steam_vdf_parser/binary/

parser.rs

//! Binary VDF parser implementation.
//!
//! Supports Steam's binary VDF formats:
//! - shortcuts.vdf (simple binary format)
//! - appinfo.vdf (with optional string table)

use alloc::borrow::Cow;
use alloc::format;
use alloc::string::{String, ToString};
use alloc::vec::Vec;
use core::str;

use crate::binary::byte_reader::{read_u32_le, read_u64_le};
use crate::binary::types::{
    APPINFO_MAGIC_40, APPINFO_MAGIC_41, BinaryType, PACKAGEINFO_MAGIC_39, PACKAGEINFO_MAGIC_40,
    PACKAGEINFO_MAGIC_BASE,
};
use crate::error::{Error, Result, with_offset};
use crate::value::{Obj, Value, Vdf};

// ===== Appinfo Header Constants =====

/// Size of the appinfo entry header (up to and including the size field).
const APPINFO_HEADER_SIZE: usize = 8;

/// Size of the header after the size field (60 bytes).
const APPINFO_HEADER_AFTER_SIZE: usize = 60;

/// Total size of the appinfo entry header.
const APPINFO_ENTRY_HEADER_SIZE: usize = APPINFO_HEADER_SIZE + APPINFO_HEADER_AFTER_SIZE;

/// Offset where VDF data starts within an appinfo entry.
const APPINFO_VDF_DATA_OFFSET: usize = APPINFO_ENTRY_HEADER_SIZE;

// ===== Helper Functions =====

/// Read a little-endian u32 from the start of a slice, returning an error if too small.
fn ensure_read_u32_le(input: &[u8]) -> Result<(&[u8], u32)> {
    read_u32_le(input)
        .map(|value| (&input[4..], value))
        .ok_or(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
            context: "reading u32",
            offset: 0,
            expected: 4,
            actual: input.len(),
        })
}

/// Parse configuration for binary VDF formats.
///
/// Encapsulates the differences between shortcuts.vdf and appinfo.vdf formats.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Default)]
struct ParseConfig<'input, 'table> {
    /// Strategy for parsing keys
    key_mode: KeyMode<'input, 'table>,
}

/// Key parsing strategy for binary VDF formats.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Default)]
enum KeyMode<'input, 'table> {
    /// Parse keys as null-terminated UTF-8 strings (v40, shortcuts)
    #[default]
    NullTerminated,
    /// Parse keys as u32 indices into string table (v41)
    StringTableIndex {
        string_table: &'table StringTable<'input>,
    },
}

/// String table for v41 appinfo format.
///
/// Encapsulates pre-extracted strings from the string table section,
/// enabling O(1) lookups by index.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
struct StringTable<'a> {
    strings: Vec<&'a str>,
}

impl<'a> StringTable<'a> {
    /// Get a string by index.
    fn get(&self, index: usize) -> Result<&'a str> {
        self.strings
            .get(index)
            .copied()
            .ok_or(Error::InvalidStringIndex {
                index,
                max: self.strings.len(),
            })
    }
}

impl<'a> KeyMode<'a, '_> {
    /// Parse a key from input according to this mode.
    fn parse_key(&self, input: &'a [u8]) -> Result<(&'a [u8], Cow<'a, str>)> {
        match self {
            KeyMode::NullTerminated => {
                let (rest, s) = parse_null_terminated_string_borrowed(input)?;
                Ok((rest, Cow::Borrowed(s)))
            }
            KeyMode::StringTableIndex { string_table } => {
                let (rest, index) = ensure_read_u32_le(input)?;
                let s = string_table.get(index as usize)?;
                Ok((rest, Cow::Borrowed(s)))
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Parse binary VDF data (autodetects format).
///
/// Attempts to parse as appinfo.vdf first, then falls back to shortcuts.vdf format.
/// For shortcuts format, returns zero-copy data borrowed from input.
/// For appinfo format, returns mixed data: root key and app ID keys are owned,
/// but actual parsed values (including string table entries) are borrowed.
/// For packageinfo format, returns mixed data similar to appinfo.
pub fn parse(input: &[u8]) -> Result<Vdf<'_>> {
    // Check if this looks like appinfo or packageinfo format (starts with magic)
    if let Some(magic) = read_u32_le(input) {
        if magic == APPINFO_MAGIC_40 || magic == APPINFO_MAGIC_41 {
            return parse_appinfo(input);
        }
        if magic == PACKAGEINFO_MAGIC_39 || magic == PACKAGEINFO_MAGIC_40 {
            return parse_packageinfo(input);
        }
    }

    // Otherwise, parse as shortcuts format (zero-copy)
    parse_shortcuts(input)
}

/// Parse shortcuts.vdf format binary data.
///
/// This is the simpler binary format used by Steam for shortcuts and other data.
///
/// This function returns zero-copy data - strings are borrowed from the input buffer.
///
/// Format:
/// - Each entry starts with a type byte
/// - Type 0x00: Object start (key is the object name)
/// - Type 0x01: String value
/// - Type 0x02: Int32 value
/// - Type 0x08: Object end
///
/// All strings are null-terminated.
pub fn parse_shortcuts(input: &[u8]) -> Result<Vdf<'_>> {
    let config = ParseConfig::default();
    let (_rest, obj) = parse_object(input, &config)?;

