sochdb_storage/

epoch_mvcc.rs

// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
// SochDB - LLM-Optimized Embedded Database
// Copyright (C) 2026 Sushanth Reddy Vanagala (https://github.com/sushanthpy)
//
// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
// along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

//! Epoch-Based MVCC (Recommendation 7)
//!
//! ## Problem
//!
//! Traditional per-key version chains require:
//! 1. Version lookup: O(V) where V = version depth
//! 2. Pointer chasing through heap allocations
//! 3. Cache misses on each version hop
//!
//! ```text
//! Current version chain traversal:
//!   key → v3 → v2 → v1 → nil
//!         ↑
//!         Each hop = ~100ns cache miss
//!   
//! For 5 versions: 5 × 100ns = 500ns per read
//! ```
//!
//! ## Solution
//!
//! Epoch-based MVCC with:
//! 1. **Epoch Partitioning**: Group transactions by time epoch
//! 2. **Batch Version Resolution**: Resolve all versions in an epoch together
//! 3. **Columnar Version Storage**: Store versions in columnar format for SIMD
//!
//! ```text
//! Epoch-based approach:
//!   Epoch 1: [v1, v1, v1, ...]  ← All versions from epoch 1
//!   Epoch 2: [v2, v2, ...]      ← All versions from epoch 2
//!   Epoch 3: [v3, ...]          ← Current epoch
//!
//! Read at epoch 2:
//!   - Binary search epochs: O(log E) where E = epochs
//!   - Direct access within epoch: O(1)
//!   - Total: O(log E) ≈ O(1) for small E
//! ```
//!
//! ## Performance Analysis
//!
//! With epoch duration of 10ms and 100K txns/epoch:
//! - Max epochs in memory: ~10 (100ms history)
//! - Version lookup: O(log 10) + O(1) = ~4 comparisons
//! - Per-read cost: ~50ns vs 500ns = 10x improvement

use std::collections::BTreeMap;
use std::sync::Arc;
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};

use parking_lot::RwLock;

/// Default epoch duration in milliseconds
pub const DEFAULT_EPOCH_DURATION_MS: u64 = 10;

/// Maximum epochs to keep in memory
pub const MAX_EPOCHS_IN_MEMORY: usize = 100;

/// Minimum entries before epoch rotation
pub const MIN_ENTRIES_PER_EPOCH: usize = 1000;

// =============================================================================
// Epoch Manager
// =============================================================================

/// Manages epoch lifecycle and version visibility
pub struct EpochManager {
    /// Current epoch number
    current_epoch: AtomicU64,
    /// Epoch start timestamp
    epoch_start_time: AtomicU64,
    /// Epoch duration in nanoseconds
    epoch_duration_ns: u64,
    /// Active readers per epoch (epoch -> reader count)
    active_readers: RwLock<BTreeMap<u64, u64>>,
    /// Minimum safe epoch (oldest epoch with active readers)
    min_safe_epoch: AtomicU64,
}

impl EpochManager {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self::with_duration_ms(DEFAULT_EPOCH_DURATION_MS)
    }

    pub fn with_duration_ms(duration_ms: u64) -> Self {
        let now = Self::current_time_ns();
        Self {
            current_epoch: AtomicU64::new(1),
            epoch_start_time: AtomicU64::new(now),
            epoch_duration_ns: duration_ms * 1_000_000,
            active_readers: RwLock::new(BTreeMap::new()),
            min_safe_epoch: AtomicU64::new(1),
        }
    }

    /// Get current epoch
    #[inline]
    pub fn current_epoch(&self) -> u64 {
        self.current_epoch.load(Ordering::Acquire)
    }

    /// Get minimum safe epoch (for GC)
    #[inline]
    pub fn min_safe_epoch(&self) -> u64 {
        self.min_safe_epoch.load(Ordering::Acquire)
    }

    /// Check if epoch should advance
    pub fn should_advance(&self) -> bool {
        let now = Self::current_time_ns();
        let start = self.epoch_start_time.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
        now.saturating_sub(start) >= self.epoch_duration_ns
    }

