solana_system_interface/

instruction.rs

//! Instructions and constructors for the system program.
//!
//! The system program is responsible for the creation of accounts and [nonce
//! accounts][na]. It is responsible for transferring lamports from accounts
//! owned by the system program, including typical user wallet accounts.
//!
//! [na]: https://docs.solanalabs.com/implemented-proposals/durable-tx-nonces
//!
//! Account creation typically involves three steps: [`allocate`] space,
//! [`transfer`] lamports for rent, [`assign`] to its owning program. The
//! [`create_account`] function does all three at once. All new accounts must
//! contain enough lamports to be [rent exempt], or else the creation
//! instruction will fail.
//!
//! [rent exempt]: https://solana.com/docs/core/accounts#rent-exemption
//!
//! The [`create_account`] function requires that the account have zero
//! lamports. [`create_account_allow_prefund`] allows for the account to have
//! lamports prefunded; note that without feature activation of [SIMD-0312],
//! [`create_account_allow_prefund`] will fail downstream.
//!
//! [SIMD-0312]: https://github.com/solana-foundation/solana-improvement-documents/pull/312
//!
//! The accounts created by the System program can either be user-controlled,
//! where the secret keys are held outside the blockchain,
//! or they can be [program derived addresses][pda],
//! where write access to accounts is granted by an owning program.
//!
//! [pda]: https://docs.rs/solana-address/latest/solana_address/struct.Address.html#method.find_program_address
//!
//! Most of the functions in this module construct an [`Instruction`], that must
//! be submitted to the runtime for execution, either via RPC, typically with
//! [`RpcClient`], or through [cross-program invocation][cpi].
//!
//! When invoking through CPI, the [`invoke`] or [`invoke_signed`] instruction
//! requires all account references to be provided explicitly as [`AccountInfo`]
//! values. The account references required are specified in the documentation
//! for the [`SystemInstruction`] variants for each System program instruction,
//! and these variants are linked from the documentation for their constructors.
//!
//! [`RpcClient`]: https://docs.rs/solana-client/latest/solana_client/rpc_client/struct.RpcClient.html
//! [cpi]: https://docs.rs/solana-cpi/latest/solana_cpi/index.html
//! [`invoke`]: https://docs.rs/solana-cpi/latest/solana_cpi/fn.invoke.html
//! [`invoke_signed`]: https://docs.rs/solana-cpi/latest/solana_cpi/fn.invoke_signed.html
//! [`AccountInfo`]: https://docs.rs/solana-account-info/latest/solana_account_info/struct.AccountInfo.html
//! [`Instruction`]:
//! https://docs.rs/solana-instruction/latest/solana_instruction/struct.Instruction.html

#[cfg(feature = "bincode")]
use {
    crate::program::ID,
    alloc::{string::ToString, vec, vec::Vec},
    solana_instruction::{AccountMeta, Instruction},
};
#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
use {alloc::string::String, solana_address::Address};

// Inline some constants to avoid dependencies.
//
// Note: replace these inline IDs with the corresponding value from
// `solana_sdk_ids` once the version is updated to 2.2.0.

#[cfg(feature = "bincode")]
const RECENT_BLOCKHASHES_ID: Address =
    Address::from_str_const("SysvarRecentB1ockHashes11111111111111111111");

#[cfg(feature = "bincode")]
const RENT_ID: Address = Address::from_str_const("SysvarRent111111111111111111111111111111111");

#[cfg(feature = "bincode")]
#[cfg(test)]
static_assertions::const_assert_eq!(solana_nonce::state::State::size(), NONCE_STATE_SIZE);
/// The serialized size of the nonce state.
#[cfg(feature = "bincode")]
const NONCE_STATE_SIZE: usize = 80;

/// An instruction to the system program.
#[cfg_attr(
    feature = "frozen-abi",
    solana_frozen_abi_macro::frozen_abi(digest = "CBvp4X1gf36kwDqnprAa6MpKckptiAHfXSxFRHFnNRVw"),
    derive(
        solana_frozen_abi_macro::AbiExample,
        solana_frozen_abi_macro::AbiEnumVisitor
    )
)]
#[cfg_attr(
    feature = "serde",
    derive(serde_derive::Deserialize, serde_derive::Serialize)
)]
#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub enum SystemInstruction {
    /// Create a new account
    ///
    /// # Account references
    ///   0. `[WRITE, SIGNER]` Funding account
    ///   1. `[WRITE, SIGNER]` New account
    CreateAccount {
        /// Number of lamports to transfer to the new account
        lamports: u64,

        /// Number of bytes of memory to allocate
        space: u64,

        /// Address of program that will own the new account
        owner: Address,
    },

    /// Assign account to a program
    ///
    /// # Account references
    ///   0. `[WRITE, SIGNER]` Assigned account public key
    Assign {
        /// Owner program account
        owner: Address,
    },

    /// Transfer lamports
    ///
    /// # Account references
    ///   0. `[WRITE, SIGNER]` Funding account
    ///   1. `[WRITE]` Recipient account
    Transfer { lamports: u64 },

    /// Create a new account at an address derived from a base address and a seed
    ///
    /// # Account references
    ///   0. `[WRITE, SIGNER]` Funding account
    ///   1. `[WRITE]` Created account
    ///   2. `[SIGNER]` (optional) Base account; the account matching the base address below must be
    ///      provided as a signer, but may be the same as the funding account
    ///      and provided as account 0
    CreateAccountWithSeed {
        /// Base address
        base: Address,

        /// String of ASCII chars, no longer than `Address::MAX_SEED_LEN`
        seed: String,

        /// Number of lamports to transfer to the new account
        lamports: u64,

        /// Number of bytes of memory to allocate
        space: u64,

        /// Owner program account address
        owner: Address,
    },

    /// Consumes a stored nonce, replacing it with a successor
    ///
    /// # Account references
    ///   0. `[WRITE]` Nonce account
    ///   1. `[]` RecentBlockhashes sysvar
    ///   2. `[SIGNER]` Nonce authority
    AdvanceNonceAccount,

    /// Withdraw funds from a nonce account
    ///
    /// # Account references
    ///   0. `[WRITE]` Nonce account
    ///   1. `[WRITE]` Recipient account
    ///   2. `[]` RecentBlockhashes sysvar
    ///   3. `[]` Rent sysvar
    ///   4. `[SIGNER]` Nonce authority
    ///
    /// The `u64` parameter is the lamports to withdraw, which must leave the
    /// account balance above the rent exempt reserve or at zero.
    WithdrawNonceAccount(u64),

    /// Drive state of Uninitialized nonce account to Initialized, setting the nonce value
    ///
    /// # Account references
    ///   0. `[WRITE]` Nonce account
    ///   1. `[]` RecentBlockhashes sysvar
    ///   2. `[]` Rent sysvar
    ///
    /// The `Address` parameter specifies the entity authorized to execute nonce
    /// instruction on the account
    ///
    /// No signatures are required to execute this instruction, enabling derived
    /// nonce account addresses
    InitializeNonceAccount(Address),

    /// Change the entity authorized to execute nonce instructions on the account
    ///
    /// # Account references
    ///   0. `[WRITE]` Nonce account
    ///   1. `[SIGNER]` Nonce authority
    ///
    /// The `Address` parameter identifies the entity to authorize
    AuthorizeNonceAccount(Address),

    /// Allocate space in a (possibly new) account without funding
    ///
    /// # Account references
    ///   0. `[WRITE, SIGNER]` New account
    Allocate {
        /// Number of bytes of memory to allocate
        space: u64,
    },

    /// Allocate space for and assign an account at an address
    /// derived from a base public key and a seed
    ///
    /// # Account references
    ///   0. `[WRITE]` Allocated account
    ///   1. `[SIGNER]` Base account
    AllocateWithSeed {
        /// Base address
        base: Address,

