solana_bpf_loader_program/

lib.rs

#![deny(clippy::arithmetic_side_effects)]
#![deny(clippy::indexing_slicing)]

pub mod serialization;
pub mod syscalls;

#[cfg(feature = "svm-internal")]
use qualifier_attr::qualifiers;
use {
    solana_account::WritableAccount,
    solana_bincode::limited_deserialize,
    solana_clock::Slot,
    solana_compute_budget::compute_budget::MAX_INSTRUCTION_STACK_DEPTH,
    solana_feature_set::{
        bpf_account_data_direct_mapping, disable_new_loader_v3_deployments,
        enable_bpf_loader_set_authority_checked_ix, remove_accounts_executable_flag_checks,
    },
    solana_instruction::{error::InstructionError, AccountMeta},
    solana_loader_v3_interface::{
        instruction::UpgradeableLoaderInstruction, state::UpgradeableLoaderState,
    },
    solana_log_collector::{ic_logger_msg, ic_msg, LogCollector},
    solana_measure::measure::Measure,
    solana_program_entrypoint::{MAX_PERMITTED_DATA_INCREASE, SUCCESS},
    solana_program_runtime::{
        invoke_context::{BpfAllocator, InvokeContext, SerializedAccountMetadata, SyscallContext},
        loaded_programs::{
            LoadProgramMetrics, ProgramCacheEntry, ProgramCacheEntryOwner, ProgramCacheEntryType,
            ProgramCacheForTxBatch, ProgramRuntimeEnvironment, DELAY_VISIBILITY_SLOT_OFFSET,
        },
        mem_pool::VmMemoryPool,
        stable_log,
        sysvar_cache::get_sysvar_with_account_check,
    },
    solana_pubkey::Pubkey,
    solana_sbpf::{
        declare_builtin_function,
        ebpf::{self, MM_HEAP_START},
        elf::Executable,
        error::{EbpfError, ProgramResult},
        memory_region::{AccessType, MemoryCowCallback, MemoryMapping, MemoryRegion},
        program::BuiltinProgram,
        verifier::RequisiteVerifier,
        vm::{ContextObject, EbpfVm},
    },
    solana_sdk_ids::{bpf_loader, bpf_loader_deprecated, bpf_loader_upgradeable, native_loader},
    solana_system_interface::{instruction as system_instruction, MAX_PERMITTED_DATA_LENGTH},
    solana_transaction_context::{IndexOfAccount, InstructionContext, TransactionContext},
    solana_type_overrides::sync::{atomic::Ordering, Arc},
    std::{cell::RefCell, mem, rc::Rc},
    syscalls::morph_into_deployment_environment_v1,
};

#[cfg_attr(feature = "svm-internal", qualifiers(pub))]
const DEFAULT_LOADER_COMPUTE_UNITS: u64 = 570;
#[cfg_attr(feature = "svm-internal", qualifiers(pub))]
const DEPRECATED_LOADER_COMPUTE_UNITS: u64 = 1_140;
#[cfg_attr(feature = "svm-internal", qualifiers(pub))]
const UPGRADEABLE_LOADER_COMPUTE_UNITS: u64 = 2_370;

thread_local! {
    pub static MEMORY_POOL: RefCell<VmMemoryPool> = RefCell::new(VmMemoryPool::new());
}

#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
pub fn load_program_from_bytes(
    log_collector: Option<Rc<RefCell<LogCollector>>>,
    load_program_metrics: &mut LoadProgramMetrics,
    programdata: &[u8],
    loader_key: &Pubkey,
    account_size: usize,
    deployment_slot: Slot,
    program_runtime_environment: Arc<BuiltinProgram<InvokeContext<'static>>>,
    reloading: bool,
) -> Result<ProgramCacheEntry, InstructionError> {
    let effective_slot = deployment_slot.saturating_add(DELAY_VISIBILITY_SLOT_OFFSET);
    let loaded_program = if reloading {
        // Safety: this is safe because the program is being reloaded in the cache.
        unsafe {
            ProgramCacheEntry::reload(
                loader_key,
                program_runtime_environment,
                deployment_slot,
                effective_slot,
                programdata,
                account_size,
                load_program_metrics,
            )
        }
    } else {
        ProgramCacheEntry::new(
            loader_key,
            program_runtime_environment,
            deployment_slot,
            effective_slot,
            programdata,
            account_size,
            load_program_metrics,
        )
    }
    .map_err(|err| {
        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "{}", err);
        InstructionError::InvalidAccountData
    })?;
    Ok(loaded_program)
}

/// Directly deploy a program using a provided invoke context.
/// This function should only be invoked from the runtime, since it does not
/// provide any account loads or checks.
pub fn deploy_program(
    log_collector: Option<Rc<RefCell<LogCollector>>>,
    program_cache_for_tx_batch: &mut ProgramCacheForTxBatch,
    program_runtime_environment: ProgramRuntimeEnvironment,
    program_id: &Pubkey,
    loader_key: &Pubkey,
    account_size: usize,
    programdata: &[u8],
    deployment_slot: Slot,
) -> Result<LoadProgramMetrics, InstructionError> {
    let mut load_program_metrics = LoadProgramMetrics::default();
    let mut register_syscalls_time = Measure::start("register_syscalls_time");
    let deployment_program_runtime_environment =
        morph_into_deployment_environment_v1(program_runtime_environment.clone()).map_err(|e| {
            ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Failed to register syscalls: {}", e);
            InstructionError::ProgramEnvironmentSetupFailure
        })?;
    register_syscalls_time.stop();
    load_program_metrics.register_syscalls_us = register_syscalls_time.as_us();
    // Verify using stricter deployment_program_runtime_environment
    let mut load_elf_time = Measure::start("load_elf_time");
    let executable = Executable::<InvokeContext>::load(
        programdata,
        Arc::new(deployment_program_runtime_environment),
    )
    .map_err(|err| {
        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "{}", err);
        InstructionError::InvalidAccountData
    })?;
    load_elf_time.stop();
    load_program_metrics.load_elf_us = load_elf_time.as_us();
    let mut verify_code_time = Measure::start("verify_code_time");
    executable.verify::<RequisiteVerifier>().map_err(|err| {
        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "{}", err);
        InstructionError::InvalidAccountData
    })?;
    verify_code_time.stop();
    load_program_metrics.verify_code_us = verify_code_time.as_us();
    // Reload but with program_runtime_environment
    let executor = load_program_from_bytes(
        log_collector,
        &mut load_program_metrics,
        programdata,
        loader_key,
        account_size,
        deployment_slot,
        program_runtime_environment,
        true,
    )?;
    if let Some(old_entry) = program_cache_for_tx_batch.find(program_id) {
        executor.tx_usage_counter.store(
            old_entry.tx_usage_counter.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
            Ordering::Relaxed,
        );
        executor.ix_usage_counter.store(
            old_entry.ix_usage_counter.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
            Ordering::Relaxed,
        );
    }
    load_program_metrics.program_id = program_id.to_string();
    program_cache_for_tx_batch.store_modified_entry(*program_id, Arc::new(executor));
    Ok(load_program_metrics)
}

#[macro_export]
macro_rules! deploy_program {
    ($invoke_context:expr, $program_id:expr, $loader_key:expr, $account_size:expr, $programdata:expr, $deployment_slot:expr $(,)?) => {
        let environments = $invoke_context
            .get_environments_for_slot($deployment_slot.saturating_add(
                solana_program_runtime::loaded_programs::DELAY_VISIBILITY_SLOT_OFFSET,
            ))
            .map_err(|_err| {
                // This will never fail since the epoch schedule is already configured.
                InstructionError::ProgramEnvironmentSetupFailure
            })?;
        let load_program_metrics = $crate::deploy_program(
            $invoke_context.get_log_collector(),
            $invoke_context.program_cache_for_tx_batch,
            environments.program_runtime_v1.clone(),
            $program_id,
            $loader_key,
            $account_size,
            $programdata,
            $deployment_slot,
        )?;
        load_program_metrics.submit_datapoint(&mut $invoke_context.timings);
    };
}

fn write_program_data(
    program_data_offset: usize,
    bytes: &[u8],
    invoke_context: &mut InvokeContext,
) -> Result<(), InstructionError> {
    let transaction_context = &invoke_context.transaction_context;
    let instruction_context = transaction_context.get_current_instruction_context()?;
    let mut program = instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 0)?;
    let data = program.get_data_mut()?;
    let write_offset = program_data_offset.saturating_add(bytes.len());
    if data.len() < write_offset {
        ic_msg!(
            invoke_context,
            "Write overflow: {} < {}",
            data.len(),
            write_offset,
        );
        return Err(InstructionError::AccountDataTooSmall);
    }
    data.get_mut(program_data_offset..write_offset)
        .ok_or(InstructionError::AccountDataTooSmall)?
        .copy_from_slice(bytes);
    Ok(())
}

/// Only used in macro, do not use directly!
pub fn calculate_heap_cost(heap_size: u32, heap_cost: u64) -> u64 {
    const KIBIBYTE: u64 = 1024;
    const PAGE_SIZE_KB: u64 = 32;
    let mut rounded_heap_size = u64::from(heap_size);
    rounded_heap_size =
        rounded_heap_size.saturating_add(PAGE_SIZE_KB.saturating_mul(KIBIBYTE).saturating_sub(1));
    rounded_heap_size
        .checked_div(PAGE_SIZE_KB.saturating_mul(KIBIBYTE))
        .expect("PAGE_SIZE_KB * KIBIBYTE > 0")
        .saturating_sub(1)
        .saturating_mul(heap_cost)
}

/// Only used in macro, do not use directly!
#[cfg_attr(feature = "svm-internal", qualifiers(pub))]
fn create_vm<'a, 'b>(
    program: &'a Executable<InvokeContext<'b>>,
    regions: Vec<MemoryRegion>,
    accounts_metadata: Vec<SerializedAccountMetadata>,
    invoke_context: &'a mut InvokeContext<'b>,
    stack: &mut [u8],
    heap: &mut [u8],
) -> Result<EbpfVm<'a, InvokeContext<'b>>, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    let stack_size = stack.len();
    let heap_size = heap.len();
    let accounts = Rc::clone(invoke_context.transaction_context.accounts());
    let memory_mapping = create_memory_mapping(
        program,
        stack,
        heap,
        regions,
        Some(Box::new(move |index_in_transaction| {
            // The two calls below can't really fail. If they fail because of a bug,
            // whatever is writing will trigger an EbpfError::AccessViolation like
            // if the region was readonly, and the transaction will fail gracefully.
            let mut account = accounts
                .try_borrow_mut(index_in_transaction as IndexOfAccount)
                .map_err(|_| ())?;
            accounts
                .touch(index_in_transaction as IndexOfAccount)
                .map_err(|_| ())?;

            if account.is_shared() {
                // See BorrowedAccount::make_data_mut() as to why we reserve extra
                // MAX_PERMITTED_DATA_INCREASE bytes here.
                account.reserve(MAX_PERMITTED_DATA_INCREASE);
            }
            Ok(account.data_as_mut_slice().as_mut_ptr() as u64)
        })),
    )?;
    invoke_context.set_syscall_context(SyscallContext {
        allocator: BpfAllocator::new(heap_size as u64),
        accounts_metadata,
        trace_log: Vec::new(),
    })?;
    Ok(EbpfVm::new(
        program.get_loader().clone(),
        program.get_sbpf_version(),
        invoke_context,
        memory_mapping,
        stack_size,
    ))
}

/// Create the SBF virtual machine
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! create_vm {
    ($vm:ident, $program:expr, $regions:expr, $accounts_metadata:expr, $invoke_context:expr $(,)?) => {
        let invoke_context = &*$invoke_context;
        let stack_size = $program.get_config().stack_size();
        let heap_size = invoke_context.get_compute_budget().heap_size;
        let heap_cost_result = invoke_context.consume_checked($crate::calculate_heap_cost(
            heap_size,
            invoke_context.get_compute_budget().heap_cost,
        ));
        let $vm = heap_cost_result.and_then(|_| {
            let (mut stack, mut heap) = $crate::MEMORY_POOL
                .with_borrow_mut(|pool| (pool.get_stack(stack_size), pool.get_heap(heap_size)));
            let vm = $crate::create_vm(
                $program,
                $regions,
                $accounts_metadata,
                $invoke_context,
                stack
                    .as_slice_mut()
                    .get_mut(..stack_size)
                    .expect("invalid stack size"),
                heap.as_slice_mut()
                    .get_mut(..heap_size as usize)
                    .expect("invalid heap size"),
            );
            vm.map(|vm| (vm, stack, heap))
        });
    };
}

#[macro_export]
macro_rules! mock_create_vm {
    ($vm:ident, $additional_regions:expr, $accounts_metadata:expr, $invoke_context:expr $(,)?) => {
        let loader = solana_type_overrides::sync::Arc::new(BuiltinProgram::new_mock());
        let function_registry = solana_sbpf::program::FunctionRegistry::default();
        let executable = solana_sbpf::elf::Executable::<InvokeContext>::from_text_bytes(
            &[0x9D, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
            loader,
            SBPFVersion::V3,
            function_registry,
        )
        .unwrap();
        executable
            .verify::<solana_sbpf::verifier::RequisiteVerifier>()
            .unwrap();
        $crate::create_vm!(
            $vm,
            &executable,
            $additional_regions,
            $accounts_metadata,
            $invoke_context,
        );
        let $vm = $vm.map(|(vm, _, _)| vm);
    };
}

fn create_memory_mapping<'a, 'b, C: ContextObject>(
    executable: &'a Executable<C>,
    stack: &'b mut [u8],
    heap: &'b mut [u8],
    additional_regions: Vec<MemoryRegion>,
    cow_cb: Option<MemoryCowCallback>,
) -> Result<MemoryMapping<'a>, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    let config = executable.get_config();
    let sbpf_version = executable.get_sbpf_version();
    let regions: Vec<MemoryRegion> = vec![
        executable.get_ro_region(),
        MemoryRegion::new_writable_gapped(
            stack,
            ebpf::MM_STACK_START,
            if !sbpf_version.dynamic_stack_frames() && config.enable_stack_frame_gaps {
                config.stack_frame_size as u64
            } else {
                0
            },
        ),
        MemoryRegion::new_writable(heap, MM_HEAP_START),
    ]
    .into_iter()
    .chain(additional_regions)
    .collect();