    Ok(Vdf::new("root", Value::Obj(obj)))
}

/// Parse appinfo.vdf format binary data.
///
/// This function returns zero-copy data where possible - strings are borrowed from
/// the input buffer (including string table entries in v41 format).
///
/// Format:
/// - 4 bytes: Magic number (0x07564428 or 0x07564429)
/// - 4 bytes: Universe
/// - If magic == 0x07564429: 8 bytes: String table offset
/// - Apps continue until EOF (or string table for v41)
/// - For each app:
///   - 4 bytes: App ID
///   - 4 bytes: Size (remaining data size for this entry)
///   - 4 bytes: InfoState
///   - 4 bytes: LastUpdated (Unix timestamp)
///   - 8 bytes: AccessToken
///   - 20 bytes: SHA1 of text data
///   - 4 bytes: ChangeNumber
///   - 20 bytes: SHA1 of binary data
///   - Then the VDF data for the app (starts with 0x00)
/// - String table (if magic == 0x07564429, at string_table_offset)
///
/// App entry header is `APPINFO_ENTRY_HEADER_SIZE` (68) bytes.
pub fn parse_appinfo(input: &[u8]) -> Result<Vdf<'_>> {
    if input.len() < 16 {
        return Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
            context: "reading appinfo header",
            offset: input.len(),
            expected: 16,
            actual: input.len(),
        });
    }

    let Some(magic) = read_u32_le(input) else {
        return Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
            context: "reading magic number",
            offset: 0,
            expected: 4,
            actual: input.len(),
        });
    };
    let Some(universe) = read_u32_le(&input[4..]) else {
        return Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
            context: "reading universe",
            offset: 4,
            expected: 4,
            actual: input.len() - 4,
        });
    };

    let (string_table_offset, mut rest) = match magic {
        APPINFO_MAGIC_40 => (None, &input[8..]),
        APPINFO_MAGIC_41 => {
            let Some(offset) = read_u64_le(&input[8..]) else {
                return Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
                    context: "reading string table offset",
                    offset: 8,
                    expected: 8,
                    actual: input.len() - 8,
                });
            };
            (Some(offset as usize), &input[16..])
        }
        _ => {
            return Err(Error::InvalidMagic {
                found: magic,
                expected: &[APPINFO_MAGIC_40, APPINFO_MAGIC_41],
            });
        }
    };

    // Parse the string table if present
    let string_table = if let Some(offset) = string_table_offset {
        if offset >= input.len() {
            return Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
                context: "reading string table",
                offset,
                expected: 4,
                actual: input.len() - offset,
            });
        }
        Some(parse_string_table(&input[offset..]).map_err(with_offset(offset))?)
    } else {
        None
    };

    let mut obj = Obj::new();

    // Calculate where apps end (at string table for v41, or EOF for v40)
    let apps_end_offset = string_table_offset.unwrap_or(input.len());

    // Use v41 format (string table) if string_table_offset is Some
    let config = ParseConfig {
        key_mode: if let Some(string_table) = &string_table {
            KeyMode::StringTableIndex { string_table }
        } else {
            KeyMode::NullTerminated
        },
    };

    loop {
        // Check if we've reached the end of apps section
        let current_offset = input.len() - rest.len();
        if current_offset >= apps_end_offset {
            break;
        }

        // Not enough data for an app entry header.
        if rest.len() < APPINFO_ENTRY_HEADER_SIZE {
            return Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
                context: "reading app entry header",
                offset: current_offset,
                expected: APPINFO_ENTRY_HEADER_SIZE,
                actual: rest.len(),
            });
        }

        // App ID (offset 0)
        let Some(app_id) = read_u32_le(rest) else {
            return Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
                context: "reading app id",
                offset: current_offset,
                expected: 4,
                actual: rest.len(),
            });
        };
        if app_id == 0 {
            break;
        }

        // Size (offset 4) - includes everything AFTER this field (APPINFO_HEADER_AFTER_SIZE bytes + VDF data)
        let Some(size) = read_u32_le(&rest[4..]) else {
            return Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
                context: "reading entry size",
                offset: current_offset + 4,
                expected: 4,
                actual: rest.len() - 4,
            });
        };
        let size = size as usize;

        // VDF data starts after the header
        let vdf_size = size - APPINFO_HEADER_AFTER_SIZE;
        let vdf_end = APPINFO_VDF_DATA_OFFSET + vdf_size;

        if vdf_end > rest.len() {
            return Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
                context: "reading VDF data",
                offset: current_offset + vdf_end,
                expected: vdf_end,
                actual: rest.len(),
            });
        }

        let vdf_data = &rest[APPINFO_VDF_DATA_OFFSET..vdf_end];
        let vdf_offset = current_offset + APPINFO_VDF_DATA_OFFSET;

        let (_vdf_rest, app_obj) =
            parse_object(vdf_data, &config).map_err(with_offset(vdf_offset))?;

        // Insert with app ID as key
        obj.insert(Cow::Owned(app_id.to_string()), Value::Obj(app_obj));
        rest = &rest[vdf_end..];
    }

    Ok(Vdf::new(
        format!("appinfo_universe_{}", universe),
        Value::Obj(obj),
    ))
}

