sqlglot_rust/generator/

sql_generator.rs

use crate::ast::*;
use crate::dialects::Dialect;

/// SQL code generator that converts an AST into a SQL string.
///
/// Supports all statement and expression types defined in the AST,
/// including CTEs, subqueries, UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT, CAST, window
/// functions, EXISTS, EXTRACT, INTERVAL, and more.
pub struct Generator {
    output: String,
    /// When true, emit formatted SQL with indentation and newlines.
    pretty: bool,
    indent: usize,
    /// Target dialect for dialect-specific generation (typed functions).
    dialect: Option<Dialect>,
}

impl Generator {
    #[must_use]
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            output: String::new(),
            pretty: false,
            indent: 0,
            dialect: None,
        }
    }

    /// Create a generator that produces formatted SQL.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn pretty() -> Self {
        Self {
            output: String::new(),
            pretty: true,
            indent: 0,
            dialect: None,
        }
    }

    /// Create a generator targeting a specific dialect.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_dialect(dialect: Dialect) -> Self {
        Self {
            output: String::new(),
            pretty: false,
            indent: 0,
            dialect: Some(dialect),
        }
    }

    /// Generate SQL from a statement.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn generate(&mut self, statement: &Statement) -> String {
        self.output.clear();
        self.gen_statement(statement);
        self.output.clone()
    }

    /// Generate SQL for an expression (static helper for `Expr::sql()`).
    #[must_use]
    pub fn expr_to_sql(expr: &Expr) -> String {
        let mut g = Self::new();
        g.gen_expr(expr);
        g.output
    }

    fn write(&mut self, s: &str) {
        self.output.push_str(s);
    }

    /// Emit a newline followed by current indentation (pretty mode only).
    fn newline(&mut self) {
        if self.pretty {
            self.output.push('\n');
            for _ in 0..self.indent {
                self.output.push_str("  ");
            }
        }
    }

    /// In pretty mode: newline + indent. In compact mode: a single space.
    fn sep(&mut self) {
        if self.pretty {
            self.newline();
        } else {
            self.output.push(' ');
        }
    }

    fn indent_up(&mut self) {
        self.indent += 1;
    }

    fn indent_down(&mut self) {
        self.indent = self.indent.saturating_sub(1);
    }

    fn write_keyword(&mut self, s: &str) {
        self.write(s);
    }

    /// Emit a column/table alias, automatically wrapping it in the target
    /// dialect's canonical quoting style when the alias collides with a
    /// reserved keyword for that dialect. Preserves any explicit quoting
    /// the source already specified.
    fn write_alias(&mut self, alias: &str, style: QuoteStyle) {
        let effective = if !style.is_quoted()
            && matches!(self.dialect, Some(d) if crate::dialects::is_tsql_family(d))
            && crate::dialects::is_tsql_reserved(alias)
        {
            QuoteStyle::Bracket
        } else {
            style
        };
        self.write_quoted(alias, effective);
    }

    /// Write an identifier with the given quoting style.
    /// If a target dialect is set and the identifier is quoted, the quoting
    /// is transformed to the target dialect's canonical style.
    fn write_quoted(&mut self, name: &str, style: QuoteStyle) {
        let effective_style = if style.is_quoted() {
            if let Some(dialect) = self.dialect {
                QuoteStyle::for_dialect(dialect)
            } else {
                style
            }
        } else {
            style
        };
        match effective_style {
            QuoteStyle::None => self.write(name),
            QuoteStyle::DoubleQuote => {
                self.write("\"");
                self.write(&name.replace('"', "\"\""));
                self.write("\"");
            }
            QuoteStyle::Backtick => {
                self.write("`");
                self.write(&name.replace('`', "``"));
                self.write("`");
            }
            QuoteStyle::Bracket => {
                self.write("[");
                self.write(&name.replace(']', "]]"));
                self.write("]");
            }
        }
    }

    // ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
    // Statements
    // ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

    /// Emit comment strings, each on its own line.
    /// MySQL hash comments (`#`) are converted to standard `--` comments
    /// when the target dialect is not MySQL.
    fn gen_comments(&mut self, comments: &[String]) {
        for comment in comments {
            let normalized = self.normalize_comment(comment);
            self.write(&normalized);
            self.newline_or_space();
        }
    }

    /// Normalize a comment for the target dialect.
    /// Converts MySQL `#` comments to `--` when targeting non-MySQL dialects.
    fn normalize_comment(&self, comment: &str) -> String {
        if comment.starts_with('#') {
            let is_mysql_target = matches!(
                self.dialect,
                Some(Dialect::Mysql | Dialect::Doris | Dialect::SingleStore | Dialect::StarRocks)
            );
            if !is_mysql_target {
                return format!("--{}", &comment[1..]);
            }
        }
        comment.to_string()
    }

    /// Emit a newline in pretty mode or a space in compact mode.
    fn newline_or_space(&mut self) {
        if self.pretty {
            self.output.push('\n');
            for _ in 0..self.indent {
                self.output.push_str("  ");
            }
        } else {
            self.output.push('\n');
        }
    }

    fn gen_statement(&mut self, statement: &Statement) {
        // Emit leading comments for statements that carry them.
        match statement {
            Statement::Select(s) => {
                self.gen_comments(&s.comments);
                self.gen_select(s);
            }
            Statement::Insert(s) => {
                self.gen_comments(&s.comments);
                self.gen_insert(s);
            }
            Statement::Update(s) => {
                self.gen_comments(&s.comments);
                self.gen_update(s);
            }
            Statement::Delete(s) => {
                self.gen_comments(&s.comments);
                self.gen_delete(s);
            }
            Statement::CreateTable(s) => {
                self.gen_comments(&s.comments);
                self.gen_create_table(s);
            }
            Statement::DropTable(s) => {
                self.gen_comments(&s.comments);
                self.gen_drop_table(s);
            }
            Statement::SetOperation(s) => {
                self.gen_comments(&s.comments);
                self.gen_set_operation(s);
            }
            Statement::AlterTable(s) => {
                self.gen_comments(&s.comments);
                self.gen_alter_table(s);
            }
            Statement::CreateView(s) => {
                self.gen_comments(&s.comments);
                self.gen_create_view(s);
            }
            Statement::DropView(s) => {
                self.gen_comments(&s.comments);
                self.gen_drop_view(s);
            }
            Statement::Truncate(s) => {
                self.gen_comments(&s.comments);
                self.gen_truncate(s);
            }
            Statement::Transaction(s) => self.gen_transaction(s),
            Statement::Explain(s) => {
                self.gen_comments(&s.comments);
                self.gen_explain(s);
            }
            Statement::Use(s) => {
                self.gen_comments(&s.comments);
                self.gen_use(s);
            }
            Statement::Merge(s) => {
                self.gen_comments(&s.comments);
                self.gen_merge(s);
            }
            Statement::Expression(e) => self.gen_expr(e),
            Statement::Command(s) => {
                self.gen_comments(&s.comments);
                self.gen_command(s);
            }
        }
    }

    fn gen_command(&mut self, c: &crate::ast::CommandStatement) {
        self.write(&c.kind);
        if !c.body.is_empty() {
            self.write(" ");
            self.write(&c.body);
        }
    }

    // ── SELECT ──────────────────────────────────────────────────

    fn gen_select(&mut self, sel: &SelectStatement) {
        // CTEs
        if !sel.ctes.is_empty() {
            self.gen_ctes(&sel.ctes);
            self.sep();
        }

        self.write_keyword("SELECT");
        if sel.distinct {
            self.write(" ");
            self.write_keyword("DISTINCT");
        }
        if let Some(top) = &sel.top {
            self.write(" ");
            self.write_keyword("TOP ");
            self.gen_expr(top);
        }

        // columns
        if self.pretty {
            self.indent_up();
            for (i, item) in sel.columns.iter().enumerate() {
                self.newline();
                self.gen_select_item(item);
                if i < sel.columns.len() - 1 {
                    self.write(",");
                }
            }
            self.indent_down();
        } else {
            self.write(" ");
            for (i, item) in sel.columns.iter().enumerate() {
                if i > 0 {
                    self.write(", ");
                }
                self.gen_select_item(item);
            }
        }

        if let Some(from) = &sel.from {
            self.sep();
            self.write_keyword("FROM");
            if self.pretty {
                self.indent_up();
                self.newline();
                self.gen_table_source(&from.source);
                self.indent_down();
            } else {
                self.write(" ");
                self.gen_table_source(&from.source);
            }
        } else if matches!(self.dialect, Some(Dialect::Oracle)) {
            // Oracle 21c and earlier reject a FROM-less SELECT (ORA-00923). Emit
            // `FROM DUAL` for portability — valid on every Oracle version. All
            // FROM-less selects funnel through here (top-level statements, scalar
            // subqueries, EXISTS, derived tables, and each set-operation branch),
            // so nested cases are covered too. (PSQ-2848)
            self.sep();
            self.write_keyword("FROM DUAL");
        }

        for join in &sel.joins {
            self.gen_join(join);
        }

        if let Some(wh) = &sel.where_clause {
            self.sep();
            self.write_keyword("WHERE");
            if self.pretty {
                self.indent_up();
                self.newline();
                self.gen_condition(wh);
                self.indent_down();
            } else {
                self.write(" ");
                self.gen_condition(wh);
            }
        }

        if !sel.group_by.is_empty() {
            self.sep();
            self.write_keyword("GROUP BY");
            if self.pretty {
                self.indent_up();
                self.newline();
                self.gen_expr_list(&sel.group_by);
                self.indent_down();
            } else {
                self.write(" ");
                self.gen_expr_list(&sel.group_by);
            }
        }

        if let Some(having) = &sel.having {
            self.sep();
            self.write_keyword("HAVING");
            if self.pretty {
                self.indent_up();
                self.newline();
                self.gen_condition(having);
                self.indent_down();
            } else {
                self.write(" ");
                self.gen_condition(having);
            }
        }

        if let Some(qualify) = &sel.qualify {
            self.sep();
            self.write_keyword("QUALIFY");
            if self.pretty {
                self.indent_up();
                self.newline();
                self.gen_condition(qualify);
                self.indent_down();
            } else {
                self.write(" ");
                self.gen_condition(qualify);
            }
        }

        if !sel.window_definitions.is_empty() {
            self.sep();
            self.write_keyword("WINDOW ");
            for (i, wd) in sel.window_definitions.iter().enumerate() {
                if i > 0 {
                    self.write(", ");
                }
                self.write(&wd.name);
                self.write(" AS (");
                self.gen_window_spec(&wd.spec);
                self.write(")");
            }
        }

        self.gen_order_by(&sel.order_by);

        if let Some(limit) = &sel.limit {
            self.sep();
            self.write_keyword("LIMIT ");
            self.gen_expr(limit);
        }

        if let Some(offset) = &sel.offset {
            self.sep();
            if matches!(
                self.dialect,
                Some(Dialect::Tsql) | Some(Dialect::Fabric) | Some(Dialect::Oracle)
            ) {
                self.write_keyword("OFFSET ");
                self.gen_expr(offset);
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("ROWS");
            } else {
                self.write_keyword("OFFSET ");
                self.gen_expr(offset);
            }
        }

        if let Some(fetch) = &sel.fetch_first {
            self.sep();
            if matches!(self.dialect, Some(Dialect::Tsql) | Some(Dialect::Fabric)) {
                self.write_keyword("FETCH NEXT ");
                self.gen_expr(fetch);
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("ROWS ONLY");
            } else {
                self.write_keyword("FETCH FIRST ");
                self.gen_expr(fetch);
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("ROWS ONLY");
            }
        }
    }

    fn gen_ctes(&mut self, ctes: &[Cte]) {
        self.write_keyword("WITH ");
        if ctes.iter().any(|c| c.recursive) {
            self.write_keyword("RECURSIVE ");
        }
        for (i, cte) in ctes.iter().enumerate() {
            if i > 0 {
                self.write(",");
                self.sep();
            }
            self.write_quoted(&cte.name, cte.name_quote_style);
            if !cte.columns.is_empty() {
                self.write("(");
                self.write(&cte.columns.join(", "));
                self.write(")");
            }
            self.write(" ");
            self.write_keyword("AS ");
            if let Some(true) = cte.materialized {
                self.write_keyword("MATERIALIZED ");
            } else if let Some(false) = cte.materialized {
                self.write_keyword("NOT MATERIALIZED ");
            }
            self.write("(");
            if self.pretty {
                self.indent_up();
                self.newline();
                self.gen_statement(&cte.query);
                self.indent_down();
                self.newline();
            } else {
                self.gen_statement(&cte.query);
            }
            self.write(")");
        }
    }