    Ok(if let Some(cow_cb) = cow_cb {
        MemoryMapping::new_with_cow(regions, cow_cb, config, sbpf_version)?
    } else {
        MemoryMapping::new(regions, config, sbpf_version)?
    })
}

declare_builtin_function!(
    Entrypoint,
    fn rust(
        invoke_context: &mut InvokeContext,
        _arg0: u64,
        _arg1: u64,
        _arg2: u64,
        _arg3: u64,
        _arg4: u64,
        _memory_mapping: &mut MemoryMapping,
    ) -> Result<u64, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
        process_instruction_inner(invoke_context)
    }
);

#[cfg_attr(feature = "svm-internal", qualifiers(pub))]
pub(crate) fn process_instruction_inner(
    invoke_context: &mut InvokeContext,
) -> Result<u64, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    let log_collector = invoke_context.get_log_collector();
    let transaction_context = &invoke_context.transaction_context;
    let instruction_context = transaction_context.get_current_instruction_context()?;
    let program_account =
        instruction_context.try_borrow_last_program_account(transaction_context)?;

    // Program Management Instruction
    if native_loader::check_id(program_account.get_owner()) {
        drop(program_account);
        let program_id = instruction_context.get_last_program_key(transaction_context)?;
        return if bpf_loader_upgradeable::check_id(program_id) {
            invoke_context.consume_checked(UPGRADEABLE_LOADER_COMPUTE_UNITS)?;
            process_loader_upgradeable_instruction(invoke_context)
        } else if bpf_loader::check_id(program_id) {
            invoke_context.consume_checked(DEFAULT_LOADER_COMPUTE_UNITS)?;
            ic_logger_msg!(
                log_collector,
                "BPF loader management instructions are no longer supported",
            );
            Err(InstructionError::UnsupportedProgramId)
        } else if bpf_loader_deprecated::check_id(program_id) {
            invoke_context.consume_checked(DEPRECATED_LOADER_COMPUTE_UNITS)?;
            ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Deprecated loader is no longer supported");
            Err(InstructionError::UnsupportedProgramId)
        } else {
            ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Invalid BPF loader id");
            Err(
                if invoke_context
                    .get_feature_set()
                    .is_active(&remove_accounts_executable_flag_checks::id())
                {
                    InstructionError::UnsupportedProgramId
                } else {
                    InstructionError::IncorrectProgramId
                },
            )
        }
        .map(|_| 0)
        .map_err(|error| Box::new(error) as Box<dyn std::error::Error>);
    }

    // Program Invocation
    #[allow(deprecated)]
    if !invoke_context
        .get_feature_set()
        .is_active(&remove_accounts_executable_flag_checks::id())
        && !program_account.is_executable()
    {
        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Program is not executable");
        return Err(Box::new(InstructionError::IncorrectProgramId));
    }

    let mut get_or_create_executor_time = Measure::start("get_or_create_executor_time");
    let executor = invoke_context
        .program_cache_for_tx_batch
        .find(program_account.get_key())
        .ok_or_else(|| {
            ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Program is not cached");
            if invoke_context
                .get_feature_set()
                .is_active(&remove_accounts_executable_flag_checks::id())
            {
                InstructionError::UnsupportedProgramId
            } else {
                InstructionError::InvalidAccountData
            }
        })?;
    drop(program_account);
    get_or_create_executor_time.stop();
    invoke_context.timings.get_or_create_executor_us += get_or_create_executor_time.as_us();

    executor.ix_usage_counter.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
    match &executor.program {
        ProgramCacheEntryType::FailedVerification(_)
        | ProgramCacheEntryType::Closed
        | ProgramCacheEntryType::DelayVisibility => {
            ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Program is not deployed");
            let instruction_error = if invoke_context
                .get_feature_set()
                .is_active(&remove_accounts_executable_flag_checks::id())
            {
                InstructionError::UnsupportedProgramId
            } else {
                InstructionError::InvalidAccountData
            };
            Err(Box::new(instruction_error) as Box<dyn std::error::Error>)
        }
        ProgramCacheEntryType::Loaded(executable) => execute(executable, invoke_context),
        _ => {
            let instruction_error = if invoke_context
                .get_feature_set()
                .is_active(&remove_accounts_executable_flag_checks::id())
            {
                InstructionError::UnsupportedProgramId
            } else {
                InstructionError::IncorrectProgramId
            };
            Err(Box::new(instruction_error) as Box<dyn std::error::Error>)
        }
    }
    .map(|_| 0)
}

fn process_loader_upgradeable_instruction(
    invoke_context: &mut InvokeContext,
) -> Result<(), InstructionError> {
    let log_collector = invoke_context.get_log_collector();
    let transaction_context = &invoke_context.transaction_context;
    let instruction_context = transaction_context.get_current_instruction_context()?;
    let instruction_data = instruction_context.get_instruction_data();
    let program_id = instruction_context.get_last_program_key(transaction_context)?;

    match limited_deserialize(instruction_data, solana_packet::PACKET_DATA_SIZE as u64)? {
        UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::InitializeBuffer => {
            instruction_context.check_number_of_instruction_accounts(2)?;
            let mut buffer =
                instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 0)?;

            if UpgradeableLoaderState::Uninitialized != buffer.get_state()? {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Buffer account already initialized");
                return Err(InstructionError::AccountAlreadyInitialized);
            }

            let authority_key = Some(*transaction_context.get_key_of_account_at_index(
                instruction_context.get_index_of_instruction_account_in_transaction(1)?,
            )?);

            buffer.set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: authority_key,
            })?;
        }
        UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::Write { offset, bytes } => {
            instruction_context.check_number_of_instruction_accounts(2)?;
            let buffer =
                instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 0)?;

            if let UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer { authority_address } = buffer.get_state()? {
                if authority_address.is_none() {
                    ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Buffer is immutable");
                    return Err(InstructionError::Immutable); // TODO better error code
                }
                let authority_key = Some(*transaction_context.get_key_of_account_at_index(
                    instruction_context.get_index_of_instruction_account_in_transaction(1)?,
                )?);
                if authority_address != authority_key {
                    ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Incorrect buffer authority provided");
                    return Err(InstructionError::IncorrectAuthority);
                }
                if !instruction_context.is_instruction_account_signer(1)? {
                    ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Buffer authority did not sign");
                    return Err(InstructionError::MissingRequiredSignature);
                }
            } else {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Invalid Buffer account");
                return Err(InstructionError::InvalidAccountData);
            }
            drop(buffer);
            write_program_data(
                UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_buffer_metadata().saturating_add(offset as usize),
                &bytes,
                invoke_context,
            )?;
        }
        UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::DeployWithMaxDataLen { max_data_len } => {
            if invoke_context
                .get_feature_set()
                .is_active(&disable_new_loader_v3_deployments::id())
            {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Unsupported instruction");
                return Err(InstructionError::InvalidInstructionData);
            }

            instruction_context.check_number_of_instruction_accounts(4)?;
            let payer_key = *transaction_context.get_key_of_account_at_index(
                instruction_context.get_index_of_instruction_account_in_transaction(0)?,
            )?;
            let programdata_key = *transaction_context.get_key_of_account_at_index(
                instruction_context.get_index_of_instruction_account_in_transaction(1)?,
            )?;
            let rent = get_sysvar_with_account_check::rent(invoke_context, instruction_context, 4)?;
            let clock =
                get_sysvar_with_account_check::clock(invoke_context, instruction_context, 5)?;
            instruction_context.check_number_of_instruction_accounts(8)?;
            let authority_key = Some(*transaction_context.get_key_of_account_at_index(
                instruction_context.get_index_of_instruction_account_in_transaction(7)?,
            )?);

            // Verify Program account

            let program =
                instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 2)?;
            if UpgradeableLoaderState::Uninitialized != program.get_state()? {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Program account already initialized");
                return Err(InstructionError::AccountAlreadyInitialized);
            }
            if program.get_data().len() < UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_program() {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Program account too small");
                return Err(InstructionError::AccountDataTooSmall);
            }
            if program.get_lamports() < rent.minimum_balance(program.get_data().len()) {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Program account not rent-exempt");
                return Err(InstructionError::ExecutableAccountNotRentExempt);
            }
            let new_program_id = *program.get_key();
            drop(program);

            // Verify Buffer account

            let buffer =
                instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 3)?;
            if let UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer { authority_address } = buffer.get_state()? {
                if authority_address != authority_key {
                    ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Buffer and upgrade authority don't match");
                    return Err(InstructionError::IncorrectAuthority);
                }
                if !instruction_context.is_instruction_account_signer(7)? {
                    ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Upgrade authority did not sign");
                    return Err(InstructionError::MissingRequiredSignature);
                }
            } else {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Invalid Buffer account");
                return Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument);
            }
            let buffer_key = *buffer.get_key();
            let buffer_data_offset = UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_buffer_metadata();
            let buffer_data_len = buffer.get_data().len().saturating_sub(buffer_data_offset);
            let programdata_data_offset = UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_programdata_metadata();
            let programdata_len = UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_programdata(max_data_len);
            if buffer.get_data().len() < UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_buffer_metadata()
                || buffer_data_len == 0
            {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Buffer account too small");
                return Err(InstructionError::InvalidAccountData);
            }
            drop(buffer);
            if max_data_len < buffer_data_len {
                ic_logger_msg!(
                    log_collector,
                    "Max data length is too small to hold Buffer data"
                );
                return Err(InstructionError::AccountDataTooSmall);
            }
            if programdata_len > MAX_PERMITTED_DATA_LENGTH as usize {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Max data length is too large");
                return Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument);
            }

            // Create ProgramData account
            let (derived_address, bump_seed) =
                Pubkey::find_program_address(&[new_program_id.as_ref()], program_id);
            if derived_address != programdata_key {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "ProgramData address is not derived");
                return Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument);
            }

            // Drain the Buffer account to payer before paying for programdata account
            {
                let mut buffer =
                    instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 3)?;
                let mut payer =
                    instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 0)?;
                payer.checked_add_lamports(buffer.get_lamports())?;
                buffer.set_lamports(0)?;
            }

            let owner_id = *program_id;
            let mut instruction = system_instruction::create_account(
                &payer_key,
                &programdata_key,
                1.max(rent.minimum_balance(programdata_len)),
                programdata_len as u64,
                program_id,
            );

            // pass an extra account to avoid the overly strict UnbalancedInstruction error
            instruction
                .accounts
                .push(AccountMeta::new(buffer_key, false));

            let transaction_context = &invoke_context.transaction_context;
            let instruction_context = transaction_context.get_current_instruction_context()?;
            let caller_program_id =
                instruction_context.get_last_program_key(transaction_context)?;
            let signers = [[new_program_id.as_ref(), &[bump_seed]]]
                .iter()
                .map(|seeds| Pubkey::create_program_address(seeds, caller_program_id))
                .collect::<Result<Vec<Pubkey>, solana_pubkey::PubkeyError>>()?;
            invoke_context.native_invoke(instruction.into(), signers.as_slice())?;

            // Load and verify the program bits
            let transaction_context = &invoke_context.transaction_context;
            let instruction_context = transaction_context.get_current_instruction_context()?;
            let buffer =
                instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 3)?;
            deploy_program!(
                invoke_context,
                &new_program_id,
                &owner_id,
                UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_program().saturating_add(programdata_len),
                buffer
                    .get_data()
                    .get(buffer_data_offset..)
                    .ok_or(InstructionError::AccountDataTooSmall)?,
                clock.slot,
            );
            drop(buffer);

            let transaction_context = &invoke_context.transaction_context;
            let instruction_context = transaction_context.get_current_instruction_context()?;

            // Update the ProgramData account and record the program bits
            {
                let mut programdata =
                    instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 1)?;
                programdata.set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::ProgramData {
                    slot: clock.slot,
                    upgrade_authority_address: authority_key,
                })?;
                let dst_slice = programdata
                    .get_data_mut()?
                    .get_mut(
                        programdata_data_offset
                            ..programdata_data_offset.saturating_add(buffer_data_len),
                    )
                    .ok_or(InstructionError::AccountDataTooSmall)?;
                let mut buffer =
                    instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 3)?;
                let src_slice = buffer
                    .get_data()
                    .get(buffer_data_offset..)
                    .ok_or(InstructionError::AccountDataTooSmall)?;
                dst_slice.copy_from_slice(src_slice);
                buffer.set_data_length(UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_buffer(0))?;
            }

            // Update the Program account
            let mut program =
                instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 2)?;
            program.set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Program {
                programdata_address: programdata_key,
            })?;
            program.set_executable(true)?;
            drop(program);

            ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Deployed program {:?}", new_program_id);
        }
        UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::Upgrade => {
            instruction_context.check_number_of_instruction_accounts(3)?;
            let programdata_key = *transaction_context.get_key_of_account_at_index(
                instruction_context.get_index_of_instruction_account_in_transaction(0)?,
            )?;
            let rent = get_sysvar_with_account_check::rent(invoke_context, instruction_context, 4)?;
            let clock =
                get_sysvar_with_account_check::clock(invoke_context, instruction_context, 5)?;
            instruction_context.check_number_of_instruction_accounts(7)?;
            let authority_key = Some(*transaction_context.get_key_of_account_at_index(
                instruction_context.get_index_of_instruction_account_in_transaction(6)?,
            )?);