        /// String of ASCII chars, no longer than `Address::MAX_SEED_LEN`
        seed: String,

        /// Number of bytes of memory to allocate
        space: u64,

        /// Owner program account
        owner: Address,
    },

    /// Assign account to a program based on a seed
    ///
    /// # Account references
    ///   0. `[WRITE]` Assigned account
    ///   1. `[SIGNER]` Base account
    AssignWithSeed {
        /// Base address
        base: Address,

        /// String of ASCII chars, no longer than `Address::MAX_SEED_LEN`
        seed: String,

        /// Owner program account
        owner: Address,
    },

    /// Transfer lamports from a derived address
    ///
    /// # Account references
    ///   0. `[WRITE]` Funding account
    ///   1. `[SIGNER]` Base for funding account
    ///   2. `[WRITE]` Recipient account
    TransferWithSeed {
        /// Amount to transfer
        lamports: u64,

        /// Seed to use to derive the funding account address
        from_seed: String,

        /// Owner to use to derive the funding account address
        from_owner: Address,
    },

    /// One-time idempotent upgrade of legacy nonce versions in order to bump
    /// them out of chain blockhash domain.
    ///
    /// # Account references
    ///   0. `[WRITE]` Nonce account
    UpgradeNonceAccount,

    /// Create a new account without enforcing the invariant that the account's
    /// current lamports must be 0.
    ///
    /// This constructor is identical to [`create_account`] with the exception that it
    /// **does not** check that the destination account (`to_pubkey`) has a zero
    /// lamport balance prior to creation. This enables patterns where you first transfer
    /// lamports to prefund an account, then use `create_account_allow_prefund` as a single
    /// CPI to transfer additional lamports, allocate space, and assign ownership.
    ///
    /// Use [`create_account`] for typical account creation.
    /// Use [`create_account_allow_prefund`] when the target account has already been
    /// prefunded and you want to complete the creation process with a single CPI.
    ///
    /// **Safety considerations**
    /// As with `allocate` and `assign` when invoked manually, this instruction can brick
    /// a wallet if used incorrectly; do not pass in a wallet system account as the new
    /// account. This instruction does not prevent the new account from having more
    /// lamports than required for rent exemption, and all lamports will become locked.
    ///
    /// # Account references
    /// If `lamports > 0` (meaning lamports are being transferred):
    ///   0. `[WRITE, SIGNER]` New account
    ///   1. `[WRITE, SIGNER]` Funding account
    ///
    /// If `lamports == 0` (no lamports to be transferred), you may omit funding account:
    ///   0. `[WRITE, SIGNER]` New account
    CreateAccountAllowPrefund {
        /// Number of lamports to transfer to the new account
        lamports: u64,

        /// Number of bytes of memory to allocate
        space: u64,

        /// Address of program that will own the new account
        owner: Address,
    },
}

/// Create an account.
///
/// This function produces an [`Instruction`] which must be submitted in a
/// [`Transaction`] or [invoked] to take effect, containing a serialized
///
/// [`SystemInstruction::CreateAccount`].
///
/// [`Transaction`]: https://docs.rs/solana-sdk/latest/solana_sdk/transaction/struct.Transaction.html
/// [invoked]: https://docs.rs/solana-cpi/latest/solana_cpi/fn.invoke.html
///
/// Account creation typically involves three steps: [`allocate`] space,
/// [`transfer`] lamports for rent, [`assign`] to its owning program. The
/// [`create_account`] function does all three at once.
///
/// # Required signers
///
/// The `from_address` and `to_address` signers must sign the transaction.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// These examples use a single invocation of
/// [`SystemInstruction::CreateAccount`] to create a new account, allocate some
/// space, transfer it the minimum lamports for rent exemption, and assign it to
/// the system program,
///
/// ## Example: client-side RPC
///
/// This example submits the instruction from an RPC client.
/// The `payer` and `new_account` are signers.
///
/// ```
/// # use solana_example_mocks::{solana_sdk, solana_rpc_client};
/// use solana_rpc_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;
/// use solana_sdk::{
///     signature::{Keypair, Signer},
///     transaction::Transaction,
/// };
/// use solana_system_interface::{instruction, program};
/// use anyhow::Result;
///
/// fn create_account(
///     client: &RpcClient,
///     payer: &Keypair,
///     new_account: &Keypair,
///     space: u64,
/// ) -> Result<()> {
///     let rent = client.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(space.try_into()?)?;
///     let instr = instruction::create_account(
///         &payer.pubkey(),
///         &new_account.pubkey(),
///         rent,
///         space,
///         &program::ID,
///     );
///
///     let blockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash()?;
///     let tx = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(
///         &[instr],
///         Some(&payer.pubkey()),
///         &[payer, new_account],
///         blockhash,
///     );
///
///     let _sig = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&tx)?;
///
///     Ok(())
/// }
/// # let payer = Keypair::new();
/// # let new_account = Keypair::new();
/// # let client = RpcClient::new(String::new());
/// # create_account(&client, &payer, &new_account, 0);
/// #
/// # Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
/// ```
///
/// ## Example: on-chain program
///
/// This example submits the instruction from an on-chain Solana program. The
/// created account is a [program derived address][pda]. The `payer` and
/// `new_account_pda` are signers, with `new_account_pda` being signed for
/// virtually by the program itself via [`invoke_signed`], `payer` being signed
/// for by the client that submitted the transaction.
///
/// [pda]: https://docs.rs/solana-address/latest/solana_address/struct.Address.html#method.find_program_address
/// [`invoke_signed`]: https://docs.rs/solana-cpi/latest/solana_cpi/fn.invoke_signed.html
///
/// ```
/// use borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize};
/// use solana_account_info::{next_account_info, AccountInfo};
/// use solana_address::Address;
/// use solana_cpi::invoke_signed;
/// use solana_program_entrypoint::entrypoint;
/// use solana_program_error::ProgramResult;
/// use solana_system_interface::{instruction, program};
/// use solana_sysvar::{rent::Rent, Sysvar};
///
/// #[derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize, Debug)]
/// pub struct CreateAccountInstruction {
///     /// The PDA seed used to distinguish the new account from other PDAs
///     pub new_account_seed: [u8; 16],
///     /// The PDA bump seed
///     pub new_account_bump_seed: u8,
///     /// The amount of space to allocate for `new_account_pda`
///     pub space: u64,
/// }
///
/// entrypoint!(process_instruction);
///
/// fn process_instruction(
///     program_id: &Address,
///     accounts: &[AccountInfo],
///     instruction_data: &[u8],
/// ) -> ProgramResult {
///     let instr = CreateAccountInstruction::deserialize(&mut &instruction_data[..])?;
///
///     let account_info_iter = &mut accounts.iter();
///
///     let payer = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
///     let new_account_pda = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
///     let system_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
///
///     assert!(payer.is_signer);
///     assert!(payer.is_writable);
///     // Note that `new_account_pda` is not a signer yet.
///     // This program will sign for it via `invoke_signed`.
///     assert!(!new_account_pda.is_signer);
///     assert!(new_account_pda.is_writable);
///     assert!(program::check_id(system_account.key));
///
///     let new_account_seed = &instr.new_account_seed;
///     let new_account_bump_seed = instr.new_account_bump_seed;
///
///     let rent = Rent::get()?
///         .minimum_balance(instr.space.try_into().expect("overflow"));
///
///     invoke_signed(
///         &instruction::create_account(
///             payer.key,
///             new_account_pda.key,
///             rent,
///             instr.space,
///             &program::ID
///         ),
///         &[payer.clone(), new_account_pda.clone()],
///         &[&[
///             payer.key.as_ref(),
///             new_account_seed,
///             &[new_account_bump_seed],
///         ]],
///     )?;
///
///     Ok(())
/// }
/// ```
#[cfg(feature = "bincode")]
pub fn create_account(
    from_address: &Address,
    to_address: &Address,
    lamports: u64,
    space: u64,
    owner: &Address,
) -> Instruction {
    let account_metas = vec![
        AccountMeta::new(*from_address, true),
        AccountMeta::new(*to_address, true),
    ];
    Instruction::new_with_bincode(
        ID,
        &SystemInstruction::CreateAccount {
            lamports,
            space,
            owner: *owner,
        },
        account_metas,
    )
}

