solana_pubkey/

lib.rs

//! Solana account addresses.
#![no_std]
#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_auto_cfg))]
#![cfg_attr(feature = "frozen-abi", feature(min_specialization))]
#![allow(clippy::arithmetic_side_effects)]

#[cfg(any(feature = "std", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
extern crate std;
#[cfg(feature = "dev-context-only-utils")]
use arbitrary::Arbitrary;
#[cfg(feature = "bytemuck")]
use bytemuck_derive::{Pod, Zeroable};
#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
use serde_derive::{Deserialize, Serialize};
#[cfg(any(feature = "std", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
use std::vec::Vec;
#[cfg(feature = "borsh")]
use {
    borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSchema, BorshSerialize},
    std::string::ToString,
};
use {
    core::{
        array,
        convert::{Infallible, TryFrom},
        fmt,
        hash::{Hash, Hasher},
        mem,
        str::{from_utf8_unchecked, FromStr},
    },
    num_traits::{FromPrimitive, ToPrimitive},
};
#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
use {
    js_sys::{Array, Uint8Array},
    wasm_bindgen::{prelude::wasm_bindgen, JsCast, JsValue},
};

#[cfg(target_os = "solana")]
pub mod syscalls;

/// Number of bytes in a pubkey
pub const PUBKEY_BYTES: usize = 32;
/// maximum length of derived `Pubkey` seed
pub const MAX_SEED_LEN: usize = 32;
/// Maximum number of seeds
pub const MAX_SEEDS: usize = 16;
/// Maximum string length of a base58 encoded pubkey
const MAX_BASE58_LEN: usize = 44;

#[cfg(any(target_os = "solana", feature = "sha2", feature = "curve25519"))]
const PDA_MARKER: &[u8; 21] = b"ProgramDerivedAddress";

/// Copied from `solana_program::entrypoint::SUCCESS`
/// to avoid a `solana_program` dependency
#[cfg(target_os = "solana")]
const SUCCESS: u64 = 0;

// Use strum when testing to ensure our FromPrimitive
// impl is exhaustive
#[cfg_attr(test, derive(strum_macros::FromRepr, strum_macros::EnumIter))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize))]
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum PubkeyError {
    /// Length of the seed is too long for address generation
    MaxSeedLengthExceeded,
    InvalidSeeds,
    IllegalOwner,
}

impl ToPrimitive for PubkeyError {
    #[inline]
    fn to_i64(&self) -> Option<i64> {
        Some(match *self {
            PubkeyError::MaxSeedLengthExceeded => PubkeyError::MaxSeedLengthExceeded as i64,
            PubkeyError::InvalidSeeds => PubkeyError::InvalidSeeds as i64,
            PubkeyError::IllegalOwner => PubkeyError::IllegalOwner as i64,
        })
    }
    #[inline]
    fn to_u64(&self) -> Option<u64> {
        self.to_i64().map(|x| x as u64)
    }
}

impl FromPrimitive for PubkeyError {
    #[inline]
    fn from_i64(n: i64) -> Option<Self> {
        if n == PubkeyError::MaxSeedLengthExceeded as i64 {
            Some(PubkeyError::MaxSeedLengthExceeded)
        } else if n == PubkeyError::InvalidSeeds as i64 {
            Some(PubkeyError::InvalidSeeds)
        } else if n == PubkeyError::IllegalOwner as i64 {
            Some(PubkeyError::IllegalOwner)
        } else {
            None
        }
    }
    #[inline]
    fn from_u64(n: u64) -> Option<Self> {
        Self::from_i64(n as i64)
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "std")]
impl std::error::Error for PubkeyError {}

impl fmt::Display for PubkeyError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            PubkeyError::MaxSeedLengthExceeded => {
                f.write_str("Length of the seed is too long for address generation")
            }
            PubkeyError::InvalidSeeds => {
                f.write_str("Provided seeds do not result in a valid address")
            }
            PubkeyError::IllegalOwner => f.write_str("Provided owner is not allowed"),
        }
    }
}

#[allow(deprecated)]
impl<T> solana_decode_error::DecodeError<T> for PubkeyError {
    fn type_of() -> &'static str {
        "PubkeyError"
    }
}
impl From<u64> for PubkeyError {
    fn from(error: u64) -> Self {
        match error {
            0 => PubkeyError::MaxSeedLengthExceeded,
            1 => PubkeyError::InvalidSeeds,
            2 => PubkeyError::IllegalOwner,
            _ => panic!("Unsupported PubkeyError"),
        }
    }
}

/// The address of a [Solana account][acc].
///
/// Some account addresses are [ed25519] public keys, with corresponding secret
/// keys that are managed off-chain. Often, though, account addresses do not
/// have corresponding secret keys &mdash; as with [_program derived
/// addresses_][pdas] &mdash; or the secret key is not relevant to the operation
/// of a program, and may have even been disposed of. As running Solana programs
/// can not safely create or manage secret keys, the full [`Keypair`] is not
/// defined in `solana-program` but in `solana-sdk`.
///
/// [acc]: https://solana.com/docs/core/accounts
/// [ed25519]: https://ed25519.cr.yp.to/
/// [pdas]: https://solana.com/docs/core/cpi#program-derived-addresses
/// [`Keypair`]: https://docs.rs/solana-sdk/latest/solana_sdk/signer/keypair/struct.Keypair.html
#[cfg_attr(target_arch = "wasm32", wasm_bindgen)]
#[repr(transparent)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "frozen-abi", derive(solana_frozen_abi_macro::AbiExample))]
#[cfg_attr(
    feature = "borsh",
    derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize),
    borsh(crate = "borsh")
)]
#[cfg_attr(all(feature = "borsh", feature = "std"), derive(BorshSchema))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Deserialize, Serialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "bytemuck", derive(Pod, Zeroable))]
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Default, Eq, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "dev-context-only-utils", derive(Arbitrary))]
pub struct Pubkey(pub(crate) [u8; 32]);

/// Custom impl of Hash for Pubkey
/// allows us to skip hashing the length of the pubkey
/// which is always the same anyway
impl Hash for Pubkey {
    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
        state.write(self.as_array());
    }
}

#[cfg(all(feature = "rand", not(target_os = "solana")))]
mod hasher {
    use {
        crate::PUBKEY_BYTES,
        core::{
            cell::Cell,
            hash::{BuildHasher, Hasher},
            mem,
        },
        rand::{thread_rng, Rng},
    };