            // Verify Program account

            let program =
                instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 1)?;
            #[allow(deprecated)]
            if !invoke_context
                .get_feature_set()
                .is_active(&remove_accounts_executable_flag_checks::id())
                && !program.is_executable()
            {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Program account not executable");
                return Err(InstructionError::AccountNotExecutable);
            }
            if !program.is_writable() {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Program account not writeable");
                return Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument);
            }
            if program.get_owner() != program_id {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Program account not owned by loader");
                return Err(InstructionError::IncorrectProgramId);
            }
            if let UpgradeableLoaderState::Program {
                programdata_address,
            } = program.get_state()?
            {
                if programdata_address != programdata_key {
                    ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Program and ProgramData account mismatch");
                    return Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument);
                }
            } else {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Invalid Program account");
                return Err(InstructionError::InvalidAccountData);
            }
            let new_program_id = *program.get_key();
            drop(program);

            // Verify Buffer account

            let buffer =
                instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 2)?;
            if let UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer { authority_address } = buffer.get_state()? {
                if authority_address != authority_key {
                    ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Buffer and upgrade authority don't match");
                    return Err(InstructionError::IncorrectAuthority);
                }
                if !instruction_context.is_instruction_account_signer(6)? {
                    ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Upgrade authority did not sign");
                    return Err(InstructionError::MissingRequiredSignature);
                }
            } else {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Invalid Buffer account");
                return Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument);
            }
            let buffer_lamports = buffer.get_lamports();
            let buffer_data_offset = UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_buffer_metadata();
            let buffer_data_len = buffer.get_data().len().saturating_sub(buffer_data_offset);
            if buffer.get_data().len() < UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_buffer_metadata()
                || buffer_data_len == 0
            {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Buffer account too small");
                return Err(InstructionError::InvalidAccountData);
            }
            drop(buffer);

            // Verify ProgramData account

            let programdata =
                instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 0)?;
            let programdata_data_offset = UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_programdata_metadata();
            let programdata_balance_required =
                1.max(rent.minimum_balance(programdata.get_data().len()));
            if programdata.get_data().len()
                < UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_programdata(buffer_data_len)
            {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "ProgramData account not large enough");
                return Err(InstructionError::AccountDataTooSmall);
            }
            if programdata.get_lamports().saturating_add(buffer_lamports)
                < programdata_balance_required
            {
                ic_logger_msg!(
                    log_collector,
                    "Buffer account balance too low to fund upgrade"
                );
                return Err(InstructionError::InsufficientFunds);
            }
            if let UpgradeableLoaderState::ProgramData {
                slot,
                upgrade_authority_address,
            } = programdata.get_state()?
            {
                if clock.slot == slot {
                    ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Program was deployed in this block already");
                    return Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument);
                }
                if upgrade_authority_address.is_none() {
                    ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Program not upgradeable");
                    return Err(InstructionError::Immutable);
                }
                if upgrade_authority_address != authority_key {
                    ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Incorrect upgrade authority provided");
                    return Err(InstructionError::IncorrectAuthority);
                }
                if !instruction_context.is_instruction_account_signer(6)? {
                    ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Upgrade authority did not sign");
                    return Err(InstructionError::MissingRequiredSignature);
                }
            } else {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Invalid ProgramData account");
                return Err(InstructionError::InvalidAccountData);
            };
            let programdata_len = programdata.get_data().len();
            drop(programdata);

            // Load and verify the program bits
            let buffer =
                instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 2)?;
            deploy_program!(
                invoke_context,
                &new_program_id,
                program_id,
                UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_program().saturating_add(programdata_len),
                buffer
                    .get_data()
                    .get(buffer_data_offset..)
                    .ok_or(InstructionError::AccountDataTooSmall)?,
                clock.slot,
            );
            drop(buffer);

            let transaction_context = &invoke_context.transaction_context;
            let instruction_context = transaction_context.get_current_instruction_context()?;

            // Update the ProgramData account, record the upgraded data, and zero
            // the rest
            let mut programdata =
                instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 0)?;
            {
                programdata.set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::ProgramData {
                    slot: clock.slot,
                    upgrade_authority_address: authority_key,
                })?;
                let dst_slice = programdata
                    .get_data_mut()?
                    .get_mut(
                        programdata_data_offset
                            ..programdata_data_offset.saturating_add(buffer_data_len),
                    )
                    .ok_or(InstructionError::AccountDataTooSmall)?;
                let buffer =
                    instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 2)?;
                let src_slice = buffer
                    .get_data()
                    .get(buffer_data_offset..)
                    .ok_or(InstructionError::AccountDataTooSmall)?;
                dst_slice.copy_from_slice(src_slice);
            }
            programdata
                .get_data_mut()?
                .get_mut(programdata_data_offset.saturating_add(buffer_data_len)..)
                .ok_or(InstructionError::AccountDataTooSmall)?
                .fill(0);

            // Fund ProgramData to rent-exemption, spill the rest
            let mut buffer =
                instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 2)?;
            let mut spill =
                instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 3)?;
            spill.checked_add_lamports(
                programdata
                    .get_lamports()
                    .saturating_add(buffer_lamports)
                    .saturating_sub(programdata_balance_required),
            )?;
            buffer.set_lamports(0)?;
            programdata.set_lamports(programdata_balance_required)?;
            buffer.set_data_length(UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_buffer(0))?;

            ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Upgraded program {:?}", new_program_id);
        }
        UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::SetAuthority => {
            instruction_context.check_number_of_instruction_accounts(2)?;
            let mut account =
                instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 0)?;
            let present_authority_key = transaction_context.get_key_of_account_at_index(
                instruction_context.get_index_of_instruction_account_in_transaction(1)?,
            )?;
            let new_authority = instruction_context
                .get_index_of_instruction_account_in_transaction(2)
                .and_then(|index_in_transaction| {
                    transaction_context.get_key_of_account_at_index(index_in_transaction)
                })
                .ok();

            match account.get_state()? {
                UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer { authority_address } => {
                    if new_authority.is_none() {
                        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Buffer authority is not optional");
                        return Err(InstructionError::IncorrectAuthority);
                    }
                    if authority_address.is_none() {
                        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Buffer is immutable");
                        return Err(InstructionError::Immutable);
                    }
                    if authority_address != Some(*present_authority_key) {
                        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Incorrect buffer authority provided");
                        return Err(InstructionError::IncorrectAuthority);
                    }
                    if !instruction_context.is_instruction_account_signer(1)? {
                        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Buffer authority did not sign");
                        return Err(InstructionError::MissingRequiredSignature);
                    }
                    account.set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                        authority_address: new_authority.cloned(),
                    })?;
                }
                UpgradeableLoaderState::ProgramData {
                    slot,
                    upgrade_authority_address,
                } => {
                    if upgrade_authority_address.is_none() {
                        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Program not upgradeable");
                        return Err(InstructionError::Immutable);
                    }
                    if upgrade_authority_address != Some(*present_authority_key) {
                        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Incorrect upgrade authority provided");
                        return Err(InstructionError::IncorrectAuthority);
                    }
                    if !instruction_context.is_instruction_account_signer(1)? {
                        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Upgrade authority did not sign");
                        return Err(InstructionError::MissingRequiredSignature);
                    }
                    account.set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::ProgramData {
                        slot,
                        upgrade_authority_address: new_authority.cloned(),
                    })?;
                }
                _ => {
                    ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Account does not support authorities");
                    return Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument);
                }
            }

            ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "New authority {:?}", new_authority);
        }
        UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::SetAuthorityChecked => {
            if !invoke_context
                .get_feature_set()
                .is_active(&enable_bpf_loader_set_authority_checked_ix::id())
            {
                return Err(InstructionError::InvalidInstructionData);
            }

            instruction_context.check_number_of_instruction_accounts(3)?;
            let mut account =
                instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 0)?;
            let present_authority_key = transaction_context.get_key_of_account_at_index(
                instruction_context.get_index_of_instruction_account_in_transaction(1)?,
            )?;
            let new_authority_key = transaction_context.get_key_of_account_at_index(
                instruction_context.get_index_of_instruction_account_in_transaction(2)?,
            )?;

            match account.get_state()? {
                UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer { authority_address } => {
                    if authority_address.is_none() {
                        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Buffer is immutable");
                        return Err(InstructionError::Immutable);
                    }
                    if authority_address != Some(*present_authority_key) {
                        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Incorrect buffer authority provided");
                        return Err(InstructionError::IncorrectAuthority);
                    }
                    if !instruction_context.is_instruction_account_signer(1)? {
                        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Buffer authority did not sign");
                        return Err(InstructionError::MissingRequiredSignature);
                    }
                    if !instruction_context.is_instruction_account_signer(2)? {
                        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "New authority did not sign");
                        return Err(InstructionError::MissingRequiredSignature);
                    }
                    account.set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                        authority_address: Some(*new_authority_key),
                    })?;
                }
                UpgradeableLoaderState::ProgramData {
                    slot,
                    upgrade_authority_address,
                } => {
                    if upgrade_authority_address.is_none() {
                        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Program not upgradeable");
                        return Err(InstructionError::Immutable);
                    }
                    if upgrade_authority_address != Some(*present_authority_key) {
                        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Incorrect upgrade authority provided");
                        return Err(InstructionError::IncorrectAuthority);
                    }
                    if !instruction_context.is_instruction_account_signer(1)? {
                        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Upgrade authority did not sign");
                        return Err(InstructionError::MissingRequiredSignature);
                    }
                    if !instruction_context.is_instruction_account_signer(2)? {
                        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "New authority did not sign");
                        return Err(InstructionError::MissingRequiredSignature);
                    }
                    account.set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::ProgramData {
                        slot,
                        upgrade_authority_address: Some(*new_authority_key),
                    })?;
                }
                _ => {
                    ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Account does not support authorities");
                    return Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument);
                }
            }

            ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "New authority {:?}", new_authority_key);
        }
        UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::Close => {
            instruction_context.check_number_of_instruction_accounts(2)?;
            if instruction_context.get_index_of_instruction_account_in_transaction(0)?
                == instruction_context.get_index_of_instruction_account_in_transaction(1)?
            {
                ic_logger_msg!(
                    log_collector,
                    "Recipient is the same as the account being closed"
                );
                return Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument);
            }
            let mut close_account =
                instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 0)?;
            let close_key = *close_account.get_key();
            let close_account_state = close_account.get_state()?;
            close_account.set_data_length(UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_uninitialized())?;
            match close_account_state {
                UpgradeableLoaderState::Uninitialized => {
                    let mut recipient_account = instruction_context
                        .try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 1)?;
                    recipient_account.checked_add_lamports(close_account.get_lamports())?;
                    close_account.set_lamports(0)?;

                    ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Closed Uninitialized {}", close_key);
                }
                UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer { authority_address } => {
                    instruction_context.check_number_of_instruction_accounts(3)?;
                    drop(close_account);
                    common_close_account(
                        &authority_address,
                        transaction_context,
                        instruction_context,
                        &log_collector,
                    )?;

                    ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Closed Buffer {}", close_key);
                }
                UpgradeableLoaderState::ProgramData {
                    slot,
                    upgrade_authority_address: authority_address,
                } => {
                    instruction_context.check_number_of_instruction_accounts(4)?;
                    drop(close_account);
                    let program_account = instruction_context
                        .try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 3)?;
                    let program_key = *program_account.get_key();

                    if !program_account.is_writable() {
                        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Program account is not writable");
                        return Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument);
                    }
                    if program_account.get_owner() != program_id {
                        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Program account not owned by loader");
                        return Err(InstructionError::IncorrectProgramId);
                    }
                    let clock = invoke_context.get_sysvar_cache().get_clock()?;
                    if clock.slot == slot {
                        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Program was deployed in this block already");
                        return Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument);
                    }

                    match program_account.get_state()? {
                        UpgradeableLoaderState::Program {
                            programdata_address,
                        } => {
                            if programdata_address != close_key {
                                ic_logger_msg!(
                                    log_collector,
                                    "ProgramData account does not match ProgramData account"
                                );
                                return Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument);
                            }

                            drop(program_account);
                            common_close_account(
                                &authority_address,
                                transaction_context,
                                instruction_context,
                                &log_collector,
                            )?;
                            let clock = invoke_context.get_sysvar_cache().get_clock()?;
                            invoke_context
                                .program_cache_for_tx_batch
                                .store_modified_entry(
                                    program_key,
                                    Arc::new(ProgramCacheEntry::new_tombstone(
                                        clock.slot,
                                        ProgramCacheEntryOwner::LoaderV3,
                                        ProgramCacheEntryType::Closed,
                                    )),
                                );
                        }
                        _ => {
                            ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Invalid Program account");
                            return Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument);
                        }
                    }

