces.
    ///
    /// Take it once, during `build`, and hold it: a view-model refreshed from a
    /// frame tick has no `&WidgetTree` to consult, and that is exactly when it
    /// needs to know whether the caret is in a text widget.
    pub fn text_surfaces(&self) -> crate::text_surface::TextSurfaces {
        self.tree.text_surfaces()
    }

    /// Register a **window-global** [`Action`](crate::action::Action), owned by
    /// the widget being built. Unlike [`register_action`](Self::register_action)
    /// — which only fires when this widget is on the intent's source→root walk —
    /// a global action is consulted as a dispatch *fallback*, so it is reachable
    /// no matter where the intent originated: a menu-bar dropdown (which renders
    /// in an overlay, not under the registering widget), deep content, or a
    /// global shortcut anchored at the root when nothing is focused.
    ///
    /// This is the action-side counterpart to
    /// [`register_shortcut_global`](Self::register_shortcut_global): use it for
    /// app-wide commands (`app.save`, `view.toggle_sidebar`) whose handler lives
    /// at the app root but whose triggers (menu, toolbar, shortcut) are scattered
    /// across the tree and chrome. Ownership applies: the action is torn down
    /// when this widget rebuilds or is destroyed.
    pub fn register_action_global(&mut self, action: crate::action::Action) {
        let id = self.self_id();
        self.tree.push_global_action(id, action);
    }

    /// Register a [`Shortcut`](crate::shortcut::Shortcut) in the
    /// tree's registry, owned by the widget being built.
    ///
    /// If the shortcut builder left `scope` at the default
    /// ([`ShortcutScope::Global`](crate::shortcut::ShortcutScope::Global)),
    /// this method rewrites it to `Scoped(self_id)` so the shortcut
    /// only fires when focus is inside the registering widget's
    /// subtree — the ergonomic default for widget-declared shortcuts.
    /// Callers that want an explicit global shortcut should use
    /// [`BuildContext::register_shortcut_global`] instead; callers
    /// that want to scope to a specific child should set
    /// `.scope_to(child_id)` on the builder themselves.
    ///
    /// Ownership: the shortcut is removed from the registry when the
    /// widget is destroyed or rebuilt. User overrides survive across
    /// rebuilds (graveyard semantics).
    pub fn register_shortcut(&mut self, mut shortcut: crate::shortcut::Shortcut) {
        let id = self.self_id();
        if shortcut.scope == crate::shortcut::ShortcutScope::Global {
            shortcut.scope = crate::shortcut::ShortcutScope::Scoped(id);
        }
        self.tree
            .shortcut_registry_mut()
            .register_owned(shortcut, id);
    }

    /// Register a [`Shortcut`](crate::shortcut::Shortcut) with
    /// explicit global scope, owned by the widget being built. Unlike
    /// [`BuildContext::register_shortcut`], this does not rewrite the
    /// scope — the shortcut fires regardless of focus position.
    ///
    /// Ownership still applies: the shortcut is torn down when this
    /// widget goes away.
    pub fn register_shortcut_global(&mut self, mut shortcut: crate::shortcut::Shortcut) {
        let id = self.self_id();
        shortcut.scope = crate::shortcut::ShortcutScope::Global;
        self.tree
            .shortcut_registry_mut()
            .register_owned(shortcut, id);
    }

    /// Register a global [`Shortcut`](crate::shortcut::Shortcut) that every
    /// instance of a widget declares together, with the widget being built
    /// among its owners. It stays registered while any of them lives. See
    /// [`ShortcutRegistry::register_shared`](crate::shortcut::ShortcutRegistry::register_shared).
    ///
    /// For a command each instance runs from an
    /// [`Action`](crate::action::Action) of its own, the way
    /// `RichTextEditor` runs bold: one binding for the user to change, and the
    /// focused instance, the start of the intent's walk, answers it.
    pub fn register_shortcut_shared(&mut self, mut shortcut: crate::shortcut::Shortcut) {
        let id = self.self_id();
        shortcut.scope = crate::shortcut::ShortcutScope::Global;
        self.tree
            .shortcut_registry_mut()
            .register_shared(shortcut, id);
    }