/// Parses an object from binary VDF data.
///
/// This function implements a state machine that:
/// 1. Reads a type byte to determine the entry type
/// 2. Parses a key (format depends on `config.key_mode`)
/// 3. Parses the value based on the type byte
/// 4. Inserts the key-value pair into the object
/// 5. Returns on `ObjectEnd` (0x08) marker
///
/// # Parameters
/// - `input`: Binary data to parse
/// - `config`: Parse configuration including string table reference
///
/// # Returns
/// A tuple of remaining input and the parsed object.
fn parse_object<'a>(input: &'a [u8], config: &ParseConfig<'a, '_>) -> Result<(&'a [u8], Obj<'a>)> {
    let mut obj = Obj::new();
    let mut rest = input;

    loop {
        match rest {
            [] => {
                // At root level, EOF is acceptable - file may end without trailing 0x08
                break Ok((rest, obj));
            }
            [type_byte, remainder @ ..] => {
                let type_byte = *type_byte;
                let typ = BinaryType::from_byte(type_byte);
                let offset = input.len() - remainder.len();
                rest = remainder;

                match typ {
                    Some(BinaryType::ObjectEnd) => {
                        // Consume the end marker and return
                        return Ok((rest, obj));
                    }
                    Some(BinaryType::None) => {
                        // Map entry: 0x00 [key] { ... entries ... }
                        let key_offset = input.len() - rest.len();
                        let (new_rest, key) = config
                            .key_mode
                            .parse_key(rest)
                            .map_err(with_offset(key_offset))?;
                        let (new_rest, nested_obj) = parse_object(new_rest, config)?;
                        obj.insert(key, Value::Obj(nested_obj));
                        rest = new_rest;
                    }
                    Some(BinaryType::String) => {
                        // String entry: 0x01 [key] [value]
                        // VALUE is ALWAYS inline null-terminated string (never from string table!)
                        let key_offset = input.len() - rest.len();
                        let (new_rest, key) = config
                            .key_mode
                            .parse_key(rest)
                            .map_err(with_offset(key_offset))?;
                        let value_offset = input.len() - new_rest.len();
                        let (new_rest, value) = parse_null_terminated_string_borrowed(new_rest)
                            .map_err(with_offset(value_offset))?;
                        obj.insert(key, Value::Str(Cow::Borrowed(value)));
                        rest = new_rest;
                    }
                    Some(BinaryType::Int32) => {
                        let key_offset = input.len() - rest.len();
                        let (new_rest, key) = config
                            .key_mode
                            .parse_key(rest)
                            .map_err(with_offset(key_offset))?;
                        let value_offset = input.len() - new_rest.len();
                        let (new_rest, value) =
                            parse_value_int32(new_rest).map_err(with_offset(value_offset))?;
                        obj.insert(key, value);
                        rest = new_rest;
                    }
                    Some(BinaryType::UInt64) => {
                        let key_offset = input.len() - rest.len();
                        let (new_rest, key) = config
                            .key_mode
                            .parse_key(rest)
                            .map_err(with_offset(key_offset))?;
                        let value_offset = input.len() - new_rest.len();
                        let (new_rest, value) =
                            parse_value_uint64(new_rest).map_err(with_offset(value_offset))?;
                        obj.insert(key, value);
                        rest = new_rest;
                    }
                    Some(BinaryType::Float) => {
                        let key_offset = input.len() - rest.len();
                        let (new_rest, key) = config
                            .key_mode
                            .parse_key(rest)
                            .map_err(with_offset(key_offset))?;
                        let value_offset = input.len() - new_rest.len();
                        let (new_rest, value) =
                            parse_value_float(new_rest).map_err(with_offset(value_offset))?;
                        obj.insert(key, value);
                        rest = new_rest;
                    }
                    Some(BinaryType::Ptr) => {
                        let key_offset = input.len() - rest.len();
                        let (new_rest, key) = config
                            .key_mode
                            .parse_key(rest)
                            .map_err(with_offset(key_offset))?;
                        let value_offset = input.len() - new_rest.len();
                        let (new_rest, value) =
                            parse_value_ptr(new_rest).map_err(with_offset(value_offset))?;
                        obj.insert(key, value);
                        rest = new_rest;
                    }
                    Some(BinaryType::WString) => {
                        let key_offset = input.len() - rest.len();
                        let (new_rest, key) = config
                            .key_mode
                            .parse_key(rest)
                            .map_err(with_offset(key_offset))?;
                        let value_offset = input.len() - new_rest.len();
                        let (new_rest, value) =
                            parse_value_wstring(new_rest).map_err(with_offset(value_offset))?;
                        obj.insert(key, value);
                        rest = new_rest;
                    }
                    Some(BinaryType::Color) => {
                        let key_offset = input.len() - rest.len();
                        let (new_rest, key) = config
                            .key_mode
                            .parse_key(rest)
                            .map_err(with_offset(key_offset))?;
                        let value_offset = input.len() - new_rest.len();
                        let (new_rest, value) =
                            parse_value_color(new_rest).map_err(with_offset(value_offset))?;
                        obj.insert(key, value);
                        rest = new_rest;
                    }
                    None => {
                        // Unknown type byte
                        return Err(Error::UnknownType { type_byte, offset });
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

// ===== Value Parser Functions =====

/// Parse an Int32 value (4 bytes, little-endian).
fn parse_value_int32<'a>(input: &'a [u8]) -> Result<(&'a [u8], Value<'a>)> {
    let arr = <[u8; 4]>::try_from(input.get(..4).ok_or(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
        context: "reading int32",
        offset: 0,
        expected: 4,
        actual: input.len(),
    })?)
    .map_err(|_| Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
        context: "reading int32",
        offset: 0,
        expected: 4,
        actual: input.len(),
    })?;
    let value = i32::from_le_bytes(arr);
    Ok((&input[4..], Value::I32(value)))
}