                    ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Closed Program {}", program_key);
                }
                _ => {
                    ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Account does not support closing");
                    return Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument);
                }
            }
        }
        UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::ExtendProgram { additional_bytes } => {
            if additional_bytes == 0 {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Additional bytes must be greater than 0");
                return Err(InstructionError::InvalidInstructionData);
            }

            const PROGRAM_DATA_ACCOUNT_INDEX: IndexOfAccount = 0;
            const PROGRAM_ACCOUNT_INDEX: IndexOfAccount = 1;
            #[allow(dead_code)]
            // System program is only required when a CPI is performed
            const OPTIONAL_SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ACCOUNT_INDEX: IndexOfAccount = 2;
            const OPTIONAL_PAYER_ACCOUNT_INDEX: IndexOfAccount = 3;

            let programdata_account = instruction_context
                .try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, PROGRAM_DATA_ACCOUNT_INDEX)?;
            let programdata_key = *programdata_account.get_key();

            if program_id != programdata_account.get_owner() {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "ProgramData owner is invalid");
                return Err(InstructionError::InvalidAccountOwner);
            }
            if !programdata_account.is_writable() {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "ProgramData is not writable");
                return Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument);
            }

            let program_account = instruction_context
                .try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, PROGRAM_ACCOUNT_INDEX)?;
            if !program_account.is_writable() {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Program account is not writable");
                return Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument);
            }
            if program_account.get_owner() != program_id {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Program account not owned by loader");
                return Err(InstructionError::InvalidAccountOwner);
            }
            let program_key = *program_account.get_key();
            match program_account.get_state()? {
                UpgradeableLoaderState::Program {
                    programdata_address,
                } => {
                    if programdata_address != programdata_key {
                        ic_logger_msg!(
                            log_collector,
                            "Program account does not match ProgramData account"
                        );
                        return Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument);
                    }
                }
                _ => {
                    ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Invalid Program account");
                    return Err(InstructionError::InvalidAccountData);
                }
            }
            drop(program_account);

            let old_len = programdata_account.get_data().len();
            let new_len = old_len.saturating_add(additional_bytes as usize);
            if new_len > MAX_PERMITTED_DATA_LENGTH as usize {
                ic_logger_msg!(
                    log_collector,
                    "Extended ProgramData length of {} bytes exceeds max account data length of {} bytes",
                    new_len,
                    MAX_PERMITTED_DATA_LENGTH
                );
                return Err(InstructionError::InvalidRealloc);
            }

            let clock_slot = invoke_context
                .get_sysvar_cache()
                .get_clock()
                .map(|clock| clock.slot)?;

            let upgrade_authority_address = if let UpgradeableLoaderState::ProgramData {
                slot,
                upgrade_authority_address,
            } = programdata_account.get_state()?
            {
                if clock_slot == slot {
                    ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Program was extended in this block already");
                    return Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument);
                }

                if upgrade_authority_address.is_none() {
                    ic_logger_msg!(
                        log_collector,
                        "Cannot extend ProgramData accounts that are not upgradeable"
                    );
                    return Err(InstructionError::Immutable);
                }
                upgrade_authority_address
            } else {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "ProgramData state is invalid");
                return Err(InstructionError::InvalidAccountData);
            };

            let required_payment = {
                let balance = programdata_account.get_lamports();
                let rent = invoke_context.get_sysvar_cache().get_rent()?;
                let min_balance = rent.minimum_balance(new_len).max(1);
                min_balance.saturating_sub(balance)
            };

            // Borrowed accounts need to be dropped before native_invoke
            drop(programdata_account);

            // Dereference the program ID to prevent overlapping mutable/immutable borrow of invoke context
            let program_id = *program_id;
            if required_payment > 0 {
                let payer_key = *transaction_context.get_key_of_account_at_index(
                    instruction_context.get_index_of_instruction_account_in_transaction(
                        OPTIONAL_PAYER_ACCOUNT_INDEX,
                    )?,
                )?;

                invoke_context.native_invoke(
                    system_instruction::transfer(&payer_key, &programdata_key, required_payment)
                        .into(),
                    &[],
                )?;
            }

            let transaction_context = &invoke_context.transaction_context;
            let instruction_context = transaction_context.get_current_instruction_context()?;
            let mut programdata_account = instruction_context
                .try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, PROGRAM_DATA_ACCOUNT_INDEX)?;
            programdata_account.set_data_length(new_len)?;

            let programdata_data_offset = UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_programdata_metadata();

            deploy_program!(
                invoke_context,
                &program_key,
                &program_id,
                UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_program().saturating_add(new_len),
                programdata_account
                    .get_data()
                    .get(programdata_data_offset..)
                    .ok_or(InstructionError::AccountDataTooSmall)?,
                clock_slot,
            );
            drop(programdata_account);

            let mut programdata_account = instruction_context
                .try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, PROGRAM_DATA_ACCOUNT_INDEX)?;
            programdata_account.set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::ProgramData {
                slot: clock_slot,
                upgrade_authority_address,
            })?;

            ic_logger_msg!(
                log_collector,
                "Extended ProgramData account by {} bytes",
                additional_bytes
            );
        }
        UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::Migrate => {
            return Err(InstructionError::InvalidInstructionData);
        }
    }

    Ok(())
}

fn common_close_account(
    authority_address: &Option<Pubkey>,
    transaction_context: &TransactionContext,
    instruction_context: &InstructionContext,
    log_collector: &Option<Rc<RefCell<LogCollector>>>,
) -> Result<(), InstructionError> {
    if authority_address.is_none() {
        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Account is immutable");
        return Err(InstructionError::Immutable);
    }
    if *authority_address
        != Some(*transaction_context.get_key_of_account_at_index(
            instruction_context.get_index_of_instruction_account_in_transaction(2)?,
        )?)
    {
        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Incorrect authority provided");
        return Err(InstructionError::IncorrectAuthority);
    }
    if !instruction_context.is_instruction_account_signer(2)? {
        ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Authority did not sign");
        return Err(InstructionError::MissingRequiredSignature);
    }

    let mut close_account =
        instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 0)?;
    let mut recipient_account =
        instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(transaction_context, 1)?;

    recipient_account.checked_add_lamports(close_account.get_lamports())?;
    close_account.set_lamports(0)?;
    close_account.set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Uninitialized)?;
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg_attr(feature = "svm-internal", qualifiers(pub))]
fn execute<'a, 'b: 'a>(
    executable: &'a Executable<InvokeContext<'static>>,
    invoke_context: &'a mut InvokeContext<'b>,
) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    // We dropped the lifetime tracking in the Executor by setting it to 'static,
    // thus we need to reintroduce the correct lifetime of InvokeContext here again.
    let executable = unsafe {
        mem::transmute::<&'a Executable<InvokeContext<'static>>, &'a Executable<InvokeContext<'b>>>(
            executable,
        )
    };
    let log_collector = invoke_context.get_log_collector();
    let transaction_context = &invoke_context.transaction_context;
    let instruction_context = transaction_context.get_current_instruction_context()?;
    let (program_id, is_loader_deprecated) = {
        let program_account =
            instruction_context.try_borrow_last_program_account(transaction_context)?;
        (
            *program_account.get_key(),
            *program_account.get_owner() == bpf_loader_deprecated::id(),
        )
    };
    #[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", not(target_arch = "x86_64")))]
    let use_jit = false;
    #[cfg(all(not(target_os = "windows"), target_arch = "x86_64"))]
    let use_jit = executable.get_compiled_program().is_some();
    let direct_mapping = invoke_context
        .get_feature_set()
        .is_active(&bpf_account_data_direct_mapping::id());

    let mut serialize_time = Measure::start("serialize");
    let (parameter_bytes, regions, accounts_metadata) = serialization::serialize_parameters(
        invoke_context.transaction_context,
        instruction_context,
        !direct_mapping,
    )?;
    serialize_time.stop();

    // save the account addresses so in case we hit an AccessViolation error we
    // can map to a more specific error
    let account_region_addrs = accounts_metadata
        .iter()
        .map(|m| {
            let vm_end = m
                .vm_data_addr
                .saturating_add(m.original_data_len as u64)
                .saturating_add(if !is_loader_deprecated {
                    MAX_PERMITTED_DATA_INCREASE as u64
                } else {
                    0
                });
            m.vm_data_addr..vm_end
        })
        .collect::<Vec<_>>();

    let mut create_vm_time = Measure::start("create_vm");
    let execution_result = {
        let compute_meter_prev = invoke_context.get_remaining();
        create_vm!(vm, executable, regions, accounts_metadata, invoke_context);
        let (mut vm, stack, heap) = match vm {
            Ok(info) => info,
            Err(e) => {
                ic_logger_msg!(log_collector, "Failed to create SBF VM: {}", e);
                return Err(Box::new(InstructionError::ProgramEnvironmentSetupFailure));
            }
        };
        create_vm_time.stop();

        vm.context_object_pointer.execute_time = Some(Measure::start("execute"));
        let (compute_units_consumed, result) = vm.execute_program(executable, !use_jit);
        MEMORY_POOL.with_borrow_mut(|memory_pool| {
            memory_pool.put_stack(stack);
            memory_pool.put_heap(heap);
            debug_assert!(memory_pool.stack_len() <= MAX_INSTRUCTION_STACK_DEPTH);
            debug_assert!(memory_pool.heap_len() <= MAX_INSTRUCTION_STACK_DEPTH);
        });
        drop(vm);
        if let Some(execute_time) = invoke_context.execute_time.as_mut() {
            execute_time.stop();
            invoke_context.timings.execute_us += execute_time.as_us();
        }

        ic_logger_msg!(
            log_collector,
            "Program {} consumed {} of {} compute units",
            &program_id,
            compute_units_consumed,
            compute_meter_prev
        );
        let (_returned_from_program_id, return_data) =
            invoke_context.transaction_context.get_return_data();
        if !return_data.is_empty() {
            stable_log::program_return(&log_collector, &program_id, return_data);
        }
        match result {
            ProgramResult::Ok(status) if status != SUCCESS => {
                let error: InstructionError = status.into();
                Err(Box::new(error) as Box<dyn std::error::Error>)
            }
            ProgramResult::Err(mut error) => {
                if invoke_context
                    .get_feature_set()
                    .is_active(&solana_feature_set::deplete_cu_meter_on_vm_failure::id())
                    && !matches!(error, EbpfError::SyscallError(_))
                {
                    // when an exception is thrown during the execution of a
                    // Basic Block (e.g., a null memory dereference or other
                    // faults), determining the exact number of CUs consumed
                    // up to the point of failure requires additional effort
                    // and is unnecessary since these cases are rare.
                    //
                    // In order to simplify CU tracking, simply consume all
                    // remaining compute units so that the block cost
                    // tracker uses the full requested compute unit cost for
                    // this failed transaction.
                    invoke_context.consume(invoke_context.get_remaining());
                }

                if direct_mapping {
                    if let EbpfError::AccessViolation(
                        AccessType::Store,
                        address,
                        _size,
                        _section_name,
                    ) = error
                    {
                        // If direct_mapping is enabled and a program tries to write to a readonly
                        // region we'll get a memory access violation. Map it to a more specific
                        // error so it's easier for developers to see what happened.
                        if let Some((instruction_account_index, _)) = account_region_addrs
                            .iter()
                            .enumerate()
                            .find(|(_, vm_region)| vm_region.contains(&address))
                        {
                            let transaction_context = &invoke_context.transaction_context;
                            let instruction_context =
                                transaction_context.get_current_instruction_context()?;

                            let account = instruction_context.try_borrow_instruction_account(
                                transaction_context,
                                instruction_account_index as IndexOfAccount,
                            )?;

                            error = EbpfError::SyscallError(Box::new(
                                #[allow(deprecated)]
                                if !invoke_context
                                    .get_feature_set()
                                    .is_active(&remove_accounts_executable_flag_checks::id())
                                    && account.is_executable()
                                {
                                    InstructionError::ExecutableDataModified
                                } else if account.is_writable() {
                                    InstructionError::ExternalAccountDataModified
                                } else {
                                    InstructionError::ReadonlyDataModified
                                },
                            ));
                        }
                    }
                }
                Err(if let EbpfError::SyscallError(err) = error {
                    err
                } else {
                    error.into()
                })
            }
            _ => Ok(()),
        }
    };

    fn deserialize_parameters(
        invoke_context: &mut InvokeContext,
        parameter_bytes: &[u8],
        copy_account_data: bool,
    ) -> Result<(), InstructionError> {
        serialization::deserialize_parameters(
            invoke_context.transaction_context,
            invoke_context
                .transaction_context
                .get_current_instruction_context()?,
            copy_account_data,
            parameter_bytes,
            &invoke_context.get_syscall_context()?.accounts_metadata,
        )
    }

    let mut deserialize_time = Measure::start("deserialize");
    let execute_or_deserialize_result = execution_result.and_then(|_| {
        deserialize_parameters(invoke_context, parameter_bytes.as_slice(), !direct_mapping)
            .map_err(|error| Box::new(error) as Box<dyn std::error::Error>)
    });
    deserialize_time.stop();

    // Update the timings
    invoke_context.timings.serialize_us += serialize_time.as_us();
    invoke_context.timings.create_vm_us += create_vm_time.as_us();
    invoke_context.timings.deserialize_us += deserialize_time.as_us();

    execute_or_deserialize_result
}

#[cfg_attr(feature = "svm-internal", qualifiers(pub))]
mod test_utils {
    #[cfg(feature = "svm-internal")]
    use {
        super::*, crate::syscalls::create_program_runtime_environment_v1,
        solana_account::ReadableAccount, solana_loader_v4_interface::state::LoaderV4State,
        solana_program_runtime::loaded_programs::DELAY_VISIBILITY_SLOT_OFFSET,
        solana_sdk_ids::loader_v4,
    };

