sidereon_core/astro/

spk.rs

//! JPL SPK/DAF binary-kernel parsing.
//!
//! This module starts with the DAF container layer used by SPK kernels. It can
//! read segment descriptors from an in-memory byte slice without requiring any
//! file I/O.
//!
//! ```
//! use sidereon_core::astro::spk::Spk;
//!
//! const RECORD_BYTES: usize = 1024;
//! const START_ADDRESS: usize = 513;
//! const END_ADDRESS: usize = 524;
//!
//! fn put_i32(bytes: &mut [u8], offset: usize, value: i32) {
//!     bytes[offset..offset + 4].copy_from_slice(&value.to_le_bytes());
//! }
//!
//! fn put_f64(bytes: &mut [u8], address: usize, value: f64) {
//!     let offset = (address - 1) * 8;
//!     bytes[offset..offset + 8].copy_from_slice(&value.to_le_bytes());
//! }
//!
//! fn put_ascii(bytes: &mut [u8], offset: usize, len: usize, text: &str) {
//!     bytes[offset..offset + len].fill(b' ');
//!     bytes[offset..offset + text.len()].copy_from_slice(text.as_bytes());
//! }
//!
//! fn put_summary(bytes: &mut [u8], offset: usize) {
//!     bytes[offset..offset + 8].copy_from_slice(&0.0f64.to_le_bytes());
//!     bytes[offset + 8..offset + 16].copy_from_slice(&10.0f64.to_le_bytes());
//!     for (index, value) in [10, 0, 1, 3, START_ADDRESS as i32, END_ADDRESS as i32]
//!         .into_iter()
//!         .enumerate()
//!     {
//!         put_i32(bytes, offset + 16 + index * 4, value);
//!     }
//! }
//!
//! let mut bytes = vec![0u8; END_ADDRESS * 8];
//! bytes[0..8].copy_from_slice(b"DAF/SPK ");
//! put_i32(&mut bytes, 8, 2);
//! put_i32(&mut bytes, 12, 6);
//! put_ascii(&mut bytes, 16, 60, "DOC SPK");
//! put_i32(&mut bytes, 76, 3);
//! put_i32(&mut bytes, 80, 3);
//! put_i32(&mut bytes, 84, (END_ADDRESS + 1) as i32);
//! bytes[88..96].copy_from_slice(b"LTL-IEEE");
//!
//! let summary_record = RECORD_BYTES * 2;
//! bytes[summary_record..summary_record + 8].copy_from_slice(&0.0f64.to_le_bytes());
//! bytes[summary_record + 8..summary_record + 16].copy_from_slice(&0.0f64.to_le_bytes());
//! bytes[summary_record + 16..summary_record + 24].copy_from_slice(&1.0f64.to_le_bytes());
//! put_summary(&mut bytes, summary_record + 24);
//! put_ascii(&mut bytes, RECORD_BYTES * 3, 40, "BODY 10 TO SSB");
//!
//! put_f64(&mut bytes, START_ADDRESS, 5.0);
//! put_f64(&mut bytes, START_ADDRESS + 1, 5.0);
//! put_f64(&mut bytes, START_ADDRESS + 2, 100.0);
//! put_f64(&mut bytes, START_ADDRESS + 3, 10.0);
//! put_f64(&mut bytes, START_ADDRESS + 4, 1.0);
//! put_f64(&mut bytes, START_ADDRESS + 5, 1.0);
//! put_f64(&mut bytes, START_ADDRESS + 6, 0.0);
//! put_f64(&mut bytes, START_ADDRESS + 7, 0.1);
//! put_f64(&mut bytes, START_ADDRESS + 8, 0.0);
//! put_f64(&mut bytes, START_ADDRESS + 9, 10.0);
//! put_f64(&mut bytes, START_ADDRESS + 10, 8.0);
//! put_f64(&mut bytes, START_ADDRESS + 11, 1.0);
//!
//! let spk = Spk::from_bytes(&bytes)?;
//! let state = spk.spk_state(10, 0, 5.0)?;
//! assert_eq!(state.target, 10);
//! assert_eq!(state.center, 0);
//! assert_eq!(state.frame, 1);
//! assert_eq!(state.position_km, [100.0, 10.0, 1.0]);
//! assert_eq!(state.velocity_km_s, Some([1.0, 0.0, 0.1]));
//! # Ok::<(), sidereon_core::astro::spk::SpkError>(())
//! ```

extern crate alloc;

use alloc::string::{String, ToString};
use alloc::vec::Vec;
use core::fmt;

const DAF_RECORD_BYTES: usize = 1024;
const DAF_ID_BYTES: usize = 8;
const DAF_INTERNAL_NAME_BYTES: usize = 60;
const DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET: usize = 88;
const DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_BYTES: usize = 8;
const DAF_FILE_RECORD_BYTES: usize = DAF_RECORD_BYTES;
const SUMMARY_CONTROL_WORDS: usize = 3;
const SPK_ND: i32 = 2;
const SPK_NI: i32 = 6;
const SPK_TYPE_2: i32 = 2;
const SPK_TYPE_3: i32 = 3;
const SPK_TYPE_21: i32 = 21;
/// Largest difference-table dimension (`MAXDIM`) a type-21 record may declare.
/// Matches CSPICE `MAXTRM` from `spk21.inc`; records above this are rejected.
const SPK_TYPE_21_MAX_TABLE_DIM: usize = 25;
/// Number of record epochs covered by each directory epoch in a type-21 segment.
const SPK_TYPE_21_DIRECTORY_STRIDE: usize = 100;

/// Endianness declared by the DAF binary-format identifier.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum DafByteOrder {
    /// Little-endian IEEE floating-point and integer words (`LTL-IEEE`).
    LittleEndian,
    /// Big-endian IEEE floating-point and integer words (`BIG-IEEE`).
    BigEndian,
}

impl DafByteOrder {
    fn read_i32(self, bytes: &[u8], offset: usize, field: &'static str) -> Result<i32, SpkError> {
        let data = bytes.get(offset..offset + 4).ok_or(SpkError::Truncated {
            context: field,
            needed: offset + 4,
            actual: bytes.len(),
        })?;
        let mut word = [0u8; 4];
        word.copy_from_slice(data);
        Ok(match self {
            DafByteOrder::LittleEndian => i32::from_le_bytes(word),
            DafByteOrder::BigEndian => i32::from_be_bytes(word),
        })
    }

    fn read_f64(self, bytes: &[u8], offset: usize, field: &'static str) -> Result<f64, SpkError> {
        let data = bytes.get(offset..offset + 8).ok_or(SpkError::Truncated {
            context: field,
            needed: offset + 8,
            actual: bytes.len(),
        })?;
        let mut word = [0u8; 8];
        word.copy_from_slice(data);
        Ok(match self {
            DafByteOrder::LittleEndian => f64::from_le_bytes(word),
            DafByteOrder::BigEndian => f64::from_be_bytes(word),
        })
    }
}

/// Parsed metadata from the first DAF record.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
pub struct DafFileRecord {
    /// The eight-byte DAF identification word, such as `DAF/SPK`.
    pub id_word: String,
    /// The DAF array type from the identification word, such as `SPK`.
    pub file_type: String,
    /// Number of double-precision components in each array summary.
    pub double_components: i32,
    /// Number of integer components in each array summary.
    pub integer_components: i32,
    /// DAF internal file name with trailing padding removed.
    pub internal_name: String,
    /// One-based record number of the first summary record.
    pub forward_record: i32,
    /// One-based record number of the final summary record.
    pub backward_record: i32,
    /// First free DAF address.
    pub free_address: i32,
    /// Declared byte order for numeric DAF words.
    pub byte_order: DafByteOrder,
    /// Raw eight-byte binary-format identifier with trailing padding removed.
    pub binary_format: String,
}

/// Descriptor for one SPK segment advertised by the DAF summary records.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
pub struct SpkSegmentDescriptor {
    /// Segment name from the paired DAF name record.
    pub name: String,
    /// Coverage start ET/TDB seconds past J2000.
    pub start_et: f64,
    /// Coverage stop ET/TDB seconds past J2000.
    pub stop_et: f64,
    /// NAIF target body identifier.
    pub target: i32,
    /// NAIF center body identifier.
    pub center: i32,
    /// NAIF reference-frame identifier.
    pub frame: i32,
    /// SPK segment data type.
    pub data_type: i32,
    /// One-based DAF address of the first segment data word.
    pub start_address: i32,
    /// One-based DAF address of the last segment data word.
    pub end_address: i32,
}

/// A parsed DAF/SPK directory containing the file record and segment list.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
pub struct DafSpk {
    /// File-level DAF metadata.
    pub file_record: DafFileRecord,
    /// SPK segment descriptors in summary-record order.
    pub segments: Vec<SpkSegmentDescriptor>,
}

/// In-memory SPK kernel with parsed segment descriptors.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
pub struct Spk {
    bytes: Vec<u8>,
    directory: DafSpk,
}

/// Position and velocity evaluated from an SPK segment.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
pub struct SpkStateVector {
    /// Position vector in kilometers.
    pub position_km: [f64; 3],
    /// Velocity vector in kilometers per second.
    pub velocity_km_s: [f64; 3],
}

/// State returned by an SPK body-to-center query.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
pub struct SpkState {
    /// NAIF target body identifier for the returned relative state.
    pub target: i32,
    /// NAIF center body identifier for the returned relative state.
    pub center: i32,
    /// Position of the target relative to the requested center, in kilometers.
    pub position_km: [f64; 3],
    /// Velocity of the target relative to the requested center, in kilometers per second.
    ///
    /// Type-3 segments provide velocity directly. Queries that use any type-2
    /// segment return `None` because type 2 stores position only.
    pub velocity_km_s: Option<[f64; 3]>,
    /// NAIF reference-frame identifier shared by all segments in the resolved path.
    pub frame: i32,
}

/// Error returned while reading an SPK/DAF byte slice.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
pub enum SpkError {
    /// File loading failed while reading an SPK kernel from disk.
    Io {
        /// Path passed to [`Spk::load`].
        path: String,
        /// Display string from the underlying I/O error.
        message: String,
    },
    /// The input ended before a required DAF field could be read.
    Truncated {
        /// Name of the field or record being read.
        context: &'static str,
        /// Minimum number of bytes needed to read the field.
        needed: usize,
        /// Number of bytes available in the input.
        actual: usize,
    },
    /// The file record did not identify a DAF/SPK kernel.
    UnsupportedDafId {
        /// Identification word found in the file record.
        id_word: String,
    },
    /// The file record named a binary format this parser does not implement.
    UnsupportedBinaryFormat {
        /// Binary-format identifier found in the file record.
        binary_format: String,
    },
    /// The DAF summary shape was not the SPK shape `ND=2, NI=6`.
    UnsupportedSummaryShape {
        /// Number of double components declared by the file record.
        nd: i32,
        /// Number of integer components declared by the file record.
        ni: i32,
    },
    /// A numeric DAF field was present but outside the supported range.
    InvalidField {
        /// Name of the invalid DAF field.
        field: &'static str,
        /// Value decoded from the field.
        value: i32,
    },
    /// A floating-point SPK field was present but outside the supported range.
    InvalidDoubleField {
        /// Name of the invalid SPK field.
        field: &'static str,
        /// Value decoded from the field.
        value: f64,
    },
    /// The requested ET is not covered by the segment.
    OutOfCoverage {
        /// Requested ET/TDB seconds past J2000.
        et: f64,
        /// Segment coverage start ET/TDB seconds past J2000.
        start_et: f64,
        /// Segment coverage stop ET/TDB seconds past J2000.
        stop_et: f64,
    },
    /// The segment data type is not supported by the requested evaluator.
    UnsupportedSegmentType {
        /// SPK segment type expected by the evaluator.
        expected: i32,
        /// SPK segment type found in the descriptor.
        actual: i32,
    },
    /// The segment addresses or directory do not describe a valid SPK layout.
    InvalidSegmentLayout {
        /// Name of the malformed segment component.
        context: &'static str,
    },
    /// No segment in the kernel names the requested NAIF body id.
    UnknownBody {
        /// NAIF body identifier that was not present in any segment.
        body: i32,
    },
    /// The kernel has both bodies but no segment chain connecting them.
    NoSegmentPath {
        /// Requested target NAIF body identifier.
        target: i32,
        /// Requested center NAIF body identifier.
        center: i32,
    },
    /// A segment chain exists, but no complete chain covers the requested ET.
    CoverageGap {
        /// Requested target NAIF body identifier.
        target: i32,
        /// Requested center NAIF body identifier.
        center: i32,
        /// Requested ET/TDB seconds past J2000.
        et: f64,
    },
    /// A public state query reached an SPK segment type it cannot evaluate.
    UnsupportedStateSegmentType {
        /// SPK segment type found in the descriptor.
        data_type: i32,
    },
    /// A chained query would combine states expressed in different frames.
    FrameMismatch {
        /// Frame identifier from the accumulated path.
        first: i32,
        /// Frame identifier from the next segment.
        second: i32,
    },
}