// we accept `to` as a parameter so that callers do their own error handling when
//   calling create_with_seed()
#[cfg(feature = "bincode")]
pub fn create_account_with_seed(
    from_address: &Address,
    to_address: &Address, // must match create_with_seed(base, seed, owner)
    base: &Address,
    seed: &str,
    lamports: u64,
    space: u64,
    owner: &Address,
) -> Instruction {
    let mut account_metas = vec![
        AccountMeta::new(*from_address, true),
        AccountMeta::new(*to_address, false),
    ];
    if base != from_address {
        account_metas.push(AccountMeta::new_readonly(*base, true));
    }

    Instruction::new_with_bincode(
        ID,
        &SystemInstruction::CreateAccountWithSeed {
            base: *base,
            seed: seed.to_string(),
            lamports,
            space,
            owner: *owner,
        },
        account_metas,
    )
}

/// Assign ownership of an account from the system program.
///
/// This function produces an [`Instruction`] which must be submitted in a
/// [`Transaction`] or [invoked] to take effect, containing a serialized
/// [`SystemInstruction::Assign`].
///
/// [`Transaction`]: https://docs.rs/solana-sdk/latest/solana_sdk/transaction/struct.Transaction.html
/// [invoked]: https://docs.rs/solana-cpi/latest/solana_cpi/fn.invoke.html
///
/// # Required signers
///
/// The `address` signer must sign the transaction.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// These examples allocate space for an account, transfer it the minimum
/// balance for rent exemption, and assign the account to a program.
///
/// ## Example: client-side RPC
///
/// This example submits the instructions from an RPC client.
/// It assigns the account to a provided program account.
/// The `payer` and `new_account` are signers.
///
/// ```
/// # use solana_example_mocks::{solana_sdk, solana_rpc_client};
/// use solana_rpc_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;
/// use solana_address::Address;
/// use solana_sdk::{
///     signature::{Keypair, Signer},
///     transaction::Transaction,
/// };
/// use solana_system_interface::instruction;
/// use anyhow::Result;
///
/// fn create_account(
///     client: &RpcClient,
///     payer: &Keypair,
///     new_account: &Keypair,
///     owning_program: &Address,
///     space: u64,
/// ) -> Result<()> {
///     let rent = client.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(space.try_into()?)?;
///
///     let transfer_instr = instruction::transfer(
///         &payer.pubkey(),
///         &new_account.pubkey(),
///         rent,
///     );
///
///     let allocate_instr = instruction::allocate(
///         &new_account.pubkey(),
///         space,
///     );
///
///     let assign_instr = instruction::assign(
///         &new_account.pubkey(),
///         owning_program,
///     );
///
///     let blockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash()?;
///     let tx = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(
///         &[transfer_instr, allocate_instr, assign_instr],
///         Some(&payer.pubkey()),
///         &[payer, new_account],
///         blockhash,
///     );
///
///     let _sig = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&tx)?;
///
///     Ok(())
/// }
/// # let client = RpcClient::new(String::new());
/// # let payer = Keypair::new();
/// # let new_account = Keypair::new();
/// # let owning_program = Address::new_unique();
/// # create_account(&client, &payer, &new_account, &owning_program, 1);
/// #
/// # Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
/// ```
///
/// ## Example: on-chain program
///
/// This example submits the instructions from an on-chain Solana program. The
/// created account is a [program derived address][pda], funded by `payer`, and
/// assigned to the running program. The `payer` and `new_account_pda` are
/// signers, with `new_account_pda` being signed for virtually by the program
/// itself via [`invoke_signed`], `payer` being signed for by the client that
/// submitted the transaction.
///
/// [pda]: https://docs.rs/solana-address/latest/solana_address/struct.Address.html#method.find_program_address
/// [`invoke_signed`]: https://docs.rs/solana-cpi/latest/solana_cpi/fn.invoke_signed.html
///
/// ```
/// use borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize};
/// use solana_account_info::{next_account_info, AccountInfo};
/// use solana_cpi::invoke_signed;
/// use solana_program_entrypoint::entrypoint;
/// use solana_program_error::ProgramResult;
/// use solana_address::Address;
/// use solana_system_interface::{instruction, program};
/// use solana_sysvar::{rent::Rent, Sysvar};
///
/// #[derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize, Debug)]
/// pub struct CreateAccountInstruction {
///     /// The PDA seed used to distinguish the new account from other PDAs
///     pub new_account_seed: [u8; 16],
///     /// The PDA bump seed
///     pub new_account_bump_seed: u8,
///     /// The amount of space to allocate for `new_account_pda`
///     pub space: u64,
/// }
///
/// entrypoint!(process_instruction);
///
/// fn process_instruction(
///     program_id: &Address,
///     accounts: &[AccountInfo],
///     instruction_data: &[u8],
/// ) -> ProgramResult {
///     let instr = CreateAccountInstruction::deserialize(&mut &instruction_data[..])?;
///
///     let account_info_iter = &mut accounts.iter();
///
///     let payer = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
///     let new_account_pda = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
///     let system_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
///
///     assert!(payer.is_signer);
///     assert!(payer.is_writable);
///     // Note that `new_account_pda` is not a signer yet.
///     // This program will sign for it via `invoke_signed`.
///     assert!(!new_account_pda.is_signer);
///     assert!(new_account_pda.is_writable);
///     assert!(program::check_id(system_account.key));
///
///     let new_account_seed = &instr.new_account_seed;
///     let new_account_bump_seed = instr.new_account_bump_seed;
///
///     let rent = Rent::get()?
///         .minimum_balance(instr.space.try_into().expect("overflow"));
///
///     invoke_signed(
///         &instruction::create_account(
///             payer.key,
///             new_account_pda.key,
///             rent,
///             instr.space,
///             &program::ID
///         ),
///         &[payer.clone(), new_account_pda.clone()],
///         &[&[
///             payer.key.as_ref(),
///             new_account_seed,
///             &[new_account_bump_seed],
///         ]],
///     )?;
///
///     Ok(())
/// }
/// ```
#[cfg(feature = "bincode")]
pub fn assign(address: &Address, owner: &Address) -> Instruction {
    let account_metas = vec![AccountMeta::new(*address, true)];
    Instruction::new_with_bincode(
        ID,
        &SystemInstruction::Assign { owner: *owner },
        account_metas,
    )
}

#[cfg(feature = "bincode")]
pub fn assign_with_seed(
    address: &Address, // must match create_with_seed(base, seed, owner)
    base: &Address,
    seed: &str,
    owner: &Address,
) -> Instruction {
    let account_metas = vec![
        AccountMeta::new(*address, false),
        AccountMeta::new_readonly(*base, true),
    ];
    Instruction::new_with_bincode(
        ID,
        &SystemInstruction::AssignWithSeed {
            base: *base,
            seed: seed.to_string(),
            owner: *owner,
        },
        account_metas,
    )
}