    fn gen_select_item(&mut self, item: &SelectItem) {
        match item {
            SelectItem::Wildcard => self.write("*"),
            SelectItem::QualifiedWildcard { table } => {
                self.write(table);
                self.write(".*");
            }
            SelectItem::Expr {
                expr,
                alias,
                alias_quote_style,
            } => {
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                if let Some(alias) = alias {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("AS ");
                    self.write_alias(alias, *alias_quote_style);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    fn gen_table_source(&mut self, source: &TableSource) {
        match source {
            TableSource::Table(table_ref) => self.gen_table_ref(table_ref),
            TableSource::Subquery {
                query,
                alias,
                alias_quote_style,
            } => {
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_statement(query);
                self.write(")");
                if let Some(alias) = alias {
                    self.write(" ");
                    if !self.omit_table_alias_as() {
                        self.write_keyword("AS ");
                    }
                    self.write_alias(alias, *alias_quote_style);
                }
            }
            TableSource::TableFunction {
                name,
                args,
                alias,
                alias_quote_style,
            } => {
                self.write(name);
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_expr_list(args);
                self.write(")");
                if let Some(alias) = alias {
                    self.write(" ");
                    if !self.omit_table_alias_as() {
                        self.write_keyword("AS ");
                    }
                    self.write_alias(alias, *alias_quote_style);
                }
            }
            TableSource::Lateral { source } => {
                self.write_keyword("LATERAL ");
                self.gen_table_source(source);
            }
            TableSource::Unnest {
                expr,
                alias,
                alias_quote_style,
                with_offset,
            } => {
                self.write_keyword("UNNEST(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
                if let Some(alias) = alias {
                    self.write(" ");
                    if !self.omit_table_alias_as() {
                        self.write_keyword("AS ");
                    }
                    self.write_quoted(alias, *alias_quote_style);
                }
                if *with_offset {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("WITH OFFSET");
                }
            }
            TableSource::Pivot {
                source,
                aggregate,
                for_column,
                in_values,
                alias,
                alias_quote_style,
            } => {
                self.gen_table_source(source);
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("PIVOT");
                self.write(" (");
                self.gen_expr(aggregate);
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("FOR ");
                self.write(for_column);
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("IN ");
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_pivot_values(in_values);
                self.write("))");
                if let Some(alias) = alias {
                    self.write(" ");
                    if !self.omit_table_alias_as() {
                        self.write_keyword("AS ");
                    }
                    self.write_quoted(alias, *alias_quote_style);
                }
            }
            TableSource::Unpivot {
                source,
                value_column,
                for_column,
                in_columns,
                alias,
                alias_quote_style,
            } => {
                self.gen_table_source(source);
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("UNPIVOT");
                self.write(" (");
                self.write(value_column);
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("FOR ");
                self.write(for_column);
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("IN ");
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_pivot_values(in_columns);
                self.write("))");
                if let Some(alias) = alias {
                    self.write(" ");
                    if !self.omit_table_alias_as() {
                        self.write_keyword("AS ");
                    }
                    self.write_quoted(alias, *alias_quote_style);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    fn gen_pivot_values(&mut self, values: &[PivotValue]) {
        for (i, pv) in values.iter().enumerate() {
            if i > 0 {
                self.write(", ");
            }
            self.gen_expr(&pv.value);
            if let Some(alias) = &pv.alias {
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("AS ");
                self.write_alias(alias, pv.alias_quote_style);
            }
        }
    }

    /// Returns true if the target dialect forbids `AS` in table aliases.
    fn omit_table_alias_as(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.dialect, Some(Dialect::Oracle))
    }

    fn gen_table_ref(&mut self, table: &TableRef) {
        if let Some(catalog) = &table.catalog {
            self.write(catalog);
            self.write(".");
        }
        if let Some(schema) = &table.schema {
            self.write(schema);
            self.write(".");
        }
        self.write_quoted(&table.name, table.name_quote_style);
        if let Some(alias) = &table.alias {
            self.write(" ");
            if !self.omit_table_alias_as() {
                self.write_keyword("AS ");
            }
            self.write_alias(alias, table.alias_quote_style);
        }
    }

    fn gen_join(&mut self, join: &JoinClause) {
        let join_kw = match join.join_type {
            JoinType::Inner => "INNER JOIN",
            JoinType::Left => "LEFT JOIN",
            JoinType::Right => "RIGHT JOIN",
            JoinType::Full => "FULL JOIN",
            JoinType::Cross => "CROSS JOIN",
            JoinType::Natural => "NATURAL JOIN",
            JoinType::Lateral => "LATERAL JOIN",
        };
        self.sep();
        self.write_keyword(join_kw);
        if self.pretty {
            self.indent_up();
            self.newline();
            self.gen_table_source(&join.table);
        } else {
            self.write(" ");
            self.gen_table_source(&join.table);
        }
        if let Some(on) = &join.on {
            if self.pretty {
                self.newline();
            } else {
                self.write(" ");
            }
            self.write_keyword("ON ");
            self.gen_condition(on);
        }
        if !join.using.is_empty() {
            if self.pretty {
                self.newline();
            } else {
                self.write(" ");
            }
            self.write_keyword("USING (");
            self.write(&join.using.join(", "));
            self.write(")");
        }
        if self.pretty {
            self.indent_down();
        }
    }

    fn gen_order_by_items_inline(&mut self, items: &[OrderByItem]) {
        for (i, item) in items.iter().enumerate() {
            if i > 0 {
                self.write(", ");
            }
            self.gen_expr(&item.expr);
            if !item.ascending {
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("DESC");
            }
            if let Some(nulls_first) = item.nulls_first {
                if nulls_first {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("NULLS FIRST");
                } else {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("NULLS LAST");
                }
            }
        }
    }

    fn gen_order_by(&mut self, items: &[OrderByItem]) {
        if items.is_empty() {
            return;
        }
        self.sep();
        self.write_keyword("ORDER BY");
        if self.pretty {
            self.indent_up();
            self.newline();
        } else {
            self.write(" ");
        }
        for (i, item) in items.iter().enumerate() {
            if i > 0 {
                self.write(", ");
            }
            self.gen_expr(&item.expr);
            if !item.ascending {
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("DESC");
            }
            if let Some(nulls_first) = item.nulls_first {
                if nulls_first {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("NULLS FIRST");
                } else {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("NULLS LAST");
                }
            }
        }
        if self.pretty {
            self.indent_down();
        }
    }

    // ── Set operations ──────────────────────────────────────────

    fn gen_set_operation(&mut self, sop: &SetOperationStatement) {
        self.gen_statement(&sop.left);
        let op_kw = match sop.op {
            SetOperationType::Union => "UNION",
            SetOperationType::Intersect => "INTERSECT",
            SetOperationType::Except => "EXCEPT",
        };
        self.sep();
        self.write_keyword(op_kw);
        if sop.all {
            self.write(" ");
            self.write_keyword("ALL");
        }
        self.sep();
        self.gen_statement(&sop.right);

        self.gen_order_by(&sop.order_by);

        if let Some(limit) = &sop.limit {
            self.sep();
            self.write_keyword("LIMIT ");
            self.gen_expr(limit);
        }
        if let Some(offset) = &sop.offset {
            self.sep();
            self.write_keyword("OFFSET ");
            self.gen_expr(offset);
        }
    }

    // ── INSERT ──────────────────────────────────────────────────

    fn gen_insert(&mut self, ins: &InsertStatement) {
        self.write_keyword("INSERT INTO ");
        self.gen_table_ref(&ins.table);

        if !ins.columns.is_empty() {
            self.write(" (");
            self.write(&ins.columns.join(", "));
            self.write(")");
        }

        // T-SQL: OUTPUT goes before VALUES
        if matches!(self.dialect, Some(Dialect::Tsql) | Some(Dialect::Fabric))
            && !ins.returning.is_empty()
        {
            self.sep();
            self.gen_output_clause(&ins.returning, "INSERTED");
        }

        match &ins.source {
            InsertSource::Values(rows) => {
                self.sep();
                self.write_keyword("VALUES");
                if self.pretty {
                    self.indent_up();
                    for (i, row) in rows.iter().enumerate() {
                        self.newline();
                        self.write("(");
                        self.gen_expr_list(row);
                        self.write(")");
                        if i < rows.len() - 1 {
                            self.write(",");
                        }
                    }
                    self.indent_down();
                } else {
                    self.write(" ");
                    for (i, row) in rows.iter().enumerate() {
                        if i > 0 {
                            self.write(", ");
                        }
                        self.write("(");
                        self.gen_expr_list(row);
                        self.write(")");
                    }
                }
            }
            InsertSource::Query(query) => {
                self.sep();
                self.gen_statement(query);
            }
            InsertSource::Default => {
                self.sep();
                self.write_keyword("DEFAULT VALUES");
            }
        }

        if let Some(on_conflict) = &ins.on_conflict {
            self.sep();
            self.write_keyword("ON CONFLICT");
            if !on_conflict.columns.is_empty() {
                self.write(" (");
                self.write(&on_conflict.columns.join(", "));
                self.write(")");
            }
            match &on_conflict.action {
                ConflictAction::DoNothing => {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("DO NOTHING");
                }
                ConflictAction::DoUpdate(assignments) => {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("DO UPDATE SET ");
                    for (i, (col, val)) in assignments.iter().enumerate() {
                        if i > 0 {
                            self.write(", ");
                        }
                        self.write(col);
                        self.write(" = ");
                        self.gen_expr(val);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // Non-T-SQL: RETURNING goes after VALUES
        if !matches!(self.dialect, Some(Dialect::Tsql) | Some(Dialect::Fabric))
            && !ins.returning.is_empty()
        {
            self.sep();
            self.write_keyword("RETURNING ");
            for (i, item) in ins.returning.iter().enumerate() {
                if i > 0 {
                    self.write(", ");
                }
                self.gen_select_item(item);
            }
        }
    }

    // ── UPDATE ──────────────────────────────────────────────────

    fn gen_update(&mut self, upd: &UpdateStatement) {
        self.write_keyword("UPDATE ");
        self.gen_table_ref(&upd.table);
        self.sep();
        self.write_keyword("SET");

        if self.pretty {
            self.indent_up();
            for (i, (col, val)) in upd.assignments.iter().enumerate() {
                self.newline();
                self.write(col);
                self.write(" = ");
                self.gen_expr(val);
                if i < upd.assignments.len() - 1 {
                    self.write(",");
                }
            }
            self.indent_down();
        } else {
            self.write(" ");
            for (i, (col, val)) in upd.assignments.iter().enumerate() {
                if i > 0 {
                    self.write(", ");
                }
                self.write(col);
                self.write(" = ");
                self.gen_expr(val);
            }
        }

        if let Some(from) = &upd.from {
            self.sep();
            self.write_keyword("FROM ");
            self.gen_table_source(&from.source);
        }

        if let Some(wh) = &upd.where_clause {
            self.sep();
            self.write_keyword("WHERE");
            if self.pretty {
                self.indent_up();
                self.newline();
                self.gen_condition(wh);
                self.indent_down();
            } else {
                self.write(" ");
                self.gen_condition(wh);
            }
        }

        if !upd.returning.is_empty() {
            self.sep();
            if matches!(self.dialect, Some(Dialect::Tsql) | Some(Dialect::Fabric)) {
                self.gen_output_clause(&upd.returning, "INSERTED");
            } else {
                self.write_keyword("RETURNING ");
                for (i, item) in upd.returning.iter().enumerate() {
                    if i > 0 {
                        self.write(", ");
                    }
                    self.gen_select_item(item);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // ── DELETE ──────────────────────────────────────────────────

    fn gen_delete(&mut self, del: &DeleteStatement) {
        self.write_keyword("DELETE FROM ");
        self.gen_table_ref(&del.table);

        if let Some(using) = &del.using {
            self.sep();
            self.write_keyword("USING ");
            self.gen_table_source(&using.source);
        }

        // T-SQL: OUTPUT clause comes before WHERE
        if !del.returning.is_empty()
            && matches!(self.dialect, Some(Dialect::Tsql) | Some(Dialect::Fabric))
        {
            self.sep();
            self.gen_output_clause(&del.returning, "DELETED");
        }

        if let Some(wh) = &del.where_clause {
            self.sep();
            self.write_keyword("WHERE");
            if self.pretty {
                self.indent_up();
                self.newline();
                self.gen_condition(wh);
                self.indent_down();
            } else {
                self.write(" ");
                self.gen_condition(wh);
            }
        }

        // Non-T-SQL: RETURNING after WHERE
        if !del.returning.is_empty()
            && !matches!(self.dialect, Some(Dialect::Tsql) | Some(Dialect::Fabric))
        {
            self.sep();
            self.write_keyword("RETURNING ");
            for (i, item) in del.returning.iter().enumerate() {
                if i > 0 {
                    self.write(", ");
                }
                self.gen_select_item(item);
            }
        }
    }

    // ── CREATE TABLE ────────────────────────────────────────────

    /// Emit a T-SQL OUTPUT clause: `OUTPUT prefix.col1, prefix.col2`
    fn gen_output_clause(&mut self, items: &[SelectItem], prefix: &str) {
        self.write_keyword("OUTPUT ");
        for (i, item) in items.iter().enumerate() {
            if i > 0 {
                self.write(", ");
            }
            match item {
                SelectItem::Wildcard => {
                    self.write(prefix);
                    self.write(".*");
                }
                SelectItem::QualifiedWildcard { table } => {
                    self.write(prefix);
                    self.write(".");
                    self.write(table);
                    self.write(".*");
                }
                SelectItem::Expr { expr, .. } => match expr {
                    Expr::Column { name, .. } => {
                        self.write(prefix);
                        self.write(".");
                        self.write(name);
                    }
                    Expr::Star | Expr::Wildcard => {
                        self.write(prefix);
                        self.write(".*");
                    }
                    _ => {
                        self.write(prefix);
                        self.write(".");
                        self.gen_expr(expr);
                    }
                },
            }
        }
    }