impl fmt::Display for SpkError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            SpkError::Io { path, message } => {
                write!(f, "failed to read SPK kernel {path}: {message}")
            }
            SpkError::Truncated {
                context,
                needed,
                actual,
            } => write!(
                f,
                "truncated SPK/DAF input while reading {context}: need {needed} bytes, have {actual}"
            ),
            SpkError::UnsupportedDafId { id_word } => {
                write!(f, "unsupported DAF identification word {id_word:?}")
            }
            SpkError::UnsupportedBinaryFormat { binary_format } => {
                write!(f, "unsupported DAF binary format {binary_format:?}")
            }
            SpkError::UnsupportedSummaryShape { nd, ni } => {
                write!(f, "unsupported SPK summary shape ND={nd}, NI={ni}")
            }
            SpkError::InvalidField { field, value } => {
                write!(f, "invalid SPK/DAF field {field}: {value}")
            }
            SpkError::InvalidDoubleField { field, value } => {
                write!(f, "invalid SPK field {field}: {value}")
            }
            SpkError::OutOfCoverage {
                et,
                start_et,
                stop_et,
            } => write!(
                f,
                "ET {et} is outside SPK segment coverage [{start_et}, {stop_et}]"
            ),
            SpkError::UnsupportedSegmentType { expected, actual } => write!(
                f,
                "unsupported SPK segment type {actual}; expected type {expected}"
            ),
            SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout { context } => {
                write!(f, "invalid SPK segment layout: {context}")
            }
            SpkError::UnknownBody { body } => {
                write!(f, "unknown SPK body {body}")
            }
            SpkError::NoSegmentPath { target, center } => {
                write!(f, "no SPK segment path from target {target} to center {center}")
            }
            SpkError::CoverageGap { target, center, et } => write!(
                f,
                "no SPK segment path from target {target} to center {center} covers ET {et}"
            ),
            SpkError::UnsupportedStateSegmentType { data_type } => {
                write!(f, "unsupported SPK state segment type {data_type}")
            }
            SpkError::FrameMismatch { first, second } => write!(
                f,
                "cannot chain SPK states across frame ids {first} and {second}"
            ),
        }
    }
}

impl std::error::Error for SpkError {}

impl Spk {
    /// Parse an in-memory SPK kernel from a byte slice.
    pub fn from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, SpkError> {
        Self::from_vec(bytes.to_vec())
    }

    /// Read and parse an SPK kernel from a filesystem path.
    pub fn load(path: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>) -> Result<Self, SpkError> {
        let path = path.as_ref();
        let bytes = std::fs::read(path).map_err(|error| SpkError::Io {
            path: path.display().to_string(),
            message: error.to_string(),
        })?;
        Self::from_vec(bytes)
    }

    /// Return parsed file-record metadata.
    pub fn file_record(&self) -> &DafFileRecord {
        &self.directory.file_record
    }

    /// Return parsed segment descriptors in DAF summary order.
    pub fn segments(&self) -> &[SpkSegmentDescriptor] {
        &self.directory.segments
    }

    /// Query the state of `target` relative to `center` at ET/TDB seconds past J2000.
    pub fn spk_state(&self, target: i32, center: i32, et: f64) -> Result<SpkState, SpkError> {
        if !et.is_finite() {
            return Err(SpkError::InvalidDoubleField {
                field: "ET",
                value: et,
            });
        }

        if !self.body_is_known(target) {
            return Err(SpkError::UnknownBody { body: target });
        }
        if !self.body_is_known(center) {
            return Err(SpkError::UnknownBody { body: center });
        }
        if target == center {
            if !self.body_has_coverage_at(target, et) {
                return Err(SpkError::CoverageGap { target, center, et });
            }
            return Ok(SpkState {
                target,
                center,
                position_km: [0.0; 3],
                velocity_km_s: Some([0.0; 3]),
                frame: 0,
            });
        }
        if !self.has_segment_path(target, center) {
            return Err(SpkError::NoSegmentPath { target, center });
        }

        self.covering_state_path(target, center, et)
            .ok_or(SpkError::CoverageGap { target, center, et })?
    }

    fn from_vec(bytes: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Self, SpkError> {
        let directory = parse_daf_spk(&bytes)?;
        Ok(Self { bytes, directory })
    }

    fn body_is_known(&self, body: i32) -> bool {
        self.directory
            .segments
            .iter()
            .any(|segment| segment.target == body || segment.center == body)
    }

    fn body_has_coverage_at(&self, body: i32, et: f64) -> bool {
        self.directory.segments.iter().any(|segment| {
            (segment.target == body || segment.center == body)
                && et >= segment.start_et
                && et <= segment.stop_et
        })
    }

    fn has_segment_path(&self, target: i32, center: i32) -> bool {
        let mut visited = Vec::new();
        let mut queue = Vec::new();
        visited.push(target);
        queue.push(target);

        let mut cursor = 0;
        while cursor < queue.len() {
            let body = queue[cursor];
            cursor += 1;

            if body == center {
                return true;
            }

            for segment in self.directory.segments.iter().rev() {
                let next = if segment.target == body {
                    segment.center
                } else if segment.center == body {
                    segment.target
                } else {
                    continue;
                };

                if visited.contains(&next) {
                    continue;
                }
                if next == center {
                    return true;
                }
                visited.push(next);
                queue.push(next);
            }
        }

        false
    }

    fn covering_state_path(
        &self,
        target: i32,
        center: i32,
        et: f64,
    ) -> Option<Result<SpkState, SpkError>> {
        let root = StateSearchNode {
            body: target,
            state: AccumulatedSpkState {
                position_km: [0.0; 3],
                velocity_km_s: Some([0.0; 3]),
                frame: None,
            },
        };

        let mut search = StatePathSearch::new(target);

        self.covering_state_path_from(root, center, et, &mut search)
            .or_else(|| search.fallback())
    }

    fn covering_state_path_from(
        &self,
        node: StateSearchNode,
        center: i32,
        et: f64,
        search: &mut StatePathSearch,
    ) -> Option<Result<SpkState, SpkError>> {
        for segment in self.directory.segments.iter().rev() {
            let (next, sign) = if segment.target == node.body {
                (segment.center, 1.0)
            } else if segment.center == node.body {
                (segment.target, -1.0)
            } else {
                continue;
            };

            if et < segment.start_et || et > segment.stop_et {
                continue;
            }

            let leg = match self.evaluate_segment_state(segment, et) {
                Ok(leg) => leg,
                Err(SpkError::OutOfCoverage { .. }) => continue,
                Err(error @ SpkError::UnsupportedStateSegmentType { .. }) => {
                    if next == center && search.is_root() {
                        return Some(Err(error));
                    }
                    if search.first_unsupported.is_none() {
                        search.first_unsupported = Some(error);
                    }
                    continue;
                }
                Err(error) => return Some(Err(error)),
            };
            let state = match node.state.extend(leg, sign) {
                Ok(state) => state,
                Err(error @ SpkError::FrameMismatch { .. }) => {
                    if search.first_frame_mismatch.is_none() {
                        search.first_frame_mismatch = Some(error);
                    }
                    continue;
                }
                Err(error) => return Some(Err(error)),
            };

            if next == center {
                let state = state.into_state(search.target, center);
                if state.velocity_km_s.is_some() || search.is_root() {
                    return Some(Ok(state));
                }
                if search.first_position_only_state.is_none() {
                    search.first_position_only_state = Some(state);
                }
                continue;
            }

            if search.visited.contains(&next) {
                continue;
            }
            search.visited.push(next);
            if let Some(result) = self.covering_state_path_from(
                StateSearchNode { body: next, state },
                center,
                et,
                search,
            ) {
                return Some(result);
            }
            search.visited.pop();
        }

        None
    }

    fn evaluate_segment_state(
        &self,
        segment: &SpkSegmentDescriptor,
        et: f64,
    ) -> Result<SpkState, SpkError> {
        match segment.data_type {
            SPK_TYPE_2 => Ok(SpkState {
                target: segment.target,
                center: segment.center,
                position_km: evaluate_type2_position(
                    &self.bytes,
                    self.directory.file_record.byte_order,
                    segment,
                    et,
                )?,
                velocity_km_s: None,
                frame: segment.frame,
            }),
            SPK_TYPE_3 => {
                let state = evaluate_type3_state(
                    &self.bytes,
                    self.directory.file_record.byte_order,
                    segment,
                    et,
                )?;
                Ok(SpkState {
                    target: segment.target,
                    center: segment.center,
                    position_km: state.position_km,
                    velocity_km_s: Some(state.velocity_km_s),
                    frame: segment.frame,
                })
            }
            SPK_TYPE_21 => {
                let state = evaluate_type21_state(
                    &self.bytes,
                    self.directory.file_record.byte_order,
                    segment,
                    et,
                )?;
                Ok(SpkState {
                    target: segment.target,
                    center: segment.center,
                    position_km: state.position_km,
                    velocity_km_s: Some(state.velocity_km_s),
                    frame: segment.frame,
                })
            }
            data_type => Err(SpkError::UnsupportedStateSegmentType { data_type }),
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
struct StateSearchNode {
    body: i32,
    state: AccumulatedSpkState,
}

#[derive(Debug)]
struct StatePathSearch {
    target: i32,
    visited: Vec<i32>,
    first_unsupported: Option<SpkError>,
    first_frame_mismatch: Option<SpkError>,
    first_position_only_state: Option<SpkState>,
}

impl StatePathSearch {
    fn new(target: i32) -> Self {
        Self {
            target,
            visited: vec![target],
            first_unsupported: None,
            first_frame_mismatch: None,
            first_position_only_state: None,
        }
    }

    fn fallback(self) -> Option<Result<SpkState, SpkError>> {
        self.first_position_only_state.map(Ok).or_else(|| {
            self.first_frame_mismatch
                .map(Err)
                .or_else(|| self.first_unsupported.map(Err))
        })
    }

    fn is_root(&self) -> bool {
        self.visited.len() == 1
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
struct AccumulatedSpkState {
    position_km: [f64; 3],
    velocity_km_s: Option<[f64; 3]>,
    frame: Option<i32>,
}

impl AccumulatedSpkState {
    fn extend(self, leg: SpkState, sign: f64) -> Result<Self, SpkError> {
        let frame = match self.frame {
            Some(frame) if frame != leg.frame => {
                return Err(SpkError::FrameMismatch {
                    first: frame,
                    second: leg.frame,
                });
            }
            Some(frame) => Some(frame),
            None => Some(leg.frame),
        };

        Ok(Self {
            position_km: add_scaled(self.position_km, leg.position_km, sign),
            velocity_km_s: match (self.velocity_km_s, leg.velocity_km_s) {
                (Some(accumulated), Some(leg)) => Some(add_scaled(accumulated, leg, sign)),
                _ => None,
            },
            frame,
        })
    }

    fn into_state(self, target: i32, center: i32) -> SpkState {
        SpkState {
            target,
            center,
            position_km: self.position_km,
            velocity_km_s: self.velocity_km_s,
            frame: self.frame.unwrap_or(0),
        }
    }
}

/// Query target state relative to center from a loaded SPK kernel.
pub fn spk_state(spk: &Spk, target: i32, center: i32, et: f64) -> Result<SpkState, SpkError> {
    spk.spk_state(target, center, et)
}

fn add_scaled(lhs: [f64; 3], rhs: [f64; 3], sign: f64) -> [f64; 3] {
    [
        lhs[0] + sign * rhs[0],
        lhs[1] + sign * rhs[1],
        lhs[2] + sign * rhs[2],
    ]
}

/// Parse the DAF/SPK directory from an in-memory kernel byte slice.
pub fn parse_daf_spk(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<DafSpk, SpkError> {
    let file_record = parse_file_record(bytes)?;
    if file_record.double_components != SPK_ND || file_record.integer_components != SPK_NI {
        return Err(SpkError::UnsupportedSummaryShape {
            nd: file_record.double_components,
            ni: file_record.integer_components,
        });
    }

    let mut segments = Vec::new();
    let summary_words = summary_word_count(
        file_record.double_components,
        file_record.integer_components,
    )?;
    let summary_bytes = summary_words * 8;
    let name_bytes = summary_words * 8;

    let mut record = file_record.forward_record;
    validate_summary_record_pointer(record, "FWARD")?;
    let mut visited_records = Vec::new();
    while record != 0 {
        if visited_records.contains(&record) {
            return Err(SpkError::InvalidField {
                field: "summary record chain",
                value: record,
            });
        }
        visited_records.push(record);

        let summary_offset = record_offset(record, bytes.len(), "summary record")?;
        let name_record = paired_name_record(record, "name record")?;
        let name_offset = record_offset(name_record, bytes.len(), "name record")?;

        let next = read_summary_control_i32(
            file_record.byte_order,
            bytes,
            summary_offset,
            0,
            "next summary record",
        )?;
        validate_summary_record_pointer(next, "next summary record")?;
        let count = read_summary_control_i32(
            file_record.byte_order,
            bytes,
            summary_offset,
            2,
            "summary count",
        )?;
        if count < 0 {
            return Err(SpkError::InvalidField {
                field: "summary count",
                value: count,
            });
        }

        let count = usize::try_from(count).map_err(|_| SpkError::InvalidField {
            field: "summary count",
            value: count,
        })?;
        let summaries_start = summary_offset + SUMMARY_CONTROL_WORDS * 8;
        let summaries_end = summaries_start + count * summary_bytes;
        if summaries_end > summary_offset + DAF_RECORD_BYTES {
            return Err(SpkError::Truncated {
                context: "summary record entries",
                needed: summaries_end,
                actual: summary_offset + DAF_RECORD_BYTES,
            });
        }
        let names_end = name_offset + count * name_bytes;
        if names_end > name_offset + DAF_RECORD_BYTES {
            return Err(SpkError::Truncated {
                context: "name record entries",
                needed: names_end,
                actual: name_offset + DAF_RECORD_BYTES,
            });
        }