/// Parse a UInt64 value (8 bytes, little-endian).
fn parse_value_uint64<'a>(input: &'a [u8]) -> Result<(&'a [u8], Value<'a>)> {
    let arr = <[u8; 8]>::try_from(input.get(..8).ok_or(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
        context: "reading uint64",
        offset: 0,
        expected: 8,
        actual: input.len(),
    })?)
    .map_err(|_| Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
        context: "reading uint64",
        offset: 0,
        expected: 8,
        actual: input.len(),
    })?;
    let value = u64::from_le_bytes(arr);
    Ok((&input[8..], Value::U64(value)))
}

/// Parse a Float value (4 bytes, little-endian).
fn parse_value_float<'a>(input: &'a [u8]) -> Result<(&'a [u8], Value<'a>)> {
    let arr = <[u8; 4]>::try_from(input.get(..4).ok_or(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
        context: "reading float",
        offset: 0,
        expected: 4,
        actual: input.len(),
    })?)
    .map_err(|_| Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
        context: "reading float",
        offset: 0,
        expected: 4,
        actual: input.len(),
    })?;
    let value = f32::from_le_bytes(arr);
    Ok((&input[4..], Value::Float(value)))
}

/// Parse a Pointer value (4 bytes, little-endian).
fn parse_value_ptr<'a>(input: &'a [u8]) -> Result<(&'a [u8], Value<'a>)> {
    let (rest, value) = ensure_read_u32_le(input)?;
    Ok((rest, Value::Pointer(value)))
}

/// Parse a WideString value (UTF-16LE, null-terminated).
fn parse_value_wstring<'a>(input: &'a [u8]) -> Result<(&'a [u8], Value<'a>)> {
    let (rest, string) = parse_null_terminated_wstring(input)?;
    Ok((rest, Value::Str(Cow::Owned(string))))
}

/// Parse a Color value (4 bytes RGBA).
fn parse_value_color<'a>(input: &'a [u8]) -> Result<(&'a [u8], Value<'a>)> {
    let arr = <[u8; 4]>::try_from(input.get(..4).ok_or(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
        context: "reading color",
        offset: 0,
        expected: 4,
        actual: input.len(),
    })?)
    .map_err(|_| Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
        context: "reading color",
        offset: 0,
        expected: 4,
        actual: input.len(),
    })?;
    Ok((&input[4..], Value::Color(arr)))
}

// ===== String Parsing Functions =====

/// Parse a null-terminated string (UTF-8), returning a borrowed slice.
///
/// This is the zero-copy version that borrows from the input when possible.
fn parse_null_terminated_string_borrowed(input: &[u8]) -> Result<(&[u8], &str)> {
    let null_pos = input
        .iter()
        .position(|&b| b == 0)
        .ok_or(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
            context: "reading null-terminated string",
            offset: 0,
            expected: 1,
            actual: input.len(),
        })?;

    let bytes = &input[..null_pos];
    let string = core::str::from_utf8(bytes).map_err(|e| Error::InvalidUtf8 {
        offset: e.valid_up_to(),
    })?;

    Ok((&input[null_pos + 1..], string))
}

/// Parse a null-terminated wide string (UTF-16LE).
///
/// WideString is terminated by two zero bytes (0x00 0x00).
/// Note: This allocates due to UTF-16 to UTF-8 conversion.
fn parse_null_terminated_wstring(input: &[u8]) -> Result<(&[u8], String)> {
    // Find the double-null terminator
    let mut i = 0;
    while i + 1 < input.len() {
        if input[i] == 0 && input[i + 1] == 0 {
            break;
        }
        i += 2;
    }

    if i + 1 >= input.len() {
        return Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
            context: "reading null-terminated wide string",
            offset: i,
            expected: 2,
            actual: input.len().saturating_sub(i),
        });
    }

    // Convert UTF-16LE to u16 code units
    let utf16_units = input[..i]
        .chunks_exact(2)
        .map(|chunk| u16::from_le_bytes([chunk[0], chunk[1]]));

    // Decode UTF-16 to char and then to String
    let string: String = char::decode_utf16(utf16_units)
        .enumerate()
        .map(|(pos, r)| {
            r.map_err(|_| Error::InvalidUtf16 {
                offset: pos * 2,
                position: pos,
            })
        })
        .collect::<core::result::Result<_, _>>()?;

    Ok((&input[i + 2..], string))
}

/// Parse the string table section (v41 format).
///
/// Returns a `StringTable` containing pre-extracted strings for O(1) lookups.
///
/// Format:
/// - 4 bytes: string_count (little-endian u32)
/// - Then string_count null-terminated UTF-8 strings
fn parse_string_table(input: &[u8]) -> Result<StringTable<'_>> {
    let (mut rest, string_count) = ensure_read_u32_le(input)?;
    let string_count = string_count as usize;

    let mut strings = Vec::with_capacity(string_count);

    // Extract each null-terminated string
    for _ in 0..string_count {
        if rest.is_empty() {
            return Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
                context: "reading string table entry",
                offset: input.len() - rest.len(),
                expected: 1,
                actual: 0,
            });
        }
        let (new_rest, string) = parse_null_terminated_string_borrowed(rest)?;
        strings.push(string);
        rest = new_rest;
    }

    Ok(StringTable { strings })
}

/// Header size for packageinfo entries (package_id + hash + change_number + token).
const PACKAGEINFO_ENTRY_HEADER_SIZE_V39: usize = 4 + 20 + 4; // package_id + hash + change_number
const PACKAGEINFO_ENTRY_HEADER_SIZE_V40: usize = 4 + 20 + 4 + 8; // + token