    // ── MERGE ───────────────────────────────────────────────────

    fn gen_merge(&mut self, merge: &MergeStatement) {
        self.write_keyword("MERGE INTO ");
        self.gen_table_ref(&merge.target);

        self.sep();
        self.write_keyword("USING ");
        self.gen_table_source(&merge.source);

        self.sep();
        self.write_keyword("ON");
        if self.pretty {
            self.indent_up();
            self.newline();
            self.gen_expr(&merge.on);
            self.indent_down();
        } else {
            self.write(" ");
            self.gen_expr(&merge.on);
        }

        for clause in &merge.clauses {
            self.sep();
            self.gen_merge_clause(clause);
        }

        if !merge.output.is_empty() {
            self.sep();
            self.write_keyword("OUTPUT ");
            for (i, item) in merge.output.iter().enumerate() {
                if i > 0 {
                    self.write(", ");
                }
                self.gen_select_item(item);
            }
        }
    }

    fn gen_merge_clause(&mut self, clause: &MergeClause) {
        self.write_keyword("WHEN ");
        match &clause.kind {
            MergeClauseKind::Matched => self.write_keyword("MATCHED"),
            MergeClauseKind::NotMatched => self.write_keyword("NOT MATCHED"),
            MergeClauseKind::NotMatchedBySource => self.write_keyword("NOT MATCHED BY SOURCE"),
        }

        if let Some(cond) = &clause.condition {
            self.write_keyword(" AND ");
            self.gen_condition(cond);
        }

        self.write_keyword(" THEN");

        match &clause.action {
            MergeAction::Update(assignments) => {
                self.sep();
                self.write_keyword("UPDATE SET");
                if self.pretty {
                    self.indent_up();
                    for (i, (col, val)) in assignments.iter().enumerate() {
                        self.newline();
                        self.write(col);
                        self.write(" = ");
                        self.gen_expr(val);
                        if i < assignments.len() - 1 {
                            self.write(",");
                        }
                    }
                    self.indent_down();
                } else {
                    self.write(" ");
                    for (i, (col, val)) in assignments.iter().enumerate() {
                        if i > 0 {
                            self.write(", ");
                        }
                        self.write(col);
                        self.write(" = ");
                        self.gen_expr(val);
                    }
                }
            }
            MergeAction::Insert { columns, values } => {
                self.sep();
                self.write_keyword("INSERT");
                if !columns.is_empty() {
                    self.write(" (");
                    self.write(&columns.join(", "));
                    self.write(")");
                }
                self.write_keyword(" VALUES");
                self.write(" (");
                for (i, val) in values.iter().enumerate() {
                    if i > 0 {
                        self.write(", ");
                    }
                    self.gen_expr(val);
                }
                self.write(")");
            }
            MergeAction::InsertRow => {
                self.sep();
                self.write_keyword("INSERT ROW");
            }
            MergeAction::Delete => {
                self.sep();
                self.write_keyword("DELETE");
            }
        }
    }

    // ── CREATE TABLE ────────────────────────────────────────────

    fn gen_create_table(&mut self, ct: &CreateTableStatement) {
        self.write_keyword("CREATE ");
        if ct.temporary {
            self.write_keyword("TEMPORARY ");
        }
        self.write_keyword("TABLE ");
        if ct.if_not_exists {
            self.write_keyword("IF NOT EXISTS ");
        }
        self.gen_table_ref(&ct.table);

        if let Some(as_select) = &ct.as_select {
            self.write(" ");
            self.write_keyword("AS ");
            self.gen_statement(as_select);
            return;
        }

        self.write(" (");

        if self.pretty {
            self.indent_up();
            for (i, col) in ct.columns.iter().enumerate() {
                self.newline();
                self.gen_column_def(col);
                if i < ct.columns.len() - 1 || !ct.constraints.is_empty() {
                    self.write(",");
                }
            }
            for (i, constraint) in ct.constraints.iter().enumerate() {
                self.newline();
                self.gen_table_constraint(constraint);
                if i < ct.constraints.len() - 1 {
                    self.write(",");
                }
            }
            self.indent_down();
            self.newline();
        } else {
            for (i, col) in ct.columns.iter().enumerate() {
                if i > 0 {
                    self.write(", ");
                }
                self.gen_column_def(col);
            }
            for (i, constraint) in ct.constraints.iter().enumerate() {
                if i + ct.columns.len() > 0 {
                    self.write(", ");
                }
                self.gen_table_constraint(constraint);
            }
        }

        self.write(")");
    }

    fn gen_column_def(&mut self, col: &ColumnDef) {
        self.write(&col.name);
        self.write(" ");
        self.gen_data_type(&col.data_type);

        if col.primary_key {
            self.write(" ");
            self.write_keyword("PRIMARY KEY");
        }
        if col.unique {
            self.write(" ");
            self.write_keyword("UNIQUE");
        }
        if col.auto_increment {
            self.write(" ");
            self.write_keyword("AUTOINCREMENT");
        }

        match col.nullable {
            Some(false) => {
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("NOT NULL");
            }
            Some(true) => {
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("NULL");
            }
            None => {}
        }

        if let Some(default) = &col.default {
            self.write(" ");
            self.write_keyword("DEFAULT ");
            self.gen_expr(default);
        }

        if let Some(collation) = &col.collation {
            self.write(" ");
            self.write_keyword("COLLATE ");
            self.write(collation);
        }

        if let Some(comment) = &col.comment {
            self.write(" ");
            self.write_keyword("COMMENT '");
            self.write(&comment.replace('\'', "''"));
            self.write("'");
        }
    }

    fn gen_table_constraint(&mut self, constraint: &TableConstraint) {
        match constraint {
            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { name, columns } => {
                if let Some(name) = name {
                    self.write_keyword("CONSTRAINT ");
                    self.write(name);
                    self.write(" ");
                }
                self.write_keyword("PRIMARY KEY (");
                self.write(&columns.join(", "));
                self.write(")");
            }
            TableConstraint::Unique { name, columns } => {
                if let Some(name) = name {
                    self.write_keyword("CONSTRAINT ");
                    self.write(name);
                    self.write(" ");
                }
                self.write_keyword("UNIQUE (");
                self.write(&columns.join(", "));
                self.write(")");
            }
            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
                name,
                columns,
                ref_table,
                ref_columns,
                on_delete,
                on_update,
            } => {
                if let Some(name) = name {
                    self.write_keyword("CONSTRAINT ");
                    self.write(name);
                    self.write(" ");
                }
                self.write_keyword("FOREIGN KEY (");
                self.write(&columns.join(", "));
                self.write(") ");
                self.write_keyword("REFERENCES ");
                self.gen_table_ref(ref_table);
                self.write(" (");
                self.write(&ref_columns.join(", "));
                self.write(")");
                if let Some(action) = on_delete {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("ON DELETE ");
                    self.gen_referential_action(action);
                }
                if let Some(action) = on_update {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("ON UPDATE ");
                    self.gen_referential_action(action);
                }
            }
            TableConstraint::Check { name, expr } => {
                if let Some(name) = name {
                    self.write_keyword("CONSTRAINT ");
                    self.write(name);
                    self.write(" ");
                }
                self.write_keyword("CHECK (");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
        }
    }

    fn gen_referential_action(&mut self, action: &ReferentialAction) {
        match action {
            ReferentialAction::Cascade => self.write_keyword("CASCADE"),
            ReferentialAction::Restrict => self.write_keyword("RESTRICT"),
            ReferentialAction::NoAction => self.write_keyword("NO ACTION"),
            ReferentialAction::SetNull => self.write_keyword("SET NULL"),
            ReferentialAction::SetDefault => self.write_keyword("SET DEFAULT"),
        }
    }

    // ── DROP TABLE ──────────────────────────────────────────────

    fn gen_drop_table(&mut self, dt: &DropTableStatement) {
        self.write_keyword("DROP TABLE ");
        if dt.if_exists {
            self.write_keyword("IF EXISTS ");
        }
        self.gen_table_ref(&dt.table);
        if dt.cascade {
            self.write(" ");
            self.write_keyword("CASCADE");
        }
    }

    // ── ALTER TABLE ─────────────────────────────────────────────

    fn gen_alter_table(&mut self, alt: &AlterTableStatement) {
        self.write_keyword("ALTER TABLE ");
        self.gen_table_ref(&alt.table);

        for (i, action) in alt.actions.iter().enumerate() {
            if i > 0 {
                self.write(",");
            }
            self.write(" ");
            match action {
                AlterTableAction::AddColumn(col) => {
                    self.write_keyword("ADD COLUMN ");
                    self.gen_column_def(col);
                }
                AlterTableAction::DropColumn { name, if_exists } => {
                    self.write_keyword("DROP COLUMN ");
                    if *if_exists {
                        self.write_keyword("IF EXISTS ");
                    }
                    self.write(name);
                }
                AlterTableAction::RenameColumn { old_name, new_name } => {
                    self.write_keyword("RENAME COLUMN ");
                    self.write(old_name);
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("TO ");
                    self.write(new_name);
                }
                AlterTableAction::AlterColumnType { name, data_type } => {
                    self.write_keyword("ALTER COLUMN ");
                    self.write(name);
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("TYPE ");
                    self.gen_data_type(data_type);
                }
                AlterTableAction::AddConstraint(constraint) => {
                    self.write_keyword("ADD ");
                    self.gen_table_constraint(constraint);
                }
                AlterTableAction::DropConstraint { name } => {
                    self.write_keyword("DROP CONSTRAINT ");
                    self.write(name);
                }
                AlterTableAction::RenameTable { new_name } => {
                    self.write_keyword("RENAME TO ");
                    self.write(new_name);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // ── CREATE / DROP VIEW ──────────────────────────────────────

    fn gen_create_view(&mut self, cv: &CreateViewStatement) {
        self.write_keyword("CREATE ");
        if cv.or_replace {
            self.write_keyword("OR REPLACE ");
        }
        if cv.materialized {
            self.write_keyword("MATERIALIZED ");
        }
        self.write_keyword("VIEW ");
        if cv.if_not_exists {
            self.write_keyword("IF NOT EXISTS ");
        }
        self.gen_table_ref(&cv.name);

        if !cv.columns.is_empty() {
            self.write(" (");
            self.write(&cv.columns.join(", "));
            self.write(")");
        }

        self.write(" ");
        self.write_keyword("AS ");
        self.gen_statement(&cv.query);
    }

    fn gen_drop_view(&mut self, dv: &DropViewStatement) {
        self.write_keyword("DROP ");
        if dv.materialized {
            self.write_keyword("MATERIALIZED ");
        }
        self.write_keyword("VIEW ");
        if dv.if_exists {
            self.write_keyword("IF EXISTS ");
        }
        self.gen_table_ref(&dv.name);
    }

    // ── TRUNCATE ────────────────────────────────────────────────

    fn gen_truncate(&mut self, t: &TruncateStatement) {
        self.write_keyword("TRUNCATE TABLE ");
        self.gen_table_ref(&t.table);
    }

    // ── Transaction ─────────────────────────────────────────────

    fn gen_transaction(&mut self, t: &TransactionStatement) {
        match t {
            TransactionStatement::Begin => self.write_keyword("BEGIN"),
            TransactionStatement::Commit => self.write_keyword("COMMIT"),
            TransactionStatement::Rollback => self.write_keyword("ROLLBACK"),
            TransactionStatement::Savepoint(name) => {
                self.write_keyword("SAVEPOINT ");
                self.write(name);
            }
            TransactionStatement::ReleaseSavepoint(name) => {
                self.write_keyword("RELEASE SAVEPOINT ");
                self.write(name);
            }
            TransactionStatement::RollbackTo(name) => {
                self.write_keyword("ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT ");
                self.write(name);
            }
        }
    }

    // ── EXPLAIN ─────────────────────────────────────────────────

    fn gen_explain(&mut self, e: &ExplainStatement) {
        self.write_keyword("EXPLAIN ");
        if e.analyze {
            self.write_keyword("ANALYZE ");
        }
        self.gen_statement(&e.statement);
    }

    // ── USE ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    fn gen_use(&mut self, u: &UseStatement) {
        self.write_keyword("USE ");
        self.write(&u.name);
    }

    // ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
    // Data types
    // ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

    fn gen_data_type(&mut self, dt: &DataType) {
        match dt {
            DataType::TinyInt => self.write("TINYINT"),
            DataType::SmallInt => self.write("SMALLINT"),
            DataType::Int => self.write("INT"),
            DataType::BigInt => self.write("BIGINT"),
            DataType::Float => self.write("FLOAT"),
            DataType::Double => self.write("DOUBLE"),
            DataType::Real => self.write("REAL"),
            DataType::Decimal { precision, scale } | DataType::Numeric { precision, scale } => {
                self.write(if matches!(dt, DataType::Numeric { .. }) {
                    "NUMERIC"
                } else {
                    "DECIMAL"
                });
                if let Some(p) = precision {
                    self.write(&format!("({p}"));
                    if let Some(s) = scale {
                        self.write(&format!(", {s}"));
                    }
                    self.write(")");
                }
            }
            DataType::Varchar(len) => {
                self.write("VARCHAR");
                if let Some(n) = len {
                    self.write(&format!("({n})"));
                }
            }
            DataType::Char(len) => {
                self.write("CHAR");
                if let Some(n) = len {
                    self.write(&format!("({n})"));
                }
            }
            DataType::Text => self.write("TEXT"),
            DataType::String => self.write("STRING"),
            DataType::Binary(len) => {
                self.write("BINARY");
                if let Some(n) = len {
                    self.write(&format!("({n})"));
                }
            }
            DataType::Varbinary(len) => {
                self.write("VARBINARY");
                match len {
                    Some(n) => self.write(&format!("({n})")),
                    None if matches!(self.dialect, Some(Dialect::Tsql) | Some(Dialect::Fabric)) => {
                        self.write("(MAX)");
                    }
                    None => {}
                }
            }
            DataType::NChar(len) => {
                // National fixed-length char is spelled NCHAR only for the
                // T-SQL family; elsewhere it degrades to CHAR.
                let is_tsql = matches!(self.dialect, Some(Dialect::Tsql) | Some(Dialect::Fabric));
                self.write(if is_tsql { "NCHAR" } else { "CHAR" });
                if let Some(n) = len {
                    self.write(&format!("({n})"));
                }
            }
            DataType::NVarchar(len) => {
                let is_tsql = matches!(self.dialect, Some(Dialect::Tsql) | Some(Dialect::Fabric));
                self.write(if is_tsql { "NVARCHAR" } else { "VARCHAR" });
                if let Some(n) = len {
                    self.write(&format!("({n})"));
                }
            }
            DataType::VarcharMax => {
                // Large-object string: VARCHAR(MAX) for the T-SQL family, TEXT
                // elsewhere. Preserves the full length instead of collapsing
                // to the MSSQL CAST default of 30.
                if matches!(self.dialect, Some(Dialect::Tsql) | Some(Dialect::Fabric)) {
                    self.write("VARCHAR(MAX)");
                } else {
                    self.write("TEXT");
                }
            }
            DataType::NvarcharMax => {
                if matches!(self.dialect, Some(Dialect::Tsql) | Some(Dialect::Fabric)) {
                    self.write("NVARCHAR(MAX)");
                } else {
                    self.write("TEXT");
                }
            }
            DataType::Varchar2(len) => {
                // Oracle's canonical variable-length string. Spelled VARCHAR2
                // only for Oracle; every other dialect uses portable VARCHAR.
                let is_oracle = matches!(self.dialect, Some(Dialect::Oracle));
                self.write(if is_oracle { "VARCHAR2" } else { "VARCHAR" });
                if let Some(n) = len {
                    self.write(&format!("({n})"));
                }
            }
            DataType::NVarchar2(len) => {
                // Oracle national variable-length string. Oracle → NVARCHAR2;
                // T-SQL family → NVARCHAR; everything else → VARCHAR.
                match self.dialect {
                    Some(Dialect::Oracle) => self.write("NVARCHAR2"),
                    Some(Dialect::Tsql) | Some(Dialect::Fabric) => self.write("NVARCHAR"),
                    _ => self.write("VARCHAR"),
                }
                if let Some(n) = len {
                    self.write(&format!("({n})"));
                }
            }
            DataType::Boolean => self.write("BOOLEAN"),
            DataType::Date => self.write("DATE"),
            DataType::Time { precision } => {
                self.write("TIME");
                if let Some(p) = precision {
                    self.write(&format!("({p})"));
                }
            }
            DataType::Timestamp { precision, with_tz } => {
                self.write("TIMESTAMP");
                if let Some(p) = precision {
                    self.write(&format!("({p})"));
                }
                if *with_tz {
                    self.write(" WITH TIME ZONE");
                }
            }
            DataType::Interval => self.write("INTERVAL"),
            DataType::DateTime => self.write("DATETIME"),
            DataType::Blob => self.write("BLOB"),
            DataType::Bytea => self.write("BYTEA"),
            DataType::Bytes => self.write("BYTES"),
            DataType::Json => self.write("JSON"),
            DataType::Jsonb => self.write("JSONB"),
            DataType::Uuid => self.write("UUID"),
            DataType::Array(inner) => {
                let is_postgres = matches!(
                    self.dialect,
                    Some(
                        Dialect::Postgres
                            | Dialect::Redshift
                            | Dialect::Materialize
                            | Dialect::RisingWave
                    )
                );
                if is_postgres {
                    // PostgreSQL: emit "typename[]"
                    if let Some(inner) = inner {
                        self.gen_data_type(inner);
                        self.write("[]");
                    } else {
                        self.write("ARRAY");
                    }
                } else {
                    self.write("ARRAY");
                    if let Some(inner) = inner {
                        self.write("<");
                        self.gen_data_type(inner);
                        self.write(">");
                    }
                }
            }
            DataType::Map { key, value } => {
                self.write("MAP<");
                self.gen_data_type(key);
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_data_type(value);
                self.write(">");
            }
            DataType::Struct(fields) => {
                self.write("STRUCT<");
                for (i, (name, dt)) in fields.iter().enumerate() {
                    if i > 0 {
                        self.write(", ");
                    }
                    self.write(name);
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.gen_data_type(dt);
                }
                self.write(">");
            }
            DataType::Tuple(types) => {
                self.write("TUPLE(");
                for (i, dt) in types.iter().enumerate() {
                    if i > 0 {
                        self.write(", ");
                    }
                    self.gen_data_type(dt);
                }
                self.write(")");
            }
            DataType::Null => self.write("NULL"),
            DataType::Variant => self.write("VARIANT"),
            DataType::Object => self.write("OBJECT"),
            DataType::Xml => self.write("XML"),
            DataType::Inet => self.write("INET"),
            DataType::Cidr => self.write("CIDR"),
            DataType::Macaddr => self.write("MACADDR"),
            DataType::Bit(len) => {
                self.write("BIT");
                if let Some(n) = len {
                    self.write(&format!("({n})"));
                }
            }
            DataType::Money => self.write("MONEY"),
            DataType::Serial => self.write("SERIAL"),
            DataType::BigSerial => self.write("BIGSERIAL"),
            DataType::SmallSerial => self.write("SMALLSERIAL"),
            DataType::Regclass => self.write("REGCLASS"),
            DataType::Regtype => self.write("REGTYPE"),
            DataType::Hstore => self.write("HSTORE"),
            DataType::Geography => self.write("GEOGRAPHY"),
            DataType::Geometry => self.write("GEOMETRY"),
            DataType::Super => self.write("SUPER"),
            DataType::Unknown(name) => self.write(name),
        }
    }

    // ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
    // Expressions
    // ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

    fn binary_op_str(op: &BinaryOperator) -> &'static str {
        match op {
            BinaryOperator::Plus => " + ",
            BinaryOperator::Minus => " - ",
            BinaryOperator::Multiply => " * ",
            BinaryOperator::Divide => " / ",
            BinaryOperator::Modulo => " % ",
            BinaryOperator::Eq => " = ",
            BinaryOperator::Neq => " <> ",
            BinaryOperator::Lt => " < ",
            BinaryOperator::Gt => " > ",
            BinaryOperator::LtEq => " <= ",
            BinaryOperator::GtEq => " >= ",
            BinaryOperator::And => " AND ",
            BinaryOperator::Or => " OR ",
            BinaryOperator::Xor => " XOR ",
            BinaryOperator::Concat => " || ",
            BinaryOperator::BitwiseAnd => " & ",
            BinaryOperator::BitwiseOr => " | ",
            BinaryOperator::BitwiseXor => " ^ ",
            BinaryOperator::ShiftLeft => " << ",
            BinaryOperator::ShiftRight => " >> ",
            BinaryOperator::Arrow => " -> ",
            BinaryOperator::DoubleArrow => " ->> ",
            BinaryOperator::AtArrow => " @> ",
            BinaryOperator::ArrowAt => " <@ ",
        }
    }

    fn gen_expr_list(&mut self, exprs: &[Expr]) {
        for (i, expr) in exprs.iter().enumerate() {
            if i > 0 {
                self.write(", ");
            }
            self.gen_expr(expr);
        }
    }

    /// Emit `e` in a *condition* (search-condition) position.
    ///
    /// SQL Server has no native boolean type: a bare boolean expression (a
    /// `bit` column, function result, or boolean literal) is not a valid
    /// predicate and is rejected with error 4145 ("An expression of non-boolean
    /// type specified in a context where a condition is expected"). For the
    /// T-SQL family we wrap such a bare boolean as `<e> = 1`, recursing through
    /// the logical connectives (`AND`/`OR`/`XOR`/`NOT`/parentheses) so each
    /// nested operand is fixed, and lowering a bare boolean literal to `1 = 1`
    /// / `1 = 0`. Expressions that are already predicates (comparisons,
    /// `IS NULL`, `IN`, `LIKE`, `BETWEEN`, `EXISTS`, …) are emitted unchanged.
    ///
    /// Oracle has the same restriction for a *bare boolean literal* (`WHERE 1`
    /// and `WHERE TRUE` are not valid conditions), so it also lowers
    /// `TRUE`/`FALSE` to `1 = 1` / `1 = 0`, recursing through the connectives —
    /// but, unlike the T-SQL family, it does NOT wrap other bare scalars as
    /// `<e> = 1` (PSQ-2848). Every other dialect delegates straight to
    /// `gen_expr`, so their output is byte-for-byte identical.
    fn gen_condition(&mut self, e: &Expr) {
        let is_tsql = matches!(self.dialect, Some(d) if crate::dialects::is_tsql_family(d));
        let is_oracle = matches!(self.dialect, Some(Dialect::Oracle));
        if !is_tsql && !is_oracle {
            self.gen_expr(e);
            return;
        }
        match e {
            // Logical connectives: each operand is itself a condition position.
            Expr::BinaryOp { left, op, right }
                if matches!(
                    op,
                    BinaryOperator::And | BinaryOperator::Or | BinaryOperator::Xor
                ) =>
            {
                self.gen_condition(left);
                self.write(Self::binary_op_str(op));
                self.gen_condition(right);
            }
            Expr::UnaryOp {
                op: UnaryOperator::Not,
                expr,
            } => {
                self.write("NOT ");
                self.gen_condition(expr);
            }
            Expr::Nested(inner) => {
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_condition(inner);
                self.write(")");
            }
            // Already boolean-typed predicates: emit unchanged.
            Expr::BinaryOp {
                op:
                    BinaryOperator::Eq
                    | BinaryOperator::Neq
                    | BinaryOperator::Lt
                    | BinaryOperator::Gt
                    | BinaryOperator::LtEq
                    | BinaryOperator::GtEq,
                ..
            }
            | Expr::Between { .. }
            | Expr::IsNull { .. }
            | Expr::IsBool { .. }
            | Expr::InList { .. }
            | Expr::InSubquery { .. }
            | Expr::Like { .. }
            | Expr::ILike { .. }
            | Expr::SimilarTo { .. }
            | Expr::Exists { .. }
            | Expr::AnyOp { .. }
            | Expr::AllOp { .. } => self.gen_expr(e),
            // Bare boolean literal in a condition position → `1 = 1` / `1 = 0`.
            Expr::Boolean(b) => self.write(if *b { "1 = 1" } else { "1 = 0" }),
            // Any other bare scalar (column, function, cast, scalar subquery, …)
            // is a PostgreSQL boolean here. SQL Server wraps it into a predicate
            // (`<e> = 1`); Oracle leaves it unchanged, since the generator makes
            // no assumption about non-literal Oracle expressions.
            _ => {
                self.gen_expr(e);
                if is_tsql {
                    self.write(" = 1");
                }
            }
        }
    }

    fn gen_expr(&mut self, expr: &Expr) {
        match expr {
            Expr::Column {
                table,
                name,
                quote_style,
                table_quote_style,
            } => {
                if let Some(t) = table {
                    self.write_quoted(t, *table_quote_style);
                    self.write(".");
                }
                self.write_quoted(name, *quote_style);
            }
            Expr::Number(n) => self.write(n),
            Expr::StringLiteral(s) => {
                // TSQL and Oracle require N'...' prefix for string literals containing
                // non-ASCII characters to prevent code-page corruption (CR-007).
                if matches!(self.dialect, Some(Dialect::Oracle) | Some(Dialect::Tsql))
                    && !s.is_ascii()
                {
                    self.write("N'");
                } else {
                    self.write("'");
                }
                self.write(&s.replace('\'', "''"));
                self.write("'");
            }
            Expr::NationalStringLiteral(s) => {
                if matches!(self.dialect, Some(Dialect::Oracle) | Some(Dialect::Tsql)) {
                    self.write("N'");
                } else {
                    self.write("'");
                }
                self.write(&s.replace('\'', "''"));
                self.write("'");
            }
            Expr::Boolean(b) => {
                // SQL Server/Fabric have no boolean type and Oracle (<= 21c) has
                // no boolean literal, so emit 1/0 for all three in operand and
                // projection positions (e.g. `col = TRUE` -> `col = 1`,
                // `SELECT TRUE` -> `SELECT 1`). Other dialects keep TRUE/FALSE.
                // Bare booleans in a *condition* position are handled by
                // `gen_condition`. (Oracle: PSQ-2848)
                if matches!(
                    self.dialect,
                    Some(Dialect::Tsql) | Some(Dialect::Fabric) | Some(Dialect::Oracle)
                ) {
                    self.write(if *b { "1" } else { "0" });
                } else {
                    self.write(if *b { "TRUE" } else { "FALSE" });
                }
            }
            Expr::Null => self.write("NULL"),
            Expr::Default => self.write_keyword("DEFAULT"),
            Expr::Wildcard | Expr::Star => self.write("*"),