    /// Pre-declare shortcuts on behalf of a not-yet-mounted child
    /// (e.g. a `Switcher` walking its `Pending` slots' static
    /// declarations before they're inserted). Each shortcut is owned
    /// by the *calling* widget and its declared scope is preserved
    /// as-is — unlike [`register_shortcut`](Self::register_shortcut),
    /// no rewrite from `Global` to `Scoped(self)` happens, because
    /// the child intended its own scope.
    ///
    /// When the child is eventually mounted, the framework's
    /// insert-time walk of `Widget::declare_shortcuts` re-registers
    /// the same ids owned by the *child*; the registry's idempotent
    /// upsert moves ownership cleanly. If the child never mounts, the
    /// pre-declared entries stay alive (owned by the parent) so
    /// settings UIs still see them, and they get torn down when the
    /// parent goes away.
    pub fn register_pending_shortcuts(
        &mut self,
        shortcuts: impl IntoIterator<Item = crate::shortcut::Shortcut>,
    ) {
        let id = self.self_id();
        let registry = self.tree.shortcut_registry_mut();
        for shortcut in shortcuts {
            registry.register_owned(shortcut, id);
        }
    }

    /// Read-through access to the tree's shortcut registry. Consumers
    /// (menus, tooltips) look up the effective keystroke for a given
    /// id here, and observe
    /// [`ShortcutRegistry::version`](crate::shortcut::ShortcutRegistry::version)
    /// to refresh when the user rebinds.
    pub fn shortcut_registry(&self) -> &crate::shortcut::ShortcutRegistry {
        self.tree.shortcut_registry()
    }

    /// Effective view of a shortcut by id, merged with any user
    /// override. Returns `None` when no default has been registered
    /// for `id`. Typical caller pattern: call from `paint()` so
    /// late-registered shortcuts are still picked up without a
    /// dedicated build-phase query.
    pub fn effective_shortcut<'b>(
        &'b self,
        id: &str,
    ) -> Option<crate::shortcut::EffectiveShortcut<'b>> {
        self.shortcut_registry().effective(id)
    }

    /// Convenience accessor for the reactive version signal. Widgets
    /// that render shortcut-derived state (menu labels, tooltips)
    /// observe this so the UI refreshes when the user rebinds or a
    /// new shortcut is registered.
    pub fn shortcut_version(&self) -> &Signal<u64> {
        self.shortcut_registry().version()
    }

    /// A reactive, **per-id** handle to a shortcut's effective primary
    /// keystroke — the granular alternative to [`Self::shortcut_version`].
    /// Bind this to render one shortcut's accelerator as a *leaf* value
    /// (a menu item's trailing label, a tooltip) that refreshes in place
    /// when the user rebinds *that* id, without observing — and rebuilding
    /// on — every unrelated registry mutation. The signal is created on
    /// first request, seeded with the current value, and kept live by the
    /// registry across register / unregister / rebind of that id.
    pub fn effective_shortcut_signal(
        &mut self,
        id: &'static str,
    ) -> Signal<Option<crate::shortcut::KeyStroke>> {
        self.tree
            .shortcut_registry_mut()
            .effective_primary_signal(id)
    }

    /// Apply a `HandlerSet` to a child widget created during this build.
    /// Use this to attach event handlers to children without wrapping them
    /// in `WidgetWithHandlers`.
    pub fn apply_handlers(
        &mut self,
        id: crate::widget_id::WidgetId,
        handler_set: crate::widget_builder::HandlerSet,
    ) {
        // A composing parent attaches handlers to a child — from the
        // child's perspective these are external and must survive the
        // child's own rebuilds.
        self.tree.apply_external_handler_set(id, handler_set);
    }