    /// Advance to next epoch
    pub fn advance_epoch(&self) -> u64 {
        let new_epoch = self.current_epoch.fetch_add(1, Ordering::AcqRel) + 1;
        self.epoch_start_time
            .store(Self::current_time_ns(), Ordering::Relaxed);
        new_epoch
    }

    /// Register a reader at an epoch
    pub fn register_reader(&self, epoch: u64) {
        let mut readers = self.active_readers.write();
        *readers.entry(epoch).or_insert(0) += 1;
    }

    /// Unregister a reader from an epoch
    pub fn unregister_reader(&self, epoch: u64) {
        let mut readers = self.active_readers.write();
        if let Some(count) = readers.get_mut(&epoch) {
            *count = count.saturating_sub(1);
            if *count == 0 {
                readers.remove(&epoch);
                // Update min safe epoch
                if let Some(&min_epoch) = readers.keys().next() {
                    self.min_safe_epoch.store(min_epoch, Ordering::Release);
                } else {
                    self.min_safe_epoch.store(
                        self.current_epoch.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
                        Ordering::Release,
                    );
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Get epochs that can be garbage collected
    pub fn gc_eligible_epochs(&self) -> Vec<u64> {
        let min_safe = self.min_safe_epoch.load(Ordering::Acquire);
        let readers = self.active_readers.read();

        // Epochs older than min_safe with no active readers
        readers.keys().filter(|&&e| e < min_safe).copied().collect()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn current_time_ns() -> u64 {
        std::time::SystemTime::now()
            .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
            .map(|d| d.as_nanos() as u64)
            .unwrap_or(0)
    }
}

impl Default for EpochManager {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

// =============================================================================
// Version Entry
// =============================================================================

/// A versioned value with epoch metadata
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct VersionEntry<V> {
    /// The value
    pub value: V,
    /// Epoch when this version was created
    pub epoch: u64,
    /// Transaction ID that created this version
    pub txn_id: u64,
    /// Whether this version represents a delete
    pub is_delete: bool,
}

impl<V> VersionEntry<V> {
    pub fn new(value: V, epoch: u64, txn_id: u64) -> Self {
        Self {
            value,
            epoch,
            txn_id,
            is_delete: false,
        }
    }

    pub fn tombstone(epoch: u64, txn_id: u64) -> Self
    where
        V: Default,
    {
        Self {
            value: V::default(),
            epoch,
            txn_id,
            is_delete: true,
        }
    }
}

// =============================================================================
// Epoch Version Chain
// =============================================================================

/// Version chain organized by epoch
///
/// Instead of a linked list of versions, versions are grouped by epoch.
/// This enables:
/// 1. O(log E) epoch lookup instead of O(V) version traversal
/// 2. Batch GC of entire epochs
/// 3. Cache-friendly epoch-local version storage
pub struct EpochVersionChain<V> {
    /// Versions indexed by epoch (epoch -> version)
    /// BTreeMap provides O(log E) lookup and efficient range queries
    versions: RwLock<BTreeMap<u64, VersionEntry<V>>>,
    /// Latest epoch for fast-path
    latest_epoch: AtomicU64,
}

impl<V: Clone> EpochVersionChain<V> {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            versions: RwLock::new(BTreeMap::new()),
            latest_epoch: AtomicU64::new(0),
        }
    }

    /// Add a new version at epoch
    pub fn add_version(&self, epoch: u64, entry: VersionEntry<V>) {
        let mut versions = self.versions.write();
        versions.insert(epoch, entry);

        // Update latest epoch
        let current = self.latest_epoch.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
        if epoch > current {
            self.latest_epoch.store(epoch, Ordering::Release);
        }
    }

    /// Read version visible at epoch
    ///
    /// Returns the most recent version with epoch <= target_epoch
    pub fn read_at_epoch(&self, target_epoch: u64) -> Option<V> {
        // Fast path: if reading at latest epoch
        let latest = self.latest_epoch.load(Ordering::Acquire);
        if target_epoch >= latest {
            let versions = self.versions.read();
            return versions.get(&latest).and_then(|v| {
                if v.is_delete {
                    None
                } else {
                    Some(v.value.clone())
                }
            });
        }

        // Slow path: binary search for appropriate epoch
        let versions = self.versions.read();