            Expr::Cube { exprs } => {
                self.write_keyword("CUBE");
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_expr_list(exprs);
                self.write(")");
            }
            Expr::Rollup { exprs } => {
                self.write_keyword("ROLLUP");
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_expr_list(exprs);
                self.write(")");
            }
            Expr::GroupingSets { sets } => {
                self.write_keyword("GROUPING SETS");
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_expr_list(sets);
                self.write(")");
            }

            Expr::BinaryOp { left, op, right } => {
                self.gen_expr(left);
                self.write(Self::binary_op_str(op));
                self.gen_expr(right);
            }
            Expr::AnyOp { expr, op, right } => {
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(Self::binary_op_str(op));
                self.write_keyword("ANY");
                self.write("(");
                if let Expr::Subquery(query) = right.as_ref() {
                    self.gen_statement(query);
                } else {
                    self.gen_expr(right);
                }
                self.write(")");
            }
            Expr::AllOp { expr, op, right } => {
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(Self::binary_op_str(op));
                self.write_keyword("ALL");
                self.write("(");
                if let Expr::Subquery(query) = right.as_ref() {
                    self.gen_statement(query);
                } else {
                    self.gen_expr(right);
                }
                self.write(")");
            }
            Expr::UnaryOp { op, expr } => {
                let op_str = match op {
                    UnaryOperator::Not => "NOT ",
                    UnaryOperator::Minus => "-",
                    UnaryOperator::Plus => "+",
                    UnaryOperator::BitwiseNot => "~",
                };
                self.write(op_str);
                self.gen_expr(expr);
            }
            Expr::Function {
                name,
                args,
                distinct,
                filter,
                over,
                order_by,
                within_group,
            } => {
                self.write(name);
                self.write("(");
                if *distinct {
                    self.write_keyword("DISTINCT ");
                }
                self.gen_expr_list(args);
                // Aggregate ORDER BY embedded in the argument list (not WITHIN GROUP).
                if !*within_group && !order_by.is_empty() {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("ORDER BY ");
                    self.gen_order_by_items_inline(order_by);
                }
                self.write(")");

                // WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ...) — ordered-set aggregates.
                if *within_group && !order_by.is_empty() {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ");
                    self.gen_order_by_items_inline(order_by);
                    self.write(")");
                }

                if let Some(filter_expr) = filter {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("FILTER (WHERE ");
                    self.gen_expr(filter_expr);
                    self.write(")");
                }
                if let Some(spec) = over {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("OVER ");
                    if let Some(wref) = &spec.window_ref {
                        if spec.partition_by.is_empty()
                            && spec.order_by.is_empty()
                            && spec.frame.is_none()
                        {
                            self.write(wref);
                        } else {
                            self.write("(");
                            self.gen_window_spec(spec);
                            self.write(")");
                        }
                    } else {
                        self.write("(");
                        self.gen_window_spec(spec);
                        self.write(")");
                    }
                }
            }
            Expr::Between {
                expr,
                low,
                high,
                negated,
            } => {
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                if *negated {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("NOT");
                }
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("BETWEEN ");
                self.gen_expr(low);
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("AND ");
                self.gen_expr(high);
            }
            Expr::InList {
                expr,
                list,
                negated,
            } => {
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                if *negated {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("NOT");
                }
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("IN (");
                self.gen_expr_list(list);
                self.write(")");
            }
            Expr::InSubquery {
                expr,
                subquery,
                negated,
            } => {
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                if *negated {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("NOT");
                }
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("IN (");
                self.gen_statement(subquery);
                self.write(")");
            }
            Expr::IsNull { expr, negated } => {
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                if *negated {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("IS NOT NULL");
                } else {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("IS NULL");
                }
            }
            Expr::IsBool {
                expr,
                value,
                negated,
            } => {
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(" ");
                match (negated, value) {
                    (false, true) => self.write_keyword("IS TRUE"),
                    (false, false) => self.write_keyword("IS FALSE"),
                    (true, true) => self.write_keyword("IS NOT TRUE"),
                    (true, false) => self.write_keyword("IS NOT FALSE"),
                }
            }
            Expr::Like {
                expr,
                pattern,
                negated,
                escape,
            } => {
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                if *negated {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("NOT");
                }
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("LIKE ");
                self.gen_expr(pattern);
                if let Some(esc) = escape {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("ESCAPE ");
                    self.gen_expr(esc);
                }
            }
            Expr::ILike {
                expr,
                pattern,
                negated,
                escape,
            } => {
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                if *negated {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("NOT");
                }
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("ILIKE ");
                self.gen_expr(pattern);
                if let Some(esc) = escape {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("ESCAPE ");
                    self.gen_expr(esc);
                }
            }
            Expr::SimilarTo {
                expr,
                pattern,
                negated,
                escape,
            } => {
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                if *negated {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("NOT");
                }
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("SIMILAR TO ");
                self.gen_expr(pattern);
                if let Some(esc) = escape {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("ESCAPE ");
                    self.gen_expr(esc);
                }
            }
            Expr::Case {
                operand,
                when_clauses,
                else_clause,
            } => {
                self.write_keyword("CASE");
                if let Some(op) = operand {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.gen_expr(op);
                }
                for (cond, result) in when_clauses {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("WHEN ");
                    // A simple CASE (`CASE <operand> WHEN <value>`) compares each
                    // WHEN value against the operand, so it is NOT a condition
                    // position. Only a searched CASE (`CASE WHEN <cond>`) puts a
                    // boolean search condition here and needs T-SQL wrapping.
                    if operand.is_some() {
                        self.gen_expr(cond);
                    } else {
                        self.gen_condition(cond);
                    }
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("THEN ");
                    self.gen_expr(result);
                }
                if let Some(el) = else_clause {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("ELSE ");
                    self.gen_expr(el);
                }
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("END");
            }
            Expr::Nested(inner) => {
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_expr(inner);
                self.write(")");
            }
            Expr::Subquery(query) => {
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_statement(query);
                self.write(")");
            }
            Expr::Exists { subquery, negated } => {
                if *negated {
                    self.write_keyword("NOT ");
                }
                self.write_keyword("EXISTS (");
                self.gen_statement(subquery);
                self.write(")");
            }
            Expr::Cast { expr, data_type } => {
                // ANSI typed string literals: emit DATE 'x' / TIMESTAMP 'x' / TIME 'x'
                if let Expr::StringLiteral(val) = expr.as_ref() {
                    let ansi_keyword = match data_type {
                        DataType::Date => Some("DATE"),
                        DataType::Timestamp { .. } => Some("TIMESTAMP"),
                        DataType::Time { .. } => Some("TIME"),
                        _ => None,
                    };
                    if let Some(kw) = ansi_keyword {
                        // Emit the ANSI typed string literal (DATE 'x' / TIME 'x' /
                        // TIMESTAMP 'x') only for dialects that support it. The MySQL
                        // family and the T-SQL family (SQL Server, Fabric) do NOT —
                        // they must use CAST(... AS DATE|TIME), produced by the
                        // fallthrough below. SQL Server rejects ANSI date/time
                        // literals with syntax errors 102/156.
                        let ansi_typed_literal_unsupported = matches!(
                            self.dialect,
                            Some(
                                Dialect::Mysql
                                    | Dialect::Doris
                                    | Dialect::SingleStore
                                    | Dialect::StarRocks
                                    | Dialect::Tsql
                                    | Dialect::Fabric
                            )
                        );
                        if !ansi_typed_literal_unsupported {
                            self.write_keyword(kw);
                            self.write(" '");
                            self.write(val);
                            self.write("'");
                            return;
                        }
                    }
                }

                let is_postgres = matches!(
                    self.dialect,
                    Some(
                        Dialect::Postgres
                            | Dialect::Redshift
                            | Dialect::Materialize
                            | Dialect::RisingWave
                    )
                );
                if is_postgres {
                    self.gen_expr(expr);
                    self.write("::");
                    self.gen_data_type(data_type);
                } else {
                    self.write_keyword("CAST(");
                    self.gen_expr(expr);
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("AS ");
                    self.gen_data_type(data_type);
                    self.write(")");
                }
            }
            Expr::TryCast { expr, data_type } => {
                self.write_keyword("TRY_CAST(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("AS ");
                self.gen_data_type(data_type);
                self.write(")");
            }
            Expr::Extract { field, expr } => {
                if matches!(self.dialect, Some(Dialect::Tsql) | Some(Dialect::Fabric)) {
                    match field {
                        DateTimeField::Epoch => {
                            // EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM x) → DATEDIFF(SECOND, '1970-01-01', x)
                            self.write_keyword("DATEDIFF(SECOND, '1970-01-01', ");
                            self.gen_expr(expr);
                            self.write(")");
                        }
                        DateTimeField::DayOfWeek => {
                            // PG DOW = 0(Sun)..6(Sat); T-SQL DATEPART(weekday, ..) = 1..7
                            // and is @@DATEFIRST-dependent. Preserve PG numbering in a
                            // @@DATEFIRST-independent way. Parentheses are required: T-SQL
                            // `%` binds tighter than `+`/`-`.
                            self.write_keyword("(DATEPART(WEEKDAY, ");
                            self.gen_expr(expr);
                            self.write_keyword(") + @@DATEFIRST - 1) % 7");
                        }
                        _ => {
                            self.write_keyword("DATEPART(");
                            match field {
                                // Postgres spellings that are not valid T-SQL dateparts.
                                DateTimeField::DayOfYear => self.write("DAYOFYEAR"),
                                // PG WEEK is ISO-8601; plain T-SQL `week` is not.
                                DateTimeField::Week => self.write("ISO_WEEK"),
                                // YEAR/QUARTER/MONTH/DAY/HOUR/MINUTE/SECOND/MILLI/MICRO/NANO
                                // already render to valid dateparts. TIMEZONE/TIMEZONE_HOUR/
                                // TIMEZONE_MINUTE have no equivalent and fall through to an
                                // invalid name on purpose (fail-safe hard error rather than
                                // silently wrong units).
                                _ => self.gen_datetime_field(field),
                            }
                            self.write(", ");
                            self.gen_expr(expr);
                            self.write(")");
                        }
                    }
                } else if matches!(self.dialect, Some(Dialect::Oracle)) {
                    // Oracle EXTRACT accepts only YEAR/MONTH/DAY/HOUR/MINUTE/SECOND/
                    // TIMEZONE_*. The Postgres-only fields (QUARTER/WEEK/DOY/DOW) must be
                    // rewritten or Oracle rejects the field name (ORA-00907). TO_CHAR
                    // returns VARCHAR2, so wrap in TO_NUMBER to preserve Postgres'
                    // numeric EXTRACT result type (parity for GROUP BY/ORDER BY/compare).
                    match field {
                        DateTimeField::Quarter => {
                            self.write_keyword("TO_NUMBER(TO_CHAR(");
                            self.gen_expr(expr);
                            self.write_keyword(", 'Q'))");
                        }
                        DateTimeField::Week => {
                            // PG EXTRACT(WEEK) is ISO-8601 → 'IW' (NOT 'WW', Jan-1-based).
                            self.write_keyword("TO_NUMBER(TO_CHAR(");
                            self.gen_expr(expr);
                            self.write_keyword(", 'IW'))");
                        }
                        DateTimeField::DayOfYear => {
                            self.write_keyword("TO_NUMBER(TO_CHAR(");
                            self.gen_expr(expr);
                            self.write_keyword(", 'DDD'))");
                        }
                        DateTimeField::DayOfWeek => {
                            // PG DOW = 0(Sun)..6(Sat). TO_CHAR(x,'D') is NLS_TERRITORY-
                            // dependent, so anchor on a known Sunday (1970-01-04) and take
                            // the day count mod 7 — NLS-independent, preserves PG numbering.
                            self.write_keyword("MOD(TRUNC(");
                            self.gen_expr(expr);
                            self.write_keyword(") - DATE '1970-01-04', 7)");
                        }
                        _ => {
                            // YEAR/MONTH/DAY/HOUR/MINUTE/SECOND/TIMEZONE_HOUR/TIMEZONE_MINUTE
                            // are valid Oracle EXTRACT fields — keep the native form. Fields
                            // with no Oracle equivalent (EPOCH, MILLI/MICRO/NANO, bare
                            // TIMEZONE) fall through to a native EXTRACT Oracle rejects — a
                            // fail-safe hard error rather than silently-wrong output.
                            self.write_keyword("EXTRACT(");
                            self.gen_datetime_field(field);
                            self.write(" ");
                            self.write_keyword("FROM ");
                            self.gen_expr(expr);
                            self.write(")");
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    self.write_keyword("EXTRACT(");
                    self.gen_datetime_field(field);
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("FROM ");
                    self.gen_expr(expr);
                    self.write(")");
                }
            }
            Expr::Interval { value, unit } => {
                self.write_keyword("INTERVAL ");
                self.gen_expr(value);
                if let Some(unit) = unit {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.gen_datetime_field(unit);
                }
            }
            Expr::ArrayLiteral(items) => {
                self.write_keyword("ARRAY[");
                self.gen_expr_list(items);
                self.write("]");
            }
            Expr::Tuple(items) => {
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_expr_list(items);
                self.write(")");
            }
            Expr::Coalesce(items) => {
                self.write_keyword("COALESCE(");
                self.gen_expr_list(items);
                self.write(")");
            }
            Expr::If {
                condition,
                true_val,
                false_val,
            } => {
                self.write_keyword("IF(");
                self.gen_expr(condition);
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_expr(true_val);
                if let Some(fv) = false_val {
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.gen_expr(fv);
                }
                self.write(")");
            }
            Expr::NullIf { expr, r#else } => {
                self.write_keyword("NULLIF(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_expr(r#else);
                self.write(")");
            }
            Expr::Collate { expr, collation } => {
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("COLLATE ");
                self.write(collation);
            }
            Expr::Parameter(p) => self.write(p),
            Expr::TypeExpr(dt) => self.gen_data_type(dt),
            Expr::QualifiedWildcard { table } => {
                self.write(table);
                self.write(".*");
            }
            Expr::Alias { expr, name } => {
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("AS ");
                self.write(name);
            }
            Expr::ArrayIndex { expr, index } => {
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write("[");
                self.gen_expr(index);
                self.write("]");
            }
            Expr::JsonAccess {
                expr,
                path,
                as_text,
            } => {
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                if *as_text {
                    self.write("->>");
                } else {
                    self.write("->");
                }
                self.gen_expr(path);
            }
            Expr::Lambda { params, body } => {
                if params.len() == 1 {
                    self.write(&params[0]);
                } else {
                    self.write("(");
                    self.write(&params.join(", "));
                    self.write(")");
                }
                self.write(" -> ");
                self.gen_expr(body);
            }
            Expr::TypedFunction { func, filter, over } => {
                self.gen_typed_function(func);