/// Transfer lamports from an account owned by the system program.
///
/// This function produces an [`Instruction`] which must be submitted in a
/// [`Transaction`] or [invoked] to take effect, containing a serialized
/// [`SystemInstruction::Transfer`].
///
/// [`Transaction`]: https://docs.rs/solana-sdk/latest/solana_sdk/transaction/struct.Transaction.html
/// [invoked]: https://docs.rs/solana-cpi/latest/solana_cpi/fn.invoke.html
///
/// # Required signers
///
/// The `from_address` signer must sign the transaction.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// These examples allocate space for an account, transfer it the minimum
/// balance for rent exemption, and assign the account to a program.
///
/// # Example: client-side RPC
///
/// This example submits the instructions from an RPC client.
/// It assigns the account to a provided program account.
/// The `payer` and `new_account` are signers.
///
/// ```
/// # use solana_example_mocks::{solana_sdk, solana_rpc_client};
/// use solana_rpc_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;
/// use solana_address::Address;
/// use solana_sdk::{
///     signature::{Keypair, Signer},
///     transaction::Transaction,
/// };
/// use solana_system_interface::instruction;
/// use anyhow::Result;
///
/// fn create_account(
///     client: &RpcClient,
///     payer: &Keypair,
///     new_account: &Keypair,
///     owning_program: &Address,
///     space: u64,
/// ) -> Result<()> {
///     let rent = client.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(space.try_into()?)?;
///
///     let transfer_instr = instruction::transfer(
///         &payer.pubkey(),
///         &new_account.pubkey(),
///         rent,
///     );
///
///     let allocate_instr = instruction::allocate(
///         &new_account.pubkey(),
///         space,
///     );
///
///     let assign_instr = instruction::assign(
///         &new_account.pubkey(),
///         owning_program,
///     );
///
///     let blockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash()?;
///     let tx = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(
///         &[transfer_instr, allocate_instr, assign_instr],
///         Some(&payer.pubkey()),
///         &[payer, new_account],
///         blockhash,
///     );
///
///     let _sig = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&tx)?;
///
///     Ok(())
/// }
/// # let client = RpcClient::new(String::new());
/// # let payer = Keypair::new();
/// # let new_account = Keypair::new();
/// # let owning_program = Address::new_unique();
/// # create_account(&client, &payer, &new_account, &owning_program, 1);
/// #
/// # Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
/// ```
///
/// ## Example: on-chain program
///
/// This example submits the instructions from an on-chain Solana program. The
/// created account is a [program derived address][pda], funded by `payer`, and
/// assigned to the running program. The `payer` and `new_account_pda` are
/// signers, with `new_account_pda` being signed for virtually by the program
/// itself via [`invoke_signed`], `payer` being signed for by the client that
/// submitted the transaction.
///
/// [pda]: https://docs.rs/solana-address/latest/solana_address/struct.Address.html#method.find_program_address
/// [`invoke_signed`]: https://docs.rs/solana-cpi/latest/solana_cpi/fn.invoke_signed.html
///
/// ```
/// # use borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize};
/// use solana_account_info::{next_account_info, AccountInfo};
/// use solana_cpi::invoke_signed;
/// use solana_program_entrypoint::entrypoint;
/// use solana_program_error::ProgramResult;
/// use solana_address::Address;
/// use solana_system_interface::{instruction, program};
/// use solana_sysvar::{rent::Rent, Sysvar};
///
/// #[derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize, Debug)]
/// # #[borsh(crate = "borsh")]
/// pub struct CreateAccountInstruction {
///     /// The PDA seed used to distinguish the new account from other PDAs
///     pub new_account_seed: [u8; 16],
///     /// The PDA bump seed
///     pub new_account_bump_seed: u8,
///     /// The amount of space to allocate for `new_account_pda`
///     pub space: u64,
/// }
///
/// entrypoint!(process_instruction);
///
/// fn process_instruction(
///     program_id: &Address,
///     accounts: &[AccountInfo],
///     instruction_data: &[u8],
/// ) -> ProgramResult {
///     let instr = CreateAccountInstruction::deserialize(&mut &instruction_data[..])?;
///
///     let account_info_iter = &mut accounts.iter();
///
///     let payer = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
///     let new_account_pda = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
///     let system_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
///
///     assert!(payer.is_signer);
///     assert!(payer.is_writable);
///     // Note that `new_account_pda` is not a signer yet.
///     // This program will sign for it via `invoke_signed`.
///     assert!(!new_account_pda.is_signer);
///     assert!(new_account_pda.is_writable);
///     assert!(program::check_id(system_account.key));
///
///     let new_account_seed = &instr.new_account_seed;
///     let new_account_bump_seed = instr.new_account_bump_seed;
///
///     let rent = Rent::get()?
///         .minimum_balance(instr.space.try_into().expect("overflow"));
///
///     invoke_signed(
///         &instruction::create_account(
///             payer.key,
///             new_account_pda.key,
///             rent,
///             instr.space,
///             &program::ID
///         ),
///         &[payer.clone(), new_account_pda.clone()],
///         &[&[
///             payer.key.as_ref(),
///             new_account_seed,
///             &[new_account_bump_seed],
///         ]],
///     )?;
///
///     Ok(())
/// }
/// ```
#[cfg(feature = "bincode")]
pub fn transfer(from_address: &Address, to_address: &Address, lamports: u64) -> Instruction {
    let account_metas = vec![
        AccountMeta::new(*from_address, true),
        AccountMeta::new(*to_address, false),
    ];
    Instruction::new_with_bincode(ID, &SystemInstruction::Transfer { lamports }, account_metas)
}

#[cfg(feature = "bincode")]
pub fn transfer_with_seed(
    from_address: &Address, // must match create_with_seed(base, seed, owner)
    from_base: &Address,
    from_seed: String,
    from_owner: &Address,
    to_address: &Address,
    lamports: u64,
) -> Instruction {
    let account_metas = vec![
        AccountMeta::new(*from_address, false),
        AccountMeta::new_readonly(*from_base, true),
        AccountMeta::new(*to_address, false),
    ];
    Instruction::new_with_bincode(
        ID,
        &SystemInstruction::TransferWithSeed {
            lamports,
            from_seed,
            from_owner: *from_owner,
        },
        account_metas,
    )
}