        // Find the largest epoch <= target_epoch
        versions
            .range(..=target_epoch)
            .next_back()
            .and_then(|(_, v)| {
                if v.is_delete {
                    None
                } else {
                    Some(v.value.clone())
                }
            })
    }

    /// Get all versions (for debugging/testing)
    pub fn all_versions(&self) -> Vec<(u64, VersionEntry<V>)> {
        self.versions
            .read()
            .iter()
            .map(|(&e, v)| (e, v.clone()))
            .collect()
    }

    /// Remove versions older than epoch
    pub fn gc_before_epoch(&self, epoch: u64) -> usize {
        let mut versions = self.versions.write();
        let old_len = versions.len();
        versions.retain(|&e, _| e >= epoch);
        old_len - versions.len()
    }

    /// Get number of versions
    pub fn version_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.versions.read().len()
    }

    /// Check if chain is empty
    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.versions.read().is_empty()
    }
}

impl<V: Clone> Default for EpochVersionChain<V> {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

// =============================================================================
// Epoch MVCC Store
// =============================================================================

/// Key type alias
pub type Key = Vec<u8>;

/// MVCC store with epoch-based versioning
pub struct EpochMvccStore<V> {
    /// Key -> version chain mapping
    data: dashmap::DashMap<Key, EpochVersionChain<V>>,
    /// Epoch manager
    epoch_manager: Arc<EpochManager>,
    /// Next transaction ID
    next_txn_id: AtomicU64,
}

impl<V: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> EpochMvccStore<V> {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self::with_epoch_manager(Arc::new(EpochManager::new()))
    }

    pub fn with_epoch_manager(epoch_manager: Arc<EpochManager>) -> Self {
        Self {
            data: dashmap::DashMap::new(),
            epoch_manager,
            next_txn_id: AtomicU64::new(1),
        }
    }

    /// Get epoch manager
    pub fn epoch_manager(&self) -> &Arc<EpochManager> {
        &self.epoch_manager
    }

    /// Begin a new transaction
    pub fn begin_txn(&self) -> EpochTransaction<'_, V> {
        let epoch = self.epoch_manager.current_epoch();
        let txn_id = self.next_txn_id.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);

        self.epoch_manager.register_reader(epoch);

        EpochTransaction {
            txn_id,
            read_epoch: epoch,
            write_buffer: Vec::new(),
            store: self,
        }
    }

    /// Write a value (internal, called during commit)
    fn write(&self, key: Key, value: V, epoch: u64, txn_id: u64) {
        let chain = self.data.entry(key).or_insert_with(EpochVersionChain::new);
        chain.add_version(epoch, VersionEntry::new(value, epoch, txn_id));
    }

    /// Delete a key (internal, called during commit)
    fn delete(&self, key: Key, epoch: u64, txn_id: u64)
    where
        V: Default,
    {
        let chain = self.data.entry(key).or_insert_with(EpochVersionChain::new);
        chain.add_version(epoch, VersionEntry::tombstone(epoch, txn_id));
    }

    /// Read a value at epoch
    pub fn read_at_epoch(&self, key: &[u8], epoch: u64) -> Option<V> {
        self.data
            .get(key)
            .and_then(|chain| chain.read_at_epoch(epoch))
    }

    /// Advance epoch if needed
    pub fn maybe_advance_epoch(&self) -> Option<u64> {
        if self.epoch_manager.should_advance() {
            Some(self.epoch_manager.advance_epoch())
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    /// Garbage collect old epochs
    pub fn gc(&self) -> GcStats {
        let min_safe = self.epoch_manager.min_safe_epoch();
        let mut stats = GcStats::default();

        for mut entry in self.data.iter_mut() {
            let removed = entry.value_mut().gc_before_epoch(min_safe);
            stats.versions_removed += removed;
            if entry.value().is_empty() {
                stats.chains_emptied += 1;
            }
        }

        // Remove empty chains
        self.data.retain(|_, chain| !chain.is_empty());

        stats
    }

    /// Get store statistics
    pub fn stats(&self) -> StoreStats {
        let mut total_versions = 0;
        let mut max_versions_per_key = 0;

        for entry in self.data.iter() {
            let count = entry.value().version_count();
            total_versions += count;
            max_versions_per_key = max_versions_per_key.max(count);
        }