        for index in 0..count {
            let entry_offset = summaries_start + index * summary_bytes;
            let name_start = name_offset + index * name_bytes;
            let name = trim_ascii(&bytes[name_start..name_start + name_bytes]);

            let start_et =
                file_record
                    .byte_order
                    .read_f64(bytes, entry_offset, "segment start ET")?;
            let stop_et =
                file_record
                    .byte_order
                    .read_f64(bytes, entry_offset + 8, "segment stop ET")?;
            let ints_offset = entry_offset + 16;
            let target = file_record
                .byte_order
                .read_i32(bytes, ints_offset, "segment target")?;
            let center =
                file_record
                    .byte_order
                    .read_i32(bytes, ints_offset + 4, "segment center")?;
            let frame = file_record
                .byte_order
                .read_i32(bytes, ints_offset + 8, "segment frame")?;
            let data_type =
                file_record
                    .byte_order
                    .read_i32(bytes, ints_offset + 12, "segment data type")?;
            let start_address = file_record.byte_order.read_i32(
                bytes,
                ints_offset + 16,
                "segment start address",
            )?;
            let end_address =
                file_record
                    .byte_order
                    .read_i32(bytes, ints_offset + 20, "segment end address")?;

            segments.push(SpkSegmentDescriptor {
                name,
                start_et,
                stop_et,
                target,
                center,
                frame,
                data_type,
                start_address,
                end_address,
            });
        }

        record = next;
    }

    Ok(DafSpk {
        file_record,
        segments,
    })
}

/// Evaluate a type-2 SPK segment and return position in kilometers.
pub fn evaluate_type2_position(
    bytes: &[u8],
    byte_order: DafByteOrder,
    segment: &SpkSegmentDescriptor,
    et: f64,
) -> Result<[f64; 3], SpkError> {
    if segment.data_type != SPK_TYPE_2 {
        return Err(SpkError::UnsupportedSegmentType {
            expected: SPK_TYPE_2,
            actual: segment.data_type,
        });
    }

    let directory = read_type2_directory(bytes, byte_order, segment)?;
    let record_index =
        chebyshev_record_index(segment, directory.init, directory.intlen, directory.n, et)?;
    let record_start = checked_address_add(
        segment_start_address(segment)?,
        record_index
            .checked_mul(directory.rsize)
            .ok_or(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout {
                context: "record offset overflow",
            })?,
        "type-2 record address",
    )?;

    let mid = read_daf_f64(bytes, byte_order, record_start, "type-2 record midpoint")?;
    let radius = read_daf_f64(bytes, byte_order, record_start + 1, "type-2 record radius")?;
    if !radius.is_finite() || radius <= 0.0 {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidDoubleField {
            field: "type-2 record radius",
            value: radius,
        });
    }

    let tau = (et - mid) / radius;
    let coeff_count = (directory.rsize - 2) / 3;
    let coeff_start = record_start + 2;
    let x = evaluate_chebyshev_component(bytes, byte_order, coeff_start, coeff_count, tau)?;
    let y = evaluate_chebyshev_component(
        bytes,
        byte_order,
        coeff_start + coeff_count,
        coeff_count,
        tau,
    )?;
    let z = evaluate_chebyshev_component(
        bytes,
        byte_order,
        coeff_start + 2 * coeff_count,
        coeff_count,
        tau,
    )?;
    Ok([x, y, z])
}

/// Evaluate a type-3 SPK segment and return position and velocity.
pub fn evaluate_type3_state(
    bytes: &[u8],
    byte_order: DafByteOrder,
    segment: &SpkSegmentDescriptor,
    et: f64,
) -> Result<SpkStateVector, SpkError> {
    if segment.data_type != SPK_TYPE_3 {
        return Err(SpkError::UnsupportedSegmentType {
            expected: SPK_TYPE_3,
            actual: segment.data_type,
        });
    }

    let directory = read_type3_directory(bytes, byte_order, segment)?;
    let record_index =
        chebyshev_record_index(segment, directory.init, directory.intlen, directory.n, et)?;
    let record_start = checked_address_add(
        segment_start_address(segment)?,
        record_index
            .checked_mul(directory.rsize)
            .ok_or(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout {
                context: "record offset overflow",
            })?,
        "type-3 record address",
    )?;

    let mid = read_daf_f64(bytes, byte_order, record_start, "type-3 record midpoint")?;
    let radius = read_daf_f64(bytes, byte_order, record_start + 1, "type-3 record radius")?;
    if !radius.is_finite() || radius <= 0.0 {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidDoubleField {
            field: "type-3 record radius",
            value: radius,
        });
    }

    let tau = (et - mid) / radius;
    let coeff_count = (directory.rsize - 2) / 6;
    let coeff_start = record_start + 2;
    let x = evaluate_chebyshev_component(bytes, byte_order, coeff_start, coeff_count, tau)?;
    let y = evaluate_chebyshev_component(
        bytes,
        byte_order,
        coeff_start + coeff_count,
        coeff_count,
        tau,
    )?;
    let z = evaluate_chebyshev_component(
        bytes,
        byte_order,
        coeff_start + 2 * coeff_count,
        coeff_count,
        tau,
    )?;
    let vx = evaluate_chebyshev_component(
        bytes,
        byte_order,
        coeff_start + 3 * coeff_count,
        coeff_count,
        tau,
    )?;
    let vy = evaluate_chebyshev_component(
        bytes,
        byte_order,
        coeff_start + 4 * coeff_count,
        coeff_count,
        tau,
    )?;
    let vz = evaluate_chebyshev_component(
        bytes,
        byte_order,
        coeff_start + 5 * coeff_count,
        coeff_count,
        tau,
    )?;

    Ok(SpkStateVector {
        position_km: [x, y, z],
        velocity_km_s: [vx, vy, vz],
    })
}

/// Evaluate a type-21 SPK segment (Extended Modified Difference Arrays) and
/// return position and velocity in kilometers and km/s.
///
/// Type 21 generalizes type 1: each logical record ("difference line") carries a
/// reference epoch, a stepsize vector, a reference state, and per-component
/// modified divided difference arrays whose table dimension `MAXDIM` is stored
/// in the segment rather than fixed at 15. Records are selected by the segment's
/// trailing epoch list (and directory), then evaluated with the Krogh MDA
/// recurrence. This mirrors CSPICE `SPKR21`/`SPKE21`.
pub fn evaluate_type21_state(
    bytes: &[u8],
    byte_order: DafByteOrder,
    segment: &SpkSegmentDescriptor,
    et: f64,
) -> Result<SpkStateVector, SpkError> {
    if segment.data_type != SPK_TYPE_21 {
        return Err(SpkError::UnsupportedSegmentType {
            expected: SPK_TYPE_21,
            actual: segment.data_type,
        });
    }

    let directory = read_type21_directory(bytes, byte_order, segment)?;
    let record_address = type21_record_address(bytes, byte_order, segment, &directory, et)?;

    // Assemble the SPKE21-style record: index 0 holds MAXDIM, indices
    // 1..=dlsize hold the difference line, matching CSPICE addressing exactly.
    let dlsize = 4 * directory.maxdim + 11;
    let mut record = [0.0f64; 4 * SPK_TYPE_21_MAX_TABLE_DIM + 12];
    record[0] = directory.maxdim as f64;
    for (offset, slot) in record[1..=dlsize].iter_mut().enumerate() {
        *slot = read_daf_f64(
            bytes,
            byte_order,
            record_address + offset,
            "type-21 difference line",
        )?;
    }

    evaluate_type21_record(&record, directory.maxdim, et)
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
struct Type21Directory {
    /// One-based DAF address of the first record (difference line) word.
    begin_address: usize,
    /// One-based DAF address of the segment's final word.
    end_address: usize,
    /// Difference-table dimension per Cartesian component (`MAXDIM`).
    maxdim: usize,
    /// Number of logical records / epochs in the segment.
    record_count: usize,
    /// Number of directory epochs (`record_count / 100`).
    directory_count: usize,
}

fn read_type21_directory(
    bytes: &[u8],
    byte_order: DafByteOrder,
    segment: &SpkSegmentDescriptor,
) -> Result<Type21Directory, SpkError> {
    let begin = segment_start_address(segment)?;
    let end = segment_end_address(segment)?;
    if end < begin + 1 {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout {
            context: "segment is shorter than the type-21 trailer",
        });
    }

    // The last two segment words are MAXDIM (end - 1) and the record count N (end).
    let maxdim = read_daf_f64(bytes, byte_order, end - 1, "type-21 MAXDIM")?;
    let record_count = read_daf_f64(bytes, byte_order, end, "type-21 record count")?;
    let maxdim = f64_to_usize(maxdim, "type-21 MAXDIM")?;
    let record_count = f64_to_usize(record_count, "type-21 record count")?;

    if maxdim == 0 || maxdim > SPK_TYPE_21_MAX_TABLE_DIM {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout {
            context: "type-21 difference table dimension is out of range",
        });
    }
    if record_count == 0 {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout {
            context: "type-21 segment has zero records",
        });
    }

    let dlsize = 4 * maxdim + 11;
    let directory_count = record_count / SPK_TYPE_21_DIRECTORY_STRIDE;

    // Layout: N difference lines, then N epochs, then the directory epochs, then
    // the two trailer words (MAXDIM, N).
    let required_words = record_count
        .checked_mul(dlsize)
        .and_then(|words| words.checked_add(record_count))
        .and_then(|words| words.checked_add(directory_count))
        .and_then(|words| words.checked_add(2))
        .ok_or(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout {
            context: "type-21 segment word count overflow",
        })?;
    let segment_words = end - begin + 1;
    if required_words > segment_words {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout {
            context: "type-21 records exceed segment address range",
        });
    }

    Ok(Type21Directory {
        begin_address: begin,
        end_address: end,
        maxdim,
        record_count,
        directory_count,
    })
}

/// Resolve the one-based DAF address of the difference line covering `et`.
fn type21_record_address(
    bytes: &[u8],
    byte_order: DafByteOrder,
    segment: &SpkSegmentDescriptor,
    directory: &Type21Directory,
    et: f64,
) -> Result<usize, SpkError> {
    if !et.is_finite() {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidDoubleField {
            field: "type-21 ET",
            value: et,
        });
    }
    if et < segment.start_et || et > segment.stop_et {
        return Err(SpkError::OutOfCoverage {
            et,
            start_et: segment.start_et,
            stop_et: segment.stop_et,
        });
    }

    // The epoch list ends just before the directory epochs and the two trailer
    // words, anchored at the segment end exactly as CSPICE SPKR21 computes it.
    let first_epoch_address = directory
        .end_address
        .checked_sub(directory.directory_count + 2 + directory.record_count)
        .ok_or(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout {
            context: "type-21 epoch list underflows segment",
        })?
        + 1;

    // Find the first record whose epoch is >= et (CSPICE LSTLTD + 1), clamped to
    // the final record. Reading the full epoch list is equivalent to the
    // directory-guided search and selects the identical record.
    let mut earlier = 0usize;
    for index in 0..directory.record_count {
        let epoch = read_daf_f64(
            bytes,
            byte_order,
            first_epoch_address + index,
            "type-21 epoch",
        )?;
        if epoch < et {
            earlier += 1;
        } else {
            break;
        }
    }
    let record_index = earlier.min(directory.record_count - 1);

    let dlsize = 4 * directory.maxdim + 11;
    checked_address_add(
        directory.begin_address,
        record_index
            .checked_mul(dlsize)
            .ok_or(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout {
                context: "type-21 record offset overflow",
            })?,
        "type-21 record address",
    )
}

/// Evaluate one assembled type-21 record at `et`. `record[0]` is `MAXDIM`;
/// `record[1..]` is the difference line. Ported line-for-line from CSPICE
/// `SPKE21` (Krogh's modified divided difference recurrence).
fn evaluate_type21_record(
    record: &[f64],
    maxdim: usize,
    et: f64,
) -> Result<SpkStateVector, SpkError> {
    const DIM: usize = SPK_TYPE_21_MAX_TABLE_DIM;
    let mut fc = [0.0f64; DIM];
    fc[0] = 1.0;
    let mut wc = [0.0f64; DIM - 1];
    let mut w = [0.0f64; DIM + 2];
    let mut g = [0.0f64; DIM];

    let tl = record[1];
    g[..maxdim].copy_from_slice(&record[2..2 + maxdim]);

    let refpos = [record[maxdim + 2], record[maxdim + 4], record[maxdim + 6]];
    let refvel = [record[maxdim + 3], record[maxdim + 5], record[maxdim + 7]];

    // Modified divided difference arrays, DT(MAXDIM, 3), stored column-major.
    let mut dt = [[0.0f64; 3]; DIM];
    for component in 0..3 {
        let base = (component + 1) * maxdim + 8;
        for (row, dt_row) in dt.iter_mut().enumerate().take(maxdim) {
            dt_row[component] = record[base + row];
        }
    }