    /// The buttons the `on_tap` attached to `id` from outside answers to: the
    /// one added by its builder chain (`.on_tap(..)`) or by a composing
    /// parent's [`apply_handlers`](Self::apply_handlers). `None` when nothing
    /// outside attached an `on_tap` to it.
    ///
    /// The mask is the one that bucket declared with `accept_tap_buttons`,
    /// else the one declared beside the widget's own `on_tap` when the widget
    /// has none, else [`ButtonMask::PRIMARY`](crate::event::ButtonMask::PRIMARY)
    /// — the rule the node's tap recognizer applies.
    ///
    /// For a wrapper that routes one tap to several nodes: it reads the
    /// buttons its caller chose on the node it was given, and attaches the
    /// same tap with the same mask to a node inside it.
    pub fn attached_tap_buttons(
        &self,
        id: crate::widget_id::WidgetId,
    ) -> Option<crate::event::ButtonMask> {
        self.tree.attached_tap_buttons(id)
    }

    /// Wire an accessibility `labelled_by` relation from an already-mounted
    /// child (`id`) to its label (`label_id`), so assistive tech announces the
    /// field by its visible label (WCAG 3.3.2 / EN 301 549 11.5.2.7). Unlike
    /// the `.access_labelled_by(..)` builder method, this operates *after* the
    /// child is mounted (so a container like `FormLayout` can pair a label and
    /// a boxed field once both ids are resolved) and preserves any
    /// accessibility overrides the child already carries.
    pub fn access_labelled_by(
        &mut self,
        id: crate::widget_id::WidgetId,
        label_id: crate::widget_id::WidgetId,
    ) {
        self.tree.push_access_labelled_by(id, label_id);
    }

    /// The widget that paints `id`'s title, when it has one.
    ///
    /// A container names itself from its visible title by pointing at that
    /// node — see [`Widget::accessible_title_node`](crate::widget::Widget::accessible_title_node).
    /// `build()` runs eagerly on insertion, so the answer is already there
    /// the moment the content is mounted.
    pub fn accessible_title_node(
        &self,
        id: crate::widget_id::WidgetId,
    ) -> Option<crate::widget_id::WidgetId> {
        self.tree.widget_accessible_title_node(id)
    }

    /// Wire an accessibility `described_by` relation from an already-mounted
    /// child (`id`) to a description/error node (`target_id`) — the
    /// post-mount, override-preserving counterpart of the
    /// `.access_described_by(..)` builder method (WCAG 3.3.1), whose docs say
    /// how the target's text reaches a screen reader: as `id`'s description,
    /// which the tree writes, since no AccessKit adapter reads the relation.
    pub fn access_described_by(
        &mut self,
        id: crate::widget_id::WidgetId,
        target_id: crate::widget_id::WidgetId,
    ) {
        self.tree.push_access_described_by(id, target_id);
    }

    /// The id this subscription should carry: the one the previous build used at this
    /// same position, or a fresh one.
    ///
    /// ⚠ **Position is the whole matching rule**, and it is deliberate. The alternative
    /// — matching on the origin — cannot be written here: `origin` reaches the adapter
    /// as `Box<dyn Any>`, with no `Eq` and no `Hash` to compare it by, and requiring
    /// either would change every `EventSource` in existence. Position is stable for the
    /// shape widgets actually have, where `build()` runs the same subscribe calls in the
    /// same order every time.
    ///
    /// What a widget that subscribes *conditionally* gets: if the origin at position N
    /// differs between two builds, an event still in flight from the old origin is
    /// delivered to the new build's callback rather than being dropped. That is safe by
    /// construction rather than by luck — an app registers exactly one `EventSource`, so
    /// every subscription in the tree shares one origin type and one event type, and the
    /// payload downcast cannot mismatch. The callback receives the whole event and can
    /// read its origin, which is what `Origin::LongOperation(..)` handlers already do.
    fn next_subscription_id(
        &self,
        app_context: &crate::event_source::TreeAppContext,
    ) -> SubscriptionId {
        // `subscription_handles` is pushed to once per subscribe call and starts empty
        // for each build, so its length *is* this call's position within the build.
        self.reusable_sub_ids
            .get(self.subscription_handles.len())
            .copied()
            .unwrap_or_else(|| app_context.allocate_subscription_id())
    }