    /// A faster, but less collision resistant hasher for pubkeys.
    ///
    /// Specialized hasher that uses a random 8 bytes subslice of the
    /// pubkey as the hash value. Should not be used when collisions
    /// might be used to mount DOS attacks.
    ///
    /// Using this results in about 4x faster lookups in a typical hashmap.
    #[derive(Default)]
    pub struct PubkeyHasher {
        offset: usize,
        state: u64,
    }

    impl Hasher for PubkeyHasher {
        #[inline]
        fn finish(&self) -> u64 {
            self.state
        }
        #[inline]
        fn write(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) {
            debug_assert_eq!(
                bytes.len(),
                PUBKEY_BYTES,
                "This hasher is intended to be used with pubkeys and nothing else"
            );
            // This slice/unwrap can never panic since offset is < PUBKEY_BYTES - mem::size_of::<u64>()
            let chunk: &[u8; mem::size_of::<u64>()] = bytes
                [self.offset..self.offset + mem::size_of::<u64>()]
                .try_into()
                .unwrap();
            self.state = u64::from_ne_bytes(*chunk);
        }
    }

    /// A builder for faster, but less collision resistant hasher for pubkeys.
    ///
    /// Initializes `PubkeyHasher` instances that use an 8-byte
    /// slice of the pubkey as the hash value. Should not be used when
    /// collisions might be used to mount DOS attacks.
    ///
    /// Using this results in about 4x faster lookups in a typical hashmap.
    #[derive(Clone)]
    pub struct PubkeyHasherBuilder {
        offset: usize,
    }

    impl Default for PubkeyHasherBuilder {
        /// Default construct the PubkeyHasherBuilder.
        ///
        /// The position of the slice is determined initially
        /// through random draw and then by incrementing a thread-local
        /// This way each hashmap can be expected to use a slightly different
        /// slice. This is essentially the same mechanism as what is used by
        /// `RandomState`
        fn default() -> Self {
            std::thread_local!(static OFFSET: Cell<usize>  = {
                let mut rng = thread_rng();
                Cell::new(rng.gen_range(0..PUBKEY_BYTES - mem::size_of::<u64>()))
            });

            let offset = OFFSET.with(|offset| {
                let mut next_offset = offset.get() + 1;
                if next_offset > PUBKEY_BYTES - mem::size_of::<u64>() {
                    next_offset = 0;
                }
                offset.set(next_offset);
                next_offset
            });
            PubkeyHasherBuilder { offset }
        }
    }

    impl BuildHasher for PubkeyHasherBuilder {
        type Hasher = PubkeyHasher;
        #[inline]
        fn build_hasher(&self) -> Self::Hasher {
            PubkeyHasher {
                offset: self.offset,
                state: 0,
            }
        }
    }

    #[cfg(test)]
    mod tests {
        use {
            super::PubkeyHasherBuilder,
            crate::Pubkey,
            core::hash::{BuildHasher, Hasher},
        };
        #[test]
        fn test_pubkey_hasher_builder() {
            let key = Pubkey::new_unique();
            let builder = PubkeyHasherBuilder::default();
            let mut hasher1 = builder.build_hasher();
            let mut hasher2 = builder.build_hasher();
            hasher1.write(key.as_array());
            hasher2.write(key.as_array());
            assert_eq!(
                hasher1.finish(),
                hasher2.finish(),
                "Hashers made with same builder should be identical"
            );
            // Make sure that when we make new builders we get different slices
            // chosen for hashing
            let builder2 = PubkeyHasherBuilder::default();
            for _ in 0..64 {
                let mut hasher3 = builder2.build_hasher();
                hasher3.write(key.as_array());
                std::dbg!(hasher1.finish());
                std::dbg!(hasher3.finish());
                if hasher1.finish() != hasher3.finish() {
                    return;
                }
            }
            panic!("Hashers built with different builder should be different due to random offset");
        }

        #[test]
        fn test_pubkey_hasher() {
            let key1 = Pubkey::new_unique();
            let key2 = Pubkey::new_unique();
            let builder = PubkeyHasherBuilder::default();
            let mut hasher1 = builder.build_hasher();
            let mut hasher2 = builder.build_hasher();
            hasher1.write(key1.as_array());
            hasher2.write(key2.as_array());
            assert_ne!(hasher1.finish(), hasher2.finish());
        }
    }
}
#[cfg(all(feature = "rand", not(target_os = "solana")))]
pub use hasher::{PubkeyHasher, PubkeyHasherBuilder};

impl solana_sanitize::Sanitize for Pubkey {}

// Use strum when testing to ensure our FromPrimitive
// impl is exhaustive
#[cfg_attr(test, derive(strum_macros::FromRepr, strum_macros::EnumIter))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize))]
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum ParsePubkeyError {
    WrongSize,
    Invalid,
}

impl ToPrimitive for ParsePubkeyError {
    #[inline]
    fn to_i64(&self) -> Option<i64> {
        Some(match *self {
            ParsePubkeyError::WrongSize => ParsePubkeyError::WrongSize as i64,
            ParsePubkeyError::Invalid => ParsePubkeyError::Invalid as i64,
        })
    }
    #[inline]
    fn to_u64(&self) -> Option<u64> {
        self.to_i64().map(|x| x as u64)
    }
}

impl FromPrimitive for ParsePubkeyError {
    #[inline]
    fn from_i64(n: i64) -> Option<Self> {
        if n == ParsePubkeyError::WrongSize as i64 {
            Some(ParsePubkeyError::WrongSize)
        } else if n == ParsePubkeyError::Invalid as i64 {
            Some(ParsePubkeyError::Invalid)
        } else {
            None
        }
    }
    #[inline]
    fn from_u64(n: u64) -> Option<Self> {
        Self::from_i64(n as i64)
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "std")]
impl std::error::Error for ParsePubkeyError {}

impl fmt::Display for ParsePubkeyError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            ParsePubkeyError::WrongSize => f.write_str("String is the wrong size"),
            ParsePubkeyError::Invalid => f.write_str("Invalid Base58 string"),
        }
    }
}

impl From<Infallible> for ParsePubkeyError {
    fn from(_: Infallible) -> Self {
        unreachable!("Infallible uninhabited");
    }
}

#[allow(deprecated)]
impl<T> solana_decode_error::DecodeError<T> for ParsePubkeyError {
    fn type_of() -> &'static str {
        "ParsePubkeyError"
    }
}

impl FromStr for Pubkey {
    type Err = ParsePubkeyError;

    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
        use five8::DecodeError;
        if s.len() > MAX_BASE58_LEN {
            return Err(ParsePubkeyError::WrongSize);
        }
        let mut bytes = [0; PUBKEY_BYTES];
        five8::decode_32(s, &mut bytes).map_err(|e| match e {
            DecodeError::InvalidChar(_) => ParsePubkeyError::Invalid,
            DecodeError::TooLong
            | DecodeError::TooShort
            | DecodeError::LargestTermTooHigh
            | DecodeError::OutputTooLong => ParsePubkeyError::WrongSize,
        })?;
        Ok(Pubkey(bytes))
    }
}

impl From<&Pubkey> for Pubkey {
    #[inline]
    fn from(value: &Pubkey) -> Self {
        *value
    }
}

impl From<[u8; 32]> for Pubkey {
    #[inline]
    fn from(from: [u8; 32]) -> Self {
        Self(from)
    }
}

impl TryFrom<&[u8]> for Pubkey {
    type Error = array::TryFromSliceError;