    // KQMAX1 and the per-axis KQ orders are file-controlled. Validate them as
    // integers within the difference-table bounds before they index FC/WC/W/DT,
    // so a malformed kernel returns a typed error instead of panicking. SPICE
    // invariant: KQMAX1 = max(KQ) + 1, so 1 <= KQMAX1 <= MAXDIM+1 and each
    // 0 <= KQ < KQMAX1.
    let kqmax1_u = f64_to_usize(record[4 * maxdim + 8], "type-21 KQMAX1")?;
    if kqmax1_u < 1 || kqmax1_u > maxdim + 1 {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout {
            context: "type-21 KQMAX1 is out of range",
        });
    }
    let kq_u = [
        f64_to_usize(record[4 * maxdim + 9], "type-21 KQ(1)")?,
        f64_to_usize(record[4 * maxdim + 10], "type-21 KQ(2)")?,
        f64_to_usize(record[4 * maxdim + 11], "type-21 KQ(3)")?,
    ];
    for &kqq in &kq_u {
        if kqq >= kqmax1_u {
            return Err(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout {
                context: "type-21 KQ order exceeds KQMAX1",
            });
        }
    }
    let kqmax1 = kqmax1_u as i64;
    let kq = [kq_u[0] as i64, kq_u[1] as i64, kq_u[2] as i64];

    let delta = et - tl;
    let mut tp = delta;
    let mq2 = kqmax1 - 2;
    let mut ks = kqmax1 - 1;

    // Build the stepsize-derived coefficients FC and WC.
    let mut j = 1i64;
    while j <= mq2 {
        let gj = g[(j - 1) as usize];
        if gj == 0.0 {
            return Err(SpkError::InvalidDoubleField {
                field: "type-21 stepsize vector",
                value: 0.0,
            });
        }
        fc[j as usize] = tp / gj;
        wc[(j - 1) as usize] = delta / gj;
        tp = delta + gj;
        j += 1;
    }

    // Seed the W array with reciprocals.
    let mut j = 1i64;
    while j <= kqmax1 {
        w[(j - 1) as usize] = 1.0 / j as f64;
        j += 1;
    }

    // Compute the W(K) terms used for position interpolation.
    let mut jx = 0i64;
    let mut ks1 = ks - 1;
    while ks >= 2 {
        jx += 1;
        let mut j = 1i64;
        while j <= jx {
            let term = fc[j as usize] * w[(j + ks1 - 1) as usize]
                - wc[(j - 1) as usize] * w[(j + ks - 1) as usize];
            w[(j + ks - 1) as usize] = term;
            j += 1;
        }
        ks = ks1;
        ks1 -= 1;
    }

    let mut state = [0.0f64; 6];
    for component in 0..3 {
        let kqq = kq[component];
        let mut sum = 0.0;
        let mut j = kqq;
        while j >= 1 {
            sum += dt[(j - 1) as usize][component] * w[(j + ks - 1) as usize];
            j -= 1;
        }
        state[component] = refpos[component] + delta * (refvel[component] + delta * sum);
    }

    // Recompute the W(K) terms for velocity interpolation.
    let mut j = 1i64;
    while j <= jx {
        let term = fc[j as usize] * w[(j + ks1 - 1) as usize]
            - wc[(j - 1) as usize] * w[(j + ks - 1) as usize];
        w[(j + ks - 1) as usize] = term;
        j += 1;
    }
    ks -= 1;

    for component in 0..3 {
        let kqq = kq[component];
        let mut sum = 0.0;
        let mut j = kqq;
        while j >= 1 {
            sum += dt[(j - 1) as usize][component] * w[(j + ks - 1) as usize];
            j -= 1;
        }
        state[component + 3] = refvel[component] + delta * sum;
    }

    Ok(SpkStateVector {
        position_km: [state[0], state[1], state[2]],
        velocity_km_s: [state[3], state[4], state[5]],
    })
}

fn parse_file_record(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<DafFileRecord, SpkError> {
    if bytes.len() < DAF_FILE_RECORD_BYTES {
        return Err(SpkError::Truncated {
            context: "DAF file record",
            needed: DAF_FILE_RECORD_BYTES,
            actual: bytes.len(),
        });
    }

    let id_word = trim_ascii(&bytes[0..DAF_ID_BYTES]);
    let file_type = id_word
        .split_once('/')
        .map(|(_, file_type)| file_type.trim().to_string())
        .unwrap_or_default();
    if id_word != "DAF/SPK" {
        return Err(SpkError::UnsupportedDafId { id_word });
    }

    let binary_format = trim_ascii(
        &bytes[DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET..DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET + DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_BYTES],
    );
    let byte_order = match binary_format.as_str() {
        "LTL-IEEE" => DafByteOrder::LittleEndian,
        "BIG-IEEE" => DafByteOrder::BigEndian,
        _ => {
            return Err(SpkError::UnsupportedBinaryFormat { binary_format });
        }
    };

    let double_components = byte_order.read_i32(bytes, 8, "ND")?;
    let integer_components = byte_order.read_i32(bytes, 12, "NI")?;
    let internal_name = trim_ascii(&bytes[16..16 + DAF_INTERNAL_NAME_BYTES]);
    let forward_record = byte_order.read_i32(bytes, 76, "FWARD")?;
    let backward_record = byte_order.read_i32(bytes, 80, "BWARD")?;
    let free_address = byte_order.read_i32(bytes, 84, "FREE")?;

    if forward_record < 0 {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidField {
            field: "FWARD",
            value: forward_record,
        });
    }
    if backward_record < 0 {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidField {
            field: "BWARD",
            value: backward_record,
        });
    }

    Ok(DafFileRecord {
        id_word,
        file_type,
        double_components,
        integer_components,
        internal_name,
        forward_record,
        backward_record,
        free_address,
        byte_order,
        binary_format,
    })
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
struct ChebyshevDirectory {
    init: f64,
    intlen: f64,
    rsize: usize,
    n: usize,
}

fn read_type2_directory(
    bytes: &[u8],
    byte_order: DafByteOrder,
    segment: &SpkSegmentDescriptor,
) -> Result<ChebyshevDirectory, SpkError> {
    let start = segment_start_address(segment)?;
    let end = segment_end_address(segment)?;
    if end < start + 3 {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout {
            context: "segment is shorter than the type-2 directory",
        });
    }

    let init = read_daf_f64(bytes, byte_order, end - 3, "type-2 INIT")?;
    let intlen = read_daf_f64(bytes, byte_order, end - 2, "type-2 INTLEN")?;
    let rsize = read_daf_f64(bytes, byte_order, end - 1, "type-2 RSIZE")?;
    let n = read_daf_f64(bytes, byte_order, end, "type-2 N")?;

    if !init.is_finite() {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidDoubleField {
            field: "type-2 INIT",
            value: init,
        });
    }
    if !intlen.is_finite() || intlen <= 0.0 {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidDoubleField {
            field: "type-2 INTLEN",
            value: intlen,
        });
    }

    let rsize = f64_to_usize(rsize, "type-2 RSIZE")?;
    let n = f64_to_usize(n, "type-2 N")?;
    if n == 0 {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout {
            context: "type-2 segment has zero records",
        });
    }
    if rsize < 5 || (rsize - 2) % 3 != 0 {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout {
            context: "type-2 RSIZE does not match three position components",
        });
    }

    let segment_words = end - start + 1;
    let required_words = n
        .checked_mul(rsize)
        .and_then(|words| words.checked_add(4))
        .ok_or(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout {
            context: "type-2 segment word count overflow",
        })?;
    if required_words > segment_words {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout {
            context: "type-2 records exceed segment address range",
        });
    }

    Ok(ChebyshevDirectory {
        init,
        intlen,
        rsize,
        n,
    })
}

fn read_type3_directory(
    bytes: &[u8],
    byte_order: DafByteOrder,
    segment: &SpkSegmentDescriptor,
) -> Result<ChebyshevDirectory, SpkError> {
    let start = segment_start_address(segment)?;
    let end = segment_end_address(segment)?;
    if end < start + 3 {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout {
            context: "segment is shorter than the type-3 directory",
        });
    }

    let init = read_daf_f64(bytes, byte_order, end - 3, "type-3 INIT")?;
    let intlen = read_daf_f64(bytes, byte_order, end - 2, "type-3 INTLEN")?;
    let rsize = read_daf_f64(bytes, byte_order, end - 1, "type-3 RSIZE")?;
    let n = read_daf_f64(bytes, byte_order, end, "type-3 N")?;

    if !init.is_finite() {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidDoubleField {
            field: "type-3 INIT",
            value: init,
        });
    }
    if !intlen.is_finite() || intlen <= 0.0 {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidDoubleField {
            field: "type-3 INTLEN",
            value: intlen,
        });
    }

    let rsize = f64_to_usize(rsize, "type-3 RSIZE")?;
    let n = f64_to_usize(n, "type-3 N")?;
    if n == 0 {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout {
            context: "type-3 segment has zero records",
        });
    }
    if rsize < 8 || (rsize - 2) % 6 != 0 {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout {
            context: "type-3 RSIZE does not match six state components",
        });
    }

    let segment_words = end - start + 1;
    let required_words = n
        .checked_mul(rsize)
        .and_then(|words| words.checked_add(4))
        .ok_or(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout {
            context: "type-3 segment word count overflow",
        })?;
    if required_words > segment_words {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout {
            context: "type-3 records exceed segment address range",
        });
    }

    Ok(ChebyshevDirectory {
        init,
        intlen,
        rsize,
        n,
    })
}

fn chebyshev_record_index(
    segment: &SpkSegmentDescriptor,
    init: f64,
    intlen: f64,
    n: usize,
    et: f64,
) -> Result<usize, SpkError> {
    if et < segment.start_et || et > segment.stop_et {
        return Err(SpkError::OutOfCoverage {
            et,
            start_et: segment.start_et,
            stop_et: segment.stop_et,
        });
    }

    let directory_stop = init + intlen * n as f64;
    if et < init || et > directory_stop {
        return Err(SpkError::OutOfCoverage {
            et,
            start_et: init,
            stop_et: directory_stop,
        });
    }

    let record = ((et - init) / intlen).floor();
    if !record.is_finite() || record < 0.0 {
        return Err(SpkError::OutOfCoverage {
            et,
            start_et: init,
            stop_et: directory_stop,
        });
    }

    let record = record as usize;
    if record < n {
        Ok(record)
    } else if record == n && et <= directory_stop {
        Ok(n - 1)
    } else {
        Err(SpkError::OutOfCoverage {
            et,
            start_et: init,
            stop_et: directory_stop,
        })
    }
}

fn evaluate_chebyshev_component(
    bytes: &[u8],
    byte_order: DafByteOrder,
    coeff_start: usize,
    coeff_count: usize,
    tau: f64,
) -> Result<f64, SpkError> {
    let mut sum = read_daf_f64(bytes, byte_order, coeff_start, "Chebyshev coefficient")?;
    if coeff_count == 1 {
        return Ok(sum);
    }

    let mut previous = 1.0;
    let mut current = tau;
    sum += read_daf_f64(bytes, byte_order, coeff_start + 1, "Chebyshev coefficient")? * current;

    for index in 2..coeff_count {
        let next = 2.0 * tau * current - previous;
        sum += read_daf_f64(
            bytes,
            byte_order,
            coeff_start + index,
            "Chebyshev coefficient",
        )? * next;
        previous = current;
        current = next;
    }