    /// Subscribe to events from the registered application event source.
    /// The callback runs on the UI thread when the source publishes an
    /// event with a matching origin.
    ///
    /// The subscription is scoped to the current widget's lifetime: when
    /// the widget is rebuilt or destroyed, the framework drops the source
    /// handle (unregistering from the source) and removes the UI-side
    /// callback.
    ///
    /// It is scoped to the window it was registered from as well. A closing window's
    /// tree is dropped wholesale, with no per-widget destroy pass, so teksilo-app calls
    /// [`TreeAppContext::purge_subscriptions_for_window`](crate::event_source::TreeAppContext::purge_subscriptions_for_window)
    /// to drop the callbacks that window installed. A registration from a windowless
    /// tree (headless / tests) records no window, and only the per-widget path above
    /// removes such a callback.
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// Panics if no event source has been registered on the
    /// `TeksiloAppBuilder`. In debug builds, also asserts that the `Origin`
    /// and `Event` types match the registered source.
    pub fn subscribe_event<O, E, F>(&mut self, origin: O, callback: F)
    where
        O: 'static,
        E: 'static,
        F: Fn(&E) + 'static,
    {
        use std::any::{Any, TypeId};
        use std::rc::Rc;
        use std::sync::Arc;

        // Recorded so `TreeAppContext::purge_subscriptions_for_window` can drop this
        // entry when the window closes. A closing window's tree is dropped wholesale,
        // with no per-widget destroy pass, so nothing else ever reaches the entry and
        // the callback (plus everything it captured) would stay live for the rest of
        // the process. `None` from a windowless tree (headless / tests), which no
        // window purge touches. Mirrors `subscribe_event_with_ctx` below.
        let window_id = self.window().map(|w| w.id());

        let app_context = self.tree.app_context.clone();

        let adapter = app_context.event_source.as_ref().expect(
            "BuildContext::subscribe_event called but no event source was registered \
             on TeksiloAppBuilder. Call .event_source(source) on the builder first.",
        );

        debug_assert_eq!(
            adapter.origin_type,
            TypeId::of::<O>(),
            "subscribe_event origin type mismatch: source uses {}, subscribe call used {}",
            adapter.origin_type_name,
            std::any::type_name::<O>(),
        );
        debug_assert_eq!(
            adapter.event_type,
            TypeId::of::<E>(),
            "subscribe_event event type mismatch: source uses {}, subscribe call used {}",
            adapter.event_type_name,
            std::any::type_name::<E>(),
        );

        let sub_id = self.next_subscription_id(&app_context);

        // The UI-side callback that runs after an event posted from the
        // source thread is delivered back to the UI thread. It downcasts
        // the type-erased payload back to `&E` and invokes the user's `F`.
        let stored_callback: Rc<dyn Fn(&dyn Any)> = Rc::new(move |event_any| {
            let event = event_any
                .downcast_ref::<E>()
                .expect("subscription event downcast failed — framework bug");
            callback(event);
        });
        app_context
            .subscription_callbacks
            .borrow_mut()
            .insert(sub_id, (window_id, stored_callback));

        // Build the wrapper that the source will invoke from its
        // publisher thread. It carries only the sub_id (Copy) and an
        // Arc-clone of the poster (Send + Sync), boxes the typed event
        // as Any+Send, and posts an AppEvent::SubscriptionEvent through
        // the proxy. Tests that run without a registered poster post
        // events into a test queue and dispatch them back into the tree
        // via `tree.app_context().dispatch_subscription_event`.
        let poster = app_context
            .poster
            .as_ref()
            .expect(
                "BuildContext::subscribe_event called but no AppEventPoster \
                 is installed on the tree. teksilo-app installs one when an \
                 event source is registered on the builder; tests must \
                 supply a TestPoster via TreeAppContext::with_source_and_poster.",
            )
            .clone();
        let wrapper: Arc<dyn Fn(Box<dyn Any + Send>) + Send + Sync> =
            Arc::new(move |erased_event| {
                poster.post_subscription_event(sub_id, erased_event);
            });

        let handle = (adapter.subscribe_fn)(Box::new(origin), wrapper);
        self.subscription_handles.push((sub_id, handle));
    }