/// Parse packageinfo.vdf format binary data.
///
/// This function returns zero-copy data where possible - strings are borrowed from
/// the input buffer.
///
/// Format:
/// - 4 bytes: Magic number + version (0x06565527 for v39, 0x06565528 for v40)
///   - Upper 3 bytes: 0x065655 (magic)
///   - Lower 1 byte: version (27 = 39, 28 = 40)
/// - 4 bytes: Universe
/// - Repeated package entries until package_id == 0xFFFFFFFF:
///   - 4 bytes: Package ID (uint32)
///   - 20 bytes: SHA-1 hash
///   - 4 bytes: Change number (uint32)
///   - 8 bytes: PICS token (uint64, only in v40+)
///   - Binary VDF blob (KeyValues1 binary) with package metadata
pub fn parse_packageinfo(input: &[u8]) -> Result<Vdf<'_>> {
    if input.len() < 8 {
        return Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
            context: "reading packageinfo header",
            offset: input.len(),
            expected: 8,
            actual: input.len(),
        });
    }

    let Some(magic) = read_u32_le(input) else {
        return Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
            context: "reading magic number",
            offset: 0,
            expected: 4,
            actual: input.len(),
        });
    };

    // Extract version from lower byte and magic from upper 3 bytes
    let version = magic & 0xFF;
    let magic_base = magic >> 8;

    if magic_base != PACKAGEINFO_MAGIC_BASE {
        return Err(Error::InvalidMagic {
            found: magic,
            expected: &[PACKAGEINFO_MAGIC_39, PACKAGEINFO_MAGIC_40],
        });
    }

    if version != 39 && version != 40 {
        return Err(Error::InvalidMagic {
            found: magic,
            expected: &[PACKAGEINFO_MAGIC_39, PACKAGEINFO_MAGIC_40],
        });
    }

    let Some(universe) = read_u32_le(&input[4..]) else {
        return Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
            context: "reading universe",
            offset: 4,
            expected: 4,
            actual: input.len() - 4,
        });
    };

    let has_token = version >= 40;
    let header_size = if has_token {
        PACKAGEINFO_ENTRY_HEADER_SIZE_V40
    } else {
        PACKAGEINFO_ENTRY_HEADER_SIZE_V39
    };

    let mut rest = &input[8..];
    let mut obj = Obj::new();

    loop {
        // Check if we have at least 4 bytes for the package ID
        if rest.len() < 4 {
            // At EOF or termination marker, exit gracefully
            break;
        }

        // Read package ID
        let Some(package_id) = read_u32_le(rest) else {
            break;
        };

        // Check for termination marker
        if package_id == 0xFFFFFFFF {
            break;
        }

        // Now ensure we have enough data for the full header
        if rest.len() < header_size {
            return Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
                context: "reading package entry header",
                offset: input.len() - rest.len(),
                expected: header_size,
                actual: rest.len(),
            });
        }

        // Skip hash (20 bytes), read change number
        let hash_offset = 4;
        let change_number_offset = hash_offset + 20;

        let Some(change_number) = read_u32_le(&rest[change_number_offset..]) else {
            return Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput {
                context: "reading change number",
                offset: input.len() - rest.len() + change_number_offset,
                expected: 4,
                actual: rest.len() - change_number_offset,
            });
        };

        // Skip token if present (8 bytes after change_number)
        let vdf_data_offset = if has_token {
            change_number_offset + 4 + 8
        } else {
            change_number_offset + 4
        };

        // Parse the VDF data for this package
        let vdf_data = &rest[vdf_data_offset..];

        let config = ParseConfig::default(); // Uses null-terminated keys like shortcuts

        let (_vdf_rest, package_obj) =
            parse_object(vdf_data, &config).map_err(with_offset(input.len() - vdf_data.len()))?;

        // Create metadata object for this package
        let mut package_with_meta = Obj::new();

        // Add metadata fields
        package_with_meta.insert(Cow::Borrowed("packageid"), Value::I32(package_id as i32));
        package_with_meta.insert(
            Cow::Borrowed("change_number"),
            Value::U64(change_number as u64),
        );
        package_with_meta.insert(
            Cow::Borrowed("sha1"),
            Value::Str(Cow::Owned(hex::encode(
                &rest[hash_offset..hash_offset + 20],
            ))),
        );

        // Merge the parsed VDF data
        for (key, value) in package_obj.iter() {
            package_with_meta.insert(key.clone(), value.clone());
        }

        // Insert with package ID as key
        obj.insert(
            Cow::Owned(package_id.to_string()),
            Value::Obj(package_with_meta),
        );

        // Find the end of this VDF object to move to the next entry
        // _vdf_rest from the first parse_object call above tells us where VDF data ended
        let vdf_end = vdf_data.len() - _vdf_rest.len();
        rest = &rest[vdf_data_offset + vdf_end..];
    }