    #[inline]
    fn try_from(pubkey: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        <[u8; 32]>::try_from(pubkey).map(Self::from)
    }
}

#[cfg(any(feature = "std", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
impl TryFrom<Vec<u8>> for Pubkey {
    type Error = Vec<u8>;

    #[inline]
    fn try_from(pubkey: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        <[u8; 32]>::try_from(pubkey).map(Self::from)
    }
}

impl TryFrom<&str> for Pubkey {
    type Error = ParsePubkeyError;
    fn try_from(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        Pubkey::from_str(s)
    }
}

// If target_os = "solana", then this panics so there are no dependencies.
// When target_os != "solana", this should be opt-in so users
// don't need the curve25519 dependency.
#[cfg(any(target_os = "solana", feature = "curve25519"))]
#[allow(clippy::used_underscore_binding)]
pub fn bytes_are_curve_point<T: AsRef<[u8]>>(_bytes: T) -> bool {
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "solana"))]
    {
        let Ok(compressed_edwards_y) =
            curve25519_dalek::edwards::CompressedEdwardsY::from_slice(_bytes.as_ref())
        else {
            return false;
        };
        compressed_edwards_y.decompress().is_some()
    }
    #[cfg(target_os = "solana")]
    unimplemented!();
}

impl Pubkey {
    pub const fn new_from_array(pubkey_array: [u8; 32]) -> Self {
        Self(pubkey_array)
    }

    /// Decode a string into a Pubkey, usable in a const context
    pub const fn from_str_const(s: &str) -> Self {
        let id_array = five8_const::decode_32_const(s);
        Pubkey::new_from_array(id_array)
    }

    /// unique Pubkey for tests and benchmarks.
    pub fn new_unique() -> Self {
        use solana_atomic_u64::AtomicU64;
        static I: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(1);
        type T = u32;
        const COUNTER_BYTES: usize = mem::size_of::<T>();
        let mut b = [0u8; PUBKEY_BYTES];
        #[cfg(any(feature = "std", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
        let mut i = I.fetch_add(1) as T;
        #[cfg(not(any(feature = "std", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
        let i = I.fetch_add(1) as T;
        // use big endian representation to ensure that recent unique pubkeys
        // are always greater than less recent unique pubkeys.
        b[0..COUNTER_BYTES].copy_from_slice(&i.to_be_bytes());
        // fill the rest of the pubkey with pseudorandom numbers to make
        // data statistically similar to real pubkeys.
        #[cfg(any(feature = "std", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
        {
            let mut hash = std::hash::DefaultHasher::new();
            for slice in b[COUNTER_BYTES..].chunks_mut(COUNTER_BYTES) {
                hash.write_u32(i);
                i += 1;
                slice.copy_from_slice(&hash.finish().to_ne_bytes()[0..COUNTER_BYTES]);
            }
        }
        // if std is not available, just replicate last byte of the counter.
        // this is not as good as a proper hash, but at least it is uniform
        #[cfg(not(any(feature = "std", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
        {
            for b in b[COUNTER_BYTES..].iter_mut() {
                *b = (i & 0xFF) as u8;
            }
        }
        Self::from(b)
    }

    // If target_os = "solana", then the solana_sha256_hasher crate will use
    // syscalls which bring no dependencies.
    // When target_os != "solana", this should be opt-in so users
    // don't need the sha2 dependency.
    #[cfg(any(target_os = "solana", feature = "sha2"))]
    pub fn create_with_seed(
        base: &Pubkey,
        seed: &str,
        owner: &Pubkey,
    ) -> Result<Pubkey, PubkeyError> {
        if seed.len() > MAX_SEED_LEN {
            return Err(PubkeyError::MaxSeedLengthExceeded);
        }

        let owner = owner.as_ref();
        if owner.len() >= PDA_MARKER.len() {
            let slice = &owner[owner.len() - PDA_MARKER.len()..];
            if slice == PDA_MARKER {
                return Err(PubkeyError::IllegalOwner);
            }
        }
        let hash = solana_sha256_hasher::hashv(&[base.as_ref(), seed.as_ref(), owner]);
        Ok(Pubkey::from(hash.to_bytes()))
    }