    #[cfg(feature = "svm-internal")]
    fn check_loader_id(id: &Pubkey) -> bool {
        bpf_loader::check_id(id)
            || bpf_loader_deprecated::check_id(id)
            || bpf_loader_upgradeable::check_id(id)
            || loader_v4::check_id(id)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "svm-internal")]
    #[cfg_attr(feature = "svm-internal", qualifiers(pub))]
    fn load_all_invoked_programs(invoke_context: &mut InvokeContext) {
        let mut load_program_metrics = LoadProgramMetrics::default();
        let program_runtime_environment = create_program_runtime_environment_v1(
            invoke_context.get_feature_set(),
            invoke_context.get_compute_budget(),
            false, /* deployment */
            false, /* debugging_features */
        );
        let program_runtime_environment = Arc::new(program_runtime_environment.unwrap());
        let num_accounts = invoke_context.transaction_context.get_number_of_accounts();
        for index in 0..num_accounts {
            let account = invoke_context
                .transaction_context
                .get_account_at_index(index)
                .expect("Failed to get the account")
                .borrow();

            let owner = account.owner();
            if check_loader_id(owner) {
                let programdata_data_offset = if loader_v4::check_id(owner) {
                    LoaderV4State::program_data_offset()
                } else {
                    0
                };
                let pubkey = invoke_context
                    .transaction_context
                    .get_key_of_account_at_index(index)
                    .expect("Failed to get account key");

                if let Ok(loaded_program) = load_program_from_bytes(
                    None,
                    &mut load_program_metrics,
                    account
                        .data()
                        .get(programdata_data_offset.min(account.data().len())..)
                        .unwrap(),
                    owner,
                    account.data().len(),
                    0,
                    program_runtime_environment.clone(),
                    false,
                ) {
                    invoke_context
                        .program_cache_for_tx_batch
                        .set_slot_for_tests(DELAY_VISIBILITY_SLOT_OFFSET);
                    invoke_context
                        .program_cache_for_tx_batch
                        .store_modified_entry(*pubkey, Arc::new(loaded_program));
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use {
        super::*,
        assert_matches::assert_matches,
        rand::Rng,
        solana_account::{
            create_account_shared_data_for_test as create_account_for_test, state_traits::StateMut,
            AccountSharedData, ReadableAccount, WritableAccount,
        },
        solana_clock::Clock,
        solana_epoch_schedule::EpochSchedule,
        solana_instruction::{error::InstructionError, AccountMeta},
        solana_program_runtime::{
            invoke_context::mock_process_instruction, with_mock_invoke_context,
        },
        solana_pubkey::Pubkey,
        solana_rent::Rent,
        solana_sdk_ids::{system_program, sysvar},
        std::{fs::File, io::Read, ops::Range, sync::atomic::AtomicU64},
    };

    fn process_instruction(
        loader_id: &Pubkey,
        program_indices: &[IndexOfAccount],
        instruction_data: &[u8],
        transaction_accounts: Vec<(Pubkey, AccountSharedData)>,
        instruction_accounts: Vec<AccountMeta>,
        expected_result: Result<(), InstructionError>,
    ) -> Vec<AccountSharedData> {
        mock_process_instruction(
            loader_id,
            program_indices.to_vec(),
            instruction_data,
            transaction_accounts,
            instruction_accounts,
            expected_result,
            Entrypoint::vm,
            |invoke_context| {
                let mut feature_set = invoke_context.get_feature_set().clone();
                feature_set.deactivate(&disable_new_loader_v3_deployments::id());
                invoke_context.mock_set_feature_set(Arc::new(feature_set));
                test_utils::load_all_invoked_programs(invoke_context);
            },
            |_invoke_context| {},
        )
    }

    fn load_program_account_from_elf(loader_id: &Pubkey, path: &str) -> AccountSharedData {
        let mut file = File::open(path).expect("file open failed");
        let mut elf = Vec::new();
        file.read_to_end(&mut elf).unwrap();
        let rent = Rent::default();
        let mut program_account =
            AccountSharedData::new(rent.minimum_balance(elf.len()), 0, loader_id);
        program_account.set_data(elf);
        program_account.set_executable(true);
        program_account
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bpf_loader_invoke_main() {
        let loader_id = bpf_loader::id();
        let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let program_account =
            load_program_account_from_elf(&loader_id, "test_elfs/out/sbpfv3_return_ok.so");
        let parameter_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let parameter_account = AccountSharedData::new(1, 0, &loader_id);
        let parameter_meta = AccountMeta {
            pubkey: parameter_id,
            is_signer: false,
            is_writable: false,
        };

        // Case: No program account
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &[],
            Vec::new(),
            Vec::new(),
            Err(InstructionError::UnsupportedProgramId),
        );

        // Case: Only a program account
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[0],
            &[],
            vec![(program_id, program_account.clone())],
            Vec::new(),
            Ok(()),
        );

        // Case: With program and parameter account
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[0],
            &[],
            vec![
                (program_id, program_account.clone()),
                (parameter_id, parameter_account.clone()),
            ],
            vec![parameter_meta.clone()],
            Ok(()),
        );

        // Case: With duplicate accounts
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[0],
            &[],
            vec![
                (program_id, program_account.clone()),
                (parameter_id, parameter_account.clone()),
            ],
            vec![parameter_meta.clone(), parameter_meta],
            Ok(()),
        );

        // Case: limited budget
        mock_process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            vec![0],
            &[],
            vec![(program_id, program_account)],
            Vec::new(),
            Err(InstructionError::ProgramFailedToComplete),
            Entrypoint::vm,
            |invoke_context| {
                invoke_context.mock_set_remaining(0);
                test_utils::load_all_invoked_programs(invoke_context);
            },
            |_invoke_context| {},
        );

        // Case: Account not a program
        mock_process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            vec![0],
            &[],
            vec![(program_id, parameter_account.clone())],
            Vec::new(),
            Err(InstructionError::IncorrectProgramId),
            Entrypoint::vm,
            |invoke_context| {
                let mut feature_set = invoke_context.get_feature_set().clone();
                feature_set.deactivate(&remove_accounts_executable_flag_checks::id());
                invoke_context.mock_set_feature_set(Arc::new(feature_set));
                test_utils::load_all_invoked_programs(invoke_context);
            },
            |_invoke_context| {},
        );
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[0],
            &[],
            vec![(program_id, parameter_account)],
            Vec::new(),
            Err(InstructionError::UnsupportedProgramId),
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bpf_loader_serialize_unaligned() {
        let loader_id = bpf_loader_deprecated::id();
        let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let program_account =
            load_program_account_from_elf(&loader_id, "test_elfs/out/noop_unaligned.so");
        let parameter_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let parameter_account = AccountSharedData::new(1, 0, &loader_id);
        let parameter_meta = AccountMeta {
            pubkey: parameter_id,
            is_signer: false,
            is_writable: false,
        };

        // Case: With program and parameter account
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[0],
            &[],
            vec![
                (program_id, program_account.clone()),
                (parameter_id, parameter_account.clone()),
            ],
            vec![parameter_meta.clone()],
            Ok(()),
        );

        // Case: With duplicate accounts
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[0],
            &[],
            vec![
                (program_id, program_account),
                (parameter_id, parameter_account),
            ],
            vec![parameter_meta.clone(), parameter_meta],
            Ok(()),
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bpf_loader_serialize_aligned() {
        let loader_id = bpf_loader::id();
        let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let program_account =
            load_program_account_from_elf(&loader_id, "test_elfs/out/noop_aligned.so");
        let parameter_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let parameter_account = AccountSharedData::new(1, 0, &loader_id);
        let parameter_meta = AccountMeta {
            pubkey: parameter_id,
            is_signer: false,
            is_writable: false,
        };

        // Case: With program and parameter account
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[0],
            &[],
            vec![
                (program_id, program_account.clone()),
                (parameter_id, parameter_account.clone()),
            ],
            vec![parameter_meta.clone()],
            Ok(()),
        );

        // Case: With duplicate accounts
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[0],
            &[],
            vec![
                (program_id, program_account),
                (parameter_id, parameter_account),
            ],
            vec![parameter_meta.clone(), parameter_meta],
            Ok(()),
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bpf_loader_upgradeable_initialize_buffer() {
        let loader_id = bpf_loader_upgradeable::id();
        let buffer_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let buffer_account =
            AccountSharedData::new(1, UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_buffer(9), &loader_id);
        let authority_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let authority_account =
            AccountSharedData::new(1, UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_buffer(9), &loader_id);
        let instruction_data =
            bincode::serialize(&UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::InitializeBuffer).unwrap();
        let instruction_accounts = vec![
            AccountMeta {
                pubkey: buffer_address,
                is_signer: false,
                is_writable: true,
            },
            AccountMeta {
                pubkey: authority_address,
                is_signer: false,
                is_writable: false,
            },
        ];

        // Case: Success
        let accounts = process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction_data,
            vec![
                (buffer_address, buffer_account),
                (authority_address, authority_account),
            ],
            instruction_accounts.clone(),
            Ok(()),
        );
        let state: UpgradeableLoaderState = accounts.first().unwrap().state().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            state,
            UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: Some(authority_address)
            }
        );

        // Case: Already initialized
        let accounts = process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction_data,
            vec![
                (buffer_address, accounts.first().unwrap().clone()),
                (authority_address, accounts.get(1).unwrap().clone()),
            ],
            instruction_accounts,
            Err(InstructionError::AccountAlreadyInitialized),
        );
        let state: UpgradeableLoaderState = accounts.first().unwrap().state().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            state,
            UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: Some(authority_address)
            }
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bpf_loader_upgradeable_write() {
        let loader_id = bpf_loader_upgradeable::id();
        let buffer_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let mut buffer_account =
            AccountSharedData::new(1, UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_buffer(9), &loader_id);
        let instruction_accounts = vec![
            AccountMeta {
                pubkey: buffer_address,
                is_signer: false,
                is_writable: true,
            },
            AccountMeta {
                pubkey: buffer_address,
                is_signer: true,
                is_writable: false,
            },
        ];

        // Case: Not initialized
        let instruction = bincode::serialize(&UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::Write {
            offset: 0,
            bytes: vec![42; 9],
        })
        .unwrap();
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![(buffer_address, buffer_account.clone())],
            instruction_accounts.clone(),
            Err(InstructionError::InvalidAccountData),
        );

        // Case: Write entire buffer
        let instruction = bincode::serialize(&UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::Write {
            offset: 0,
            bytes: vec![42; 9],
        })
        .unwrap();
        buffer_account
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: Some(buffer_address),
            })
            .unwrap();
        let accounts = process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![(buffer_address, buffer_account.clone())],
            instruction_accounts.clone(),
            Ok(()),
        );
        let state: UpgradeableLoaderState = accounts.first().unwrap().state().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            state,
            UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: Some(buffer_address)
            }
        );
        assert_eq!(
            &accounts
                .first()
                .unwrap()
                .data()
                .get(UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_buffer_metadata()..)
                .unwrap(),
            &[42; 9]
        );

        // Case: Write portion of the buffer
        let instruction = bincode::serialize(&UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::Write {
            offset: 3,
            bytes: vec![42; 6],
        })
        .unwrap();
        let mut buffer_account =
            AccountSharedData::new(1, UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_buffer(9), &loader_id);
        buffer_account
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: Some(buffer_address),
            })
            .unwrap();
        let accounts = process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![(buffer_address, buffer_account.clone())],
            instruction_accounts.clone(),
            Ok(()),
        );
        let state: UpgradeableLoaderState = accounts.first().unwrap().state().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            state,
            UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: Some(buffer_address)
            }
        );
        assert_eq!(
            &accounts
                .first()
                .unwrap()
                .data()
                .get(UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_buffer_metadata()..)
                .unwrap(),
            &[0, 0, 0, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42]
        );

        // Case: overflow size
        let instruction = bincode::serialize(&UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::Write {
            offset: 0,
            bytes: vec![42; 10],
        })
        .unwrap();
        buffer_account
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: Some(buffer_address),
            })
            .unwrap();
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![(buffer_address, buffer_account.clone())],
            instruction_accounts.clone(),
            Err(InstructionError::AccountDataTooSmall),
        );

        // Case: overflow offset
        let instruction = bincode::serialize(&UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::Write {
            offset: 1,
            bytes: vec![42; 9],
        })
        .unwrap();
        buffer_account
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: Some(buffer_address),
            })
            .unwrap();
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![(buffer_address, buffer_account.clone())],
            instruction_accounts.clone(),
            Err(InstructionError::AccountDataTooSmall),
        );

        // Case: Not signed
        let instruction = bincode::serialize(&UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::Write {
            offset: 0,
            bytes: vec![42; 9],
        })
        .unwrap();
        buffer_account
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: Some(buffer_address),
            })
            .unwrap();
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![(buffer_address, buffer_account.clone())],
            vec![
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: buffer_address,
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: false,
                },
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: buffer_address,
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: false,
                },
            ],
            Err(InstructionError::MissingRequiredSignature),
        );

        // Case: wrong authority
        let authority_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let instruction = bincode::serialize(&UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::Write {
            offset: 1,
            bytes: vec![42; 9],
        })
        .unwrap();
        buffer_account
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: Some(buffer_address),
            })
            .unwrap();
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![
                (buffer_address, buffer_account.clone()),
                (authority_address, buffer_account.clone()),
            ],
            vec![
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: buffer_address,
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: false,
                },
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: authority_address,
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: false,
                },
            ],
            Err(InstructionError::IncorrectAuthority),
        );