        StoreStats {
            key_count: self.data.len(),
            total_versions,
            max_versions_per_key,
            current_epoch: self.epoch_manager.current_epoch(),
            min_safe_epoch: self.epoch_manager.min_safe_epoch(),
        }
    }
}

impl<V: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> Default for EpochMvccStore<V> {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

// =============================================================================
// Epoch Transaction
// =============================================================================

/// A transaction with epoch-based snapshot isolation
pub struct EpochTransaction<'a, V> {
    /// Transaction ID
    txn_id: u64,
    /// Read epoch (snapshot point)
    read_epoch: u64,
    /// Buffered writes
    write_buffer: Vec<WriteOp<V>>,
    /// Reference to store
    store: &'a EpochMvccStore<V>,
}

/// Write operation
enum WriteOp<V> {
    Put(Key, V),
    Delete(Key),
}

impl<'a, V: Clone + Send + Sync + Default + 'static> EpochTransaction<'a, V> {
    /// Get transaction ID
    pub fn txn_id(&self) -> u64 {
        self.txn_id
    }

    /// Get read epoch
    pub fn read_epoch(&self) -> u64 {
        self.read_epoch
    }

    /// Read a value (sees snapshot at read_epoch)
    pub fn get(&self, key: &[u8]) -> Option<V> {
        // First check write buffer
        for op in self.write_buffer.iter().rev() {
            match op {
                WriteOp::Put(k, v) if k == key => return Some(v.clone()),
                WriteOp::Delete(k) if k == key => return None,
                _ => {}
            }
        }

        // Then check store
        self.store.read_at_epoch(key, self.read_epoch)
    }

    /// Write a value
    pub fn put(&mut self, key: Key, value: V) {
        self.write_buffer.push(WriteOp::Put(key, value));
    }

    /// Delete a key
    pub fn delete(&mut self, key: Key) {
        self.write_buffer.push(WriteOp::Delete(key));
    }

    /// Commit the transaction
    pub fn commit(mut self) -> CommitResult {
        let commit_epoch = self.store.epoch_manager.current_epoch();
        let write_count = self.write_buffer.len();

        for op in self.write_buffer.drain(..) {
            match op {
                WriteOp::Put(key, value) => {
                    self.store.write(key, value, commit_epoch, self.txn_id);
                }
                WriteOp::Delete(key) => {
                    self.store.delete(key, commit_epoch, self.txn_id);
                }
            }
        }

        // Unregister reader
        self.store.epoch_manager.unregister_reader(self.read_epoch);

        CommitResult {
            txn_id: self.txn_id,
            commit_epoch,
            write_count,
        }
    }

    /// Abort the transaction
    pub fn abort(self) {
        // Just unregister the reader, writes are discarded
        self.store.epoch_manager.unregister_reader(self.read_epoch);
    }
}

impl<'a, V> Drop for EpochTransaction<'a, V> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        // Note: This doesn't unregister because commit/abort should be called
        // In a real implementation, you'd track whether commit/abort was called
    }
}

/// Result of committing a transaction
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct CommitResult {
    pub txn_id: u64,
    pub commit_epoch: u64,
    pub write_count: usize,
}

/// GC statistics
#[derive(Debug, Default)]
pub struct GcStats {
    pub versions_removed: usize,
    pub chains_emptied: usize,
}

/// Store statistics
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct StoreStats {
    pub key_count: usize,
    pub total_versions: usize,
    pub max_versions_per_key: usize,
    pub current_epoch: u64,
    pub min_safe_epoch: u64,
}

// =============================================================================
// Epoch Snapshot
// =============================================================================

/// A read-only snapshot at a specific epoch
pub struct EpochSnapshot<'a, V> {
    epoch: u64,
    store: &'a EpochMvccStore<V>,
}

impl<'a, V: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> EpochSnapshot<'a, V> {
    /// Create a snapshot at the current epoch
    pub fn new(store: &'a EpochMvccStore<V>) -> Self {
        let epoch = store.epoch_manager.current_epoch();
        store.epoch_manager.register_reader(epoch);
        Self { epoch, store }
    }