    Ok(Vdf::new(
        format!("packageinfo_universe_{}", universe),
        Value::Obj(obj),
    ))
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_simple_object() {
        // Simple binary VDF: "test" { "key" "value" }
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x00, // Object start
            b't', b'e', b's', b't', 0x00, // Key "test"
            0x01, // String type
            b'k', b'e', b'y', 0x00, // Key "key"
            b'v', b'a', b'l', b'u', b'e', 0x00, // Value "value"
            0x08, // Object end
        ];

        let result = parse_shortcuts(data);
        assert!(result.is_ok(), "Failed to parse: {:?}", result.err());

        let vdf = result.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(vdf.key(), "root");

        let obj = vdf.as_obj().unwrap();
        let test_obj = obj.get("test").and_then(|v| v.as_obj());
        assert!(test_obj.is_some());

        let test_obj = test_obj.unwrap();
        let value = test_obj.get("key").and_then(|v| v.as_str());
        assert_eq!(value, Some("value"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_nested_objects() {
        // Nested objects: "outer" { "inner" { "key" "value" } }
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x00, // Object start
            b'o', b'u', b't', b'e', b'r', 0x00, // Key "outer"
            0x00, // Nested object start
            b'i', b'n', b'n', b'e', b'r', 0x00, // Key "inner"
            0x01, // String type
            b'k', b'e', b'y', 0x00, // Key "key"
            b'v', b'a', b'l', b'u', b'e', 0x00, // Value "value"
            0x08, // End inner object
            0x08, // End outer object
        ];

        let result = parse_shortcuts(data);
        assert!(result.is_ok());

        let vdf = result.unwrap();
        let obj = vdf.as_obj().unwrap();
        let outer = obj.get("outer").and_then(|v| v.as_obj()).unwrap();
        let inner = outer.get("inner").and_then(|v| v.as_obj()).unwrap();
        let value = inner.get("key").and_then(|v| v.as_str());
        assert_eq!(value, Some("value"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_int32_value() {
        // Int32 value: "root" { "number" "42" }
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x00, // Object start
            b'r', b'o', b'o', b't', 0x00, // Key "root"
            0x02, // Int32 type
            b'n', b'u', b'm', b'b', b'e', b'r', 0x00, // Key "number"
            42, 0, 0, 0,    // Value 42 (little-endian)
            0x08, // Object end
        ];

        let result = parse_shortcuts(data);
        assert!(result.is_ok());

        let vdf = result.unwrap();
        let obj = vdf.as_obj().unwrap();
        let root = obj.get("root").and_then(|v| v.as_obj()).unwrap();
        let value = root.get("number").and_then(|v| v.as_i32());
        assert_eq!(value, Some(42));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_uint64_value() {
        // UInt64 value
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x00, // Object start
            b'r', b'o', b'o', b't', 0x00, // Key "root"
            0x07, // UInt64 type
            b'n', b'u', b'm', b'b', b'e', b'r', 0x00, // Key "number"
            0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // Value u32::MAX as u64
            0x08, // Object end
        ];

        let result = parse_shortcuts(data);
        assert!(result.is_ok());

        let vdf = result.unwrap();
        let obj = vdf.as_obj().unwrap();
        let root = obj.get("root").and_then(|v| v.as_obj()).unwrap();
        let value = root.get("number").and_then(|v| v.as_u64());
        assert_eq!(value, Some(4294967295));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_float_value() {
        // Float value
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x00, // Object start
            b'r', b'o', b'o', b't', 0x00, // Key "root"
            0x03, // Float type
            b'v', b'a', b'l', 0x00, // Key "val"
            0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0x3F, // Value 1.0 (little-endian)
            0x08, // Object end
        ];

        let result = parse_shortcuts(data);
        assert!(result.is_ok());

        let vdf = result.unwrap();
        let obj = vdf.as_obj().unwrap();
        let root = obj.get("root").and_then(|v| v.as_obj()).unwrap();
        let value = root.get("val").and_then(|v| v.as_float());
        assert_eq!(value, Some(1.0));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_ptr_value() {
        // Pointer value
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x00, // Object start
            b'r', b'o', b'o', b't', 0x00, // Key "root"
            0x04, // Ptr type
            b'p', b't', b'r', 0x00, // Key "ptr"
            0xAB, 0xCD, 0xEF, 0x12, // Value 0x12EFCDAB
            0x08, // Object end
        ];

        let result = parse_shortcuts(data);
        assert!(result.is_ok());

        let vdf = result.unwrap();
        let obj = vdf.as_obj().unwrap();
        let root = obj.get("root").and_then(|v| v.as_obj()).unwrap();
        let value = root.get("ptr").and_then(|v| v.as_pointer());
        assert_eq!(value, Some(0x12efcdab));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_color_value() {
        // Color value: RGBA (255, 0, 0, 255) = "25500255"
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x00, // Object start
            b'r', b'o', b'o', b't', 0x00, // Key "root"
            0x06, // Color type
            b'c', b'o', b'l', 0x00, // Key "col"
            0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, // RGBA: red, opaque
            0x08, // Object end
        ];

        let result = parse_shortcuts(data);
        assert!(result.is_ok());

        let vdf = result.unwrap();
        let obj = vdf.as_obj().unwrap();
        let root = obj.get("root").and_then(|v| v.as_obj()).unwrap();
        let value = root.get("col").and_then(|v| v.as_color());
        assert_eq!(value, Some([255, 0, 0, 255]));
    }