    /// Like [`subscribe_event`](Self::subscribe_event), but the UI-side
    /// callback additionally receives a fresh
    /// [`EventContext`](crate::widget::EventContext) bound to this widget's
    /// window. That lets it react to a backend event *imperatively* — update /
    /// replace / dismiss a toast, present a modal, `send_intent`, navigate —
    /// none of which a plain (context-free) `subscribe_event` callback can do
    /// (it can only poke `Signal`s).
    ///
    /// This is the supported bridge for **long-operation progress**: a data
    /// layer's `Progress | Completed | Cancelled | Failed` event
    /// crosses from the operation's background thread to the UI thread and the
    /// callback drives an evolving progress toast (percentage in the body, a
    /// Cancel action, a success/error replacement on completion) — see the
    /// `toast_demo` example.
    ///
    /// The event is delivered on the UI thread through the same
    /// `AppEvent::SubscriptionEvent` path as `subscribe_event`; teksilo-app
    /// mints the `EventContext` from this widget's window tree just before the
    /// call (mirroring `teksilo-async`'s `spawn_local_with` completion path).
    /// The subscription is torn down with the widget, exactly like
    /// `subscribe_event`.
    ///
    /// The `<O, E>` type match against the registered event source is a
    /// `debug_assert` (as in [`subscribe_event`](Self::subscribe_event)); a
    /// mismatched call site in a release build is not caught here but panics
    /// later at the payload downcast.
    ///
    /// Registering from a windowless tree (headless / tests) is allowed but
    /// records `None` for the window — the app-side router then has no tree to
    /// mint an `EventContext` from and cannot deliver it, so such a subscription
    /// never fires in a running app. Ordinary application widgets always have a
    /// window; headless code that wants to observe events should use
    /// [`subscribe_event`](Self::subscribe_event) and drive `Signal`s instead.
    pub fn subscribe_event_with_ctx<O, E, F>(&mut self, origin: O, callback: F)
    where
        O: 'static,
        E: 'static,
        F: Fn(&E, &mut crate::widget::EventContext) + 'static,
    {
        use std::any::{Any, TypeId};
        use std::rc::Rc;
        use std::sync::Arc;

        let window_id = self.window().map(|w| w.id());

        let app_context = self.tree.app_context.clone();

        let adapter = app_context.event_source.as_ref().expect(
            "BuildContext::subscribe_event_with_ctx called but no event source was registered \
             on TeksiloAppBuilder. Call .event_source(source) on the builder first.",
        );

        debug_assert_eq!(
            adapter.origin_type,
            TypeId::of::<O>(),
            "subscribe_event_with_ctx origin type mismatch: source uses {}, subscribe call used {}",
            adapter.origin_type_name,
            std::any::type_name::<O>(),
        );
        debug_assert_eq!(
            adapter.event_type,
            TypeId::of::<E>(),
            "subscribe_event_with_ctx event type mismatch: source uses {}, subscribe call used {}",
            adapter.event_type_name,
            std::any::type_name::<E>(),
        );

        // Re-used across this widget's rebuilds exactly as in `subscribe_event` — the
        // context-bearing path keeps its callbacks in a second map but crosses the very
        // same queue, so it loses in-flight events the very same way. See
        // [`Self::next_subscription_id`].
        let sub_id = self.next_subscription_id(&app_context);

        // The UI-side callback, invoked after an event posted from the source
        // thread is delivered back to the UI thread and a fresh `EventContext`
        // has been minted. Downcasts the type-erased payload back to `&E` and
        // forwards it plus the context to the user's `F`. Stored behind `Rc` so
        // dispatch can drop the map borrow before invoking it (re-entrancy).
        let stored_callback: Rc<dyn Fn(&dyn Any, &mut crate::widget::EventContext)> =
            Rc::new(move |event_any, ctx| {
                let event = event_any
                    .downcast_ref::<E>()
                    .expect("subscription event downcast failed — framework bug");
                callback(event, ctx);
            });
        app_context
            .subscription_ctx_callbacks
            .borrow_mut()
            .insert(sub_id, (window_id, stored_callback));