/// Allocate space for an account.
///
/// This function produces an [`Instruction`] which must be submitted in a
/// [`Transaction`] or [invoked] to take effect, containing a serialized
/// [`SystemInstruction::Allocate`].
///
/// [`Transaction`]: https://docs.rs/solana-sdk/latest/solana_sdk/transaction/struct.Transaction.html
/// [invoked]: https://docs.rs/solana-cpi/latest/solana_cpi/fn.invoke.html
///
/// The transaction will fail if the account already has size greater than 0,
/// or if the requested size is greater than [`super::MAX_PERMITTED_DATA_LENGTH`].
///
/// # Required signers
///
/// The `address` signer must sign the transaction.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// These examples allocate space for an account, transfer it the minimum
/// balance for rent exemption, and assign the account to a program.
///
/// # Example: client-side RPC
///
/// This example submits the instructions from an RPC client.
/// It assigns the account to a provided program account.
/// The `payer` and `new_account` are signers.
///
/// ```
/// # use solana_example_mocks::{solana_sdk, solana_rpc_client};
/// use solana_rpc_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;
/// use solana_address::Address;
/// use solana_sdk::{
///     signature::{Keypair, Signer},
///     transaction::Transaction,
/// };
/// use solana_system_interface::instruction;
/// use anyhow::Result;
///
/// fn create_account(
///     client: &RpcClient,
///     payer: &Keypair,
///     new_account: &Keypair,
///     owning_program: &Address,
///     space: u64,
/// ) -> Result<()> {
///     let rent = client.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(space.try_into()?)?;
///
///     let transfer_instr = instruction::transfer(
///         &payer.pubkey(),
///         &new_account.pubkey(),
///         rent,
///     );
///
///     let allocate_instr = instruction::allocate(
///         &new_account.pubkey(),
///         space,
///     );
///
///     let assign_instr = instruction::assign(
///         &new_account.pubkey(),
///         owning_program,
///     );
///
///     let blockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash()?;
///     let tx = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(
///         &[transfer_instr, allocate_instr, assign_instr],
///         Some(&payer.pubkey()),
///         &[payer, new_account],
///         blockhash,
///     );
///
///     let _sig = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&tx)?;
///
///     Ok(())
/// }
/// # let client = RpcClient::new(String::new());
/// # let payer = Keypair::new();
/// # let new_account = Keypair::new();
/// # let owning_program = Address::new_unique();
/// # create_account(&client, &payer, &new_account, &owning_program, 1);
/// #
/// # Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
/// ```
///
/// ## Example: on-chain program
///
/// This example submits the instructions from an on-chain Solana program. The
/// created account is a [program derived address][pda], funded by `payer`, and
/// assigned to the running program. The `payer` and `new_account_pda` are
/// signers, with `new_account_pda` being signed for virtually by the program
/// itself via [`invoke_signed`], `payer` being signed for by the client that
/// submitted the transaction.
///
/// [pda]: https://docs.rs/solana-address/latest/solana_address/struct.Address.html#method.find_program_address
/// [`invoke_signed`]: https://docs.rs/solana-cpi/latest/solana_cpi/fn.invoke_signed.html
///
/// ```
/// use borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize};
/// use solana_account_info::{next_account_info, AccountInfo};
/// use solana_cpi::invoke_signed;
/// use solana_program_entrypoint::entrypoint;
/// use solana_program_error::ProgramResult;
/// use solana_address::Address;
/// use solana_system_interface::{instruction, program};
/// use solana_sysvar::{rent::Rent, Sysvar};
///
/// #[derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize, Debug)]
/// pub struct CreateAccountInstruction {
///     /// The PDA seed used to distinguish the new account from other PDAs
///     pub new_account_seed: [u8; 16],
///     /// The PDA bump seed
///     pub new_account_bump_seed: u8,
///     /// The amount of space to allocate for `new_account_pda`
///     pub space: u64,
/// }
///
/// entrypoint!(process_instruction);
///
/// fn process_instruction(
///     program_id: &Address,
///     accounts: &[AccountInfo],
///     instruction_data: &[u8],
/// ) -> ProgramResult {
///     let instr = CreateAccountInstruction::deserialize(&mut &instruction_data[..])?;
///
///     let account_info_iter = &mut accounts.iter();
///
///     let payer = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
///     let new_account_pda = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
///     let system_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
///
///     assert!(payer.is_signer);
///     assert!(payer.is_writable);
///     // Note that `new_account_pda` is not a signer yet.
///     // This program will sign for it via `invoke_signed`.
///     assert!(!new_account_pda.is_signer);
///     assert!(new_account_pda.is_writable);
///     assert!(program::check_id(system_account.key));
///
///     let new_account_seed = &instr.new_account_seed;
///     let new_account_bump_seed = instr.new_account_bump_seed;
///
///     let rent = Rent::get()?
///         .minimum_balance(instr.space.try_into().expect("overflow"));
///
///     invoke_signed(
///         &instruction::create_account(
///             payer.key,
///             new_account_pda.key,
///             rent,
///             instr.space,
///             &program::ID
///         ),
///         &[payer.clone(), new_account_pda.clone()],
///         &[&[
///             payer.key.as_ref(),
///             new_account_seed,
///             &[new_account_bump_seed],
///         ]],
///     )?;
///
///     Ok(())
/// }
/// ```
#[cfg(feature = "bincode")]
pub fn allocate(address: &Address, space: u64) -> Instruction {
    let account_metas = vec![AccountMeta::new(*address, true)];
    Instruction::new_with_bincode(ID, &SystemInstruction::Allocate { space }, account_metas)
}

#[cfg(feature = "bincode")]
pub fn allocate_with_seed(
    address: &Address, // must match create_with_seed(base, seed, owner)
    base: &Address,
    seed: &str,
    space: u64,
    owner: &Address,
) -> Instruction {
    let account_metas = vec![
        AccountMeta::new(*address, false),
        AccountMeta::new_readonly(*base, true),
    ];
    Instruction::new_with_bincode(
        ID,
        &SystemInstruction::AllocateWithSeed {
            base: *base,
            seed: seed.to_string(),
            space,
            owner: *owner,
        },
        account_metas,
    )
}

/// Transfer lamports from an account owned by the system program to multiple accounts.
///
/// This function produces a vector of [`Instruction`]s which must be submitted
/// in a [`Transaction`] or [invoked] to take effect, containing serialized
/// [`SystemInstruction::Transfer`]s.
///
/// [`Transaction`]: https://docs.rs/solana-sdk/latest/solana_sdk/transaction/struct.Transaction.html
/// [invoked]: https://docs.rs/solana-cpi/latest/solana_cpi/fn.invoke.html
///
/// # Required signers
///
/// The `from_address` signer must sign the transaction.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ## Example: client-side RPC
///
/// This example performs multiple transfers in a single transaction.
///
/// ```
/// # use solana_example_mocks::{solana_sdk, solana_rpc_client};
/// use solana_rpc_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;
/// use solana_address::Address;
/// use solana_sdk::{
///     signature::{Keypair, Signer},
///     transaction::Transaction,
/// };
/// use solana_system_interface::instruction;
/// use anyhow::Result;
///
/// fn transfer_lamports_to_many(
///     client: &RpcClient,
///     from: &Keypair,
///     to_and_amount: &[(Address, u64)],
/// ) -> Result<()> {
///     let instrs = instruction::transfer_many(&from.pubkey(), to_and_amount);
///
///     let blockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash()?;
///     let tx = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(
///         &instrs,
///         Some(&from.pubkey()),
///         &[from],
///         blockhash,
///     );
///
///     let _sig = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&tx)?;
///
///     Ok(())
/// }
/// # let from = Keypair::new();
/// # let to_and_amount = vec![
/// #     (Address::new_unique(), 1_000),
/// #     (Address::new_unique(), 2_000),
/// #     (Address::new_unique(), 3_000),
/// # ];
/// # let client = RpcClient::new(String::new());
/// # transfer_lamports_to_many(&client, &from, &to_and_amount);
/// #
/// # Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
/// ```
///
/// ## Example: on-chain program
///
/// This example makes multiple transfers out of a "bank" account,
/// a [program derived address][pda] owned by the calling program.
/// This example submits the instructions from an on-chain Solana program. The
/// created account is a [program derived address][pda], and it is assigned to
/// the running program. The `payer` and `new_account_pda` are signers, with
/// `new_account_pda` being signed for virtually by the program itself via
/// [`invoke_signed`], `payer` being signed for by the client that submitted the
/// transaction.
///
/// [pda]: https://docs.rs/solana-address/latest/solana_address/struct.Address.html#method.find_program_address
/// [`invoke_signed`]: https://docs.rs/solana-cpi/latest/solana_cpi/fn.invoke_signed.html
///
/// ```
/// # use borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize};
/// use solana_account_info::{next_account_info, next_account_infos, AccountInfo};
/// use solana_cpi::invoke_signed;
/// use solana_program_entrypoint::entrypoint;
/// use solana_program_error::ProgramResult;
/// use solana_address::Address;
/// use solana_system_interface::{instruction, program};
///
/// /// # Accounts
/// ///
/// /// - 0: bank_pda - writable
/// /// - 1: system_program - executable
/// /// - *: to - writable
/// # #[derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize, Debug)]
/// # #[borsh(crate = "borsh")]
/// pub struct TransferLamportsToManyInstruction {
///     pub bank_pda_bump_seed: u8,
///     pub amount_list: Vec<u64>,
/// }
///
/// entrypoint!(process_instruction);
///
/// fn process_instruction(
///     program_id: &Address,
///     accounts: &[AccountInfo],
///     instruction_data: &[u8],
/// ) -> ProgramResult {
///     let instr = TransferLamportsToManyInstruction::deserialize(&mut &instruction_data[..])?;
///
///     let account_info_iter = &mut accounts.iter();
///
///     let bank_pda = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
///     let bank_pda_bump_seed = instr.bank_pda_bump_seed;
///     let system_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
///
///     assert!(program::check_id(system_account.key));
///
///     let to_accounts = next_account_infos(account_info_iter, account_info_iter.len())?;
///
///     for to_account in to_accounts {
///          assert!(to_account.is_writable);
///          // ... do other verification ...
///     }
///
///     let to_and_amount = to_accounts
///         .iter()
///         .zip(instr.amount_list.iter())
///         .map(|(to, amount)| (*to.key, *amount))
///         .collect::<Vec<(Address, u64)>>();
///
///     let instrs = instruction::transfer_many(bank_pda.key, to_and_amount.as_ref());
///
///     for instr in instrs {
///         invoke_signed(&instr, accounts, &[&[b"bank", &[bank_pda_bump_seed]]])?;
///     }
///
///     Ok(())
/// }
/// ```
#[cfg(feature = "bincode")]
pub fn transfer_many(from_address: &Address, to_lamports: &[(Address, u64)]) -> Vec<Instruction> {
    to_lamports
        .iter()
        .map(|(to_address, lamports)| transfer(from_address, to_address, *lamports))
        .collect()
}