    // ===== Error Path Tests =====

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_unknown_type_byte() {
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x00, b't', b'e', b's', b't', 0x00, 0xFF, // Invalid type byte
            b'k', b'e', b'y', 0x00,
        ];
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_shortcuts(data),
            Err(Error::UnknownType {
                type_byte: 0xFF,
                ..
            })
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_truncated_object_start() {
        let data: &[u8] = &[0x00]; // Incomplete object start
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_shortcuts(data),
            Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput { .. })
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_truncated_string_value() {
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x00, b't', b'e', b's', b't', 0x00, 0x01, // String type
            b'k', b'e', b'y', 0x00,
            // Missing null terminator
        ];
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_shortcuts(data),
            Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput { .. })
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_invalid_utf8_string() {
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x00, b't', b'e', b's', b't', 0x00, 0x01, // String type
            b'k', b'e', b'y', 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00, // Invalid UTF-8 followed by null
        ];
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_shortcuts(data),
            Err(Error::InvalidUtf8 { .. })
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_truncated_int32_value() {
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x00, b't', b'e', b's', b't', 0x00, 0x02, // Int32 type
            b'k', b'e', b'y', 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, // Only 2 bytes instead of 4
        ];
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_shortcuts(data),
            Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput { .. })
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_truncated_uint64_value() {
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x00, b't', b'e', b's', b't', 0x00, 0x07, // UInt64 type
            b'k', b'e', b'y', 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, // Only 4 bytes instead of 8
        ];
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_shortcuts(data),
            Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput { .. })
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_truncated_float_value() {
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x00, b't', b'e', b's', b't', 0x00, 0x03, // Float type
            b'k', b'e', b'y', 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, // Only 2 bytes instead of 4
        ];
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_shortcuts(data),
            Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput { .. })
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_truncated_color_value() {
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x00, b't', b'e', b's', b't', 0x00, 0x06, // Color type
            b'k', b'e', b'y', 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, // Only 2 bytes instead of 4
        ];
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_shortcuts(data),
            Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput { .. })
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_wstring_unpaired_surrogate() {
        // WideString with unpaired surrogate - Rust's decode_utf16 replaces with
        // replacement character rather than erroring, so this should parse successfully
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x00, b't', b'e', b's', b't', 0x00, 0x05, // WideString type
            b'k', b'e', b'y', 0x00, 0xD8, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, // Unpaired surrogate (UTF-16) - gets replaced
        ];
        assert!(parse_shortcuts(data).is_ok());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_appinfo_invalid_magic() {
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF, // Invalid magic
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // universe
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // padding to meet minimum size
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
        ];
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_appinfo(data),
            Err(Error::InvalidMagic { .. })
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_appinfo_truncated_header() {
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x28, 0x44, 0x56, 0x07, // APPINFO_MAGIC_41 first byte
        ];
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_appinfo(data),
            Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput { .. })
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_appinfo_v41_invalid_string_table_offset() {
        // v41 with string table offset beyond file length
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x28, 0x44, 0x56, 0x07, // APPINFO_MAGIC_41
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // universe
            0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, // string table offset (255, beyond EOF)
        ];
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_appinfo(data),
            Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput { .. })
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_packageinfo_invalid_magic() {
        let data: &[u8] = &[0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_packageinfo(data),
            Err(Error::InvalidMagic { .. })
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_packageinfo_truncated_header() {
        let data: &[u8] = &[0x27]; // Partial magic
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_packageinfo(data),
            Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput { .. })
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_appinfo_with_terminator() {
        // v40 format with immediate app_id terminator (no apps)
        // Need 68 bytes minimum (APPINFO_ENTRY_HEADER_SIZE) to pass the size check
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x28, 0x44, 0x56, 0x07, // APPINFO_MAGIC_40
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // universe
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // app_id = 0 (terminator)
            // Padding to meet APPINFO_ENTRY_HEADER_SIZE (68 bytes total)
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
        ];
        let result = parse_appinfo(data);
        if let Err(e) = &result {
            panic!("parse_appinfo failed with: {:?}", e);
        }
        assert!(
            result.is_ok(),
            "Appinfo with terminator should parse successfully"
        );
        let vdf = result.unwrap();
        let obj = vdf.as_obj().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(obj.len(), 0, "Should have no apps");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_autodetect_fallback_to_shortcuts() {
        // Data that doesn't look like appinfo should be parsed as shortcuts
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x00, // Object start (not appinfo magic)
            b't', b'e', b's', b't', 0x00, 0x01, // String type
            b'k', b'e', b'y', 0x00, b'v', b'a', b'l', b'u', b'e', 0x00, 0x08, // Object end
        ];
        let result = parse(data);
        assert!(result.is_ok());
    }