        // Same publisher-thread wrapper as `subscribe_event`: carry only the
        // sub_id (Copy) + an Arc-clone of the poster, box the typed event, and
        // post an `AppEvent::SubscriptionEvent`. The dispatch side (teksilo-app)
        // routes context-bearing sub_ids through the fresh-`EventContext` path.
        let poster = app_context
            .poster
            .as_ref()
            .expect(
                "BuildContext::subscribe_event_with_ctx called but no AppEventPoster \
                 is installed on the tree. teksilo-app installs one when an \
                 event source is registered on the builder.",
            )
            .clone();
        let wrapper: Arc<dyn Fn(Box<dyn Any + Send>) + Send + Sync> =
            Arc::new(move |erased_event| {
                poster.post_subscription_event(sub_id, erased_event);
            });

        let handle = (adapter.subscribe_fn)(Box::new(origin), wrapper);
        self.subscription_handles.push((sub_id, handle));
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod effect_tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::widget::{LayoutContext, Widget};
    use crate::widget_id::WidgetId;
    use crate::widget_tree::WidgetTree;
    use teksilo_canvas::SizeProposal;

    /// A leaf widget that registers an effect on one signal to mirror its
    /// value into another. Produces no children.
    #[derive(Debug)]
    struct LeafWithEffect {
        source: Signal<i32>,
        mirror: Signal<i32>,
    }

    impl Widget for LeafWithEffect {
        fn build(&mut self, ctx: &mut BuildContext) -> Vec<WidgetId> {
            let mirror = self.mirror.clone();
            ctx.effect(&self.source, move |v| mirror.set(*v));
            Vec::new()
        }

        fn layout_response(
            &self,
            proposal: SizeProposal,
            _ctx: &LayoutContext,
        ) -> crate::widget::LayoutResponse {
            proposal.resolve(0.0, 0.0).into()
        }
    }

    /// A widget that observes the per-frame tick signal and accumulates the
    /// deltas it receives into a shared counter, so a test can verify both
    /// that the tick fires at all and that the delta value is non-zero.
    #[derive(Debug)]
    struct FrameTickListener {
        ticks: Signal<u32>,
        last_delta: Signal<f32>,
    }

    impl Widget for FrameTickListener {
        fn build(&mut self, ctx: &mut BuildContext) -> Vec<WidgetId> {
            let ticks = self.ticks.clone();
            let last_delta = self.last_delta.clone();
            let tick = ctx.frame_tick();
            ctx.effect(&tick, move |delta| {
                ticks.set(ticks.get() + 1);
                last_delta.set(*delta);
            });
            Vec::new()
        }

        fn layout_response(
            &self,
            proposal: SizeProposal,
            _ctx: &LayoutContext,
        ) -> crate::widget::LayoutResponse {
            proposal.resolve(0.0, 0.0).into()
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn frame_tick_stays_silent_until_explicit_request() {
        // The draw-when-needed contract: a widget that merely observes
        // frame_tick must NOT keep the tree awake. Only an explicit
        // `request_frame()` call pumps a tick.
        let mut tree = WidgetTree::new();
        let ticks = Signal::new(0_u32);
        let last_delta = Signal::new(-1.0_f32);
        tree.add(FrameTickListener {
            ticks: ticks.clone(),
            last_delta: last_delta.clone(),
        });

        // Flush the initial layout-dirty flag from widget insertion.
        tree.layout(teksilo_canvas::SizeProposal::exact(400.0, 300.0));
        assert!(
            !tree.frame_requested(),
            "observing frame_tick does not set the request flag"
        );

        tree.tick_animations(std::time::Duration::from_millis(16));
        assert_eq!(
            ticks.get(),
            0,
            "an un-requested tick_animations must not fire frame_tick observers"
        );
        assert_eq!(last_delta.get(), -1.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn frame_tick_fires_once_per_request() {
        let mut tree = WidgetTree::new();
        let ticks = Signal::new(0_u32);
        let last_delta = Signal::new(-1.0_f32);
        let id = tree.add(FrameTickListener {
            ticks: ticks.clone(),
            last_delta: last_delta.clone(),
        });

        // Flush initial layout-dirty flag so assertions reflect only
        // the frame-tick contract.
        tree.layout(teksilo_canvas::SizeProposal::exact(400.0, 300.0));

        tree.request_frame();
        assert!(tree.needs_redraw(), "explicit request marks the tree dirty");
        assert!(tree.frame_requested());

        tree.tick_animations(std::time::Duration::from_millis(16));
        assert_eq!(ticks.get(), 1);
        assert!((last_delta.get() - 0.016).abs() < 0.001);
        assert!(
            !tree.frame_requested(),
            "request flag must be cleared after the tick fired"
        );