    Ok(sum)
}

fn f64_to_usize(value: f64, field: &'static str) -> Result<usize, SpkError> {
    if !value.is_finite() || value.fract() != 0.0 || value < 0.0 || value > usize::MAX as f64 {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidDoubleField { field, value });
    }
    Ok(value as usize)
}

fn segment_start_address(segment: &SpkSegmentDescriptor) -> Result<usize, SpkError> {
    segment_address(segment.start_address, "segment start address")
}

fn segment_end_address(segment: &SpkSegmentDescriptor) -> Result<usize, SpkError> {
    let start = segment_start_address(segment)?;
    let end = segment_address(segment.end_address, "segment end address")?;
    if end < start {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout {
            context: "segment end address precedes start address",
        });
    }
    Ok(end)
}

fn segment_address(address: i32, field: &'static str) -> Result<usize, SpkError> {
    if address <= 0 {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidField {
            field,
            value: address,
        });
    }
    usize::try_from(address).map_err(|_| SpkError::InvalidField {
        field,
        value: address,
    })
}

fn checked_address_add(
    address: usize,
    offset_words: usize,
    context: &'static str,
) -> Result<usize, SpkError> {
    address
        .checked_add(offset_words)
        .ok_or(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout { context })
}

fn read_daf_f64(
    bytes: &[u8],
    byte_order: DafByteOrder,
    address: usize,
    field: &'static str,
) -> Result<f64, SpkError> {
    if address == 0 {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout {
            context: "DAF addresses are one-based",
        });
    }
    let offset = (address - 1)
        .checked_mul(8)
        .ok_or(SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout {
            context: "DAF address byte offset overflow",
        })?;
    byte_order.read_f64(bytes, offset, field)
}

fn read_summary_control_i32(
    byte_order: DafByteOrder,
    bytes: &[u8],
    summary_offset: usize,
    word_index: usize,
    field: &'static str,
) -> Result<i32, SpkError> {
    let value = byte_order.read_f64(bytes, summary_offset + word_index * 8, field)?;
    if !value.is_finite()
        || value.fract() != 0.0
        || value < i32::MIN as f64
        || value > i32::MAX as f64
    {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidField { field, value: 0 });
    }
    Ok(value as i32)
}

fn summary_word_count(nd: i32, ni: i32) -> Result<usize, SpkError> {
    if nd < 0 {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidField {
            field: "ND",
            value: nd,
        });
    }
    if ni < 0 {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidField {
            field: "NI",
            value: ni,
        });
    }

    let nd = usize::try_from(nd).map_err(|_| SpkError::InvalidField {
        field: "ND",
        value: nd,
    })?;
    let ni = usize::try_from(ni).map_err(|_| SpkError::InvalidField {
        field: "NI",
        value: ni,
    })?;
    Ok(nd + ni.div_ceil(2))
}

fn validate_summary_record_pointer(record: i32, field: &'static str) -> Result<(), SpkError> {
    paired_name_record(record, field).map(|_| ())
}

fn paired_name_record(record: i32, field: &'static str) -> Result<i32, SpkError> {
    record.checked_add(1).ok_or(SpkError::InvalidField {
        field,
        value: record,
    })
}

fn record_offset(record: i32, len: usize, context: &'static str) -> Result<usize, SpkError> {
    if record <= 0 {
        return Err(SpkError::InvalidField {
            field: context,
            value: record,
        });
    }
    let record = usize::try_from(record).map_err(|_| SpkError::InvalidField {
        field: context,
        value: record,
    })?;
    let offset = (record - 1)
        .checked_mul(DAF_RECORD_BYTES)
        .ok_or(SpkError::InvalidField {
            field: context,
            value: i32::MAX,
        })?;
    let needed = offset + DAF_RECORD_BYTES;
    if needed > len {
        return Err(SpkError::Truncated {
            context,
            needed,
            actual: len,
        });
    }
    Ok(offset)
}

fn trim_ascii(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
    let end = bytes
        .iter()
        .rposition(|byte| *byte != b' ' && *byte != 0)
        .map(|index| index + 1)
        .unwrap_or(0);
    let trimmed = &bytes[..end];
    String::from_utf8_lossy(trimmed).trim().to_string()
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn decodes_little_endian_daf_summaries() {
        let bytes = build_daf(DafByteOrder::LittleEndian);

        let parsed = parse_daf_spk(&bytes).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(parsed.file_record.id_word, "DAF/SPK");
        assert_eq!(parsed.file_record.file_type, "SPK");
        assert_eq!(parsed.file_record.double_components, 2);
        assert_eq!(parsed.file_record.integer_components, 6);
        assert_eq!(parsed.file_record.internal_name, "SYNTHETIC SPK");
        assert_eq!(parsed.file_record.forward_record, 3);
        assert_eq!(parsed.file_record.backward_record, 3);
        assert_eq!(parsed.file_record.free_address, 901);
        assert_eq!(parsed.file_record.byte_order, DafByteOrder::LittleEndian);
        assert_eq!(parsed.file_record.binary_format, "LTL-IEEE");
        assert_eq!(parsed.segments, expected_segments());
    }

    #[test]
    fn decodes_big_endian_daf_summaries() {
        let bytes = build_daf(DafByteOrder::BigEndian);

        let parsed = parse_daf_spk(&bytes).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(parsed.file_record.byte_order, DafByteOrder::BigEndian);
        assert_eq!(parsed.file_record.binary_format, "BIG-IEEE");
        assert_eq!(parsed.segments, expected_segments());
    }

    #[test]
    fn decodes_linear_daf_summary_record_chain() {
        let bytes = build_chained_daf(DafByteOrder::LittleEndian, 0.0);

        let parsed = parse_daf_spk(&bytes).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(parsed.file_record.forward_record, 3);
        assert_eq!(parsed.file_record.backward_record, 5);
        assert_eq!(parsed.segments, expected_segments());
    }

    #[test]
    fn cyclic_daf_summary_record_chain_returns_typed_error() {
        let bytes = build_chained_daf(DafByteOrder::LittleEndian, 3.0);

        let err = parse_daf_spk(&bytes).unwrap_err();

        assert_eq!(
            err,
            SpkError::InvalidField {
                field: "summary record chain",
                value: 3,
            }
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn max_forward_summary_record_returns_typed_error() {
        let byte_order = DafByteOrder::LittleEndian;
        let mut bytes = build_daf(byte_order);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 76, i32::MAX);

        let err = parse_daf_spk(&bytes).unwrap_err();

        assert_eq!(
            err,
            SpkError::InvalidField {
                field: "FWARD",
                value: i32::MAX,
            }
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn max_next_summary_record_returns_typed_error() {
        let byte_order = DafByteOrder::LittleEndian;
        let mut bytes = build_daf(byte_order);
        write_f64(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 2,
            f64::from(i32::MAX),
        );

        let err = parse_daf_spk(&bytes).unwrap_err();

        assert_eq!(
            err,
            SpkError::InvalidField {
                field: "next summary record",
                value: i32::MAX,
            }
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn truncated_header_returns_typed_error() {
        let err = parse_daf_spk(&[0u8; 16]).unwrap_err();

        assert_eq!(
            err,
            SpkError::Truncated {
                context: "DAF file record",
                needed: 1024,
                actual: 16,
            }
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn evaluates_type2_position_records_and_boundaries() {
        let (bytes, segment) = build_type2_segment(DafByteOrder::LittleEndian);

        assert_position_close(
            evaluate_type2_position(&bytes, DafByteOrder::LittleEndian, &segment, 0.0).unwrap(),
            [2.0, -5.5, 7.0],
        );
        assert_position_close(
            evaluate_type2_position(&bytes, DafByteOrder::LittleEndian, &segment, 5.0).unwrap(),
            [-2.0, -3.0, 7.0],
        );
        assert_position_close(
            evaluate_type2_position(&bytes, DafByteOrder::LittleEndian, &segment, 10.0).unwrap(),
            [11.0, 19.0, -9.0],
        );
        assert_position_close(
            evaluate_type2_position(&bytes, DafByteOrder::LittleEndian, &segment, 20.0).unwrap(),
            [9.0, 23.0, -1.0],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn evaluates_big_endian_type2_position() {
        let (bytes, segment) = build_type2_segment(DafByteOrder::BigEndian);

        assert_position_close(
            evaluate_type2_position(&bytes, DafByteOrder::BigEndian, &segment, 15.0).unwrap(),
            [10.0, 19.0, -1.0],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn type2_out_of_coverage_returns_typed_error() {
        let (bytes, segment) = build_type2_segment(DafByteOrder::LittleEndian);

        let err = evaluate_type2_position(&bytes, DafByteOrder::LittleEndian, &segment, -0.001)
            .unwrap_err();

        assert_eq!(
            err,
            SpkError::OutOfCoverage {
                et: -0.001,
                start_et: 0.0,
                stop_et: 20.0,
            }
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn evaluates_type3_state_records_and_boundaries() {
        let (bytes, segment) = build_type3_segment(DafByteOrder::LittleEndian);

        assert_state_close(
            evaluate_type3_state(&bytes, DafByteOrder::LittleEndian, &segment, 5.0).unwrap(),
            [1.0, 3.0, 5.0],
            [0.1, -0.3, 1.0],
        );
        assert_state_close(
            evaluate_type3_state(&bytes, DafByteOrder::LittleEndian, &segment, 10.0).unwrap(),
            [9.0, 22.0, -8.0],
            [0.0, 5.0, 3.75],
        );
        assert_state_close(
            evaluate_type3_state(&bytes, DafByteOrder::LittleEndian, &segment, 20.0).unwrap(),
            [11.0, 18.0, -2.0],
            [2.0, -1.0, 4.25],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn type3_out_of_coverage_returns_typed_error() {
        let (bytes, segment) = build_type3_segment(DafByteOrder::LittleEndian);

        let err =
            evaluate_type3_state(&bytes, DafByteOrder::LittleEndian, &segment, 20.001).unwrap_err();

        assert_eq!(
            err,
            SpkError::OutOfCoverage {
                et: 20.001,
                start_et: 0.0,
                stop_et: 20.0,
            }
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn evaluates_type21_synthetic_records_and_boundaries() {
        let (bytes, segment) = build_type21_segment(DafByteOrder::LittleEndian);

        // Difference table is zero, so each record reduces to linear motion
        // refpos + delta * refvel about its own reference epoch. This makes the
        // selected-record/position/velocity result exactly checkable.
        assert_state_close(
            evaluate_type21_state(&bytes, DafByteOrder::LittleEndian, &segment, 0.0).unwrap(),
            [100.0, 200.0, 300.0],
            [1.0, 2.0, 3.0],
        );
        assert_state_close(
            evaluate_type21_state(&bytes, DafByteOrder::LittleEndian, &segment, 5.0).unwrap(),
            [105.0, 210.0, 315.0],
            [1.0, 2.0, 3.0],
        );
        // et == first epoch still resolves to the first record.
        assert_state_close(
            evaluate_type21_state(&bytes, DafByteOrder::LittleEndian, &segment, 10.0).unwrap(),
            [110.0, 220.0, 330.0],
            [1.0, 2.0, 3.0],
        );
        // Past the first epoch we cross into the second record.
        assert_state_close(
            evaluate_type21_state(&bytes, DafByteOrder::LittleEndian, &segment, 15.0).unwrap(),
            [1050.0, 2100.0, 3150.0],
            [10.0, 20.0, 30.0],
        );
        assert_state_close(
            evaluate_type21_state(&bytes, DafByteOrder::LittleEndian, &segment, 20.0).unwrap(),
            [1100.0, 2200.0, 3300.0],
            [10.0, 20.0, 30.0],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn evaluates_big_endian_type21_state() {
        let (bytes, segment) = build_type21_segment(DafByteOrder::BigEndian);

        assert_state_close(
            evaluate_type21_state(&bytes, DafByteOrder::BigEndian, &segment, 5.0).unwrap(),
            [105.0, 210.0, 315.0],
            [1.0, 2.0, 3.0],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn type21_out_of_coverage_returns_typed_error() {
        let (bytes, segment) = build_type21_segment(DafByteOrder::LittleEndian);

        let err = evaluate_type21_state(&bytes, DafByteOrder::LittleEndian, &segment, 20.001)
            .unwrap_err();

        assert_eq!(
            err,
            SpkError::OutOfCoverage {
                et: 20.001,
                start_et: 0.0,
                stop_et: 20.0,
            }
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn type21_nonfinite_et_returns_typed_error() {
        let (bytes, segment) = build_type21_segment(DafByteOrder::LittleEndian);

        for et in [f64::NAN, f64::INFINITY, f64::NEG_INFINITY] {
            let err = evaluate_type21_state(&bytes, DafByteOrder::LittleEndian, &segment, et)
                .unwrap_err();
            assert!(
                matches!(
                    err,
                    SpkError::InvalidDoubleField {
                        field: "type-21 ET",
                        ..
                    }
                ),
                "non-finite et {et} should be rejected, got {err:?}"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn type21_malformed_order_words_return_typed_error() {
        // KQMAX1 lives at one-based address `start + 4*maxdim + 8`; for record 0
        // (start_address 1, maxdim 3) that is address 20. A hostile out-of-range
        // value must be rejected, not panic on an out-of-bounds array index.
        let maxdim = 3usize;
        let kqmax1_addr = 1 + 4 * maxdim + 8;
        let kq1_addr = 1 + 4 * maxdim + 9;

        // KQMAX1 far larger than MAXDIM+1.
        let (mut bytes, segment) = build_type21_segment(DafByteOrder::LittleEndian);
        write_f64_address(DafByteOrder::LittleEndian, &mut bytes, kqmax1_addr, 99.0);
        let err =
            evaluate_type21_state(&bytes, DafByteOrder::LittleEndian, &segment, 5.0).unwrap_err();
        assert!(
            matches!(err, SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout { .. }),
            "oversized KQMAX1 should be rejected, got {err:?}"
        );

        // KQ order >= KQMAX1 (here KQMAX1 = 2, KQ(1) = 5).
        let (mut bytes, segment) = build_type21_segment(DafByteOrder::LittleEndian);
        write_f64_address(DafByteOrder::LittleEndian, &mut bytes, kq1_addr, 5.0);
        let err =
            evaluate_type21_state(&bytes, DafByteOrder::LittleEndian, &segment, 5.0).unwrap_err();
        assert!(
            matches!(err, SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout { .. }),
            "out-of-range KQ should be rejected, got {err:?}"
        );

        // Non-integer KQMAX1 must also be rejected (f64_to_usize).
        let (mut bytes, segment) = build_type21_segment(DafByteOrder::LittleEndian);
        write_f64_address(
            DafByteOrder::LittleEndian,
            &mut bytes,
            kqmax1_addr,
            f64::NAN,
        );
        let err =
            evaluate_type21_state(&bytes, DafByteOrder::LittleEndian, &segment, 5.0).unwrap_err();
        assert!(
            matches!(
                err,
                SpkError::InvalidDoubleField { .. } | SpkError::InvalidSegmentLayout { .. }
            ),
            "non-integer KQMAX1 should be rejected, got {err:?}"
        );
    }