#[cfg(feature = "bincode")]
pub fn create_nonce_account_with_seed(
    from_address: &Address,
    nonce_address: &Address,
    base: &Address,
    seed: &str,
    authority: &Address,
    lamports: u64,
) -> Vec<Instruction> {
    vec![
        create_account_with_seed(
            from_address,
            nonce_address,
            base,
            seed,
            lamports,
            NONCE_STATE_SIZE as u64,
            &ID,
        ),
        Instruction::new_with_bincode(
            ID,
            &SystemInstruction::InitializeNonceAccount(*authority),
            vec![
                AccountMeta::new(*nonce_address, false),
                #[allow(deprecated)]
                AccountMeta::new_readonly(RECENT_BLOCKHASHES_ID, false),
                AccountMeta::new_readonly(RENT_ID, false),
            ],
        ),
    ]
}

/// Create an account containing a durable transaction nonce.
///
/// This function produces a vector of [`Instruction`]s which must be submitted
/// in a [`Transaction`] or [invoked] to take effect, containing a serialized
/// [`SystemInstruction::CreateAccount`] and
/// [`SystemInstruction::InitializeNonceAccount`].
///
/// [`Transaction`]: https://docs.rs/solana-sdk/latest/solana_sdk/transaction/struct.Transaction.html
/// [invoked]: https://docs.rs/solana-cpi/latest/solana_cpi/fn.invoke.html
///
/// A [durable transaction nonce][dtn] is a special account that enables
/// execution of transactions that have been signed in the past.
///
/// Standard Solana transactions include a [recent blockhash][rbh] (sometimes
/// referred to as a _[nonce]_). During execution the Solana runtime verifies
/// the recent blockhash is approximately less than two minutes old, and that in
/// those two minutes no other identical transaction with the same blockhash has
/// been executed. These checks prevent accidental replay of transactions.
/// Consequently, it is not possible to sign a transaction, wait more than two
/// minutes, then successfully execute that transaction.
///
/// [dtn]: https://docs.solanalabs.com/implemented-proposals/durable-tx-nonces
/// [rbh]: https://docs.rs/solana-program/latest/solana_program/message/legacy/struct.Message.html#structfield.recent_blockhash
/// [nonce]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_nonce
///
/// Durable transaction nonces are an alternative to the standard recent
/// blockhash nonce. They are stored in accounts on chain, and every time they
/// are used their value is changed to a new value for their next use. The
/// runtime verifies that each durable nonce value is only used once, and there
/// are no restrictions on how "old" the nonce is. Because they are stored on
/// chain and require additional instructions to use, transacting with durable
/// transaction nonces is more expensive than with standard transactions.
///
/// The value of the durable nonce is itself a blockhash and is accessible via
/// the [`blockhash`] field of [`nonce::state::Data`], which is deserialized
/// from the nonce account data.
///
/// [`blockhash`]: https://docs.rs/solana-program/latest/solana_program/message/legacy/struct.Message.html#structfield.recent_blockhash
/// [`nonce::state::Data`]: https://docs.rs/solana-nonce/latest/solana_nonce/state/struct.Data.html
///
/// The basic durable transaction nonce lifecycle is
///
/// 1) Create the nonce account with the `create_nonce_account` instruction.
/// 2) Submit specially-formed transactions that include the
///    [`advance_nonce_account`] instruction.
/// 3) Destroy the nonce account by withdrawing its lamports with the
///    [`withdraw_nonce_account`] instruction.
///
/// Nonce accounts have an associated _authority_ account, which is stored in
/// their account data, and can be changed with the [`authorize_nonce_account`]
/// instruction. The authority must sign transactions that include the
/// `advance_nonce_account`, `authorize_nonce_account` and
/// `withdraw_nonce_account` instructions.
///
/// Nonce accounts are owned by the system program.
///
/// This constructor creates a [`SystemInstruction::CreateAccount`] instruction
/// and a [`SystemInstruction::InitializeNonceAccount`] instruction.
///
/// # Required signers
///
/// The `from_address` and `nonce_address` signers must sign the transaction.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Create a nonce account from an off-chain client:
///
/// ```
/// # use solana_example_mocks::solana_keypair;
/// # use solana_example_mocks::solana_signer;
/// # use solana_example_mocks::solana_rpc_client;
/// # use solana_example_mocks::solana_transaction;
/// use solana_keypair::Keypair;
/// use solana_nonce::state::State;
/// use solana_rpc_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;
/// use solana_signer::Signer;
/// use solana_system_interface::instruction;
/// use solana_transaction::Transaction;
/// use anyhow::Result;
///
/// fn submit_create_nonce_account_tx(
///     client: &RpcClient,
///     payer: &Keypair,
/// ) -> Result<()> {
///
///     let nonce_account = Keypair::new();
///
///     let nonce_rent = client.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(State::size())?;
///     let instr = instruction::create_nonce_account(
///         &payer.pubkey(),
///         &nonce_account.pubkey(),
///         &payer.pubkey(), // Make the fee payer the nonce account authority
///         nonce_rent,
///     );
///
///     let mut tx = Transaction::new_with_payer(&instr, Some(&payer.pubkey()));
///
///     let blockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash()?;
///     tx.try_sign(&[&nonce_account, payer], blockhash)?;
///
///     client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&tx)?;
///
///     Ok(())
/// }
/// #
/// # let client = RpcClient::new(String::new());
/// # let payer = Keypair::new();
/// # submit_create_nonce_account_tx(&client, &payer)?;
/// #
/// # Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
/// ```
#[cfg(feature = "bincode")]
pub fn create_nonce_account(
    from_address: &Address,
    nonce_address: &Address,
    authority: &Address,
    lamports: u64,
) -> Vec<Instruction> {
    vec![
        create_account(
            from_address,
            nonce_address,
            lamports,
            NONCE_STATE_SIZE as u64,
            &ID,
        ),
        Instruction::new_with_bincode(
            ID,
            &SystemInstruction::InitializeNonceAccount(*authority),
            vec![
                AccountMeta::new(*nonce_address, false),
                #[allow(deprecated)]
                AccountMeta::new_readonly(RECENT_BLOCKHASHES_ID, false),
                AccountMeta::new_readonly(RENT_ID, false),
            ],
        ),
    ]
}