        // Second request fires exactly one more tick.
        tree.request_frame();
        tree.tick_animations(std::time::Duration::from_millis(16));
        assert_eq!(ticks.get(), 2);

        // Without a request, further ticks silently advance time.
        tree.tick_animations(std::time::Duration::from_millis(16));
        assert_eq!(ticks.get(), 2);

        tree.destroy_subtree(id);
        tree.request_frame();
        tree.tick_animations(std::time::Duration::from_millis(16));
        assert_eq!(
            ticks.get(),
            2,
            "destroyed widget's observer must not resurrect"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn frame_tick_delta_clamped_against_huge_pauses() {
        let mut tree = WidgetTree::new();
        let ticks = Signal::new(0_u32);
        let last_delta = Signal::new(-1.0_f32);
        tree.add(FrameTickListener {
            ticks: ticks.clone(),
            last_delta: last_delta.clone(),
        });

        tree.request_frame();
        tree.tick_animations(std::time::Duration::from_secs(5));
        assert_eq!(ticks.get(), 1);
        assert!(
            (last_delta.get() - 0.1).abs() < 1e-4,
            "frame delta must clamp at 0.1s even after a multi-second pause"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn leaf_widget_effect_fires_and_is_cleaned_up_on_destroy() {
        // Regression guard: before the insert_widget / add_child fix,
        // effect_handles for a leaf widget (Vec::new() from build()) were
        // dropped the moment BuildContext went out of scope, silently
        // unregistering the observer. After the fix, the handle is
        // transferred to the arena node and the effect fires on signal
        // changes until the widget is destroyed.
        let mut tree = WidgetTree::new();
        let source = Signal::new(0_i32);
        let mirror = Signal::new(0_i32);

        let id = tree.add(LeafWithEffect {
            source: source.clone(),
            mirror: mirror.clone(),
        });

        // The effect should be live after insertion.
        source.set(42);
        assert_eq!(
            mirror.get(),
            42,
            "leaf widget effect must survive build() and fire on signal change"
        );

        source.set(7);
        assert_eq!(mirror.get(), 7);

        // Destroying the widget drops its effect_handles, which in turn
        // drops each ObserverHandle and unregisters the observer.
        tree.destroy_subtree(id);
        source.set(100);
        assert_eq!(
            mirror.get(),
            7,
            "effect must be unregistered after widget destruction"
        );
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod focus_into_tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::widget::{LayoutContext, Widget};
    use crate::widget_builder::HandlerSet;
    use crate::widget_id::WidgetId;
    use crate::widget_tree::WidgetTree;
    use teksilo_canvas::SizeProposal;

    /// A leaf that is focusable when asked, so the walk has something real to
    /// find — or nothing at all.
    #[derive(Debug)]
    struct Leaf {
        focusable: bool,
    }

    impl Widget for Leaf {
        fn build(&mut self, ctx: &mut BuildContext) -> Vec<WidgetId> {
            if self.focusable {
                ctx.apply_self_handlers(HandlerSet::new().focusable(true));
            }
            Vec::new()
        }
        fn layout_response(
            &self,
            proposal: SizeProposal,
            _ctx: &LayoutContext,
        ) -> crate::widget::LayoutResponse {
            proposal.resolve(10.0, 10.0).into()
        }
    }

    /// Holds `focusable` focusable leaves and publishes their ids.
    #[derive(Debug)]
    struct Panel {
        focusable: usize,
        leaves: Signal<Vec<WidgetId>>,
    }

    impl Widget for Panel {
        fn build(&mut self, ctx: &mut BuildContext) -> Vec<WidgetId> {
            let kids: Vec<WidgetId> = (0..2)
                .map(|i| {
                    ctx.add(Leaf {
                        focusable: i < self.focusable,
                    })
                })
                .collect();
            self.leaves.set(kids.clone());
            kids
        }
        fn layout_response(
            &self,
            proposal: SizeProposal,
            _ctx: &LayoutContext,
        ) -> crate::widget::LayoutResponse {
            proposal.resolve(10.0, 10.0).into()
        }
    }