    /// Bit-exact parity against CSPICE on a real type-21 (Extended Modified
    /// Difference Array) kernel: a 433 Eros SPK fetched from JPL Horizons. The
    /// reference vectors are CSPICE `spkgeo(20000433, et, "J2000", 10)` output.
    /// See `tests/fixtures/spk/gen_eros_type21.py`. Agreement is within one ULP
    /// of the ~1e8 km / ~20 km/s magnitudes (observed max position residual
    /// 7.5e-9 km, velocity 4.4e-16 km/s).
    #[test]
    fn real_type21_kernel_matches_cspice_reference() {
        const KERNEL: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../../tests/fixtures/spk/horizons_eros_type21.bsp");

        // (et seconds past J2000 TDB, [x, y, z, vx, vy, vz]) km, km/s.
        const REFERENCE: &[(f64, [f64; 6])] = &[
            (
                757339200.0,
                [
                    198083634.33689928,
                    56306354.00566181,
                    67761020.0290685,
                    -14.136880898003753,
                    18.729945253375007,
                    8.080580941541488,
                ],
            ),
            (
                757655424.0,
                [
                    193484166.17007136,
                    62190955.161292516,
                    70271250.61392583,
                    -14.95317475425177,
                    18.482891309963502,
                    7.792787505001918,
                ],
            ),
            (
                760501440.0,
                [
                    140599517.39824444,
                    110142414.48840125,
                    87942357.2561364,
                    -22.110500498220798,
                    14.728648269072185,
                    4.367688325339683,
                ],
            ),
            (
                765244800.0,
                [
                    14324682.473833444,
                    151855494.96957216,
                    88809564.6055465,
                    -29.543141519840074,
                    1.384349579197926,
                    -4.552338928064369,
                ],
            ),
            (
                767879989.4592,
                [
                    -62463976.26374265,
                    142278295.29334122,
                    69496198.60194506,
                    -27.83899206786184,
                    -8.728214407471189,
                    -9.98623557339431,
                ],
            ),
            (
                773150400.0,
                [
                    -170058326.9714746,
                    51931259.239147335,
                    -1243746.8623651236,
                    -10.894277182103927,
                    -23.170448141059893,
                    -15.1244115495765,
                ],
            ),
            (
                778420810.5408,
                [
                    -175392526.76953015,
                    -73836504.48334283,
                    -73616410.40702733,
                    7.685028379798697,
                    -22.45642797493469,
                    -11.361635361252944,
                ],
            ),
            (
                781056000.0,
                [
                    -146671840.75331673,
                    -128352102.87455015,
                    -99379387.41255096,
                    13.724782826077085,
                    -18.71213758130164,
                    -8.14425619120024,
                ],
            ),
            (
                785799360.0,
                [
                    -65781054.32577276,
                    -197470134.64271438,
                    -124005727.09542452,
                    19.398793883808853,
                    -10.268325580683918,
                    -2.324610823885138,
                ],
            ),
            (
                788645376.0,
                [
                    -8859755.122267516,
                    -219270459.75263178,
                    -126097226.6160046,
                    20.34548822205983,
                    -5.074720269573395,
                    0.7953511794172388,
                ],
            ),
            (
                788961600.0,
                [
                    -2423286.488811064,
                    -220785626.12491044,
                    -125794359.14041424,
                    20.360009383792537,
                    -4.508637229520069,
                    1.1193915696949732,
                ],
            ),
        ];

        let spk = Spk::from_bytes(KERNEL).unwrap();

        let segments = spk.segments();
        assert_eq!(segments.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(segments[0].data_type, SPK_TYPE_21);
        assert_eq!(segments[0].target, 20000433);
        assert_eq!(segments[0].center, 10);

        let mut max_position_error = 0.0f64;
        let mut max_velocity_error = 0.0f64;
        for &(et, expected) in REFERENCE {
            let state = spk.spk_state(20000433, 10, et).unwrap();
            let velocity = state.velocity_km_s.expect("type-21 yields velocity");
            for axis in 0..3 {
                max_position_error =
                    max_position_error.max((state.position_km[axis] - expected[axis]).abs());
                max_velocity_error =
                    max_velocity_error.max((velocity[axis] - expected[axis + 3]).abs());
            }
        }

        // ~1-ULP gates at these magnitudes (|pos| ~2.2e8 km -> 1 ULP ~4.9e-8 km;
        // |vel| ~20 km/s -> 1 ULP ~4.4e-15 km/s). Measured agreement is sub-ULP
        // (~7.5e-9 km, ~4.4e-16 km/s); these gates assert the bit-exact claim
        // rather than a loose tolerance, and will catch any real regression.
        assert!(
            max_position_error < 5e-8,
            "type-21 position drift {max_position_error:e} km exceeds CSPICE parity gate"
        );
        assert!(
            max_velocity_error < 1e-14,
            "type-21 velocity drift {max_velocity_error:e} km/s exceeds CSPICE parity gate"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn spk_state_returns_direct_segment_state() {
        let bytes = build_query_spk();
        let spk = Spk::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();

        let state = spk.spk_state(301, 3, 5.0).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(spk.file_record().internal_name, "QUERY SPK");
        assert_eq!(spk.segments().len(), 4);
        assert_eq!(state.target, 301);
        assert_eq!(state.center, 3);
        assert_query_state_close(state, [100.0, 200.0, 300.0], Some([1.0, 2.0, 3.0]), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn spk_state_chains_through_common_center() {
        let bytes = build_query_spk();
        let spk = Spk::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();

        let state = spk_state(&spk, 399, 3, 5.0).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(state.target, 399);
        assert_eq!(state.center, 3);
        assert_query_state_close(state, [950.0, -5.0, 5.0], Some([9.5, -0.25, 0.5]), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn spk_state_prefers_later_overlapping_segments() {
        let bytes = build_priority_spk();
        let spk = Spk::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();

        let direct = spk.spk_state(301, 3, 5.0).unwrap();
        let chained = spk.spk_state(399, 3, 5.0).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(spk.segments().len(), 5);
        assert_query_state_close(direct, [900.0, 800.0, 700.0], Some([9.0, 8.0, 7.0]), 1);
        assert_query_state_close(chained, [1950.0, 5.0, 25.0], Some([19.5, 0.25, 1.5]), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn spk_state_prefers_later_position_only_segment() {
        let bytes = build_position_only_priority_spk();
        let spk = Spk::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();

        let state = spk.spk_state(301, 3, 5.0).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(spk.segments().len(), 2);
        assert_query_state_close(state, [700.0, 800.0, 900.0], None, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn spk_state_errors_on_later_unsupported_segment() {
        let bytes = build_unsupported_priority_spk();
        let spk = Spk::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();

        let err = spk.spk_state(301, 3, 5.0).unwrap_err();
        let supported = spk.spk_state(302, 3, 5.0).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(err, SpkError::UnsupportedStateSegmentType { data_type: 99 });
        assert_query_state_close(supported, [400.0, 500.0, 600.0], Some([4.0, 5.0, 6.0]), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn spk_state_prefers_later_segment_when_center_changes() {
        let bytes = build_changed_center_priority_spk();
        let spk = Spk::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();

        let state = spk.spk_state(301, 3, 5.0).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(spk.segments().len(), 3);
        assert_query_state_close(state, [1000.0, 80.0, 12.0], Some([100.0, 8.0, 1.2]), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn spk_state_prefers_later_reversed_segment() {
        let bytes = build_reversed_priority_spk();
        let spk = Spk::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();

        let state = spk.spk_state(301, 3, 5.0).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(spk.segments().len(), 3);
        assert_query_state_close(state, [-800.0, -80.0, -2.0], Some([-80.0, -8.0, -0.2]), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn spk_state_preserves_velocity_bearing_chain() {
        let bytes = build_velocity_retention_spk();
        let spk = Spk::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();

        let state = spk.spk_state(800, 3, 5.0).unwrap();

        assert_query_state_close(state, [120.0, 3.0, 4.0], Some([12.0, 0.3, 0.4]), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn spk_state_tries_alternate_chain_after_frame_mismatch() {
        let bytes = build_frame_mismatch_spk();
        let spk = Spk::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();

        let state = spk.spk_state(700, 3, 5.0).unwrap();

        assert_query_state_close(state, [120.0, 3.0, 4.0], Some([12.0, 0.3, 0.4]), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn spk_state_returns_frame_mismatch_when_no_chain_is_compatible() {
        let bytes = build_frame_mismatch_spk();
        let spk = Spk::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();

        let err = spk.spk_state(701, 3, 5.0).unwrap_err();

        assert_eq!(
            err,
            SpkError::FrameMismatch {
                first: 1,
                second: 2,
            }
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn spk_state_returns_none_velocity_for_type2_segment() {
        let bytes = build_query_spk();
        let spk = Spk::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();

        let state = spk.spk_state(302, 3, 5.0).unwrap();

        assert_query_state_close(state, [7.0, 8.0, 9.0], None, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn spk_state_known_self_query_returns_zero_state() {
        let bytes = build_query_spk();
        let spk = Spk::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();

        let state = spk.spk_state(301, 301, 5.0).unwrap();

        assert_query_state_close(state, [0.0; 3], Some([0.0; 3]), 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn spk_state_unknown_self_query_returns_typed_error() {
        let bytes = build_query_spk();
        let spk = Spk::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();

        let err = spk.spk_state(999, 999, 5.0).unwrap_err();

        assert_eq!(err, SpkError::UnknownBody { body: 999 });
    }

    #[test]
    fn spk_state_self_query_out_of_coverage_returns_typed_error() {
        let bytes = build_query_spk();
        let spk = Spk::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();

        let err = spk.spk_state(301, 301, 20.0).unwrap_err();

        assert_eq!(
            err,
            SpkError::CoverageGap {
                target: 301,
                center: 301,
                et: 20.0,
            }
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn spk_state_unknown_target_returns_typed_error() {
        let bytes = build_query_spk();
        let spk = Spk::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();

        let err = spk.spk_state(999, 0, 5.0).unwrap_err();

        assert_eq!(err, SpkError::UnknownBody { body: 999 });
    }

    #[test]
    fn spk_state_out_of_coverage_returns_typed_error() {
        let bytes = build_query_spk();
        let spk = Spk::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();

        let err = spk.spk_state(301, 3, 20.0).unwrap_err();

        assert_eq!(
            err,
            SpkError::CoverageGap {
                target: 301,
                center: 3,
                et: 20.0,
            }
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn std_load_reads_spk_file() {
        let bytes = build_query_spk();
        let mut path = std::env::temp_dir();
        let nonce = std::time::SystemTime::now()
            .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
            .unwrap()
            .as_nanos();
        path.push(format!(
            "sidereon-spk-load-{}-{nonce}.bsp",
            std::process::id()
        ));

        std::fs::write(&path, &bytes).unwrap();

        let spk = Spk::load(&path).unwrap();
        std::fs::remove_file(&path).unwrap();

        let state = spk.spk_state(301, 3, 5.0).unwrap();
        assert_query_state_close(state, [100.0, 200.0, 300.0], Some([1.0, 2.0, 3.0]), 1);

        let err = Spk::load(&path).unwrap_err();
        match err {
            SpkError::Io {
                path: err_path,
                message,
            } => {
                assert_eq!(err_path, path.display().to_string());
                assert!(!message.is_empty());
            }
            other => panic!("expected IO error from missing SPK path, got {other:?}"),
        }
    }

    fn expected_segments() -> Vec<SpkSegmentDescriptor> {
        vec![
            SpkSegmentDescriptor {
                name: "MERCURY BARYCENTER".to_string(),
                start_et: -100.0,
                stop_et: 100.0,
                target: 1,
                center: 0,
                frame: 1,
                data_type: 2,
                start_address: 513,
                end_address: 700,
            },
            SpkSegmentDescriptor {
                name: "EARTH".to_string(),
                start_et: 200.0,
                stop_et: 400.0,
                target: 399,
                center: 3,
                frame: 17,
                data_type: 3,
                start_address: 701,
                end_address: 900,
            },
        ]
    }

    fn build_daf(byte_order: DafByteOrder) -> Vec<u8> {
        let mut bytes = vec![0u8; DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 4];

        bytes[0..8].copy_from_slice(b"DAF/SPK ");
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 8, 2);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 12, 6);
        write_ascii(&mut bytes, 16, DAF_INTERNAL_NAME_BYTES, "SYNTHETIC SPK");
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 76, 3);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 80, 3);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 84, 901);
        match byte_order {
            DafByteOrder::LittleEndian => bytes
                [DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET..DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET + 8]
                .copy_from_slice(b"LTL-IEEE"),
            DafByteOrder::BigEndian => bytes
                [DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET..DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET + 8]
                .copy_from_slice(b"BIG-IEEE"),
        }

        let summary_offset = DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 2;
        let name_offset = DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 3;
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset, 0.0);
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset + 8, 0.0);
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset + 16, 2.0);