                if let Some(filter_expr) = filter {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("FILTER (WHERE ");
                    self.gen_expr(filter_expr);
                    self.write(")");
                }
                if let Some(spec) = over {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("OVER ");
                    if let Some(wref) = &spec.window_ref {
                        if spec.partition_by.is_empty()
                            && spec.order_by.is_empty()
                            && spec.frame.is_none()
                        {
                            self.write(wref);
                        } else {
                            self.write("(");
                            self.gen_window_spec(spec);
                            self.write(")");
                        }
                    } else {
                        self.write("(");
                        self.gen_window_spec(spec);
                        self.write(")");
                    }
                }
            }
            Expr::Commented { expr, comments } => {
                for comment in comments {
                    let normalized = self.normalize_comment(comment);
                    self.write(&normalized);
                    self.write(" ");
                }
                self.gen_expr(expr);
            }
        }
    }

    fn gen_window_spec(&mut self, spec: &WindowSpec) {
        if let Some(wref) = &spec.window_ref {
            self.write(wref);
            if !spec.partition_by.is_empty() || !spec.order_by.is_empty() || spec.frame.is_some() {
                self.write(" ");
            }
        }
        if !spec.partition_by.is_empty() {
            self.write_keyword("PARTITION BY ");
            self.gen_expr_list(&spec.partition_by);
        }
        if !spec.order_by.is_empty() {
            if !spec.partition_by.is_empty() {
                self.write(" ");
            }
            self.write_keyword("ORDER BY ");
            for (i, item) in spec.order_by.iter().enumerate() {
                if i > 0 {
                    self.write(", ");
                }
                self.gen_expr(&item.expr);
                if !item.ascending {
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("DESC");
                }
                if let Some(nulls_first) = item.nulls_first {
                    if nulls_first {
                        self.write(" ");
                        self.write_keyword("NULLS FIRST");
                    } else {
                        self.write(" ");
                        self.write_keyword("NULLS LAST");
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        if let Some(frame) = &spec.frame {
            self.write(" ");
            self.gen_window_frame(frame);
        }
    }

    fn gen_window_frame(&mut self, frame: &WindowFrame) {
        match frame.kind {
            WindowFrameKind::Rows => self.write_keyword("ROWS "),
            WindowFrameKind::Range => self.write_keyword("RANGE "),
            WindowFrameKind::Groups => self.write_keyword("GROUPS "),
        }
        if let Some(end) = &frame.end {
            self.write_keyword("BETWEEN ");
            self.gen_window_frame_bound(&frame.start);
            self.write(" ");
            self.write_keyword("AND ");
            self.gen_window_frame_bound(end);
        } else {
            self.gen_window_frame_bound(&frame.start);
        }
    }

    fn gen_window_frame_bound(&mut self, bound: &WindowFrameBound) {
        match bound {
            WindowFrameBound::CurrentRow => self.write_keyword("CURRENT ROW"),
            WindowFrameBound::Preceding(None) => self.write_keyword("UNBOUNDED PRECEDING"),
            WindowFrameBound::Preceding(Some(n)) => {
                self.gen_expr(n);
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("PRECEDING");
            }
            WindowFrameBound::Following(None) => self.write_keyword("UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING"),
            WindowFrameBound::Following(Some(n)) => {
                self.gen_expr(n);
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("FOLLOWING");
            }
        }
    }

    fn gen_datetime_field(&mut self, field: &DateTimeField) {
        let name = match field {
            DateTimeField::Year => "YEAR",
            DateTimeField::Quarter => "QUARTER",
            DateTimeField::Month => "MONTH",
            DateTimeField::Week => "WEEK",
            DateTimeField::Day => "DAY",
            DateTimeField::DayOfWeek => "DOW",
            DateTimeField::DayOfYear => "DOY",
            DateTimeField::Hour => "HOUR",
            DateTimeField::Minute => "MINUTE",
            DateTimeField::Second => "SECOND",
            DateTimeField::Millisecond => "MILLISECOND",
            DateTimeField::Microsecond => "MICROSECOND",
            DateTimeField::Nanosecond => "NANOSECOND",
            DateTimeField::Epoch => "EPOCH",
            DateTimeField::Timezone => "TIMEZONE",
            DateTimeField::TimezoneHour => "TIMEZONE_HOUR",
            DateTimeField::TimezoneMinute => "TIMEZONE_MINUTE",
        };
        self.write(name);
    }

    /// Generate SQL for a typed function expression.
    fn gen_typed_function(&mut self, func: &TypedFunction) {
        let dialect = self.dialect;
        let is_tsql = matches!(dialect, Some(Dialect::Tsql) | Some(Dialect::Fabric));
        let is_mysql = matches!(
            dialect,
            Some(Dialect::Mysql)
                | Some(Dialect::SingleStore)
                | Some(Dialect::Doris)
                | Some(Dialect::StarRocks)
        );
        let is_bigquery = matches!(dialect, Some(Dialect::BigQuery));
        let is_snowflake = matches!(dialect, Some(Dialect::Snowflake));
        let is_oracle = matches!(dialect, Some(Dialect::Oracle));
        let is_hive_family = matches!(
            dialect,
            Some(Dialect::Hive) | Some(Dialect::Spark) | Some(Dialect::Databricks)
        );

        match func {
            // ── Date/Time ──────────────────────────────────────────────
            TypedFunction::DateAdd {
                expr,
                interval,
                unit,
            } => {
                if is_tsql || is_snowflake {
                    self.write_keyword("DATEADD(");
                    if let Some(u) = unit {
                        self.gen_datetime_field(u);
                    } else {
                        self.write_keyword("DAY");
                    }
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.gen_expr(interval);
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.gen_expr(expr);
                    self.write(")");
                } else if is_bigquery {
                    self.write_keyword("DATE_ADD(");
                    self.gen_expr(expr);
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.write_keyword("INTERVAL ");
                    self.gen_expr(interval);
                    self.write(" ");
                    if let Some(u) = unit {
                        self.gen_datetime_field(u);
                    } else {
                        self.write_keyword("DAY");
                    }
                    self.write(")");
                } else {
                    self.write_keyword("DATE_ADD(");
                    self.gen_expr(expr);
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.gen_expr(interval);
                    if let Some(u) = unit {
                        self.write(", ");
                        self.gen_datetime_field(u);
                    }
                    self.write(")");
                }
            }
            TypedFunction::DateDiff { start, end, unit } => {
                if is_tsql || is_snowflake {
                    self.write_keyword("DATEDIFF(");
                    if let Some(u) = unit {
                        self.gen_datetime_field(u);
                    } else {
                        self.write_keyword("DAY");
                    }
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.gen_expr(start);
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.gen_expr(end);
                    self.write(")");
                } else if is_bigquery {
                    self.write_keyword("DATE_DIFF(");
                    self.gen_expr(end);
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.gen_expr(start);
                    self.write(", ");
                    if let Some(u) = unit {
                        self.gen_datetime_field(u);
                    } else {
                        self.write_keyword("DAY");
                    }
                    self.write(")");
                } else {
                    self.write_keyword("DATEDIFF(");
                    self.gen_expr(start);
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.gen_expr(end);
                    if let Some(u) = unit {
                        self.write(", ");
                        self.gen_datetime_field(u);
                    }
                    self.write(")");
                }
            }
            TypedFunction::DateTrunc { unit, expr } => {
                if is_tsql {
                    self.write_keyword("DATETRUNC(");
                    self.gen_datetime_field(unit);
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.gen_expr(expr);
                    self.write(")");
                } else if is_oracle {
                    self.write_keyword("TRUNC(");
                    self.gen_expr(expr);
                    self.write(", '");
                    self.gen_datetime_field(unit);
                    self.write("')");
                } else {
                    self.write_keyword("DATE_TRUNC(");
                    self.write("'");
                    self.gen_datetime_field(unit);
                    self.write("'");
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.gen_expr(expr);
                    self.write(")");
                }
            }
            TypedFunction::DateSub {
                expr,
                interval,
                unit,
            } => {
                if is_tsql || is_snowflake {
                    self.write_keyword("DATEADD(");
                    if let Some(u) = unit {
                        self.gen_datetime_field(u);
                    } else {
                        self.write_keyword("DAY");
                    }
                    self.write(", -(");
                    self.gen_expr(interval);
                    self.write("), ");
                    self.gen_expr(expr);
                    self.write(")");
                } else if is_bigquery {
                    self.write_keyword("DATE_SUB(");
                    self.gen_expr(expr);
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.write_keyword("INTERVAL ");
                    self.gen_expr(interval);
                    self.write(" ");
                    if let Some(u) = unit {
                        self.gen_datetime_field(u);
                    } else {
                        self.write_keyword("DAY");
                    }
                    self.write(")");
                } else {
                    self.write_keyword("DATE_SUB(");
                    self.gen_expr(expr);
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.gen_expr(interval);
                    if let Some(u) = unit {
                        self.write(", ");
                        self.gen_datetime_field(u);
                    }
                    self.write(")");
                }
            }
            TypedFunction::CurrentDate => {
                if is_tsql {
                    self.write_keyword("CAST(GETDATE() AS DATE)");
                } else if is_mysql || is_hive_family {
                    self.write_keyword("CURRENT_DATE()");
                } else {
                    self.write_keyword("CURRENT_DATE");
                }
            }
            TypedFunction::CurrentTime => {
                if is_tsql {
                    self.write_keyword("CAST(GETDATE() AS TIME)");
                } else if is_mysql || is_hive_family {
                    self.write_keyword("CURRENT_TIME()");
                } else {
                    self.write_keyword("CURRENT_TIME");
                }
            }
            TypedFunction::CurrentTimestamp => {
                if is_tsql {
                    self.write_keyword("GETDATE()");
                } else if is_mysql
                    || matches!(
                        dialect,
                        Some(Dialect::Postgres)
                            | Some(Dialect::DuckDb)
                            | Some(Dialect::Sqlite)
                            | Some(Dialect::Redshift)
                    )
                {
                    self.write_keyword("NOW()");
                } else {
                    self.write_keyword("CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()");
                }
            }
            TypedFunction::StrToTime { expr, format } => {
                if is_mysql {
                    self.write_keyword("STR_TO_DATE(");
                } else if is_bigquery {
                    self.write_keyword("PARSE_TIMESTAMP(");
                } else {
                    self.write_keyword("TO_TIMESTAMP(");
                }
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_expr(format);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::TimeToStr { expr, format } => {
                if is_mysql || is_hive_family {
                    self.write_keyword("DATE_FORMAT(");
                } else if is_bigquery {
                    self.write_keyword("FORMAT_TIMESTAMP(");
                } else if is_tsql {
                    self.write_keyword("FORMAT(");
                } else {
                    self.write_keyword("TO_CHAR(");
                }
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_expr(format);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::TsOrDsToDate { expr } => {
                if is_mysql {
                    self.write_keyword("DATE(");
                    self.gen_expr(expr);
                    self.write(")");
                } else {
                    self.write_keyword("CAST(");
                    self.gen_expr(expr);
                    self.write(" ");
                    self.write_keyword("AS DATE)");
                }
            }
            TypedFunction::Year { expr } => {
                if is_tsql {
                    self.write_keyword("YEAR(");
                    self.gen_expr(expr);
                    self.write(")");
                } else {
                    self.write_keyword("EXTRACT(YEAR FROM ");
                    self.gen_expr(expr);
                    self.write(")");
                }
            }
            TypedFunction::Month { expr } => {
                if is_tsql {
                    self.write_keyword("MONTH(");
                    self.gen_expr(expr);
                    self.write(")");
                } else {
                    self.write_keyword("EXTRACT(MONTH FROM ");
                    self.gen_expr(expr);
                    self.write(")");
                }
            }
            TypedFunction::Day { expr } => {
                if is_tsql {
                    self.write_keyword("DAY(");
                    self.gen_expr(expr);
                    self.write(")");
                } else {
                    self.write_keyword("EXTRACT(DAY FROM ");
                    self.gen_expr(expr);
                    self.write(")");
                }
            }