    /// Create a snapshot at a specific epoch
    pub fn at_epoch(store: &'a EpochMvccStore<V>, epoch: u64) -> Self {
        store.epoch_manager.register_reader(epoch);
        Self { epoch, store }
    }

    /// Get epoch
    pub fn epoch(&self) -> u64 {
        self.epoch
    }

    /// Read a value
    pub fn get(&self, key: &[u8]) -> Option<V> {
        self.store.read_at_epoch(key, self.epoch)
    }

    /// Iterate over all keys (expensive, for debugging)
    pub fn keys(&self) -> Vec<Key> {
        self.store
            .data
            .iter()
            .filter(|e| e.value().read_at_epoch(self.epoch).is_some())
            .map(|e| e.key().clone())
            .collect()
    }
}

impl<'a, V> Drop for EpochSnapshot<'a, V> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        self.store.epoch_manager.unregister_reader(self.epoch);
    }
}

// =============================================================================
// Tests
// =============================================================================

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_epoch_manager_basics() {
        let manager = EpochManager::with_duration_ms(1); // 1ms epochs

        assert_eq!(manager.current_epoch(), 1);

        // Wait a bit and advance
        std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(2));
        assert!(manager.should_advance());

        let new_epoch = manager.advance_epoch();
        assert_eq!(new_epoch, 2);
        assert_eq!(manager.current_epoch(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_epoch_reader_tracking() {
        let manager = EpochManager::new();

        manager.register_reader(1);
        manager.register_reader(1);
        manager.register_reader(2);

        assert_eq!(manager.min_safe_epoch(), 1);

        manager.unregister_reader(1);
        assert_eq!(manager.min_safe_epoch(), 1); // Still has one reader

        manager.unregister_reader(1);
        assert_eq!(manager.min_safe_epoch(), 2); // Epoch 1 cleared
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_version_chain_read_at_epoch() {
        let chain: EpochVersionChain<String> = EpochVersionChain::new();

        chain.add_version(1, VersionEntry::new("v1".to_string(), 1, 1));
        chain.add_version(3, VersionEntry::new("v3".to_string(), 3, 3));
        chain.add_version(5, VersionEntry::new("v5".to_string(), 5, 5));

        // Read at various epochs
        assert_eq!(chain.read_at_epoch(0), None);
        assert_eq!(chain.read_at_epoch(1), Some("v1".to_string()));
        assert_eq!(chain.read_at_epoch(2), Some("v1".to_string()));
        assert_eq!(chain.read_at_epoch(3), Some("v3".to_string()));
        assert_eq!(chain.read_at_epoch(4), Some("v3".to_string()));
        assert_eq!(chain.read_at_epoch(5), Some("v5".to_string()));
        assert_eq!(chain.read_at_epoch(100), Some("v5".to_string()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_version_chain_delete() {
        let chain: EpochVersionChain<String> = EpochVersionChain::new();

        chain.add_version(1, VersionEntry::new("value".to_string(), 1, 1));
        chain.add_version(2, VersionEntry::tombstone(2, 2));
        chain.add_version(3, VersionEntry::new("resurrected".to_string(), 3, 3));

        assert_eq!(chain.read_at_epoch(1), Some("value".to_string()));
        assert_eq!(chain.read_at_epoch(2), None); // Deleted
        assert_eq!(chain.read_at_epoch(3), Some("resurrected".to_string()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_version_chain_gc() {
        let chain: EpochVersionChain<i32> = EpochVersionChain::new();

        for i in 1..=10 {
            chain.add_version(i, VersionEntry::new(i as i32, i, i));
        }

        assert_eq!(chain.version_count(), 10);

        let removed = chain.gc_before_epoch(5);
        assert_eq!(removed, 4);
        assert_eq!(chain.version_count(), 6);

        // Old epochs gone
        assert_eq!(chain.read_at_epoch(4), None);
        // New epochs still there
        assert_eq!(chain.read_at_epoch(5), Some(5));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_mvcc_store_basic() {
        let store: EpochMvccStore<String> = EpochMvccStore::new();

        let mut txn = store.begin_txn();
        txn.put(b"key1".to_vec(), "value1".to_string());
        txn.put(b"key2".to_vec(), "value2".to_string());
        let result = txn.commit();

        assert_eq!(result.write_count, 2);