    /// Find a valid [program derived address][pda] and its corresponding bump seed.
    ///
    /// [pda]: https://solana.com/docs/core/cpi#program-derived-addresses
    ///
    /// Program derived addresses (PDAs) are account keys that only the program,
    /// `program_id`, has the authority to sign. The address is of the same form
    /// as a Solana `Pubkey`, except they are ensured to not be on the ed25519
    /// curve and thus have no associated private key. When performing
    /// cross-program invocations the program can "sign" for the key by calling
    /// [`invoke_signed`] and passing the same seeds used to generate the
    /// address, along with the calculated _bump seed_, which this function
    /// returns as the second tuple element. The runtime will verify that the
    /// program associated with this address is the caller and thus authorized
    /// to be the signer.
    ///
    /// [`invoke_signed`]: https://docs.rs/solana-program/latest/solana_program/program/fn.invoke_signed.html
    ///
    /// The `seeds` are application-specific, and must be carefully selected to
    /// uniquely derive accounts per application requirements. It is common to
    /// use static strings and other pubkeys as seeds.
    ///
    /// Because the program address must not lie on the ed25519 curve, there may
    /// be seed and program id combinations that are invalid. For this reason,
    /// an extra seed (the bump seed) is calculated that results in a
    /// point off the curve. The bump seed must be passed as an additional seed
    /// when calling `invoke_signed`.
    ///
    /// The processes of finding a valid program address is by trial and error,
    /// and even though it is deterministic given a set of inputs it can take a
    /// variable amount of time to succeed across different inputs.  This means
    /// that when called from an on-chain program it may incur a variable amount
    /// of the program's compute budget.  Programs that are meant to be very
    /// performant may not want to use this function because it could take a
    /// considerable amount of time. Programs that are already at risk
    /// of exceeding their compute budget should call this with care since
    /// there is a chance that the program's budget may be occasionally
    /// and unpredictably exceeded.
    ///
    /// As all account addresses accessed by an on-chain Solana program must be
    /// explicitly passed to the program, it is typical for the PDAs to be
    /// derived in off-chain client programs, avoiding the compute cost of
    /// generating the address on-chain. The address may or may not then be
    /// verified by re-deriving it on-chain, depending on the requirements of
    /// the program. This verification may be performed without the overhead of
    /// re-searching for the bump key by using the [`create_program_address`]
    /// function.
    ///
    /// [`create_program_address`]: Pubkey::create_program_address
    ///
    /// **Warning**: Because of the way the seeds are hashed there is a potential
    /// for program address collisions for the same program id.  The seeds are
    /// hashed sequentially which means that seeds {"abcdef"}, {"abc", "def"},
    /// and {"ab", "cd", "ef"} will all result in the same program address given
    /// the same program id. Since the chance of collision is local to a given
    /// program id, the developer of that program must take care to choose seeds
    /// that do not collide with each other. For seed schemes that are susceptible
    /// to this type of hash collision, a common remedy is to insert separators
    /// between seeds, e.g. transforming {"abc", "def"} into {"abc", "-", "def"}.
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// Panics in the statistically improbable event that a bump seed could not be
    /// found. Use [`try_find_program_address`] to handle this case.
    ///
    /// [`try_find_program_address`]: Pubkey::try_find_program_address
    ///
    /// Panics if any of the following are true:
    ///
    /// - the number of provided seeds is greater than, _or equal to_,  [`MAX_SEEDS`],
    /// - any individual seed's length is greater than [`MAX_SEED_LEN`].
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// This example illustrates a simple case of creating a "vault" account
    /// which is derived from the payer account, but owned by an on-chain
    /// program. The program derived address is derived in an off-chain client
    /// program, which invokes an on-chain Solana program that uses the address
    /// to create a new account owned and controlled by the program itself.
    ///
    /// By convention, the on-chain program will be compiled for use in two
    /// different contexts: both on-chain, to interpret a custom program
    /// instruction as a Solana transaction; and off-chain, as a library, so
    /// that clients can share the instruction data structure, constructors, and
    /// other common code.
    ///
    /// First the on-chain Solana program:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use borsh::{BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize};
    /// # use solana_pubkey::Pubkey;
    /// # use solana_program::{
    /// #     entrypoint::ProgramResult,
    /// #     program::invoke_signed,
    /// #     system_instruction,
    /// #     account_info::{
    /// #         AccountInfo,
    /// #         next_account_info,
    /// #     },
    /// # };
    /// // The custom instruction processed by our program. It includes the
    /// // PDA's bump seed, which is derived by the client program. This
    /// // definition is also imported into the off-chain client program.
    /// // The computed address of the PDA will be passed to this program via
    /// // the `accounts` vector of the `Instruction` type.
    /// #[derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize, Debug)]
    /// # #[borsh(crate = "borsh")]
    /// pub struct InstructionData {
    ///     pub vault_bump_seed: u8,
    ///     pub lamports: u64,
    /// }
    ///
    /// // The size in bytes of a vault account. The client program needs
    /// // this information to calculate the quantity of lamports necessary
    /// // to pay for the account's rent.
    /// pub static VAULT_ACCOUNT_SIZE: u64 = 1024;
    ///
    /// // The entrypoint of the on-chain program, as provided to the
    /// // `entrypoint!` macro.
    /// fn process_instruction(
    ///     program_id: &Pubkey,
    ///     accounts: &[AccountInfo],
    ///     instruction_data: &[u8],
    /// ) -> ProgramResult {
    ///     let account_info_iter = &mut accounts.iter();
    ///     let payer = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
    ///     // The vault PDA, derived from the payer's address
    ///     let vault = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
    ///
    ///     let mut instruction_data = instruction_data;
    ///     let instr = InstructionData::deserialize(&mut instruction_data)?;
    ///     let vault_bump_seed = instr.vault_bump_seed;
    ///     let lamports = instr.lamports;
    ///     let vault_size = VAULT_ACCOUNT_SIZE;
    ///
    ///     // Invoke the system program to create an account while virtually
    ///     // signing with the vault PDA, which is owned by this caller program.
    ///     invoke_signed(
    ///         &system_instruction::create_account(
    ///             &payer.key,
    ///             &vault.key,
    ///             lamports,
    ///             vault_size,
    ///             &program_id,
    ///         ),
    ///         &[
    ///             payer.clone(),
    ///             vault.clone(),
    ///         ],
    ///         // A slice of seed slices, each seed slice being the set
    ///         // of seeds used to generate one of the PDAs required by the
    ///         // callee program, the final seed being a single-element slice
    ///         // containing the `u8` bump seed.
    ///         &[
    ///             &[
    ///                 b"vault",
    ///                 payer.key.as_ref(),
    ///                 &[vault_bump_seed],
    ///             ],
    ///         ]
    ///     )?;
    ///
    ///     Ok(())
    /// }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// The client program:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use borsh::{BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize};
    /// # use solana_program::example_mocks::{solana_sdk, solana_rpc_client};
    /// # use solana_pubkey::Pubkey;
    /// # use solana_program::{
    /// #     instruction::Instruction,
    /// #     hash::Hash,
    /// #     instruction::AccountMeta,
    /// #     system_program,
    /// # };
    /// # use solana_sdk::{
    /// #     signature::Keypair,
    /// #     signature::{Signer, Signature},
    /// #     transaction::Transaction,
    /// # };
    /// # use solana_rpc_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;
    /// # use std::convert::TryFrom;
    /// # use anyhow::Result;
    /// #
    /// # #[derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize, Debug)]
    /// # #[borsh(crate = "borsh")]
    /// # struct InstructionData {
    /// #    pub vault_bump_seed: u8,
    /// #    pub lamports: u64,
    /// # }
    /// #
    /// # pub static VAULT_ACCOUNT_SIZE: u64 = 1024;
    /// #
    /// fn create_vault_account(
    ///     client: &RpcClient,
    ///     program_id: Pubkey,
    ///     payer: &Keypair,
    /// ) -> Result<()> {
    ///     // Derive the PDA from the payer account, a string representing the unique
    ///     // purpose of the account ("vault"), and the address of our on-chain program.
    ///     let (vault_pubkey, vault_bump_seed) = Pubkey::find_program_address(
    ///         &[b"vault", payer.pubkey().as_ref()],
    ///         &program_id
    ///     );
    ///
    ///     // Get the amount of lamports needed to pay for the vault's rent
    ///     let vault_account_size = usize::try_from(VAULT_ACCOUNT_SIZE)?;
    ///     let lamports = client.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(vault_account_size)?;
    ///
    ///     // The on-chain program's instruction data, imported from that program's crate.
    ///     let instr_data = InstructionData {
    ///         vault_bump_seed,
    ///         lamports,
    ///     };
    ///
    ///     // The accounts required by both our on-chain program and the system program's
    ///     // `create_account` instruction, including the vault's address.
    ///     let accounts = vec![
    ///         AccountMeta::new(payer.pubkey(), true),
    ///         AccountMeta::new(vault_pubkey, false),
    ///         AccountMeta::new(system_program::ID, false),
    ///     ];
    ///
    ///     // Create the instruction by serializing our instruction data via borsh
    ///     let instruction = Instruction::new_with_borsh(
    ///         program_id,
    ///         &instr_data,
    ///         accounts,
    ///     );
    ///
    ///     let blockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash()?;
    ///
    ///     let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(
    ///         &[instruction],
    ///         Some(&payer.pubkey()),
    ///         &[payer],
    ///         blockhash,
    ///     );
    ///
    ///     client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)?;
    ///
    ///     Ok(())
    /// }
    /// # let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
    /// # let payer = Keypair::new();
    /// # let client = RpcClient::new(String::new());
    /// #
    /// # create_vault_account(&client, program_id, &payer)?;
    /// #
    /// # Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
    /// ```
    // If target_os = "solana", then the function will use
    // syscalls which bring no dependencies.
    // When target_os != "solana", this should be opt-in so users
    // don't need the curve25519 dependency.
    #[cfg(any(target_os = "solana", feature = "curve25519"))]
    pub fn find_program_address(seeds: &[&[u8]], program_id: &Pubkey) -> (Pubkey, u8) {
        Self::try_find_program_address(seeds, program_id)
            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Unable to find a viable program address bump seed"))
    }