        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 24,
            -100.0,
            100.0,
            [1, 0, 1, 2, 513, 700],
        );
        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 64,
            200.0,
            400.0,
            [399, 3, 17, 3, 701, 900],
        );
        write_ascii(&mut bytes, name_offset, 40, "MERCURY BARYCENTER");
        write_ascii(&mut bytes, name_offset + 40, 40, "EARTH");

        bytes
    }

    fn build_chained_daf(byte_order: DafByteOrder, final_next_record: f64) -> Vec<u8> {
        let mut bytes = vec![0u8; DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 6];

        bytes[0..8].copy_from_slice(b"DAF/SPK ");
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 8, 2);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 12, 6);
        write_ascii(&mut bytes, 16, DAF_INTERNAL_NAME_BYTES, "CHAINED SPK");
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 76, 3);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 80, 5);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 84, 901);
        match byte_order {
            DafByteOrder::LittleEndian => bytes
                [DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET..DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET + 8]
                .copy_from_slice(b"LTL-IEEE"),
            DafByteOrder::BigEndian => bytes
                [DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET..DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET + 8]
                .copy_from_slice(b"BIG-IEEE"),
        }

        let first_summary_offset = DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 2;
        let first_name_offset = DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 3;
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, first_summary_offset, 5.0);
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, first_summary_offset + 8, 0.0);
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, first_summary_offset + 16, 1.0);
        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            first_summary_offset + 24,
            -100.0,
            100.0,
            [1, 0, 1, 2, 513, 700],
        );
        write_ascii(&mut bytes, first_name_offset, 40, "MERCURY BARYCENTER");

        let second_summary_offset = DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 4;
        let second_name_offset = DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 5;
        write_f64(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            second_summary_offset,
            final_next_record,
        );
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, second_summary_offset + 8, 3.0);
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, second_summary_offset + 16, 1.0);
        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            second_summary_offset + 24,
            200.0,
            400.0,
            [399, 3, 17, 3, 701, 900],
        );
        write_ascii(&mut bytes, second_name_offset, 40, "EARTH");

        bytes
    }

    fn build_query_spk() -> Vec<u8> {
        let byte_order = DafByteOrder::LittleEndian;
        let direct_start = 513usize;
        let target_to_ssb_start = 525usize;
        let center_to_ssb_start = 537usize;
        let type2_start = 549usize;
        let type2_end = type2_start + 8;
        let mut bytes = vec![0u8; type2_end * 8];

        bytes[0..8].copy_from_slice(b"DAF/SPK ");
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 8, 2);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 12, 6);
        write_ascii(&mut bytes, 16, DAF_INTERNAL_NAME_BYTES, "QUERY SPK");
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 76, 3);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 80, 3);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 84, (type2_end + 1) as i32);
        bytes[DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET..DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET + 8].copy_from_slice(b"LTL-IEEE");

        let summary_offset = DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 2;
        let name_offset = DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 3;
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset, 0.0);
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset + 8, 0.0);
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset + 16, 4.0);

        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 24,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [301, 3, 1, 3, direct_start as i32, direct_start as i32 + 11],
        );
        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 64,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [
                399,
                0,
                1,
                3,
                target_to_ssb_start as i32,
                target_to_ssb_start as i32 + 11,
            ],
        );
        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 104,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [
                3,
                0,
                1,
                3,
                center_to_ssb_start as i32,
                center_to_ssb_start as i32 + 11,
            ],
        );
        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 144,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [302, 3, 1, 2, type2_start as i32, type2_end as i32],
        );

        write_ascii(&mut bytes, name_offset, 40, "BODY 301 TO CENTER 3");
        write_ascii(&mut bytes, name_offset + 40, 40, "BODY 399 TO SSB");
        write_ascii(&mut bytes, name_offset + 80, 40, "CENTER 3 TO SSB");
        write_ascii(
            &mut bytes,
            name_offset + 120,
            40,
            "TYPE2 BODY 302 TO CENTER 3",
        );

        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            direct_start,
            [100.0, 200.0, 300.0],
            [1.0, 2.0, 3.0],
        );
        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            target_to_ssb_start,
            [1000.0, 0.0, 0.0],
            [10.0, 0.0, 0.0],
        );
        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            center_to_ssb_start,
            [50.0, 5.0, -5.0],
            [0.5, 0.25, -0.5],
        );
        write_type2_constant_segment(byte_order, &mut bytes, type2_start, [7.0, 8.0, 9.0]);

        bytes
    }

    fn build_priority_spk() -> Vec<u8> {
        let byte_order = DafByteOrder::LittleEndian;
        let direct_early_start = 513usize;
        let direct_priority_start = 525usize;
        let target_early_start = 537usize;
        let center_start = 549usize;
        let target_priority_start = 561usize;
        let target_priority_end = target_priority_start + 11;
        let mut bytes = vec![0u8; target_priority_end * 8];

        bytes[0..8].copy_from_slice(b"DAF/SPK ");
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 8, 2);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 12, 6);
        write_ascii(&mut bytes, 16, DAF_INTERNAL_NAME_BYTES, "PRIORITY SPK");
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 76, 3);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 80, 3);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 84, (target_priority_end + 1) as i32);
        bytes[DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET..DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET + 8].copy_from_slice(b"LTL-IEEE");

        let summary_offset = DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 2;
        let name_offset = DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 3;
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset, 0.0);
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset + 8, 0.0);
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset + 16, 5.0);

        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 24,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [
                301,
                3,
                1,
                3,
                direct_early_start as i32,
                direct_early_start as i32 + 11,
            ],
        );
        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 64,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [
                301,
                3,
                1,
                3,
                direct_priority_start as i32,
                direct_priority_start as i32 + 11,
            ],
        );
        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 104,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [
                399,
                0,
                1,
                3,
                target_early_start as i32,
                target_early_start as i32 + 11,
            ],
        );
        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 144,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [3, 0, 1, 3, center_start as i32, center_start as i32 + 11],
        );
        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 184,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [
                399,
                0,
                1,
                3,
                target_priority_start as i32,
                target_priority_start as i32 + 11,
            ],
        );

        write_ascii(&mut bytes, name_offset, 40, "EARLY BODY 301 TO CENTER 3");
        write_ascii(
            &mut bytes,
            name_offset + 40,
            40,
            "PRIORITY BODY 301 TO CENTER 3",
        );
        write_ascii(&mut bytes, name_offset + 80, 40, "EARLY BODY 399 TO SSB");
        write_ascii(&mut bytes, name_offset + 120, 40, "CENTER 3 TO SSB");
        write_ascii(
            &mut bytes,
            name_offset + 160,
            40,
            "PRIORITY BODY 399 TO SSB",
        );

        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            direct_early_start,
            [100.0, 200.0, 300.0],
            [1.0, 2.0, 3.0],
        );
        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            direct_priority_start,
            [900.0, 800.0, 700.0],
            [9.0, 8.0, 7.0],
        );
        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            target_early_start,
            [1000.0, 0.0, 0.0],
            [10.0, 0.0, 0.0],
        );
        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            center_start,
            [50.0, 5.0, -5.0],
            [0.5, 0.25, -0.5],
        );
        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            target_priority_start,
            [2000.0, 10.0, 20.0],
            [20.0, 0.5, 1.0],
        );

        bytes
    }

    fn build_position_only_priority_spk() -> Vec<u8> {
        let byte_order = DafByteOrder::LittleEndian;
        let direct_early_start = 513usize;
        let direct_priority_start = 525usize;
        let direct_priority_end = direct_priority_start + 8;
        let mut bytes = vec![0u8; direct_priority_end * 8];

        bytes[0..8].copy_from_slice(b"DAF/SPK ");
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 8, 2);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 12, 6);
        write_ascii(
            &mut bytes,
            16,
            DAF_INTERNAL_NAME_BYTES,
            "POSITION ONLY PRIORITY SPK",
        );
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 76, 3);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 80, 3);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 84, (direct_priority_end + 1) as i32);
        bytes[DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET..DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET + 8].copy_from_slice(b"LTL-IEEE");

        let summary_offset = DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 2;
        let name_offset = DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 3;
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset, 0.0);
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset + 8, 0.0);
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset + 16, 2.0);

        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 24,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [
                301,
                3,
                1,
                3,
                direct_early_start as i32,
                direct_early_start as i32 + 11,
            ],
        );
        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 64,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [
                301,
                3,
                1,
                2,
                direct_priority_start as i32,
                direct_priority_end as i32,
            ],
        );

        write_ascii(
            &mut bytes,
            name_offset,
            40,
            "EARLY TYPE3 BODY 301 TO CENTER 3",
        );
        write_ascii(
            &mut bytes,
            name_offset + 40,
            40,
            "LATE TYPE2 BODY 301 TO CENTER 3",
        );

        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            direct_early_start,
            [100.0, 200.0, 300.0],
            [1.0, 2.0, 3.0],
        );
        write_type2_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            direct_priority_start,
            [700.0, 800.0, 900.0],
        );

        bytes
    }

    fn build_unsupported_priority_spk() -> Vec<u8> {
        let byte_order = DafByteOrder::LittleEndian;
        let direct_early_start = 513usize;
        let unsupported_start = 525usize;
        let supported_start = 537usize;
        let supported_end = supported_start + 11;
        let mut bytes = vec![0u8; supported_end * 8];

        bytes[0..8].copy_from_slice(b"DAF/SPK ");
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 8, 2);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 12, 6);
        write_ascii(
            &mut bytes,
            16,
            DAF_INTERNAL_NAME_BYTES,
            "UNSUPPORTED PRIORITY SPK",
        );
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 76, 3);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 80, 3);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 84, (supported_end + 1) as i32);
        bytes[DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET..DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET + 8].copy_from_slice(b"LTL-IEEE");

        let summary_offset = DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 2;
        let name_offset = DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 3;
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset, 0.0);
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset + 8, 0.0);
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset + 16, 3.0);

        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 24,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [
                301,
                3,
                1,
                3,
                direct_early_start as i32,
                direct_early_start as i32 + 11,
            ],
        );
        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 64,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [
                301,
                3,
                1,
                99,
                unsupported_start as i32,
                unsupported_start as i32 + 11,
            ],
        );
        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 104,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [
                302,
                3,
                1,
                3,
                supported_start as i32,
                supported_start as i32 + 11,
            ],
        );

        write_ascii(
            &mut bytes,
            name_offset,
            40,
            "EARLY TYPE3 BODY 301 TO CENTER 3",
        );
        write_ascii(
            &mut bytes,
            name_offset + 40,
            40,
            "LATE UNSUPPORTED BODY 301 TO 3",
        );
        write_ascii(
            &mut bytes,
            name_offset + 80,
            40,
            "SUPPORTED BODY 302 TO CENTER 3",
        );

        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            direct_early_start,
            [100.0, 200.0, 300.0],
            [1.0, 2.0, 3.0],
        );
        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            unsupported_start,
            [900.0, 900.0, 900.0],
            [9.0, 9.0, 9.0],
        );
        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            supported_start,
            [400.0, 500.0, 600.0],
            [4.0, 5.0, 6.0],
        );

        bytes
    }

    fn build_changed_center_priority_spk() -> Vec<u8> {
        let byte_order = DafByteOrder::LittleEndian;
        let direct_early_start = 513usize;
        let center_start = 525usize;
        let target_priority_start = 537usize;
        let target_priority_end = target_priority_start + 11;
        let mut bytes = vec![0u8; target_priority_end * 8];

        bytes[0..8].copy_from_slice(b"DAF/SPK ");
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 8, 2);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 12, 6);
        write_ascii(
            &mut bytes,
            16,
            DAF_INTERNAL_NAME_BYTES,
            "CHANGED CENTER PRIORITY SPK",
        );
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 76, 3);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 80, 3);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 84, (target_priority_end + 1) as i32);
        bytes[DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET..DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET + 8].copy_from_slice(b"LTL-IEEE");

        let summary_offset = DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 2;
        let name_offset = DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 3;
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset, 0.0);
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset + 8, 0.0);
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset + 16, 3.0);

        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 24,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [
                301,
                3,
                1,
                3,
                direct_early_start as i32,
                direct_early_start as i32 + 11,
            ],
        );
        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 64,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [20, 3, 1, 3, center_start as i32, center_start as i32 + 11],
        );
        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 104,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [
                301,
                20,
                1,
                3,
                target_priority_start as i32,
                target_priority_start as i32 + 11,
            ],
        );

        write_ascii(&mut bytes, name_offset, 40, "EARLY BODY 301 TO CENTER 3");
        write_ascii(&mut bytes, name_offset + 40, 40, "CENTER 20 TO 3");
        write_ascii(
            &mut bytes,
            name_offset + 80,
            40,
            "PRIORITY BODY 301 TO CENTER 20",
        );

        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            direct_early_start,
            [10.0, 20.0, 30.0],
            [1.0, 2.0, 3.0],
        );
        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            center_start,
            [100.0, 0.0, 5.0],
            [10.0, 0.0, 0.5],
        );
        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            target_priority_start,
            [900.0, 80.0, 7.0],
            [90.0, 8.0, 0.7],
        );

        bytes
    }

    fn build_reversed_priority_spk() -> Vec<u8> {
        let byte_order = DafByteOrder::LittleEndian;
        let forward_start = 513usize;
        let center_start = 525usize;
        let reversed_priority_start = 537usize;
        let reversed_priority_end = reversed_priority_start + 11;
        let mut bytes = vec![0u8; reversed_priority_end * 8];

        bytes[0..8].copy_from_slice(b"DAF/SPK ");
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 8, 2);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 12, 6);
        write_ascii(
            &mut bytes,
            16,
            DAF_INTERNAL_NAME_BYTES,
            "REVERSED PRIORITY SPK",
        );
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 76, 3);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 80, 3);
        write_i32(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            84,
            (reversed_priority_end + 1) as i32,
        );
        bytes[DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET..DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET + 8].copy_from_slice(b"LTL-IEEE");

        let summary_offset = DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 2;
        let name_offset = DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 3;
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset, 0.0);
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset + 8, 0.0);
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset + 16, 3.0);