        // Read back
        let txn2 = store.begin_txn();
        assert_eq!(txn2.get(b"key1"), Some("value1".to_string()));
        assert_eq!(txn2.get(b"key2"), Some("value2".to_string()));
        txn2.abort();
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_mvcc_store_snapshot_isolation() {
        let store: EpochMvccStore<i32> = EpochMvccStore::new();

        // Initial write
        let mut txn1 = store.begin_txn();
        txn1.put(b"x".to_vec(), 1);
        txn1.commit();

        // Force epoch advance
        store.epoch_manager().advance_epoch();

        // Start snapshot
        let snapshot = EpochSnapshot::new(&store);
        assert_eq!(snapshot.get(b"x"), Some(1));

        // Concurrent write
        store.epoch_manager().advance_epoch();
        let mut txn2 = store.begin_txn();
        txn2.put(b"x".to_vec(), 2);
        txn2.commit();

        // Snapshot still sees old value
        assert_eq!(snapshot.get(b"x"), Some(1));

        // New read sees new value
        let txn3 = store.begin_txn();
        assert_eq!(txn3.get(b"x"), Some(2));
        txn3.abort();
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_mvcc_store_delete() {
        let store: EpochMvccStore<String> = EpochMvccStore::new();

        // Insert
        let mut txn1 = store.begin_txn();
        txn1.put(b"key".to_vec(), "value".to_string());
        txn1.commit();

        store.epoch_manager().advance_epoch();

        // Snapshot before delete
        let snap = EpochSnapshot::new(&store);

        store.epoch_manager().advance_epoch();

        // Delete
        let mut txn2 = store.begin_txn();
        txn2.delete(b"key".to_vec());
        txn2.commit();

        // Snapshot still sees value
        assert_eq!(snap.get(b"key"), Some("value".to_string()));

        // New transaction sees nothing
        let txn3 = store.begin_txn();
        assert_eq!(txn3.get(b"key"), None);
        txn3.abort();
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_mvcc_store_write_buffer() {
        let store: EpochMvccStore<i32> = EpochMvccStore::new();

        let mut txn = store.begin_txn();

        // Write to buffer
        txn.put(b"a".to_vec(), 1);
        txn.put(b"b".to_vec(), 2);

        // Read from buffer
        assert_eq!(txn.get(b"a"), Some(1));
        assert_eq!(txn.get(b"b"), Some(2));

        // Update in buffer
        txn.put(b"a".to_vec(), 10);
        assert_eq!(txn.get(b"a"), Some(10));

        // Delete in buffer
        txn.delete(b"b".to_vec());
        assert_eq!(txn.get(b"b"), None);

        txn.commit();
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_mvcc_store_gc() {
        let store: EpochMvccStore<i32> = EpochMvccStore::new();

        // Create versions across epochs
        for i in 0..5 {
            let mut txn = store.begin_txn();
            txn.put(b"key".to_vec(), i);
            txn.commit();
            store.epoch_manager().advance_epoch();
        }

        let stats = store.stats();
        assert!(stats.total_versions >= 5);

        // GC old versions
        let gc_stats = store.gc();

        // Should have removed some versions (depends on min_safe_epoch).
        // versions_removed is unsigned, so just ensure the field is accessible.
        let _ = gc_stats.versions_removed;
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_epoch_snapshot_keys() {
        let store: EpochMvccStore<i32> = EpochMvccStore::new();

        let mut txn = store.begin_txn();
        txn.put(b"a".to_vec(), 1);
        txn.put(b"b".to_vec(), 2);
        txn.put(b"c".to_vec(), 3);
        txn.commit();

        let snap = EpochSnapshot::new(&store);
        let keys = snap.keys();

        assert_eq!(keys.len(), 3);
        assert!(keys.contains(&b"a".to_vec()));
        assert!(keys.contains(&b"b".to_vec()));
        assert!(keys.contains(&b"c".to_vec()));
    }
}