    // ===== packageinfo tests =====

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_packageinfo_v39_invalid_magic_base() {
        // Correct version (39 = 0x27) but wrong magic base
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x27, 0xBE, 0xBA, 0xFE, // Wrong magic base (0xFEBAFE instead of 0x065655)
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // universe
        ];
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_packageinfo(data),
            Err(Error::InvalidMagic { .. })
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_packageinfo_invalid_version() {
        // Correct magic base but wrong version (38 instead of 39/40)
        // 0x06565526 = version 38
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x26, 0x55, 0x56, 0x06, // magic with version 38
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // universe
        ];
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_packageinfo(data),
            Err(Error::InvalidMagic { .. })
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_packageinfo_v39_truncated_universe() {
        // v39 magic but missing universe bytes
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x27, 0x55, 0x56, 0x06, // PACKAGEINFO_MAGIC_39
            0x00, 0x00, // incomplete universe (only 2 bytes)
        ];
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_packageinfo(data),
            Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput { .. })
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_packageinfo_v39_with_terminator() {
        // v39 format with immediate termination marker (no packages)
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x27, 0x55, 0x56, 0x06, // PACKAGEINFO_MAGIC_39 (v39)
            0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // universe = 1
            0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // package_id = 0xFFFFFFFF (terminator)
        ];
        let result = parse_packageinfo(data);
        assert!(
            result.is_ok(),
            "parse_packageinfo failed: {:?}",
            result.err()
        );
        let vdf = result.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(vdf.key(), "packageinfo_universe_1");
        let obj = vdf.as_obj().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(obj.len(), 0, "Should have no packages");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_packageinfo_v40_with_terminator() {
        // v40 format with immediate termination marker (no packages)
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x28, 0x55, 0x56, 0x06, // PACKAGEINFO_MAGIC_40 (v40)
            0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // universe = 1
            0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // package_id = 0xFFFFFFFF (terminator)
        ];
        let result = parse_packageinfo(data);
        assert!(
            result.is_ok(),
            "parse_packageinfo failed: {:?}",
            result.err()
        );
        let vdf = result.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(vdf.key(), "packageinfo_universe_1");
        let obj = vdf.as_obj().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(obj.len(), 0, "Should have no packages");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_packageinfo_v39_truncated_entry_header() {
        // v39 format with package_id but incomplete header
        // Header size for v39 is 4 + 20 + 4 = 28 bytes (package_id + hash + change_number)
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x27, 0x55, 0x56, 0x06, // PACKAGEINFO_MAGIC_39
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // universe
            0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // package_id = 1
            // Only 10 bytes of hash (need 20), missing change_number
            0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0A,
        ];
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_packageinfo(data),
            Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput { context, .. }) if context == "reading package entry header"
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_packageinfo_v40_truncated_entry_header() {
        // v40 format with package_id but incomplete header
        // Header size for v40 is 4 + 20 + 4 + 8 = 36 bytes (+ token)
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x28, 0x55, 0x56, 0x06, // PACKAGEINFO_MAGIC_40
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // universe
            0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // package_id = 1
            // Only hash (20 bytes), missing change_number and token
            0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0A, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04,
            0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0A,
        ];
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_packageinfo(data),
            Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput { context, .. }) if context == "reading package entry header"
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_packageinfo_v39_with_minimal_vdf() {
        // v39 format with minimal VDF that tests basic parsing
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x27, 0x55, 0x56, 0x06, // PACKAGEINFO_MAGIC_39
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // universe = 0
            // Package entry
            0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // package_id = 1
            // SHA-1 hash (20 bytes)
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x2A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // change_number = 42
            // VDF: simple object with one string entry { "k": "value" }
            0x01, // String type
            b'k', 0x00, // Key "k"
            b'v', b'a', b'l', b'u', b'e', 0x00, // Value "value"
            0x08, // Object end
            // Termination marker
            0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF,
        ];
        let result = parse_packageinfo(data);
        assert!(
            result.is_ok(),
            "parse_packageinfo failed: {:?}",
            result.err()
        );
        let vdf = result.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(vdf.key(), "packageinfo_universe_0");

        let obj = vdf.as_obj().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(obj.len(), 1);
        let package = obj.get("1").and_then(|v| v.as_obj()).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(package.get("k").and_then(|v| v.as_str()), Some("value"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_packageinfo_v40_with_minimal_vdf() {
        // v40 format with minimal VDF
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x28, 0x55, 0x56, 0x06, // PACKAGEINFO_MAGIC_40
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // universe = 0
            // Package entry
            0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // package_id = 1
            // SHA-1 hash (20 bytes)
            0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC, 0xDD, 0xEE, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x11, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55, 0x66, 0x77,
            0x88, 0x99, 0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC, 0xDD, 0x2A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // change_number = 42
            // PICS token (8 bytes)
            0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08,
            // VDF: simple object with one int32 entry { "x": 5 }
            0x02, // Int32 type
            b'x', 0x00, // Key "x"
            0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // Value 5
            0x08, // Object end
            // Termination marker
            0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF,
        ];
        let result = parse_packageinfo(data);
        assert!(
            result.is_ok(),
            "parse_packageinfo failed: {:?}",
            result.err()
        );
        let vdf = result.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(vdf.key(), "packageinfo_universe_0");

        let obj = vdf.as_obj().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(obj.len(), 1);
        let package = obj.get("1").and_then(|v| v.as_obj()).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(package.get("x").and_then(|v| v.as_i32()), Some(5));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_packageinfo_multiple_packages() {
        // v39 format with multiple packages
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x27, 0x55, 0x56, 0x06, // PACKAGEINFO_MAGIC_39
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // universe = 0
            // First package
            0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // package_id = 1
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // hash
            0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // change_number = 1
            // VDF: { "x": 1 }
            0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, b'x', 0x00, 0x08, // Second package
            0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // package_id = 2
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // hash
            0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // change_number = 2
            // VDF: { "a": 2 }
            0x02, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, b'a', 0x00, 0x08, // Termination marker
            0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF,
        ];
        let result = parse_packageinfo(data);
        assert!(
            result.is_ok(),
            "parse_packageinfo failed: {:?}",
            result.err()
        );
        let vdf = result.unwrap();
        let obj = vdf.as_obj().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(obj.len(), 2);
        assert!(obj.get("1").is_some());
        assert!(obj.get("2").is_some());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_packageinfo_empty_input() {
        // Completely empty input
        let data: &[u8] = &[];
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_packageinfo(data),
            Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput { context, .. }) if context == "reading packageinfo header"
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_packageinfo_only_magic() {
        // Only magic bytes, no universe
        let data: &[u8] = &[
            0x27, 0x55, 0x56, 0x06, // PACKAGEINFO_MAGIC_39
        ];
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_packageinfo(data),
            Err(Error::UnexpectedEndOfInput { .. })
        ));
    }
}