    /// Find a valid [program derived address][pda] and its corresponding bump seed.
    ///
    /// [pda]: https://solana.com/docs/core/cpi#program-derived-addresses
    ///
    /// The only difference between this method and [`find_program_address`]
    /// is that this one returns `None` in the statistically improbable event
    /// that a bump seed cannot be found; or if any of `find_program_address`'s
    /// preconditions are violated.
    ///
    /// See the documentation for [`find_program_address`] for a full description.
    ///
    /// [`find_program_address`]: Pubkey::find_program_address
    // If target_os = "solana", then the function will use
    // syscalls which bring no dependencies.
    // When target_os != "solana", this should be opt-in so users
    // don't need the curve25519 dependency.
    #[cfg(any(target_os = "solana", feature = "curve25519"))]
    #[allow(clippy::same_item_push)]
    pub fn try_find_program_address(seeds: &[&[u8]], program_id: &Pubkey) -> Option<(Pubkey, u8)> {
        // Perform the calculation inline, calling this from within a program is
        // not supported
        #[cfg(not(target_os = "solana"))]
        {
            let mut bump_seed = [u8::MAX];
            for _ in 0..u8::MAX {
                {
                    let mut seeds_with_bump = seeds.to_vec();
                    seeds_with_bump.push(&bump_seed);
                    match Self::create_program_address(&seeds_with_bump, program_id) {
                        Ok(address) => return Some((address, bump_seed[0])),
                        Err(PubkeyError::InvalidSeeds) => (),
                        _ => break,
                    }
                }
                bump_seed[0] -= 1;
            }
            None
        }
        // Call via a system call to perform the calculation
        #[cfg(target_os = "solana")]
        {
            let mut bytes = [0; 32];
            let mut bump_seed = u8::MAX;
            let result = unsafe {
                crate::syscalls::sol_try_find_program_address(
                    seeds as *const _ as *const u8,
                    seeds.len() as u64,
                    program_id as *const _ as *const u8,
                    &mut bytes as *mut _ as *mut u8,
                    &mut bump_seed as *mut _ as *mut u8,
                )
            };
            match result {
                SUCCESS => Some((Pubkey::from(bytes), bump_seed)),
                _ => None,
            }
        }
    }

    /// Create a valid [program derived address][pda] without searching for a bump seed.
    ///
    /// [pda]: https://solana.com/docs/core/cpi#program-derived-addresses
    ///
    /// Because this function does not create a bump seed, it may unpredictably
    /// return an error for any given set of seeds and is not generally suitable
    /// for creating program derived addresses.
    ///
    /// However, it can be used for efficiently verifying that a set of seeds plus
    /// bump seed generated by [`find_program_address`] derives a particular
    /// address as expected. See the example for details.
    ///
    /// See the documentation for [`find_program_address`] for a full description
    /// of program derived addresses and bump seeds.
    ///
    /// [`find_program_address`]: Pubkey::find_program_address
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// Creating a program derived address involves iteratively searching for a
    /// bump seed for which the derived [`Pubkey`] does not lie on the ed25519
    /// curve. This search process is generally performed off-chain, with the
    /// [`find_program_address`] function, after which the client passes the
    /// bump seed to the program as instruction data.
    ///
    /// Depending on the application requirements, a program may wish to verify
    /// that the set of seeds, plus the bump seed, do correctly generate an
    /// expected address.
    ///
    /// The verification is performed by appending to the other seeds one
    /// additional seed slice that contains the single `u8` bump seed, calling
    /// `create_program_address`, checking that the return value is `Ok`, and
    /// that the returned `Pubkey` has the expected value.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use solana_pubkey::Pubkey;
    /// # let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
    /// let (expected_pda, bump_seed) = Pubkey::find_program_address(&[b"vault"], &program_id);
    /// let actual_pda = Pubkey::create_program_address(&[b"vault", &[bump_seed]], &program_id)?;
    /// assert_eq!(expected_pda, actual_pda);
    /// # Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
    /// ```
    // If target_os = "solana", then the function will use
    // syscalls which bring no dependencies.
    // When target_os != "solana", this should be opt-in so users
    // don't need the curve225519 dep.
    #[cfg(any(target_os = "solana", feature = "curve25519"))]
    pub fn create_program_address(
        seeds: &[&[u8]],
        program_id: &Pubkey,
    ) -> Result<Pubkey, PubkeyError> {
        if seeds.len() > MAX_SEEDS {
            return Err(PubkeyError::MaxSeedLengthExceeded);
        }
        for seed in seeds.iter() {
            if seed.len() > MAX_SEED_LEN {
                return Err(PubkeyError::MaxSeedLengthExceeded);
            }
        }

        // Perform the calculation inline, calling this from within a program is
        // not supported
        #[cfg(not(target_os = "solana"))]
        {
            let mut hasher = solana_sha256_hasher::Hasher::default();
            for seed in seeds.iter() {
                hasher.hash(seed);
            }
            hasher.hashv(&[program_id.as_ref(), PDA_MARKER]);
            let hash = hasher.result();

            if bytes_are_curve_point(hash) {
                return Err(PubkeyError::InvalidSeeds);
            }

            Ok(Pubkey::from(hash.to_bytes()))
        }
        // Call via a system call to perform the calculation
        #[cfg(target_os = "solana")]
        {
            let mut bytes = [0; 32];
            let result = unsafe {
                crate::syscalls::sol_create_program_address(
                    seeds as *const _ as *const u8,
                    seeds.len() as u64,
                    program_id as *const _ as *const u8,
                    &mut bytes as *mut _ as *mut u8,
                )
            };
            match result {
                SUCCESS => Ok(Pubkey::from(bytes)),
                _ => Err(result.into()),
            }
        }
    }

    pub const fn to_bytes(self) -> [u8; 32] {
        self.0
    }

    /// Return a reference to the `Pubkey`'s byte array.
    #[inline(always)]
    pub const fn as_array(&self) -> &[u8; 32] {
        &self.0
    }

    // If target_os = "solana", then this panics so there are no dependencies.
    // When target_os != "solana", this should be opt-in so users
    // don't need the curve25519 dependency.
    #[cfg(any(target_os = "solana", feature = "curve25519"))]
    pub fn is_on_curve(&self) -> bool {
        bytes_are_curve_point(self)
    }