/// Advance the value of a durable transaction nonce.
///
/// This function produces an [`Instruction`] which must be submitted in a
/// [`Transaction`] or [invoked] to take effect, containing a serialized
/// [`SystemInstruction::AdvanceNonceAccount`].
///
/// [`Transaction`]: https://docs.rs/solana-sdk/latest/solana_sdk/transaction/struct.Transaction.html
/// [invoked]: https://docs.rs/solana-cpi/latest/solana_cpi/fn.invoke.html
///
/// Every transaction that relies on a durable transaction nonce must contain a
/// [`SystemInstruction::AdvanceNonceAccount`] instruction as the first
/// instruction in the [`Message`], as created by this function. When included
/// in the first position, the Solana runtime recognizes the transaction as one
/// that relies on a durable transaction nonce and processes it accordingly. The
/// [`Message::new_with_nonce`] function can be used to construct a `Message` in
/// the correct format without calling `advance_nonce_account` directly.
///
/// When constructing a transaction that includes an `AdvanceNonceInstruction`
/// the [`recent_blockhash`] must be treated differently &mdash; instead of
/// setting it to a recent blockhash, the value of the nonce must be retrieved
/// and deserialized from the nonce account, and that value specified as the
/// "recent blockhash". A nonce account can be deserialized with the
/// [`solana_rpc_client_nonce_utils::data_from_account`][dfa] function.
///
/// For further description of durable transaction nonces see
/// [`create_nonce_account`].
///
/// [`Message`]: https://docs.rs/solana-program/latest/solana_program/message/legacy/struct.Message.html
/// [`Message::new_with_nonce`]: https://docs.rs/solana-program/latest/solana_program/message/legacy/struct.Message.html#method.new_with_nonce
/// [`recent_blockhash`]: https://docs.rs/solana-program/latest/solana_program/message/legacy/struct.Message.html#structfield.recent_blockhash
/// [dfa]: https://docs.rs/solana-rpc-client-nonce-utils/latest/solana_rpc_client_nonce_utils/fn.data_from_account.html
///
/// # Required signers
///
/// The `authorized_address` signer must sign the transaction.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Create and sign a transaction with a durable nonce:
///
/// ```
/// # use solana_example_mocks::solana_sdk;
/// # use solana_example_mocks::solana_rpc_client;
/// # use solana_example_mocks::solana_rpc_client_nonce_utils;
/// # use solana_sdk::account::Account;
/// use solana_rpc_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;
/// use solana_address::Address;
/// use solana_sdk::{
///     message::Message,
///     signature::{Keypair, Signer},
///     transaction::Transaction,
/// };
/// use solana_system_interface::instruction;
/// use std::path::Path;
/// use anyhow::Result;
///
/// fn create_transfer_tx_with_nonce(
///     client: &RpcClient,
///     nonce_account_address: &Address,
///     payer: &Keypair,
///     receiver: &Address,
///     amount: u64,
///     tx_path: &Path,
/// ) -> Result<()> {
///
///     let instr_transfer = instruction::transfer(
///         &payer.pubkey(),
///         receiver,
///         amount,
///     );
///
///     // In this example, `payer` is `nonce_account_address`'s authority
///     let instr_advance_nonce_account = instruction::advance_nonce_account(
///         nonce_account_address,
///         &payer.pubkey(),
///     );
///
///     // The `advance_nonce_account` instruction must be the first issued in
///     // the transaction.
///     let message = Message::new(
///         &[
///             instr_advance_nonce_account,
///             instr_transfer
///         ],
///         Some(&payer.pubkey()),
///     );
///
///     let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
///
///     // Sign the tx with nonce_account's `blockhash` instead of the
///     // network's latest blockhash.
///     # client.set_get_account_response(*nonce_account_address, Account {
///     #   lamports: 1,
///     #   data: vec![0],
///     #   owner: solana_sdk::system_program::ID,
///     #   executable: false,
///     # });
///     let nonce_account = client.get_account(nonce_account_address)?;
///     let nonce_data = solana_rpc_client_nonce_utils::data_from_account(&nonce_account)?;
///     let blockhash = nonce_data.blockhash();
///
///     tx.try_sign(&[payer], blockhash)?;
///
///     // Save the signed transaction locally for later submission.
///     save_tx_to_file(&tx_path, &tx)?;
///
///     Ok(())
/// }
/// #
/// # fn save_tx_to_file(path: &Path, tx: &Transaction) -> Result<()> {
/// #     Ok(())
/// # }
/// #
/// # let client = RpcClient::new(String::new());
/// # let nonce_account_address = Address::new_unique();
/// # let payer = Keypair::new();
/// # let receiver = Address::new_unique();
/// # create_transfer_tx_with_nonce(&client, &nonce_account_address, &payer, &receiver, 1024, Path::new("new_tx"))?;
/// #
/// # Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
/// ```
#[cfg(feature = "bincode")]
pub fn advance_nonce_account(nonce_address: &Address, authorized_address: &Address) -> Instruction {
    let account_metas = vec![
        AccountMeta::new(*nonce_address, false),
        #[allow(deprecated)]
        AccountMeta::new_readonly(RECENT_BLOCKHASHES_ID, false),
        AccountMeta::new_readonly(*authorized_address, true),
    ];
    Instruction::new_with_bincode(ID, &SystemInstruction::AdvanceNonceAccount, account_metas)
}

/// Withdraw lamports from a durable transaction nonce account.
///
/// This function produces an [`Instruction`] which must be submitted in a
/// [`Transaction`] or [invoked] to take effect, containing a serialized
/// [`SystemInstruction::WithdrawNonceAccount`].
///
/// [`Transaction`]: https://docs.rs/solana-sdk/latest/solana_sdk/transaction/struct.Transaction.html
/// [invoked]: https://docs.rs/solana-cpi/latest/solana_cpi/fn.invoke.html
///
/// Withdrawing the entire balance of a nonce account will cause the runtime to
/// destroy it upon successful completion of the transaction.
///
/// Otherwise, nonce accounts must maintain a balance greater than or equal to
/// the minimum required for [rent exemption]. If the result of this instruction
/// would leave the nonce account with a balance less than required for rent
/// exemption, but also greater than zero, then the transaction will fail.
///
/// [rent exemption]: https://solana.com/docs/core/accounts#rent-exemption
///
/// This constructor creates a [`SystemInstruction::WithdrawNonceAccount`]
/// instruction.
///
/// # Required signers
///
/// The `authorized_address` signer must sign the transaction.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// # use solana_example_mocks::solana_sdk;
/// # use solana_example_mocks::solana_rpc_client;
/// use solana_rpc_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;
/// use solana_address::Address;
/// use solana_sdk::{
///     signature::{Keypair, Signer},
///     transaction::Transaction,
/// };
/// use solana_system_interface::instruction;
/// use anyhow::Result;
///
/// fn submit_withdraw_nonce_account_tx(
///     client: &RpcClient,
///     nonce_account_address: &Address,
///     authorized_account: &Keypair,
/// ) -> Result<()> {
///
///     let nonce_balance = client.get_balance(nonce_account_address)?;
///
///     let instr = instruction::withdraw_nonce_account(
///         nonce_account_address,
///         &authorized_account.pubkey(),
///         &authorized_account.pubkey(),
///         nonce_balance,
///     );
///
///     let mut tx = Transaction::new_with_payer(&[instr], Some(&authorized_account.pubkey()));
///
///     let blockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash()?;
///     tx.try_sign(&[authorized_account], blockhash)?;
///
///     client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&tx)?;
///
///     Ok(())
/// }
/// #
/// # let client = RpcClient::new(String::new());
/// # let nonce_account_address = Address::new_unique();
/// # let payer = Keypair::new();
/// # submit_withdraw_nonce_account_tx(&client, &nonce_account_address, &payer)?;
/// #
/// # Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
/// ```
#[cfg(feature = "bincode")]
pub fn withdraw_nonce_account(
    nonce_address: &Address,
    authorized_address: &Address,
    to_address: &Address,
    lamports: u64,
) -> Instruction {
    let account_metas = vec![
        AccountMeta::new(*nonce_address, false),
        AccountMeta::new(*to_address, false),
        #[allow(deprecated)]
        AccountMeta::new_readonly(RECENT_BLOCKHASHES_ID, false),
        AccountMeta::new_readonly(RENT_ID, false),
        AccountMeta::new_readonly(*authorized_address, true),
    ];
    Instruction::new_with_bincode(
        ID,
        &SystemInstruction::WithdrawNonceAccount(lamports),
        account_metas,
    )
}