            // ── String ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
            TypedFunction::Trim {
                expr,
                trim_type,
                trim_chars,
            } => {
                // Dialects without the ANSI `TRIM([LEADING|TRAILING] chars FROM
                // expr)` grammar express direction via LTRIM/RTRIM and take the
                // trim characters as an optional second argument.
                let comma_form = matches!(
                    dialect,
                    Some(Dialect::Snowflake)
                        | Some(Dialect::BigQuery)
                        | Some(Dialect::Sqlite)
                        | Some(Dialect::DuckDb)
                );
                // Hive proper supports only single-argument TRIM/LTRIM/RTRIM: no
                // FROM grammar and no custom trim characters.
                let hive_only = matches!(dialect, Some(Dialect::Hive));
                if comma_form || hive_only {
                    let fname = match trim_type {
                        TrimType::Leading => "LTRIM(",
                        TrimType::Trailing => "RTRIM(",
                        TrimType::Both => "TRIM(",
                    };
                    self.write_keyword(fname);
                    self.gen_expr(expr);
                    // Hive has no way to express a custom trim character set, so
                    // it is dropped (best effort); comma-form dialects keep it.
                    if !hive_only && let Some(chars) = trim_chars {
                        self.write(", ");
                        self.gen_expr(chars);
                    }
                    self.write(")");
                } else if is_tsql && trim_chars.is_none() {
                    // T-SQL (SQL Server / Fabric) requires a character set when a
                    // direction keyword is present: `TRIM(LEADING FROM x)` is
                    // rejected (Msg 156, "Incorrect syntax near 'FROM'"). With no
                    // trim characters, express the leading/trailing space-trim via
                    // the native LTRIM / RTRIM functions; BOTH with no chars is a
                    // bare TRIM(x). (CR-025)
                    let fname = match trim_type {
                        TrimType::Leading => "LTRIM(",
                        TrimType::Trailing => "RTRIM(",
                        TrimType::Both => "TRIM(",
                    };
                    self.write_keyword(fname);
                    self.gen_expr(expr);
                    self.write(")");
                } else {
                    // ANSI / FROM form (PostgreSQL, Oracle, MySQL, T-SQL 2022 when
                    // trim characters are supplied, Spark, Trino, ClickHouse,
                    // Redshift, …). FROM is required whenever a direction keyword
                    // is present OR a character set is given; a bare `TRIM(expr)`
                    // is emitted otherwise.
                    self.write_keyword("TRIM(");
                    match trim_type {
                        TrimType::Leading => self.write_keyword("LEADING "),
                        TrimType::Trailing => self.write_keyword("TRAILING "),
                        TrimType::Both => {} // BOTH is the default
                    }
                    let needs_from = trim_chars.is_some() || !matches!(trim_type, TrimType::Both);
                    if let Some(chars) = trim_chars {
                        self.gen_expr(chars);
                        self.write(" ");
                    }
                    if needs_from {
                        self.write_keyword("FROM ");
                    }
                    self.gen_expr(expr);
                    self.write(")");
                }
            }
            TypedFunction::Substring {
                expr,
                start,
                length,
            } => {
                let name = if is_oracle
                    || is_hive_family
                    || is_mysql
                    || matches!(
                        dialect,
                        Some(Dialect::Sqlite)
                            | Some(Dialect::Doris)
                            | Some(Dialect::SingleStore)
                            | Some(Dialect::StarRocks)
                    ) {
                    "SUBSTR"
                } else {
                    "SUBSTRING"
                };
                self.write_keyword(name);
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_expr(start);
                if let Some(l) = length {
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.gen_expr(l);
                }
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Upper { expr } => {
                self.write_keyword("UPPER(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Lower { expr } => {
                self.write_keyword("LOWER(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::RegexpLike {
                expr,
                pattern,
                flags,
            } => {
                self.write_keyword("REGEXP_LIKE(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_expr(pattern);
                if let Some(f) = flags {
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.gen_expr(f);
                }
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::RegexpExtract {
                expr,
                pattern,
                group_index,
            } => {
                if is_bigquery || is_hive_family {
                    self.write_keyword("REGEXP_EXTRACT(");
                } else {
                    self.write_keyword("REGEXP_SUBSTR(");
                }
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_expr(pattern);
                if let Some(g) = group_index {
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.gen_expr(g);
                }
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::RegexpReplace {
                expr,
                pattern,
                replacement,
                flags,
            } => {
                self.write_keyword("REGEXP_REPLACE(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_expr(pattern);
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_expr(replacement);
                if let Some(f) = flags {
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.gen_expr(f);
                }
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::ConcatWs { separator, exprs } => {
                self.write_keyword("CONCAT_WS(");
                self.gen_expr(separator);
                for e in exprs {
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.gen_expr(e);
                }
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Split { expr, delimiter } => {
                if is_tsql {
                    self.write_keyword("STRING_SPLIT(");
                } else {
                    self.write_keyword("SPLIT(");
                }
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_expr(delimiter);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Initcap { expr } => {
                self.write_keyword("INITCAP(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Length { expr } => {
                let name = if is_tsql || is_bigquery || is_snowflake {
                    "LEN"
                } else {
                    "LENGTH"
                };
                self.write_keyword(name);
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Replace { expr, from, to } => {
                self.write_keyword("REPLACE(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_expr(from);
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_expr(to);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Reverse { expr } => {
                self.write_keyword("REVERSE(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Left { expr, n } => {
                self.write_keyword("LEFT(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_expr(n);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Right { expr, n } => {
                self.write_keyword("RIGHT(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_expr(n);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Lpad { expr, length, pad } => {
                self.write_keyword("LPAD(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_expr(length);
                if let Some(p) = pad {
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.gen_expr(p);
                }
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Rpad { expr, length, pad } => {
                self.write_keyword("RPAD(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_expr(length);
                if let Some(p) = pad {
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.gen_expr(p);
                }
                self.write(")");
            }

            // ── Aggregate ──────────────────────────────────────────────
            TypedFunction::Count { expr, distinct } => {
                self.write_keyword("COUNT(");
                if *distinct {
                    self.write_keyword("DISTINCT ");
                }
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Sum { expr, distinct } => {
                self.write_keyword("SUM(");
                if *distinct {
                    self.write_keyword("DISTINCT ");
                }
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Avg { expr, distinct } => {
                self.write_keyword("AVG(");
                if *distinct {
                    self.write_keyword("DISTINCT ");
                }
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Min { expr } => {
                self.write_keyword("MIN(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Max { expr } => {
                self.write_keyword("MAX(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::ArrayAgg { expr, distinct } => {
                let name = if matches!(dialect, Some(Dialect::DuckDb)) {
                    "LIST"
                } else if is_hive_family {
                    "COLLECT_LIST"
                } else {
                    "ARRAY_AGG"
                };
                self.write_keyword(name);
                self.write("(");
                if *distinct {
                    self.write_keyword("DISTINCT ");
                }
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::ApproxDistinct { expr } => {
                let name = if is_hive_family
                    || matches!(
                        dialect,
                        Some(Dialect::Presto) | Some(Dialect::Trino) | Some(Dialect::Athena)
                    ) {
                    "APPROX_DISTINCT"
                } else {
                    "APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"
                };
                self.write_keyword(name);
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Variance { expr } => {
                let name = if is_tsql || is_oracle {
                    "VAR"
                } else {
                    "VARIANCE"
                };
                self.write_keyword(name);
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::VariancePop { expr } => {
                // Population variance: PG VAR_POP -> T-SQL VARP.
                let name = if is_tsql { "VARP" } else { "VAR_POP" };
                self.write_keyword(name);
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Stddev { expr } => {
                // Sample std-dev: PG STDDEV/STDDEV_SAMP -> T-SQL STDEV.
                // (Oracle natively supports STDDEV, so scope to T-SQL only.)
                let name = if is_tsql { "STDEV" } else { "STDDEV" };
                self.write_keyword(name);
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::StddevPop { expr } => {
                // Population std-dev: PG STDDEV_POP -> T-SQL STDEVP.
                // (Oracle natively supports STDDEV_POP, so scope to T-SQL only.)
                let name = if is_tsql { "STDEVP" } else { "STDDEV_POP" };
                self.write_keyword(name);
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::GroupConcat {
                exprs,
                separator,
                order_by,
                distinct,
            } => {
                self.gen_group_concat(exprs, separator.as_deref(), order_by, *distinct);
            }

            // ── Array ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
            TypedFunction::ArrayConcat { arrays } => {
                let name = if matches!(
                    dialect,
                    Some(Dialect::Postgres) | Some(Dialect::Redshift) | Some(Dialect::DuckDb)
                ) {
                    "ARRAY_CAT"
                } else {
                    "ARRAY_CONCAT"
                };
                self.write_keyword(name);
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_expr_list(arrays);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::ArrayContains { array, element } => {
                self.write_keyword("ARRAY_CONTAINS(");
                self.gen_expr(array);
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_expr(element);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::ArraySize { expr } => {
                let name = if matches!(dialect, Some(Dialect::Postgres) | Some(Dialect::Redshift)) {
                    "ARRAY_LENGTH"
                } else if is_hive_family {
                    "SIZE"
                } else {
                    "ARRAY_SIZE"
                };
                self.write_keyword(name);
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Explode { expr } => {
                self.write_keyword("EXPLODE(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::GenerateSeries { start, stop, step } => {
                self.write_keyword("GENERATE_SERIES(");
                self.gen_expr(start);
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_expr(stop);
                if let Some(s) = step {
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.gen_expr(s);
                }
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Flatten { expr } => {
                self.write_keyword("FLATTEN(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }

            // ── JSON ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
            TypedFunction::JSONExtract { expr, path } => {
                if is_tsql {
                    self.write_keyword("JSON_VALUE(");
                } else {
                    self.write_keyword("JSON_EXTRACT(");
                }
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_expr(path);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::JSONExtractScalar { expr, path } => {
                if is_bigquery {
                    self.write_keyword("JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR(");
                } else if is_tsql {
                    self.write_keyword("JSON_VALUE(");
                } else {
                    self.write_keyword("JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR(");
                }
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_expr(path);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::ParseJSON { expr } => {
                if is_snowflake {
                    self.write_keyword("PARSE_JSON(");
                } else if is_bigquery {
                    self.write_keyword("JSON_PARSE(");
                } else {
                    self.write_keyword("PARSE_JSON(");
                }
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::JSONFormat { expr } => {
                if is_bigquery {
                    self.write_keyword("TO_JSON_STRING(");
                } else {
                    self.write_keyword("JSON_FORMAT(");
                }
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }

            // ── Window ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
            TypedFunction::RowNumber => self.write_keyword("ROW_NUMBER()"),
            TypedFunction::Rank => self.write_keyword("RANK()"),
            TypedFunction::DenseRank => self.write_keyword("DENSE_RANK()"),
            TypedFunction::NTile { n } => {
                self.write_keyword("NTILE(");
                self.gen_expr(n);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Lead {
                expr,
                offset,
                default,
            } => {
                self.write_keyword("LEAD(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                if let Some(o) = offset {
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.gen_expr(o);
                }
                if let Some(d) = default {
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.gen_expr(d);
                }
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Lag {
                expr,
                offset,
                default,
            } => {
                self.write_keyword("LAG(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                if let Some(o) = offset {
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.gen_expr(o);
                }
                if let Some(d) = default {
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.gen_expr(d);
                }
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::FirstValue { expr } => {
                self.write_keyword("FIRST_VALUE(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::LastValue { expr } => {
                self.write_keyword("LAST_VALUE(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }

            // ── Math ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
            TypedFunction::Abs { expr } => {
                self.write_keyword("ABS(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Ceil { expr } => {
                let name = if is_tsql { "CEILING" } else { "CEIL" };
                self.write_keyword(name);
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Floor { expr } => {
                self.write_keyword("FLOOR(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Round { expr, decimals } => {
                self.write_keyword("ROUND(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                if let Some(d) = decimals {
                    self.write(", ");
                    self.gen_expr(d);
                }
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Log { expr, base } => {
                if let Some(b) = base {
                    self.write_keyword("LOG(");
                    if matches!(dialect, Some(Dialect::Postgres) | Some(Dialect::DuckDb)) {
                        // Postgres: LOG(base, expr)
                        self.gen_expr(b);
                        self.write(", ");
                        self.gen_expr(expr);
                    } else {
                        // Most: LOG(expr, base)
                        self.gen_expr(expr);
                        self.write(", ");
                        self.gen_expr(b);
                    }
                    self.write(")");
                } else {
                    // LOG(expr) — ln in Postgres, log10 in most others
                    self.write_keyword("LOG(");
                    self.gen_expr(expr);
                    self.write(")");
                }
            }
            TypedFunction::Ln { expr } => {
                self.write_keyword("LN(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Pow { base, exponent } => {
                let name = if is_tsql || is_oracle { "POWER" } else { "POW" };
                self.write_keyword(name);
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_expr(base);
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_expr(exponent);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Sqrt { expr } => {
                self.write_keyword("SQRT(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Greatest { exprs } => {
                self.write_keyword("GREATEST(");
                self.gen_expr_list(exprs);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Least { exprs } => {
                self.write_keyword("LEAST(");
                self.gen_expr_list(exprs);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Mod { left, right } => {
                self.write_keyword("MOD(");
                self.gen_expr(left);
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_expr(right);
                self.write(")");
            }

            // ── Conversion ─────────────────────────────────────────────
            TypedFunction::Hex { expr } => {
                let name = if matches!(
                    dialect,
                    Some(Dialect::Presto) | Some(Dialect::Trino) | Some(Dialect::Athena)
                ) {
                    "TO_HEX"
                } else {
                    "HEX"
                };
                self.write_keyword(name);
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Unhex { expr } => {
                let name = if matches!(
                    dialect,
                    Some(Dialect::Presto) | Some(Dialect::Trino) | Some(Dialect::Athena)
                ) {
                    "FROM_HEX"
                } else {
                    "UNHEX"
                };
                self.write_keyword(name);
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Md5 { expr } => {
                self.write_keyword("MD5(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Sha { expr } => {
                let name = if is_mysql { "SHA1" } else { "SHA" };
                self.write_keyword(name);
                self.write("(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(")");
            }
            TypedFunction::Sha2 { expr, bit_length } => {
                self.write_keyword("SHA2(");
                self.gen_expr(expr);
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_expr(bit_length);
                self.write(")");
            }
        }
    }

    /// Emit a `GROUP_CONCAT` / `STRING_AGG` / `LISTAGG` expression
    /// appropriately for the active dialect.
    fn gen_group_concat(
        &mut self,
        exprs: &[Expr],
        separator: Option<&Expr>,
        order_by: &[OrderByItem],
        distinct: bool,
    ) {
        let dialect = self.dialect;
        let is_sqlite = matches!(dialect, Some(Dialect::Sqlite));
        let is_string_agg = matches!(
            dialect,
            Some(Dialect::Postgres)
                | Some(Dialect::Redshift)
                | Some(Dialect::BigQuery)
                | Some(Dialect::Tsql)
                | Some(Dialect::Fabric)
                | Some(Dialect::DuckDb)
        );
        let is_listagg = matches!(dialect, Some(Dialect::Oracle) | Some(Dialect::Snowflake));

        if is_string_agg {
            // STRING_AGG(expr, sep [ORDER BY ...])
            self.write_keyword("STRING_AGG(");
            if distinct {
                self.write_keyword("DISTINCT ");
            }
            self.gen_group_concat_exprs(exprs);
            self.write(", ");
            match separator {
                Some(s) => self.gen_expr(s),
                None => self.write("','"),
            }
            if !order_by.is_empty() {
                self.write(" ");
                self.gen_group_concat_order_by(order_by);
            }
            self.write(")");
        } else if is_listagg {
            // LISTAGG(expr, sep) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ...)
            self.write_keyword("LISTAGG(");
            if distinct {
                self.write_keyword("DISTINCT ");
            }
            self.gen_group_concat_exprs(exprs);
            self.write(", ");
            match separator {
                Some(s) => self.gen_expr(s),
                None => self.write("','"),
            }
            self.write(")");
            if !order_by.is_empty() {
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("WITHIN GROUP");
                self.write(" (");
                self.gen_group_concat_order_by(order_by);
                self.write(")");
            }
        } else if is_sqlite {
            // SQLite: GROUP_CONCAT(expr[, sep]). No DISTINCT/ORDER BY support;
            // they are dropped on output since the target dialect lacks them.
            self.write_keyword("GROUP_CONCAT(");
            self.gen_group_concat_exprs(exprs);
            if let Some(s) = separator {
                self.write(", ");
                self.gen_expr(s);
            }
            self.write(")");
        } else {
            // MySQL family (and default): full GROUP_CONCAT grammar.
            self.write_keyword("GROUP_CONCAT(");
            if distinct {
                self.write_keyword("DISTINCT ");
            }
            self.gen_group_concat_exprs(exprs);
            if !order_by.is_empty() {
                self.write(" ");
                self.gen_group_concat_order_by(order_by);
            }
            if let Some(s) = separator {
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("SEPARATOR");
                self.write(" ");
                self.gen_expr(s);
            }
            self.write(")");
        }
    }

    fn gen_group_concat_exprs(&mut self, exprs: &[Expr]) {
        for (i, e) in exprs.iter().enumerate() {
            if i > 0 {
                self.write(", ");
            }
            self.gen_expr(e);
        }
    }

    fn gen_group_concat_order_by(&mut self, order_by: &[OrderByItem]) {
        self.write_keyword("ORDER BY");
        self.write(" ");
        for (i, item) in order_by.iter().enumerate() {
            if i > 0 {
                self.write(", ");
            }
            self.gen_expr(&item.expr);
            if !item.ascending {
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword("DESC");
            }
            if let Some(nulls_first) = item.nulls_first {
                self.write(" ");
                self.write_keyword(if nulls_first {
                    "NULLS FIRST"
                } else {
                    "NULLS LAST"
                });
            }
        }
    }
}

impl Default for Generator {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::parser::Parser;

    fn roundtrip(sql: &str) -> String {
        let stmt = Parser::new(sql).unwrap().parse_statement().unwrap();
        let mut g = Generator::new();
        g.generate(&stmt)
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_select_roundtrip() {
        assert_eq!(roundtrip("SELECT a, b FROM t"), "SELECT a, b FROM t");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_select_where() {
        assert_eq!(
            roundtrip("SELECT x FROM t WHERE x > 10"),
            "SELECT x FROM t WHERE x > 10"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_select_wildcard() {
        assert_eq!(roundtrip("SELECT * FROM users"), "SELECT * FROM users");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_insert_values() {
        assert_eq!(
            roundtrip("INSERT INTO t (a, b) VALUES (1, 'hello')"),
            "INSERT INTO t (a, b) VALUES (1, 'hello')"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_delete() {
        assert_eq!(
            roundtrip("DELETE FROM users WHERE id = 1"),
            "DELETE FROM users WHERE id = 1"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_join() {
        assert_eq!(
            roundtrip("SELECT a.id, b.name FROM a INNER JOIN b ON a.id = b.a_id"),
            "SELECT a.id, b.name FROM a INNER JOIN b ON a.id = b.a_id"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_create_table() {
        assert_eq!(
            roundtrip("CREATE TABLE users (id INT NOT NULL, name VARCHAR(255), email TEXT)"),
            "CREATE TABLE users (id INT NOT NULL, name VARCHAR(255), email TEXT)"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_cte_roundtrip() {
        let sql = "WITH cte AS (SELECT 1 AS x) SELECT x FROM cte";
        assert_eq!(
            roundtrip(sql),
            "WITH cte AS (SELECT 1 AS x) SELECT x FROM cte"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_union_roundtrip() {
        let sql = "SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2";
        assert_eq!(roundtrip(sql), "SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_cast_roundtrip() {
        assert_eq!(
            roundtrip("SELECT CAST(x AS INT) FROM t"),
            "SELECT CAST(x AS INT) FROM t"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_exists_roundtrip() {
        assert_eq!(
            roundtrip("SELECT * FROM t WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM t2)"),
            "SELECT * FROM t WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM t2)"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_extract_roundtrip() {
        assert_eq!(
            roundtrip("SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM created_at) FROM t"),
            "SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM created_at) FROM t"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_window_function_roundtrip() {
        assert_eq!(
            roundtrip("SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY dept ORDER BY salary DESC) FROM emp"),
            "SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY dept ORDER BY salary DESC) FROM emp"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_subquery_from_roundtrip() {
        assert_eq!(
            roundtrip("SELECT * FROM (SELECT 1 AS x) AS sub"),
            "SELECT * FROM (SELECT 1 AS x) AS sub"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_in_subquery_roundtrip() {
        assert_eq!(
            roundtrip("SELECT * FROM t WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM t2)"),
            "SELECT * FROM t WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM t2)"
        );
    }

    // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
    // Pretty-print tests
    // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

    fn pretty_print(sql: &str) -> String {
        let stmt = Parser::new(sql).unwrap().parse_statement().unwrap();
        let mut g = Generator::pretty();
        g.generate(&stmt)
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_pretty_simple_select() {
        assert_eq!(
            pretty_print("SELECT a, b, c FROM t"),
            "SELECT\n  a,\n  b,\n  c\nFROM\n  t"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_pretty_select_where() {
        assert_eq!(
            pretty_print("SELECT a FROM t WHERE a > 1"),
            "SELECT\n  a\nFROM\n  t\nWHERE\n  a > 1"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_pretty_select_group_by_having() {
        assert_eq!(
            pretty_print("SELECT a, COUNT(*) FROM t GROUP BY a HAVING COUNT(*) > 1"),
            "SELECT\n  a,\n  COUNT(*)\nFROM\n  t\nGROUP BY\n  a\nHAVING\n  COUNT(*) > 1"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_pretty_select_order_by_limit() {
        assert_eq!(
            pretty_print("SELECT a FROM t ORDER BY a DESC LIMIT 10"),
            "SELECT\n  a\nFROM\n  t\nORDER BY\n  a DESC\nLIMIT 10"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_pretty_join() {
        assert_eq!(
            pretty_print("SELECT a.id, b.name FROM a INNER JOIN b ON a.id = b.a_id"),
            "SELECT\n  a.id,\n  b.name\nFROM\n  a\nINNER JOIN\n  b\n  ON a.id = b.a_id"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_pretty_cte() {
        assert_eq!(
            pretty_print("WITH cte AS (SELECT 1 AS x) SELECT x FROM cte"),
            "WITH cte AS (\n  SELECT\n    1 AS x\n)\nSELECT\n  x\nFROM\n  cte"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_pretty_union() {
        assert_eq!(
            pretty_print("SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2"),
            "SELECT\n  1\nUNION ALL\nSELECT\n  2"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_pretty_insert() {
        assert_eq!(
            pretty_print("INSERT INTO t (a, b) VALUES (1, 'hello'), (2, 'world')"),
            "INSERT INTO t (a, b)\nVALUES\n  (1, 'hello'),\n  (2, 'world')"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_pretty_update() {
        assert_eq!(
            pretty_print("UPDATE t SET a = 1, b = 2 WHERE c = 3"),
            "UPDATE t\nSET\n  a = 1,\n  b = 2\nWHERE\n  c = 3"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_pretty_delete() {
        assert_eq!(
            pretty_print("DELETE FROM t WHERE id = 1"),
            "DELETE FROM t\nWHERE\n  id = 1"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_pretty_create_table() {
        assert_eq!(
            pretty_print("CREATE TABLE t (id INT NOT NULL, name VARCHAR(255), email TEXT)"),
            "CREATE TABLE t (\n  id INT NOT NULL,\n  name VARCHAR(255),\n  email TEXT\n)"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_pretty_complex_query() {
        let sql = "SELECT a, SUM(b) FROM t1 INNER JOIN t2 ON t1.id = t2.id WHERE t1.x > 1 GROUP BY a HAVING SUM(b) > 10 ORDER BY a LIMIT 100";
        let expected = "SELECT\n  a,\n  SUM(b)\nFROM\n  t1\nINNER JOIN\n  t2\n  ON t1.id = t2.id\nWHERE\n  t1.x > 1\nGROUP BY\n  a\nHAVING\n  SUM(b) > 10\nORDER BY\n  a\nLIMIT 100";
        assert_eq!(pretty_print(sql), expected);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_pretty_select_distinct() {
        assert_eq!(
            pretty_print("SELECT DISTINCT a, b FROM t"),
            "SELECT DISTINCT\n  a,\n  b\nFROM\n  t"
        );
    }
}