    /// Log a `Pubkey` from a program
    pub fn log(&self) {
        #[cfg(target_os = "solana")]
        unsafe {
            crate::syscalls::sol_log_pubkey(self.as_ref() as *const _ as *const u8)
        };

        #[cfg(all(not(target_os = "solana"), feature = "std"))]
        std::println!("{}", std::string::ToString::to_string(&self));
    }
}

impl AsRef<[u8]> for Pubkey {
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &[u8] {
        &self.0[..]
    }
}

impl AsMut<[u8]> for Pubkey {
    fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [u8] {
        &mut self.0[..]
    }
}

fn write_as_base58(f: &mut fmt::Formatter, p: &Pubkey) -> fmt::Result {
    let mut out = [0u8; MAX_BASE58_LEN];
    let len = five8::encode_32(&p.0, &mut out) as usize;
    // any sequence of base58 chars is valid utf8
    let as_str = unsafe { from_utf8_unchecked(&out[..len]) };
    f.write_str(as_str)
}

impl fmt::Debug for Pubkey {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write_as_base58(f, self)
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for Pubkey {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write_as_base58(f, self)
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "borsh")]
impl borsh0_10::de::BorshDeserialize for Pubkey {
    fn deserialize_reader<R: borsh0_10::maybestd::io::Read>(
        reader: &mut R,
    ) -> Result<Self, borsh0_10::maybestd::io::Error> {
        Ok(Self(borsh0_10::BorshDeserialize::deserialize_reader(
            reader,
        )?))
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "borsh")]
macro_rules! impl_borsh_schema {
    ($borsh:ident) => {
        impl $borsh::BorshSchema for Pubkey
        where
            [u8; 32]: $borsh::BorshSchema,
        {
            fn declaration() -> $borsh::schema::Declaration {
                std::string::String::from("Pubkey")
            }
            fn add_definitions_recursively(
                definitions: &mut $borsh::maybestd::collections::HashMap<
                    $borsh::schema::Declaration,
                    $borsh::schema::Definition,
                >,
            ) {
                let fields = $borsh::schema::Fields::UnnamedFields(<[_]>::into_vec(
                    $borsh::maybestd::boxed::Box::new([
                        <[u8; 32] as $borsh::BorshSchema>::declaration(),
                    ]),
                ));
                let definition = $borsh::schema::Definition::Struct { fields };
                <Self as $borsh::BorshSchema>::add_definition(
                    <Self as $borsh::BorshSchema>::declaration(),
                    definition,
                    definitions,
                );
                <[u8; 32] as $borsh::BorshSchema>::add_definitions_recursively(definitions);
            }
        }
    };
}
#[cfg(feature = "borsh")]
impl_borsh_schema!(borsh0_10);

#[cfg(feature = "borsh")]
macro_rules! impl_borsh_serialize {
    ($borsh:ident) => {
        impl $borsh::ser::BorshSerialize for Pubkey {
            fn serialize<W: $borsh::maybestd::io::Write>(
                &self,
                writer: &mut W,
            ) -> ::core::result::Result<(), $borsh::maybestd::io::Error> {
                $borsh::BorshSerialize::serialize(&self.0, writer)?;
                Ok(())
            }
        }
    };
}
#[cfg(feature = "borsh")]
impl_borsh_serialize!(borsh0_10);

#[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", feature = "curve25519"))]
fn js_value_to_seeds_vec(array_of_uint8_arrays: &[JsValue]) -> Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>, JsValue> {
    let vec_vec_u8 = array_of_uint8_arrays
        .iter()
        .filter_map(|u8_array| {
            u8_array
                .dyn_ref::<Uint8Array>()
                .map(|u8_array| u8_array.to_vec())
        })
        .collect::<Vec<_>>();

    if vec_vec_u8.len() != array_of_uint8_arrays.len() {
        Err("Invalid Array of Uint8Arrays".into())
    } else {
        Ok(vec_vec_u8)
    }
}

#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
fn display_to_jsvalue<T: fmt::Display>(display: T) -> JsValue {
    std::string::ToString::to_string(&display).into()
}

#[allow(non_snake_case)]
#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
#[wasm_bindgen]
impl Pubkey {
    /// Create a new Pubkey object
    ///
    /// * `value` - optional public key as a base58 encoded string, `Uint8Array`, `[number]`
    #[wasm_bindgen(constructor)]
    pub fn constructor(value: JsValue) -> Result<Pubkey, JsValue> {
        if let Some(base58_str) = value.as_string() {
            base58_str.parse::<Pubkey>().map_err(display_to_jsvalue)
        } else if let Some(uint8_array) = value.dyn_ref::<Uint8Array>() {
            Pubkey::try_from(uint8_array.to_vec())
                .map_err(|err| JsValue::from(std::format!("Invalid Uint8Array pubkey: {err:?}")))
        } else if let Some(array) = value.dyn_ref::<Array>() {
            let mut bytes = std::vec![];
            let iterator = js_sys::try_iter(&array.values())?.expect("array to be iterable");
            for x in iterator {
                let x = x?;

                if let Some(n) = x.as_f64() {
                    if n >= 0. && n <= 255. {
                        bytes.push(n as u8);
                        continue;
                    }
                }
                return Err(std::format!("Invalid array argument: {:?}", x).into());
            }
            Pubkey::try_from(bytes)
                .map_err(|err| JsValue::from(std::format!("Invalid Array pubkey: {err:?}")))
        } else if value.is_undefined() {
            Ok(Pubkey::default())
        } else {
            Err("Unsupported argument".into())
        }
    }

    /// Return the base58 string representation of the public key
    pub fn toString(&self) -> std::string::String {
        std::string::ToString::to_string(self)
    }

    /// Check if a `Pubkey` is on the ed25519 curve.
    #[cfg(feature = "curve25519")]
    pub fn isOnCurve(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_on_curve()
    }

    /// Checks if two `Pubkey`s are equal
    pub fn equals(&self, other: &Pubkey) -> bool {
        self == other
    }

    /// Return the `Uint8Array` representation of the public key
    pub fn toBytes(&self) -> std::boxed::Box<[u8]> {
        self.0.clone().into()
    }

    /// Derive a Pubkey from another Pubkey, string seed, and a program id
    #[cfg(feature = "sha2")]
    pub fn createWithSeed(base: &Pubkey, seed: &str, owner: &Pubkey) -> Result<Pubkey, JsValue> {
        Pubkey::create_with_seed(base, seed, owner).map_err(display_to_jsvalue)
    }

    /// Derive a program address from seeds and a program id
    #[cfg(feature = "curve25519")]
    pub fn createProgramAddress(
        seeds: std::boxed::Box<[JsValue]>,
        program_id: &Pubkey,
    ) -> Result<Pubkey, JsValue> {
        let seeds_vec = js_value_to_seeds_vec(&seeds)?;
        let seeds_slice = seeds_vec
            .iter()
            .map(|seed| seed.as_slice())
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