    /// Calls `focus_into(panel)` on every one of *its own* builds, which is how
    /// a composing widget uses it. Rebuilt on demand through `tick` — and
    /// rebuilding it leaves the panel and its leaves alive, which is the whole
    /// point: that is the situation the idempotence has to survive.
    #[derive(Debug)]
    struct Driver {
        panel: Signal<Option<WidgetId>>,
        tick: Signal<u64>,
        moved: Signal<bool>,
    }

    impl Widget for Driver {
        fn build(&mut self, ctx: &mut BuildContext) -> Vec<WidgetId> {
            self.tick.bind_to(
                ctx.self_id(),
                ctx.binding_registry(),
                crate::binding::BindingLevel::Rebuild,
            );
            if let Some(panel) = self.panel.get() {
                let moved = ctx.focus_into(panel);
                self.moved.set(moved);
            }
            Vec::new()
        }
        fn layout_response(
            &self,
            proposal: SizeProposal,
            _ctx: &LayoutContext,
        ) -> crate::widget::LayoutResponse {
            proposal.resolve(0.0, 0.0).into()
        }
    }

    struct Probe {
        tree: WidgetTree,
        leaves: Vec<WidgetId>,
        tick: Signal<u64>,
        moved: Signal<bool>,
    }

    impl Probe {
        fn rebuild_driver(&mut self) {
            self.tick.set(self.tick.get() + 1);
            self.tree.layout(SizeProposal::exact(100.0, 100.0));
        }
    }

    /// A panel with `focusable` focusable leaves, plus a sibling driver that
    /// calls `focus_into` on it from `build`. `outside` is focusable and lives
    /// outside the panel, so "focus did not move" is observable.
    fn probe(focusable: usize) -> (Probe, WidgetId) {
        let leaves = Signal::new(Vec::new());
        let panel_id = Signal::new(None);
        let tick = Signal::new(0_u64);
        let moved = Signal::new(false);

        let mut tree = WidgetTree::new();
        let outside = tree.add(Leaf { focusable: true });
        let panel = tree.add(Panel {
            focusable,
            leaves: leaves.clone(),
        });
        panel_id.set(Some(panel));
        tree.add(Driver {
            panel: panel_id,
            tick: tick.clone(),
            moved: moved.clone(),
        });
        tree.layout(SizeProposal::exact(100.0, 100.0));
        (
            Probe {
                tree,
                leaves: leaves.get(),
                tick,
                moved,
            },
            outside,
        )
    }

    /// It lands on the first focusable descendant, not on the container.
    #[test]
    fn focus_into_lands_on_the_first_focusable_descendant() {
        let (p, _) = probe(2);
        assert!(p.moved.get());
        assert_eq!(p.tree.focused(), Some(p.leaves[0]));
    }

    /// **It is a no-op while focus is already inside** — the property that lets
    /// it be called from `build`, which re-runs on every rebuild. A bare
    /// `focus` on the first focusable descendant would drag focus back to the
    /// first field every time the caller rebuilt for an unrelated reason, which
    /// mid-edit is the caret jumping to the start of the line.
    #[test]
    fn focus_into_leaves_focus_alone_when_it_is_already_inside() {
        let (mut p, _) = probe(2);
        p.tree.focus(p.leaves[1]);
        p.rebuild_driver();
        assert!(p.moved.get(), "focus is inside, so the answer is still yes");
        assert_eq!(
            p.tree.focused(),
            Some(p.leaves[1]),
            "focus was dragged back to the first focusable child"
        );
    }

    /// A subtree with nothing focusable leaves focus exactly where it was: an
    /// empty region never traps it, and the caller is told so.
    #[test]
    fn focus_into_an_unfocusable_subtree_moves_nothing() {
        let (mut p, outside) = probe(0);
        p.tree.focus(outside);
        p.rebuild_driver();
        assert!(!p.moved.get());
        assert_eq!(p.tree.focused(), Some(outside));
    }
}