        // Case: None authority
        let instruction = bincode::serialize(&UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::Write {
            offset: 1,
            bytes: vec![42; 9],
        })
        .unwrap();
        buffer_account
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: None,
            })
            .unwrap();
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![(buffer_address, buffer_account.clone())],
            instruction_accounts,
            Err(InstructionError::Immutable),
        );
    }

    fn truncate_data(account: &mut AccountSharedData, len: usize) {
        let mut data = account.data().to_vec();
        data.truncate(len);
        account.set_data(data);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bpf_loader_upgradeable_upgrade() {
        let mut file = File::open("test_elfs/out/sbpfv3_return_ok.so").expect("file open failed");
        let mut elf_orig = Vec::new();
        file.read_to_end(&mut elf_orig).unwrap();
        let mut file = File::open("test_elfs/out/sbpfv3_return_err.so").expect("file open failed");
        let mut elf_new = Vec::new();
        file.read_to_end(&mut elf_new).unwrap();
        assert_ne!(elf_orig.len(), elf_new.len());
        const SLOT: u64 = 42;
        let buffer_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let upgrade_authority_address = Pubkey::new_unique();

        fn get_accounts(
            buffer_address: &Pubkey,
            buffer_authority: &Pubkey,
            upgrade_authority_address: &Pubkey,
            elf_orig: &[u8],
            elf_new: &[u8],
        ) -> (Vec<(Pubkey, AccountSharedData)>, Vec<AccountMeta>) {
            let loader_id = bpf_loader_upgradeable::id();
            let program_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
            let spill_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
            let rent = Rent::default();
            let min_program_balance =
                1.max(rent.minimum_balance(UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_program()));
            let min_programdata_balance = 1.max(rent.minimum_balance(
                UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_programdata(elf_orig.len().max(elf_new.len())),
            ));
            let (programdata_address, _) =
                Pubkey::find_program_address(&[program_address.as_ref()], &loader_id);
            let mut buffer_account = AccountSharedData::new(
                1,
                UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_buffer(elf_new.len()),
                &bpf_loader_upgradeable::id(),
            );
            buffer_account
                .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                    authority_address: Some(*buffer_authority),
                })
                .unwrap();
            buffer_account
                .data_as_mut_slice()
                .get_mut(UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_buffer_metadata()..)
                .unwrap()
                .copy_from_slice(elf_new);
            let mut programdata_account = AccountSharedData::new(
                min_programdata_balance,
                UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_programdata(elf_orig.len().max(elf_new.len())),
                &bpf_loader_upgradeable::id(),
            );
            programdata_account
                .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::ProgramData {
                    slot: SLOT,
                    upgrade_authority_address: Some(*upgrade_authority_address),
                })
                .unwrap();
            let mut program_account = AccountSharedData::new(
                min_program_balance,
                UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_program(),
                &bpf_loader_upgradeable::id(),
            );
            program_account.set_executable(true);
            program_account
                .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Program {
                    programdata_address,
                })
                .unwrap();
            let spill_account = AccountSharedData::new(0, 0, &Pubkey::new_unique());
            let rent_account = create_account_for_test(&rent);
            let clock_account = create_account_for_test(&Clock {
                slot: SLOT.saturating_add(1),
                ..Clock::default()
            });
            let upgrade_authority_account = AccountSharedData::new(1, 0, &Pubkey::new_unique());
            let transaction_accounts = vec![
                (programdata_address, programdata_account),
                (program_address, program_account),
                (*buffer_address, buffer_account),
                (spill_address, spill_account),
                (sysvar::rent::id(), rent_account),
                (sysvar::clock::id(), clock_account),
                (*upgrade_authority_address, upgrade_authority_account),
            ];
            let instruction_accounts = vec![
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: programdata_address,
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: true,
                },
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: program_address,
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: true,
                },
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: *buffer_address,
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: true,
                },
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: spill_address,
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: true,
                },
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: sysvar::rent::id(),
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: false,
                },
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: sysvar::clock::id(),
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: false,
                },
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: *upgrade_authority_address,
                    is_signer: true,
                    is_writable: false,
                },
            ];
            (transaction_accounts, instruction_accounts)
        }

        fn process_instruction(
            transaction_accounts: Vec<(Pubkey, AccountSharedData)>,
            instruction_accounts: Vec<AccountMeta>,
            expected_result: Result<(), InstructionError>,
        ) -> Vec<AccountSharedData> {
            let instruction_data =
                bincode::serialize(&UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::Upgrade).unwrap();
            mock_process_instruction(
                &bpf_loader_upgradeable::id(),
                Vec::new(),
                &instruction_data,
                transaction_accounts,
                instruction_accounts,
                expected_result,
                Entrypoint::vm,
                |_invoke_context| {},
                |_invoke_context| {},
            )
        }

        // Case: Success
        let (transaction_accounts, instruction_accounts) = get_accounts(
            &buffer_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &elf_orig,
            &elf_new,
        );
        let accounts = process_instruction(transaction_accounts, instruction_accounts, Ok(()));
        let min_programdata_balance = Rent::default().minimum_balance(
            UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_programdata(elf_orig.len().max(elf_new.len())),
        );
        assert_eq!(
            min_programdata_balance,
            accounts.first().unwrap().lamports()
        );
        assert_eq!(0, accounts.get(2).unwrap().lamports());
        assert_eq!(1, accounts.get(3).unwrap().lamports());
        let state: UpgradeableLoaderState = accounts.first().unwrap().state().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            state,
            UpgradeableLoaderState::ProgramData {
                slot: SLOT.saturating_add(1),
                upgrade_authority_address: Some(upgrade_authority_address)
            }
        );
        for (i, byte) in accounts
            .first()
            .unwrap()
            .data()
            .get(
                UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_programdata_metadata()
                    ..UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_programdata(elf_new.len()),
            )
            .unwrap()
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
        {
            assert_eq!(*elf_new.get(i).unwrap(), *byte);
        }

        // Case: not upgradable
        let (mut transaction_accounts, instruction_accounts) = get_accounts(
            &buffer_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &elf_orig,
            &elf_new,
        );
        transaction_accounts
            .get_mut(0)
            .unwrap()
            .1
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::ProgramData {
                slot: SLOT,
                upgrade_authority_address: None,
            })
            .unwrap();
        process_instruction(
            transaction_accounts,
            instruction_accounts,
            Err(InstructionError::Immutable),
        );

        // Case: wrong authority
        let (mut transaction_accounts, mut instruction_accounts) = get_accounts(
            &buffer_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &elf_orig,
            &elf_new,
        );
        let invalid_upgrade_authority_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        transaction_accounts.get_mut(6).unwrap().0 = invalid_upgrade_authority_address;
        instruction_accounts.get_mut(6).unwrap().pubkey = invalid_upgrade_authority_address;
        process_instruction(
            transaction_accounts,
            instruction_accounts,
            Err(InstructionError::IncorrectAuthority),
        );

        // Case: authority did not sign
        let (transaction_accounts, mut instruction_accounts) = get_accounts(
            &buffer_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &elf_orig,
            &elf_new,
        );
        instruction_accounts.get_mut(6).unwrap().is_signer = false;
        process_instruction(
            transaction_accounts,
            instruction_accounts,
            Err(InstructionError::MissingRequiredSignature),
        );

        // Case: Buffer account and spill account alias
        let (transaction_accounts, mut instruction_accounts) = get_accounts(
            &buffer_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &elf_orig,
            &elf_new,
        );
        *instruction_accounts.get_mut(3).unwrap() = instruction_accounts.get(2).unwrap().clone();
        process_instruction(
            transaction_accounts,
            instruction_accounts,
            Err(InstructionError::AccountBorrowFailed),
        );

        // Case: Programdata account and spill account alias
        let (transaction_accounts, mut instruction_accounts) = get_accounts(
            &buffer_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &elf_orig,
            &elf_new,
        );
        *instruction_accounts.get_mut(3).unwrap() = instruction_accounts.first().unwrap().clone();
        process_instruction(
            transaction_accounts,
            instruction_accounts,
            Err(InstructionError::AccountBorrowFailed),
        );

        // Case: Program account not executable
        let (transaction_accounts, mut instruction_accounts) = get_accounts(
            &buffer_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &elf_orig,
            &elf_new,
        );
        *instruction_accounts.get_mut(1).unwrap() = instruction_accounts.get(2).unwrap().clone();
        let instruction_data = bincode::serialize(&UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::Upgrade).unwrap();
        mock_process_instruction(
            &bpf_loader_upgradeable::id(),
            Vec::new(),
            &instruction_data,
            transaction_accounts.clone(),
            instruction_accounts.clone(),
            Err(InstructionError::AccountNotExecutable),
            Entrypoint::vm,
            |invoke_context| {
                let mut feature_set = invoke_context.get_feature_set().clone();
                feature_set.deactivate(&remove_accounts_executable_flag_checks::id());
                invoke_context.mock_set_feature_set(Arc::new(feature_set));
                test_utils::load_all_invoked_programs(invoke_context);
            },
            |_invoke_context| {},
        );
        process_instruction(
            transaction_accounts.clone(),
            instruction_accounts.clone(),
            Err(InstructionError::InvalidAccountData),
        );

        // Case: Program account now owned by loader
        let (mut transaction_accounts, instruction_accounts) = get_accounts(
            &buffer_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &elf_orig,
            &elf_new,
        );
        transaction_accounts
            .get_mut(1)
            .unwrap()
            .1
            .set_owner(Pubkey::new_unique());
        process_instruction(
            transaction_accounts,
            instruction_accounts,
            Err(InstructionError::IncorrectProgramId),
        );

        // Case: Program account not writable
        let (transaction_accounts, mut instruction_accounts) = get_accounts(
            &buffer_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &elf_orig,
            &elf_new,
        );
        instruction_accounts.get_mut(1).unwrap().is_writable = false;
        process_instruction(
            transaction_accounts,
            instruction_accounts,
            Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument),
        );

        // Case: Program account not initialized
        let (mut transaction_accounts, instruction_accounts) = get_accounts(
            &buffer_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &elf_orig,
            &elf_new,
        );
        transaction_accounts
            .get_mut(1)
            .unwrap()
            .1
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Uninitialized)
            .unwrap();
        process_instruction(
            transaction_accounts,
            instruction_accounts,
            Err(InstructionError::InvalidAccountData),
        );

        // Case: Program ProgramData account mismatch
        let (mut transaction_accounts, mut instruction_accounts) = get_accounts(
            &buffer_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &elf_orig,
            &elf_new,
        );
        let invalid_programdata_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        transaction_accounts.get_mut(0).unwrap().0 = invalid_programdata_address;
        instruction_accounts.get_mut(0).unwrap().pubkey = invalid_programdata_address;
        process_instruction(
            transaction_accounts,
            instruction_accounts,
            Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument),
        );

        // Case: Buffer account not initialized
        let (mut transaction_accounts, instruction_accounts) = get_accounts(
            &buffer_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &elf_orig,
            &elf_new,
        );
        transaction_accounts
            .get_mut(2)
            .unwrap()
            .1
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Uninitialized)
            .unwrap();
        process_instruction(
            transaction_accounts,
            instruction_accounts,
            Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument),
        );

        // Case: Buffer account too big
        let (mut transaction_accounts, instruction_accounts) = get_accounts(
            &buffer_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &elf_orig,
            &elf_new,
        );
        transaction_accounts.get_mut(2).unwrap().1 = AccountSharedData::new(
            1,
            UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_buffer(
                elf_orig.len().max(elf_new.len()).saturating_add(1),
            ),
            &bpf_loader_upgradeable::id(),
        );
        transaction_accounts
            .get_mut(2)
            .unwrap()
            .1
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: Some(upgrade_authority_address),
            })
            .unwrap();
        process_instruction(
            transaction_accounts,
            instruction_accounts,
            Err(InstructionError::AccountDataTooSmall),
        );

        // Case: Buffer account too small
        let (mut transaction_accounts, instruction_accounts) = get_accounts(
            &buffer_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &elf_orig,
            &elf_new,
        );
        transaction_accounts
            .get_mut(2)
            .unwrap()
            .1
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: Some(upgrade_authority_address),
            })
            .unwrap();
        truncate_data(&mut transaction_accounts.get_mut(2).unwrap().1, 5);
        process_instruction(
            transaction_accounts,
            instruction_accounts,
            Err(InstructionError::InvalidAccountData),
        );

        // Case: Mismatched buffer and program authority
        let (transaction_accounts, instruction_accounts) = get_accounts(
            &buffer_address,
            &buffer_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &elf_orig,
            &elf_new,
        );
        process_instruction(
            transaction_accounts,
            instruction_accounts,
            Err(InstructionError::IncorrectAuthority),
        );

        // Case: No buffer authority
        let (mut transaction_accounts, instruction_accounts) = get_accounts(
            &buffer_address,
            &buffer_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &elf_orig,
            &elf_new,
        );
        transaction_accounts
            .get_mut(2)
            .unwrap()
            .1
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: None,
            })
            .unwrap();
        process_instruction(
            transaction_accounts,
            instruction_accounts,
            Err(InstructionError::IncorrectAuthority),
        );

        // Case: No buffer and program authority
        let (mut transaction_accounts, instruction_accounts) = get_accounts(
            &buffer_address,
            &buffer_address,
            &upgrade_authority_address,
            &elf_orig,
            &elf_new,
        );
        transaction_accounts
            .get_mut(0)
            .unwrap()
            .1
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::ProgramData {
                slot: SLOT,
                upgrade_authority_address: None,
            })
            .unwrap();
        transaction_accounts
            .get_mut(2)
            .unwrap()
            .1
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: None,
            })
            .unwrap();
        process_instruction(
            transaction_accounts,
            instruction_accounts,
            Err(InstructionError::IncorrectAuthority),
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bpf_loader_upgradeable_set_upgrade_authority() {
        let instruction = bincode::serialize(&UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::SetAuthority).unwrap();
        let loader_id = bpf_loader_upgradeable::id();
        let slot = 0;
        let upgrade_authority_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let upgrade_authority_account = AccountSharedData::new(1, 0, &Pubkey::new_unique());
        let new_upgrade_authority_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let new_upgrade_authority_account = AccountSharedData::new(1, 0, &Pubkey::new_unique());
        let program_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let (programdata_address, _) = Pubkey::find_program_address(
            &[program_address.as_ref()],
            &bpf_loader_upgradeable::id(),
        );
        let mut programdata_account = AccountSharedData::new(
            1,
            UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_programdata(0),
            &bpf_loader_upgradeable::id(),
        );
        programdata_account
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::ProgramData {
                slot,
                upgrade_authority_address: Some(upgrade_authority_address),
            })
            .unwrap();
        let programdata_meta = AccountMeta {
            pubkey: programdata_address,
            is_signer: false,
            is_writable: true,
        };
        let upgrade_authority_meta = AccountMeta {
            pubkey: upgrade_authority_address,
            is_signer: true,
            is_writable: false,
        };
        let new_upgrade_authority_meta = AccountMeta {
            pubkey: new_upgrade_authority_address,
            is_signer: false,
            is_writable: false,
        };