        Pubkey::create_program_address(seeds_slice.as_slice(), program_id)
            .map_err(display_to_jsvalue)
    }

    /// Find a valid program address
    ///
    /// Returns:
    /// * `[PubKey, number]` - the program address and bump seed
    #[cfg(feature = "curve25519")]
    pub fn findProgramAddress(
        seeds: std::boxed::Box<[JsValue]>,
        program_id: &Pubkey,
    ) -> Result<JsValue, JsValue> {
        let seeds_vec = js_value_to_seeds_vec(&seeds)?;
        let seeds_slice = seeds_vec
            .iter()
            .map(|seed| seed.as_slice())
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

        let (address, bump_seed) = Pubkey::find_program_address(seeds_slice.as_slice(), program_id);

        let result = Array::new_with_length(2);
        result.set(0, address.into());
        result.set(1, bump_seed.into());
        Ok(result.into())
    }
}

/// Convenience macro to declare a static public key and functions to interact with it.
///
/// Input: a single literal base58 string representation of a program's ID.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// # // wrapper is used so that the macro invocation occurs in the item position
/// # // rather than in the statement position which isn't allowed.
/// use std::str::FromStr;
/// use solana_pubkey::{declare_id, Pubkey};
///
/// # mod item_wrapper {
/// #   use solana_pubkey::declare_id;
/// declare_id!("My11111111111111111111111111111111111111111");
/// # }
/// # use item_wrapper::id;
///
/// let my_id = Pubkey::from_str("My11111111111111111111111111111111111111111").unwrap();
/// assert_eq!(id(), my_id);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! declare_id {
    ($address:expr) => {
        /// The const program ID.
        pub const ID: $crate::Pubkey = $crate::Pubkey::from_str_const($address);

        /// Returns `true` if given pubkey is the program ID.
        // TODO make this const once `derive_const` makes it out of nightly
        // and we can `derive_const(PartialEq)` on `Pubkey`.
        pub fn check_id(id: &$crate::Pubkey) -> bool {
            id == &ID
        }

        /// Returns the program ID.
        pub const fn id() -> $crate::Pubkey {
            ID
        }

        #[cfg(test)]
        #[test]
        fn test_id() {
            assert!(check_id(&id()));
        }
    };
}

/// Same as [`declare_id`] except that it reports that this ID has been deprecated.
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! declare_deprecated_id {
    ($address:expr) => {
        /// The const program ID.
        pub const ID: $crate::Pubkey = $crate::Pubkey::from_str_const($address);

        /// Returns `true` if given pubkey is the program ID.
        // TODO make this const once `derive_const` makes it out of nightly
        // and we can `derive_const(PartialEq)` on `Pubkey`.
        #[deprecated()]
        pub fn check_id(id: &$crate::Pubkey) -> bool {
            id == &ID
        }

        /// Returns the program ID.
        #[deprecated()]
        pub const fn id() -> $crate::Pubkey {
            ID
        }

        #[cfg(test)]
        #[test]
        #[allow(deprecated)]
        fn test_id() {
            assert!(check_id(&id()));
        }
    };
}

/// Convenience macro to define a static public key.
///
/// Input: a single literal base58 string representation of a Pubkey.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// use std::str::FromStr;
/// use solana_pubkey::{pubkey, Pubkey};
///
/// static ID: Pubkey = pubkey!("My11111111111111111111111111111111111111111");
///
/// let my_id = Pubkey::from_str("My11111111111111111111111111111111111111111").unwrap();
/// assert_eq!(ID, my_id);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! pubkey {
    ($input:literal) => {
        $crate::Pubkey::from_str_const($input)
    };
}

/// New random Pubkey for tests and benchmarks.
#[cfg(all(feature = "rand", not(target_os = "solana")))]
pub fn new_rand() -> Pubkey {
    Pubkey::from(rand::random::<[u8; PUBKEY_BYTES]>())
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use {super::*, core::str::from_utf8, strum::IntoEnumIterator};

    #[test]
    fn test_new_unique() {
        assert!(Pubkey::new_unique() != Pubkey::new_unique());
    }

    #[test]
    fn pubkey_fromstr() {
        let pubkey = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let mut pubkey_base58_str = bs58::encode(pubkey.0).into_string();

        assert_eq!(pubkey_base58_str.parse::<Pubkey>(), Ok(pubkey));

        pubkey_base58_str.push_str(&bs58::encode(pubkey.0).into_string());
        assert_eq!(
            pubkey_base58_str.parse::<Pubkey>(),
            Err(ParsePubkeyError::WrongSize)
        );

        pubkey_base58_str.truncate(pubkey_base58_str.len() / 2);
        assert_eq!(pubkey_base58_str.parse::<Pubkey>(), Ok(pubkey));

        pubkey_base58_str.truncate(pubkey_base58_str.len() / 2);
        assert_eq!(
            pubkey_base58_str.parse::<Pubkey>(),
            Err(ParsePubkeyError::WrongSize)
        );

        let mut pubkey_base58_str = bs58::encode(pubkey.0).into_string();
        assert_eq!(pubkey_base58_str.parse::<Pubkey>(), Ok(pubkey));

        // throw some non-base58 stuff in there
        pubkey_base58_str.replace_range(..1, "I");
        assert_eq!(
            pubkey_base58_str.parse::<Pubkey>(),
            Err(ParsePubkeyError::Invalid)
        );

        // too long input string
        // longest valid encoding
        let mut too_long = bs58::encode(&[255u8; PUBKEY_BYTES]).into_string();
        // and one to grow on
        too_long.push('1');
        assert_eq!(too_long.parse::<Pubkey>(), Err(ParsePubkeyError::WrongSize));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_create_with_seed() {
        assert!(
            Pubkey::create_with_seed(&Pubkey::new_unique(), "☉", &Pubkey::new_unique()).is_ok()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            Pubkey::create_with_seed(
                &Pubkey::new_unique(),
                from_utf8(&[127; MAX_SEED_LEN + 1]).unwrap(),
                &Pubkey::new_unique()
            ),
            Err(PubkeyError::MaxSeedLengthExceeded)
        );
        assert!(Pubkey::create_with_seed(
            &Pubkey::new_unique(),
            "\
             \u{10FFFF}\u{10FFFF}\u{10FFFF}\u{10FFFF}\u{10FFFF}\u{10FFFF}\u{10FFFF}\u{10FFFF}\
             ",
            &Pubkey::new_unique()
        )
        .is_ok());
        // utf-8 abuse ;)
        assert_eq!(
            Pubkey::create_with_seed(
                &Pubkey::new_unique(),
                "\
                 x\u{10FFFF}\u{10FFFF}\u{10FFFF}\u{10FFFF}\u{10FFFF}\u{10FFFF}\u{10FFFF}\u{10FFFF}\
                 ",
                &Pubkey::new_unique()
            ),
            Err(PubkeyError::MaxSeedLengthExceeded)
        );