/// Change the authority of a durable transaction nonce account.
///
/// This function produces an [`Instruction`] which must be submitted in a
/// [`Transaction`] or [invoked] to take effect, containing a serialized
/// [`SystemInstruction::AuthorizeNonceAccount`].
///
/// [`Transaction`]: https://docs.rs/solana-sdk/latest/solana_sdk/transaction/struct.Transaction.html
/// [invoked]: https://docs.rs/solana-cpi/latest/solana_cpi/fn.invoke.html
///
/// This constructor creates a [`SystemInstruction::AuthorizeNonceAccount`]
/// instruction.
///
/// # Required signers
///
/// The `authorized_address` signer must sign the transaction.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// # use solana_example_mocks::solana_sdk;
/// # use solana_example_mocks::solana_rpc_client;
/// use solana_rpc_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;
/// use solana_address::Address;
/// use solana_sdk::{
///     signature::{Keypair, Signer},
///     transaction::Transaction,
/// };
/// use solana_system_interface::instruction;
/// use anyhow::Result;
///
/// fn authorize_nonce_account_tx(
///     client: &RpcClient,
///     nonce_account_address: &Address,
///     authorized_account: &Keypair,
///     new_authority_address: &Address,
/// ) -> Result<()> {
///
///     let instr = instruction::authorize_nonce_account(
///         nonce_account_address,
///         &authorized_account.pubkey(),
///         new_authority_address,
///     );
///
///     let mut tx = Transaction::new_with_payer(&[instr], Some(&authorized_account.pubkey()));
///
///     let blockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash()?;
///     tx.try_sign(&[authorized_account], blockhash)?;
///
///     client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&tx)?;
///
///     Ok(())
/// }
/// #
/// # let client = RpcClient::new(String::new());
/// # let nonce_account_address = Address::new_unique();
/// # let payer = Keypair::new();
/// # let new_authority_address = Address::new_unique();
/// # authorize_nonce_account_tx(&client, &nonce_account_address, &payer, &new_authority_address)?;
/// #
/// # Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
/// ```
#[cfg(feature = "bincode")]
pub fn authorize_nonce_account(
    nonce_address: &Address,
    authorized_address: &Address,
    new_authority: &Address,
) -> Instruction {
    let account_metas = vec![
        AccountMeta::new(*nonce_address, false),
        AccountMeta::new_readonly(*authorized_address, true),
    ];
    Instruction::new_with_bincode(
        ID,
        &SystemInstruction::AuthorizeNonceAccount(*new_authority),
        account_metas,
    )
}

/// One-time idempotent upgrade of legacy nonce versions in order to bump
/// them out of chain blockhash domain.
#[cfg(feature = "bincode")]
pub fn upgrade_nonce_account(nonce_address: Address) -> Instruction {
    let account_metas = vec![AccountMeta::new(nonce_address, /*is_signer:*/ false)];
    Instruction::new_with_bincode(ID, &SystemInstruction::UpgradeNonceAccount, account_metas)
}

/// Create a new account without enforcing zero lamports on the destination
/// account.
///
/// # Required signers
///
/// The `new_account_address` signer must sign the transaction. If present,
/// the payer in `payer_and_lamports` must also sign the transaction.
#[cfg(feature = "bincode")]
pub fn create_account_allow_prefund(
    new_account_address: &Address,
    payer_and_lamports: Option<(&Address, u64)>,
    space: u64,
    owner: &Address,
) -> Instruction {
    let mut account_metas = vec![AccountMeta::new(*new_account_address, true)];
    let lamports = match payer_and_lamports {
        None => 0,
        Some((from, lamports)) => {
            account_metas.push(AccountMeta::new(*from, true));
            lamports
        }
    };

    Instruction::new_with_bincode(
        ID,
        &SystemInstruction::CreateAccountAllowPrefund {
            lamports,
            space,
            owner: *owner,
        },
        account_metas,
    )
}

#[cfg(feature = "bincode")]
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use {super::*, solana_sysvar_id::SysvarId};

    fn get_keys(instruction: &Instruction) -> Vec<Address> {
        instruction.accounts.iter().map(|x| x.pubkey).collect()
    }

    #[allow(deprecated)]
    #[test]
    fn test_constants() {
        // Ensure that the constants are in sync with the solana program.
        assert_eq!(
            RECENT_BLOCKHASHES_ID,
            solana_sysvar::recent_blockhashes::RecentBlockhashes::id(),
        );

        // Ensure that the constants are in sync with the solana rent.
        assert_eq!(RENT_ID, solana_sysvar::rent::Rent::id());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_move_many() {
        let alice_address = Address::new_unique();
        let bob_address = Address::new_unique();
        let carol_address = Address::new_unique();
        let to_lamports = vec![(bob_address, 1), (carol_address, 2)];

        let instructions = transfer_many(&alice_address, &to_lamports);
        assert_eq!(instructions.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(get_keys(&instructions[0]), vec![alice_address, bob_address]);
        assert_eq!(
            get_keys(&instructions[1]),
            vec![alice_address, carol_address]
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_create_nonce_account() {
        let from_address = Address::new_unique();
        let nonce_address = Address::new_unique();
        let authorized = nonce_address;
        let ixs = create_nonce_account(&from_address, &nonce_address, &authorized, 42);
        assert_eq!(ixs.len(), 2);
        let ix = &ixs[0];
        assert_eq!(ix.program_id, crate::program::ID);
        let addresss: Vec<_> = ix.accounts.iter().map(|am| am.pubkey).collect();
        assert!(addresss.contains(&from_address));
        assert!(addresss.contains(&nonce_address));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_create_account_allow_prefund_with_from_address() {
        let from_address = Address::new_unique();
        let to_address = Address::new_unique();

        let instr = create_account_allow_prefund(
            &to_address,
            Some((&from_address, 1)),
            8, // arbitrary space
            &crate::program::ID,
        );

        assert_eq!(instr.program_id, crate::program::ID);
        // Expect two account metas: [to, from]
        assert_eq!(instr.accounts.len(), 2);

        let to_meta = &instr.accounts[0];
        assert_eq!(to_meta.pubkey, to_address);
        assert!(to_meta.is_signer);
        assert!(to_meta.is_writable);

        let from_meta = &instr.accounts[1];
        assert_eq!(from_meta.pubkey, from_address);
        assert!(from_meta.is_signer);
        assert!(from_meta.is_writable);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_create_account_allow_prefund_without_from_address() {
        let to_address = Address::new_unique();

        let instr = create_account_allow_prefund(
            &to_address,
            None,
            8, // arbitrary space
            &crate::program::ID,
        );

        assert_eq!(instr.program_id, crate::program::ID);
        // Expect a single account meta: [to]
        assert_eq!(instr.accounts.len(), 1);

        let to_meta = &instr.accounts[0];
        assert_eq!(to_meta.pubkey, to_address);
        assert!(to_meta.is_signer);
        assert!(to_meta.is_writable);
    }
}