        // Case: Set to new authority
        let accounts = process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![
                (programdata_address, programdata_account.clone()),
                (upgrade_authority_address, upgrade_authority_account.clone()),
                (
                    new_upgrade_authority_address,
                    new_upgrade_authority_account.clone(),
                ),
            ],
            vec![
                programdata_meta.clone(),
                upgrade_authority_meta.clone(),
                new_upgrade_authority_meta.clone(),
            ],
            Ok(()),
        );
        let state: UpgradeableLoaderState = accounts.first().unwrap().state().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            state,
            UpgradeableLoaderState::ProgramData {
                slot,
                upgrade_authority_address: Some(new_upgrade_authority_address),
            }
        );

        // Case: Not upgradeable
        let accounts = process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![
                (programdata_address, programdata_account.clone()),
                (upgrade_authority_address, upgrade_authority_account.clone()),
            ],
            vec![programdata_meta.clone(), upgrade_authority_meta.clone()],
            Ok(()),
        );
        let state: UpgradeableLoaderState = accounts.first().unwrap().state().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            state,
            UpgradeableLoaderState::ProgramData {
                slot,
                upgrade_authority_address: None,
            }
        );

        // Case: Authority did not sign
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![
                (programdata_address, programdata_account.clone()),
                (upgrade_authority_address, upgrade_authority_account.clone()),
            ],
            vec![
                programdata_meta.clone(),
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: upgrade_authority_address,
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: false,
                },
            ],
            Err(InstructionError::MissingRequiredSignature),
        );

        // Case: wrong authority
        let invalid_upgrade_authority_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![
                (programdata_address, programdata_account.clone()),
                (
                    invalid_upgrade_authority_address,
                    upgrade_authority_account.clone(),
                ),
                (new_upgrade_authority_address, new_upgrade_authority_account),
            ],
            vec![
                programdata_meta.clone(),
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: invalid_upgrade_authority_address,
                    is_signer: true,
                    is_writable: false,
                },
                new_upgrade_authority_meta,
            ],
            Err(InstructionError::IncorrectAuthority),
        );

        // Case: No authority
        programdata_account
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::ProgramData {
                slot,
                upgrade_authority_address: None,
            })
            .unwrap();
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![
                (programdata_address, programdata_account.clone()),
                (upgrade_authority_address, upgrade_authority_account.clone()),
            ],
            vec![programdata_meta.clone(), upgrade_authority_meta.clone()],
            Err(InstructionError::Immutable),
        );

        // Case: Not a ProgramData account
        programdata_account
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Program {
                programdata_address: Pubkey::new_unique(),
            })
            .unwrap();
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![
                (programdata_address, programdata_account.clone()),
                (upgrade_authority_address, upgrade_authority_account),
            ],
            vec![programdata_meta, upgrade_authority_meta],
            Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument),
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bpf_loader_upgradeable_set_upgrade_authority_checked() {
        let instruction =
            bincode::serialize(&UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::SetAuthorityChecked).unwrap();
        let loader_id = bpf_loader_upgradeable::id();
        let slot = 0;
        let upgrade_authority_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let upgrade_authority_account = AccountSharedData::new(1, 0, &Pubkey::new_unique());
        let new_upgrade_authority_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let new_upgrade_authority_account = AccountSharedData::new(1, 0, &Pubkey::new_unique());
        let program_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let (programdata_address, _) = Pubkey::find_program_address(
            &[program_address.as_ref()],
            &bpf_loader_upgradeable::id(),
        );
        let mut programdata_account = AccountSharedData::new(
            1,
            UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_programdata(0),
            &bpf_loader_upgradeable::id(),
        );
        programdata_account
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::ProgramData {
                slot,
                upgrade_authority_address: Some(upgrade_authority_address),
            })
            .unwrap();
        let programdata_meta = AccountMeta {
            pubkey: programdata_address,
            is_signer: false,
            is_writable: true,
        };
        let upgrade_authority_meta = AccountMeta {
            pubkey: upgrade_authority_address,
            is_signer: true,
            is_writable: false,
        };
        let new_upgrade_authority_meta = AccountMeta {
            pubkey: new_upgrade_authority_address,
            is_signer: true,
            is_writable: false,
        };

        // Case: Set to new authority
        let accounts = process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![
                (programdata_address, programdata_account.clone()),
                (upgrade_authority_address, upgrade_authority_account.clone()),
                (
                    new_upgrade_authority_address,
                    new_upgrade_authority_account.clone(),
                ),
            ],
            vec![
                programdata_meta.clone(),
                upgrade_authority_meta.clone(),
                new_upgrade_authority_meta.clone(),
            ],
            Ok(()),
        );

        let state: UpgradeableLoaderState = accounts.first().unwrap().state().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            state,
            UpgradeableLoaderState::ProgramData {
                slot,
                upgrade_authority_address: Some(new_upgrade_authority_address),
            }
        );

        // Case: set to same authority
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![
                (programdata_address, programdata_account.clone()),
                (upgrade_authority_address, upgrade_authority_account.clone()),
            ],
            vec![
                programdata_meta.clone(),
                upgrade_authority_meta.clone(),
                upgrade_authority_meta.clone(),
            ],
            Ok(()),
        );

        // Case: present authority not in instruction
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![
                (programdata_address, programdata_account.clone()),
                (upgrade_authority_address, upgrade_authority_account.clone()),
                (
                    new_upgrade_authority_address,
                    new_upgrade_authority_account.clone(),
                ),
            ],
            vec![programdata_meta.clone(), new_upgrade_authority_meta.clone()],
            Err(InstructionError::NotEnoughAccountKeys),
        );

        // Case: new authority not in instruction
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![
                (programdata_address, programdata_account.clone()),
                (upgrade_authority_address, upgrade_authority_account.clone()),
                (
                    new_upgrade_authority_address,
                    new_upgrade_authority_account.clone(),
                ),
            ],
            vec![programdata_meta.clone(), upgrade_authority_meta.clone()],
            Err(InstructionError::NotEnoughAccountKeys),
        );

        // Case: present authority did not sign
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![
                (programdata_address, programdata_account.clone()),
                (upgrade_authority_address, upgrade_authority_account.clone()),
                (
                    new_upgrade_authority_address,
                    new_upgrade_authority_account.clone(),
                ),
            ],
            vec![
                programdata_meta.clone(),
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: upgrade_authority_address,
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: false,
                },
                new_upgrade_authority_meta.clone(),
            ],
            Err(InstructionError::MissingRequiredSignature),
        );

        // Case: New authority did not sign
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![
                (programdata_address, programdata_account.clone()),
                (upgrade_authority_address, upgrade_authority_account.clone()),
                (
                    new_upgrade_authority_address,
                    new_upgrade_authority_account.clone(),
                ),
            ],
            vec![
                programdata_meta.clone(),
                upgrade_authority_meta.clone(),
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: new_upgrade_authority_address,
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: false,
                },
            ],
            Err(InstructionError::MissingRequiredSignature),
        );

        // Case: wrong present authority
        let invalid_upgrade_authority_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![
                (programdata_address, programdata_account.clone()),
                (
                    invalid_upgrade_authority_address,
                    upgrade_authority_account.clone(),
                ),
                (new_upgrade_authority_address, new_upgrade_authority_account),
            ],
            vec![
                programdata_meta.clone(),
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: invalid_upgrade_authority_address,
                    is_signer: true,
                    is_writable: false,
                },
                new_upgrade_authority_meta.clone(),
            ],
            Err(InstructionError::IncorrectAuthority),
        );

        // Case: programdata is immutable
        programdata_account
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::ProgramData {
                slot,
                upgrade_authority_address: None,
            })
            .unwrap();
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![
                (programdata_address, programdata_account.clone()),
                (upgrade_authority_address, upgrade_authority_account.clone()),
            ],
            vec![
                programdata_meta.clone(),
                upgrade_authority_meta.clone(),
                new_upgrade_authority_meta.clone(),
            ],
            Err(InstructionError::Immutable),
        );

        // Case: Not a ProgramData account
        programdata_account
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Program {
                programdata_address: Pubkey::new_unique(),
            })
            .unwrap();
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![
                (programdata_address, programdata_account.clone()),
                (upgrade_authority_address, upgrade_authority_account),
            ],
            vec![
                programdata_meta,
                upgrade_authority_meta,
                new_upgrade_authority_meta,
            ],
            Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument),
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bpf_loader_upgradeable_set_buffer_authority() {
        let instruction = bincode::serialize(&UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::SetAuthority).unwrap();
        let loader_id = bpf_loader_upgradeable::id();
        let invalid_authority_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let authority_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let authority_account = AccountSharedData::new(1, 0, &Pubkey::new_unique());
        let new_authority_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let new_authority_account = AccountSharedData::new(1, 0, &Pubkey::new_unique());
        let buffer_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let mut buffer_account =
            AccountSharedData::new(1, UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_buffer(0), &loader_id);
        buffer_account
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: Some(authority_address),
            })
            .unwrap();
        let mut transaction_accounts = vec![
            (buffer_address, buffer_account.clone()),
            (authority_address, authority_account.clone()),
            (new_authority_address, new_authority_account.clone()),
        ];
        let buffer_meta = AccountMeta {
            pubkey: buffer_address,
            is_signer: false,
            is_writable: true,
        };
        let authority_meta = AccountMeta {
            pubkey: authority_address,
            is_signer: true,
            is_writable: false,
        };
        let new_authority_meta = AccountMeta {
            pubkey: new_authority_address,
            is_signer: false,
            is_writable: false,
        };

        // Case: New authority required
        let accounts = process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            transaction_accounts.clone(),
            vec![buffer_meta.clone(), authority_meta.clone()],
            Err(InstructionError::IncorrectAuthority),
        );
        let state: UpgradeableLoaderState = accounts.first().unwrap().state().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            state,
            UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: Some(authority_address),
            }
        );

        // Case: Set to new authority
        buffer_account
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: Some(authority_address),
            })
            .unwrap();
        let accounts = process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            transaction_accounts.clone(),
            vec![
                buffer_meta.clone(),
                authority_meta.clone(),
                new_authority_meta.clone(),
            ],
            Ok(()),
        );
        let state: UpgradeableLoaderState = accounts.first().unwrap().state().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            state,
            UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: Some(new_authority_address),
            }
        );

        // Case: Authority did not sign
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            transaction_accounts.clone(),
            vec![
                buffer_meta.clone(),
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: authority_address,
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: false,
                },
                new_authority_meta.clone(),
            ],
            Err(InstructionError::MissingRequiredSignature),
        );

        // Case: wrong authority
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![
                (buffer_address, buffer_account.clone()),
                (invalid_authority_address, authority_account),
                (new_authority_address, new_authority_account),
            ],
            vec![
                buffer_meta.clone(),
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: invalid_authority_address,
                    is_signer: true,
                    is_writable: false,
                },
                new_authority_meta.clone(),
            ],
            Err(InstructionError::IncorrectAuthority),
        );

        // Case: No authority
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            transaction_accounts.clone(),
            vec![buffer_meta.clone(), authority_meta.clone()],
            Err(InstructionError::IncorrectAuthority),
        );

        // Case: Set to no authority
        transaction_accounts
            .get_mut(0)
            .unwrap()
            .1
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: None,
            })
            .unwrap();
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            transaction_accounts.clone(),
            vec![
                buffer_meta.clone(),
                authority_meta.clone(),
                new_authority_meta.clone(),
            ],
            Err(InstructionError::Immutable),
        );

        // Case: Not a Buffer account
        transaction_accounts
            .get_mut(0)
            .unwrap()
            .1
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Program {
                programdata_address: Pubkey::new_unique(),
            })
            .unwrap();
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            transaction_accounts.clone(),
            vec![buffer_meta, authority_meta, new_authority_meta],
            Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument),
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bpf_loader_upgradeable_set_buffer_authority_checked() {
        let instruction =
            bincode::serialize(&UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::SetAuthorityChecked).unwrap();
        let loader_id = bpf_loader_upgradeable::id();
        let invalid_authority_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let authority_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let authority_account = AccountSharedData::new(1, 0, &Pubkey::new_unique());
        let new_authority_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let new_authority_account = AccountSharedData::new(1, 0, &Pubkey::new_unique());
        let buffer_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let mut buffer_account =
            AccountSharedData::new(1, UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_buffer(0), &loader_id);
        buffer_account
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: Some(authority_address),
            })
            .unwrap();
        let mut transaction_accounts = vec![
            (buffer_address, buffer_account.clone()),
            (authority_address, authority_account.clone()),
            (new_authority_address, new_authority_account.clone()),
        ];
        let buffer_meta = AccountMeta {
            pubkey: buffer_address,
            is_signer: false,
            is_writable: true,
        };
        let authority_meta = AccountMeta {
            pubkey: authority_address,
            is_signer: true,
            is_writable: false,
        };
        let new_authority_meta = AccountMeta {
            pubkey: new_authority_address,
            is_signer: true,
            is_writable: false,
        };

        // Case: Set to new authority
        buffer_account
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: Some(authority_address),
            })
            .unwrap();
        let accounts = process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            transaction_accounts.clone(),
            vec![
                buffer_meta.clone(),
                authority_meta.clone(),
                new_authority_meta.clone(),
            ],
            Ok(()),
        );
        let state: UpgradeableLoaderState = accounts.first().unwrap().state().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            state,
            UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: Some(new_authority_address),
            }
        );