        assert!(Pubkey::create_with_seed(
            &Pubkey::new_unique(),
            from_utf8(&[0; MAX_SEED_LEN]).unwrap(),
            &Pubkey::new_unique(),
        )
        .is_ok());

        assert!(
            Pubkey::create_with_seed(&Pubkey::new_unique(), "", &Pubkey::new_unique(),).is_ok()
        );

        assert_eq!(
            Pubkey::create_with_seed(
                &Pubkey::default(),
                "limber chicken: 4/45",
                &Pubkey::default(),
            ),
            Ok("9h1HyLCW5dZnBVap8C5egQ9Z6pHyjsh5MNy83iPqqRuq"
                .parse()
                .unwrap())
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_create_program_address() {
        let exceeded_seed = &[127; MAX_SEED_LEN + 1];
        let max_seed = &[0; MAX_SEED_LEN];
        let exceeded_seeds: &[&[u8]] = &[
            &[1],
            &[2],
            &[3],
            &[4],
            &[5],
            &[6],
            &[7],
            &[8],
            &[9],
            &[10],
            &[11],
            &[12],
            &[13],
            &[14],
            &[15],
            &[16],
            &[17],
        ];
        let max_seeds: &[&[u8]] = &[
            &[1],
            &[2],
            &[3],
            &[4],
            &[5],
            &[6],
            &[7],
            &[8],
            &[9],
            &[10],
            &[11],
            &[12],
            &[13],
            &[14],
            &[15],
            &[16],
        ];
        let program_id = Pubkey::from_str("BPFLoaderUpgradeab1e11111111111111111111111").unwrap();
        let public_key = Pubkey::from_str("SeedPubey1111111111111111111111111111111111").unwrap();

        assert_eq!(
            Pubkey::create_program_address(&[exceeded_seed], &program_id),
            Err(PubkeyError::MaxSeedLengthExceeded)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            Pubkey::create_program_address(&[b"short_seed", exceeded_seed], &program_id),
            Err(PubkeyError::MaxSeedLengthExceeded)
        );
        assert!(Pubkey::create_program_address(&[max_seed], &program_id).is_ok());
        assert_eq!(
            Pubkey::create_program_address(exceeded_seeds, &program_id),
            Err(PubkeyError::MaxSeedLengthExceeded)
        );
        assert!(Pubkey::create_program_address(max_seeds, &program_id).is_ok());
        assert_eq!(
            Pubkey::create_program_address(&[b"", &[1]], &program_id),
            Ok("BwqrghZA2htAcqq8dzP1WDAhTXYTYWj7CHxF5j7TDBAe"
                .parse()
                .unwrap())
        );
        assert_eq!(
            Pubkey::create_program_address(&["☉".as_ref(), &[0]], &program_id),
            Ok("13yWmRpaTR4r5nAktwLqMpRNr28tnVUZw26rTvPSSB19"
                .parse()
                .unwrap())
        );
        assert_eq!(
            Pubkey::create_program_address(&[b"Talking", b"Squirrels"], &program_id),
            Ok("2fnQrngrQT4SeLcdToJAD96phoEjNL2man2kfRLCASVk"
                .parse()
                .unwrap())
        );
        assert_eq!(
            Pubkey::create_program_address(&[public_key.as_ref(), &[1]], &program_id),
            Ok("976ymqVnfE32QFe6NfGDctSvVa36LWnvYxhU6G2232YL"
                .parse()
                .unwrap())
        );
        assert_ne!(
            Pubkey::create_program_address(&[b"Talking", b"Squirrels"], &program_id).unwrap(),
            Pubkey::create_program_address(&[b"Talking"], &program_id).unwrap(),
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_pubkey_off_curve() {
        // try a bunch of random input, all successful generated program
        // addresses must land off the curve and be unique
        let mut addresses = std::vec![];
        for _ in 0..1_000 {
            let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
            let bytes1 = rand::random::<[u8; 10]>();
            let bytes2 = rand::random::<[u8; 32]>();
            if let Ok(program_address) =
                Pubkey::create_program_address(&[&bytes1, &bytes2], &program_id)
            {
                assert!(!program_address.is_on_curve());
                assert!(!addresses.contains(&program_address));
                addresses.push(program_address);
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_find_program_address() {
        for _ in 0..1_000 {
            let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
            let (address, bump_seed) =
                Pubkey::find_program_address(&[b"Lil'", b"Bits"], &program_id);
            assert_eq!(
                address,
                Pubkey::create_program_address(&[b"Lil'", b"Bits", &[bump_seed]], &program_id)
                    .unwrap()
            );
        }
    }

    fn pubkey_from_seed_by_marker(marker: &[u8]) -> Result<Pubkey, PubkeyError> {
        let key = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let owner = Pubkey::default();

        let mut to_fake = owner.to_bytes().to_vec();
        to_fake.extend_from_slice(marker);

        let seed = from_utf8(&to_fake[..to_fake.len() - 32]).expect("not utf8");
        let base = &Pubkey::try_from(&to_fake[to_fake.len() - 32..]).unwrap();

        Pubkey::create_with_seed(&key, seed, base)
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_create_with_seed_rejects_illegal_owner() {
        assert_eq!(
            pubkey_from_seed_by_marker(PDA_MARKER),
            Err(PubkeyError::IllegalOwner)
        );
        assert!(pubkey_from_seed_by_marker(&PDA_MARKER[1..]).is_ok());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_pubkey_error_from_primitive_exhaustive() {
        for variant in PubkeyError::iter() {
            let variant_i64 = variant.clone() as i64;
            assert_eq!(
                PubkeyError::from_repr(variant_i64 as usize),
                PubkeyError::from_i64(variant_i64)
            );
            assert_eq!(PubkeyError::from(variant_i64 as u64), variant);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_pubkey_error_from_primitive_exhaustive() {
        for variant in ParsePubkeyError::iter() {
            let variant_i64 = variant as i64;
            assert_eq!(
                ParsePubkeyError::from_repr(variant_i64 as usize),
                ParsePubkeyError::from_i64(variant_i64)
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_pubkey_macro() {
        const PK: Pubkey = Pubkey::from_str_const("9h1HyLCW5dZnBVap8C5egQ9Z6pHyjsh5MNy83iPqqRuq");
        assert_eq!(pubkey!("9h1HyLCW5dZnBVap8C5egQ9Z6pHyjsh5MNy83iPqqRuq"), PK);
        assert_eq!(
            Pubkey::from_str("9h1HyLCW5dZnBVap8C5egQ9Z6pHyjsh5MNy83iPqqRuq").unwrap(),
            PK
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_as_array() {
        let bytes = [1u8; 32];
        let key = Pubkey::from(bytes);
        assert_eq!(key.as_array(), &bytes);
        assert_eq!(key.as_array(), &key.to_bytes());
        // Sanity check: ensure the pointer is the same.
        assert_eq!(key.as_array().as_ptr(), key.0.as_ptr());
    }
}