        // Case: set to same authority
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            transaction_accounts.clone(),
            vec![
                buffer_meta.clone(),
                authority_meta.clone(),
                authority_meta.clone(),
            ],
            Ok(()),
        );

        // Case: Missing current authority
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            transaction_accounts.clone(),
            vec![buffer_meta.clone(), new_authority_meta.clone()],
            Err(InstructionError::NotEnoughAccountKeys),
        );

        // Case: Missing new authority
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            transaction_accounts.clone(),
            vec![buffer_meta.clone(), authority_meta.clone()],
            Err(InstructionError::NotEnoughAccountKeys),
        );

        // Case: wrong present authority
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![
                (buffer_address, buffer_account.clone()),
                (invalid_authority_address, authority_account),
                (new_authority_address, new_authority_account),
            ],
            vec![
                buffer_meta.clone(),
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: invalid_authority_address,
                    is_signer: true,
                    is_writable: false,
                },
                new_authority_meta.clone(),
            ],
            Err(InstructionError::IncorrectAuthority),
        );

        // Case: present authority did not sign
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            transaction_accounts.clone(),
            vec![
                buffer_meta.clone(),
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: authority_address,
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: false,
                },
                new_authority_meta.clone(),
            ],
            Err(InstructionError::MissingRequiredSignature),
        );

        // Case: new authority did not sign
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            transaction_accounts.clone(),
            vec![
                buffer_meta.clone(),
                authority_meta.clone(),
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: new_authority_address,
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: false,
                },
            ],
            Err(InstructionError::MissingRequiredSignature),
        );

        // Case: Not a Buffer account
        transaction_accounts
            .get_mut(0)
            .unwrap()
            .1
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Program {
                programdata_address: Pubkey::new_unique(),
            })
            .unwrap();
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            transaction_accounts.clone(),
            vec![
                buffer_meta.clone(),
                authority_meta.clone(),
                new_authority_meta.clone(),
            ],
            Err(InstructionError::InvalidArgument),
        );

        // Case: Buffer is immutable
        transaction_accounts
            .get_mut(0)
            .unwrap()
            .1
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: None,
            })
            .unwrap();
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            transaction_accounts.clone(),
            vec![buffer_meta, authority_meta, new_authority_meta],
            Err(InstructionError::Immutable),
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bpf_loader_upgradeable_close() {
        let instruction = bincode::serialize(&UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::Close).unwrap();
        let loader_id = bpf_loader_upgradeable::id();
        let invalid_authority_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let authority_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let authority_account = AccountSharedData::new(1, 0, &Pubkey::new_unique());
        let recipient_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let recipient_account = AccountSharedData::new(1, 0, &Pubkey::new_unique());
        let buffer_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let mut buffer_account =
            AccountSharedData::new(1, UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_buffer(128), &loader_id);
        buffer_account
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Buffer {
                authority_address: Some(authority_address),
            })
            .unwrap();
        let uninitialized_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let mut uninitialized_account = AccountSharedData::new(
            1,
            UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_programdata(0),
            &loader_id,
        );
        uninitialized_account
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Uninitialized)
            .unwrap();
        let programdata_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let mut programdata_account = AccountSharedData::new(
            1,
            UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_programdata(128),
            &loader_id,
        );
        programdata_account
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::ProgramData {
                slot: 0,
                upgrade_authority_address: Some(authority_address),
            })
            .unwrap();
        let program_address = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let mut program_account =
            AccountSharedData::new(1, UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_program(), &loader_id);
        program_account.set_executable(true);
        program_account
            .set_state(&UpgradeableLoaderState::Program {
                programdata_address,
            })
            .unwrap();
        let clock_account = create_account_for_test(&Clock {
            slot: 1,
            ..Clock::default()
        });
        let transaction_accounts = vec![
            (buffer_address, buffer_account.clone()),
            (recipient_address, recipient_account.clone()),
            (authority_address, authority_account.clone()),
        ];
        let buffer_meta = AccountMeta {
            pubkey: buffer_address,
            is_signer: false,
            is_writable: true,
        };
        let recipient_meta = AccountMeta {
            pubkey: recipient_address,
            is_signer: false,
            is_writable: true,
        };
        let authority_meta = AccountMeta {
            pubkey: authority_address,
            is_signer: true,
            is_writable: false,
        };

        // Case: close a buffer account
        let accounts = process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            transaction_accounts,
            vec![
                buffer_meta.clone(),
                recipient_meta.clone(),
                authority_meta.clone(),
            ],
            Ok(()),
        );
        assert_eq!(0, accounts.first().unwrap().lamports());
        assert_eq!(2, accounts.get(1).unwrap().lamports());
        let state: UpgradeableLoaderState = accounts.first().unwrap().state().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(state, UpgradeableLoaderState::Uninitialized);
        assert_eq!(
            UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_uninitialized(),
            accounts.first().unwrap().data().len()
        );

        // Case: close with wrong authority
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![
                (buffer_address, buffer_account.clone()),
                (recipient_address, recipient_account.clone()),
                (invalid_authority_address, authority_account.clone()),
            ],
            vec![
                buffer_meta,
                recipient_meta.clone(),
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: invalid_authority_address,
                    is_signer: true,
                    is_writable: false,
                },
            ],
            Err(InstructionError::IncorrectAuthority),
        );

        // Case: close an uninitialized account
        let accounts = process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![
                (uninitialized_address, uninitialized_account.clone()),
                (recipient_address, recipient_account.clone()),
                (invalid_authority_address, authority_account.clone()),
            ],
            vec![
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: uninitialized_address,
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: true,
                },
                recipient_meta.clone(),
                authority_meta.clone(),
            ],
            Ok(()),
        );
        assert_eq!(0, accounts.first().unwrap().lamports());
        assert_eq!(2, accounts.get(1).unwrap().lamports());
        let state: UpgradeableLoaderState = accounts.first().unwrap().state().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(state, UpgradeableLoaderState::Uninitialized);
        assert_eq!(
            UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_uninitialized(),
            accounts.first().unwrap().data().len()
        );

        // Case: close a program account
        let accounts = process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &instruction,
            vec![
                (programdata_address, programdata_account.clone()),
                (recipient_address, recipient_account.clone()),
                (authority_address, authority_account.clone()),
                (program_address, program_account.clone()),
                (sysvar::clock::id(), clock_account.clone()),
            ],
            vec![
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: programdata_address,
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: true,
                },
                recipient_meta,
                authority_meta,
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: program_address,
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: true,
                },
            ],
            Ok(()),
        );
        assert_eq!(0, accounts.first().unwrap().lamports());
        assert_eq!(2, accounts.get(1).unwrap().lamports());
        let state: UpgradeableLoaderState = accounts.first().unwrap().state().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(state, UpgradeableLoaderState::Uninitialized);
        assert_eq!(
            UpgradeableLoaderState::size_of_uninitialized(),
            accounts.first().unwrap().data().len()
        );

        // Try to invoke closed account
        programdata_account = accounts.first().unwrap().clone();
        program_account = accounts.get(3).unwrap().clone();
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[1],
            &[],
            vec![
                (programdata_address, programdata_account.clone()),
                (program_address, program_account.clone()),
            ],
            Vec::new(),
            Err(InstructionError::UnsupportedProgramId),
        );

        // Case: Reopen should fail
        process_instruction(
            &loader_id,
            &[],
            &bincode::serialize(&UpgradeableLoaderInstruction::DeployWithMaxDataLen {
                max_data_len: 0,
            })
            .unwrap(),
            vec![
                (recipient_address, recipient_account),
                (programdata_address, programdata_account),
                (program_address, program_account),
                (buffer_address, buffer_account),
                (
                    sysvar::rent::id(),
                    create_account_for_test(&Rent::default()),
                ),
                (sysvar::clock::id(), clock_account),
                (
                    system_program::id(),
                    AccountSharedData::new(0, 0, &system_program::id()),
                ),
                (authority_address, authority_account),
            ],
            vec![
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: recipient_address,
                    is_signer: true,
                    is_writable: true,
                },
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: programdata_address,
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: true,
                },
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: program_address,
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: true,
                },
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: buffer_address,
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: false,
                },
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: sysvar::rent::id(),
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: false,
                },
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: sysvar::clock::id(),
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: false,
                },
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: system_program::id(),
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: false,
                },
                AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: authority_address,
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: false,
                },
            ],
            Err(InstructionError::AccountAlreadyInitialized),
        );
    }

    /// fuzzing utility function
    fn fuzz<F>(
        bytes: &[u8],
        outer_iters: usize,
        inner_iters: usize,
        offset: Range<usize>,
        value: Range<u8>,
        work: F,
    ) where
        F: Fn(&mut [u8]),
    {
        let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
        for _ in 0..outer_iters {
            let mut mangled_bytes = bytes.to_vec();
            for _ in 0..inner_iters {
                let offset = rng.gen_range(offset.start..offset.end);
                let value = rng.gen_range(value.start..value.end);
                *mangled_bytes.get_mut(offset).unwrap() = value;
                work(&mut mangled_bytes);
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    #[ignore]
    fn test_fuzz() {
        let loader_id = bpf_loader::id();
        let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();

        // Create program account
        let mut file = File::open("test_elfs/out/sbpfv3_return_ok.so").expect("file open failed");
        let mut elf = Vec::new();
        file.read_to_end(&mut elf).unwrap();

        // Mangle the whole file
        fuzz(
            &elf,
            1_000_000_000,
            100,
            0..elf.len(),
            0..255,
            |bytes: &mut [u8]| {
                let mut program_account = AccountSharedData::new(1, 0, &loader_id);
                program_account.set_data(bytes.to_vec());
                program_account.set_executable(true);
                process_instruction(
                    &loader_id,
                    &[],
                    &[],
                    vec![(program_id, program_account)],
                    Vec::new(),
                    Ok(()),
                );
            },
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_calculate_heap_cost() {
        let heap_cost = 8_u64;

        // heap allocations are in 32K block, `heap_cost` of CU is consumed per additional 32k

        // assert less than 32K heap should cost zero unit
        assert_eq!(0, calculate_heap_cost(31 * 1024, heap_cost));

        // assert exact 32K heap should be cost zero unit
        assert_eq!(0, calculate_heap_cost(32 * 1024, heap_cost));

        // assert slightly more than 32K heap should cost 1 * heap_cost
        assert_eq!(heap_cost, calculate_heap_cost(33 * 1024, heap_cost));

        // assert exact 64K heap should cost 1 * heap_cost
        assert_eq!(heap_cost, calculate_heap_cost(64 * 1024, heap_cost));
    }

    fn deploy_test_program(
        invoke_context: &mut InvokeContext,
        program_id: Pubkey,
    ) -> Result<(), InstructionError> {
        let mut file = File::open("test_elfs/out/sbpfv3_return_ok.so").expect("file open failed");
        let mut elf = Vec::new();
        file.read_to_end(&mut elf).unwrap();
        deploy_program!(
            invoke_context,
            &program_id,
            &bpf_loader_upgradeable::id(),
            elf.len(),
            &elf,
            2_u64,
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_program_usage_count_on_upgrade() {
        let transaction_accounts = vec![(
            sysvar::epoch_schedule::id(),
            create_account_for_test(&EpochSchedule::default()),
        )];
        with_mock_invoke_context!(invoke_context, transaction_context, transaction_accounts);
        let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let env = Arc::new(BuiltinProgram::new_mock());
        let program = ProgramCacheEntry {
            program: ProgramCacheEntryType::Unloaded(env),
            account_owner: ProgramCacheEntryOwner::LoaderV2,
            account_size: 0,
            deployment_slot: 0,
            effective_slot: 0,
            tx_usage_counter: AtomicU64::new(100),
            ix_usage_counter: AtomicU64::new(100),
            latest_access_slot: AtomicU64::new(0),
        };
        invoke_context
            .program_cache_for_tx_batch
            .replenish(program_id, Arc::new(program));

        assert_matches!(
            deploy_test_program(&mut invoke_context, program_id,),
            Ok(())
        );

        let updated_program = invoke_context
            .program_cache_for_tx_batch
            .find(&program_id)
            .expect("Didn't find upgraded program in the cache");

        assert_eq!(updated_program.deployment_slot, 2);
        assert_eq!(
            updated_program.tx_usage_counter.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
            100
        );
        assert_eq!(
            updated_program.ix_usage_counter.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
            100
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_program_usage_count_on_non_upgrade() {
        let transaction_accounts = vec![(
            sysvar::epoch_schedule::id(),
            create_account_for_test(&EpochSchedule::default()),
        )];
        with_mock_invoke_context!(invoke_context, transaction_context, transaction_accounts);
        let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let env = Arc::new(BuiltinProgram::new_mock());
        let program = ProgramCacheEntry {
            program: ProgramCacheEntryType::Unloaded(env),
            account_owner: ProgramCacheEntryOwner::LoaderV2,
            account_size: 0,
            deployment_slot: 0,
            effective_slot: 0,
            tx_usage_counter: AtomicU64::new(100),
            ix_usage_counter: AtomicU64::new(100),
            latest_access_slot: AtomicU64::new(0),
        };
        invoke_context
            .program_cache_for_tx_batch
            .replenish(program_id, Arc::new(program));

        let program_id2 = Pubkey::new_unique();
        assert_matches!(
            deploy_test_program(&mut invoke_context, program_id2),
            Ok(())
        );

        let program2 = invoke_context
            .program_cache_for_tx_batch
            .find(&program_id2)
            .expect("Didn't find upgraded program in the cache");

        assert_eq!(program2.deployment_slot, 2);
        assert_eq!(program2.tx_usage_counter.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 0);
        assert_eq!(program2.ix_usage_counter.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 0);
    }
}