        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 24,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [
                301,
                20,
                1,
                3,
                forward_start as i32,
                forward_start as i32 + 11,
            ],
        );
        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 64,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [20, 3, 1, 3, center_start as i32, center_start as i32 + 11],
        );
        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 104,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [
                20,
                301,
                1,
                3,
                reversed_priority_start as i32,
                reversed_priority_start as i32 + 11,
            ],
        );

        write_ascii(&mut bytes, name_offset, 40, "EARLY BODY 301 TO CENTER 20");
        write_ascii(&mut bytes, name_offset + 40, 40, "CENTER 20 TO 3");
        write_ascii(&mut bytes, name_offset + 80, 40, "PRIORITY BODY 20 TO 301");

        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            forward_start,
            [10.0, 20.0, 30.0],
            [1.0, 2.0, 3.0],
        );
        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            center_start,
            [100.0, 0.0, 5.0],
            [10.0, 0.0, 0.5],
        );
        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            reversed_priority_start,
            [900.0, 80.0, 7.0],
            [90.0, 8.0, 0.7],
        );

        bytes
    }

    fn build_velocity_retention_spk() -> Vec<u8> {
        let byte_order = DafByteOrder::LittleEndian;
        let center_start = 513usize;
        let velocity_target_start = 525usize;
        let position_target_start = 537usize;
        let position_target_end = position_target_start + 8;
        let mut bytes = vec![0u8; position_target_end * 8];

        bytes[0..8].copy_from_slice(b"DAF/SPK ");
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 8, 2);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 12, 6);
        write_ascii(
            &mut bytes,
            16,
            DAF_INTERNAL_NAME_BYTES,
            "VELOCITY RETENTION SPK",
        );
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 76, 3);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 80, 3);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 84, (position_target_end + 1) as i32);
        bytes[DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET..DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET + 8].copy_from_slice(b"LTL-IEEE");

        let summary_offset = DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 2;
        let name_offset = DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 3;
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset, 0.0);
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset + 8, 0.0);
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset + 16, 3.0);

        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 24,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [20, 3, 1, 3, center_start as i32, center_start as i32 + 11],
        );
        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 64,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [
                800,
                20,
                1,
                3,
                velocity_target_start as i32,
                velocity_target_start as i32 + 11,
            ],
        );
        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 104,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [
                800,
                20,
                1,
                2,
                position_target_start as i32,
                position_target_end as i32,
            ],
        );

        write_ascii(&mut bytes, name_offset, 40, "CENTER 20 TO 3");
        write_ascii(
            &mut bytes,
            name_offset + 40,
            40,
            "VELOCITY TARGET 800 TO 20",
        );
        write_ascii(
            &mut bytes,
            name_offset + 80,
            40,
            "POSITION TARGET 800 TO 20",
        );

        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            center_start,
            [20.0, 3.0, 4.0],
            [2.0, 0.3, 0.4],
        );
        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            velocity_target_start,
            [100.0, 0.0, 0.0],
            [10.0, 0.0, 0.0],
        );
        write_type2_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            position_target_start,
            [900.0, 0.0, 0.0],
        );

        bytes
    }

    fn build_frame_mismatch_spk() -> Vec<u8> {
        let byte_order = DafByteOrder::LittleEndian;
        let good_center_start = 513usize;
        let good_target_start = 525usize;
        let bad_center_start = 537usize;
        let bad_target_start = 549usize;
        let unresolvable_center_start = 561usize;
        let unresolvable_target_start = 573usize;
        let unresolvable_target_end = unresolvable_target_start + 11;
        let mut bytes = vec![0u8; unresolvable_target_end * 8];

        bytes[0..8].copy_from_slice(b"DAF/SPK ");
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 8, 2);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 12, 6);
        write_ascii(
            &mut bytes,
            16,
            DAF_INTERNAL_NAME_BYTES,
            "FRAME MISMATCH SPK",
        );
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 76, 3);
        write_i32(byte_order, &mut bytes, 80, 3);
        write_i32(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            84,
            (unresolvable_target_end + 1) as i32,
        );
        bytes[DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET..DAF_BINARY_FORMAT_OFFSET + 8].copy_from_slice(b"LTL-IEEE");

        let summary_offset = DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 2;
        let name_offset = DAF_RECORD_BYTES * 3;
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset, 0.0);
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset + 8, 0.0);
        write_f64(byte_order, &mut bytes, summary_offset + 16, 6.0);

        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 24,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [
                20,
                3,
                1,
                3,
                good_center_start as i32,
                good_center_start as i32 + 11,
            ],
        );
        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 64,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [
                700,
                20,
                1,
                3,
                good_target_start as i32,
                good_target_start as i32 + 11,
            ],
        );
        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 104,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [
                10,
                3,
                2,
                3,
                bad_center_start as i32,
                bad_center_start as i32 + 11,
            ],
        );
        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 144,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [
                700,
                10,
                1,
                3,
                bad_target_start as i32,
                bad_target_start as i32 + 11,
            ],
        );
        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 184,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [
                30,
                3,
                2,
                3,
                unresolvable_center_start as i32,
                unresolvable_center_start as i32 + 11,
            ],
        );
        write_summary(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            summary_offset + 224,
            0.0,
            10.0,
            [
                701,
                30,
                1,
                3,
                unresolvable_target_start as i32,
                unresolvable_target_start as i32 + 11,
            ],
        );

        write_ascii(&mut bytes, name_offset, 40, "GOOD CENTER 20 TO 3");
        write_ascii(&mut bytes, name_offset + 40, 40, "GOOD TARGET 700 TO 20");
        write_ascii(&mut bytes, name_offset + 80, 40, "BAD CENTER 10 TO 3");
        write_ascii(&mut bytes, name_offset + 120, 40, "BAD TARGET 700 TO 10");
        write_ascii(&mut bytes, name_offset + 160, 40, "BAD CENTER 30 TO 3");
        write_ascii(
            &mut bytes,
            name_offset + 200,
            40,
            "UNRESOLVABLE TARGET 701 TO 30",
        );

        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            good_center_start,
            [20.0, 3.0, 4.0],
            [2.0, 0.3, 0.4],
        );
        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            good_target_start,
            [100.0, 0.0, 0.0],
            [10.0, 0.0, 0.0],
        );
        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            bad_center_start,
            [900.0, 0.0, 0.0],
            [90.0, 0.0, 0.0],
        );
        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            bad_target_start,
            [1.0, 0.0, 0.0],
            [0.1, 0.0, 0.0],
        );
        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            unresolvable_center_start,
            [30.0, 0.0, 0.0],
            [3.0, 0.0, 0.0],
        );
        write_type3_constant_segment(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            unresolvable_target_start,
            [701.0, 0.0, 0.0],
            [70.1, 0.0, 0.0],
        );

        bytes
    }

    fn build_type2_segment(byte_order: DafByteOrder) -> (Vec<u8>, SpkSegmentDescriptor) {
        let rsize = 11usize;
        let n = 2usize;
        let end_address = rsize * n + 4;
        let mut bytes = vec![0u8; end_address * 8];

        write_type2_record(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            1,
            5.0,
            5.0,
            [[1.0, 2.0, 3.0], [-4.0, 0.5, -1.0], [7.0, 0.0, 0.0]],
        );
        write_type2_record(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            12,
            15.0,
            5.0,
            [[10.0, -1.0, 0.0], [20.0, 2.0, 1.0], [-3.0, 4.0, -2.0]],
        );
        write_f64_address(byte_order, &mut bytes, end_address - 3, 0.0);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, &mut bytes, end_address - 2, 10.0);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, &mut bytes, end_address - 1, rsize as f64);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, &mut bytes, end_address, n as f64);

        (
            bytes,
            SpkSegmentDescriptor {
                name: "TYPE 2 TEST".to_string(),
                start_et: 0.0,
                stop_et: 20.0,
                target: 301,
                center: 3,
                frame: 1,
                data_type: 2,
                start_address: 1,
                end_address: end_address as i32,
            },
        )
    }

    fn build_type3_segment(byte_order: DafByteOrder) -> (Vec<u8>, SpkSegmentDescriptor) {
        let rsize = 14usize;
        let n = 2usize;
        let end_address = rsize * n + 4;
        let mut bytes = vec![0u8; end_address * 8];

        write_type3_record(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            1,
            5.0,
            5.0,
            [
                [1.0, 2.0],
                [3.0, -4.0],
                [5.0, 0.5],
                [0.1, 0.2],
                [-0.3, 0.0],
                [1.0, -1.0],
            ],
        );
        write_type3_record(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            15,
            15.0,
            5.0,
            [
                [10.0, 1.0],
                [20.0, -2.0],
                [-5.0, 3.0],
                [1.0, 1.0],
                [2.0, -3.0],
                [4.0, 0.25],
            ],
        );
        write_f64_address(byte_order, &mut bytes, end_address - 3, 0.0);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, &mut bytes, end_address - 2, 10.0);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, &mut bytes, end_address - 1, rsize as f64);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, &mut bytes, end_address, n as f64);

        (
            bytes,
            SpkSegmentDescriptor {
                name: "TYPE 3 TEST".to_string(),
                start_et: 0.0,
                stop_et: 20.0,
                target: 499,
                center: 4,
                frame: 1,
                data_type: 3,
                start_address: 1,
                end_address: end_address as i32,
            },
        )
    }

    fn build_type21_segment(byte_order: DafByteOrder) -> (Vec<u8>, SpkSegmentDescriptor) {
        let maxdim = 3usize;
        let n = 2usize;
        let dlsize = 4 * maxdim + 11;
        // N difference lines, then N epochs, then 0 directory epochs, then the
        // two trailer words MAXDIM and N.
        let end_address = n * dlsize + n + 2;
        let mut bytes = vec![0u8; end_address * 8];

        // Record 0 (one-based start address 1): reference epoch 0.
        write_type21_record(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            1,
            maxdim,
            0.0,
            [100.0, 200.0, 300.0],
            [1.0, 2.0, 3.0],
        );
        // Record 1: reference epoch 10.
        write_type21_record(
            byte_order,
            &mut bytes,
            1 + dlsize,
            maxdim,
            10.0,
            [1000.0, 2000.0, 3000.0],
            [10.0, 20.0, 30.0],
        );

        // Per-record epochs follow the difference lines.
        let first_epoch = n * dlsize + 1;
        write_f64_address(byte_order, &mut bytes, first_epoch, 10.0);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, &mut bytes, first_epoch + 1, 20.0);

        // Trailer: MAXDIM then N.
        write_f64_address(byte_order, &mut bytes, end_address - 1, maxdim as f64);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, &mut bytes, end_address, n as f64);

        (
            bytes,
            SpkSegmentDescriptor {
                name: "TYPE 21 TEST".to_string(),
                start_et: 0.0,
                stop_et: 20.0,
                target: 2000001,
                center: 10,
                frame: 1,
                data_type: 21,
                start_address: 1,
                end_address: end_address as i32,
            },
        )
    }

    /// Write one type-21 difference line with a zero difference table, reducing
    /// evaluation to linear motion `refpos + delta * refvel`.
    fn write_type21_record(
        byte_order: DafByteOrder,
        bytes: &mut [u8],
        start_address: usize,
        maxdim: usize,
        tl: f64,
        refpos: [f64; 3],
        refvel: [f64; 3],
    ) {
        // The difference line maps to CSPICE RECORD(2..1+DLSIZE); start_address
        // is the one-based address of its first word (the reference epoch TL).
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address, tl);
        for offset in 0..maxdim {
            // Stepsize vector G: nonzero to avoid a divide-by-zero guard trip.
            write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address + 1 + offset, 1.0);
        }
        // Reference position/velocity, interleaved x, x', y, y', z, z'.
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address + maxdim + 1, refpos[0]);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address + maxdim + 2, refvel[0]);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address + maxdim + 3, refpos[1]);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address + maxdim + 4, refvel[1]);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address + maxdim + 5, refpos[2]);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address + maxdim + 6, refvel[2]);
        // Modified divided difference arrays (MAXDIM * 3) left zero.
        // KQMAX1 then the per-component integration order array KQ.
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address + 4 * maxdim + 7, 2.0);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address + 4 * maxdim + 8, 1.0);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address + 4 * maxdim + 9, 1.0);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address + 4 * maxdim + 10, 1.0);
    }

    fn write_type3_constant_segment(
        byte_order: DafByteOrder,
        bytes: &mut [u8],
        start_address: usize,
        position_km: [f64; 3],
        velocity_km_s: [f64; 3],
    ) {
        let rsize = 8usize;
        let end_address = start_address + rsize + 3;
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address, 5.0);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address + 1, 5.0);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address + 2, position_km[0]);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address + 3, position_km[1]);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address + 4, position_km[2]);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address + 5, velocity_km_s[0]);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address + 6, velocity_km_s[1]);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address + 7, velocity_km_s[2]);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, end_address - 3, 0.0);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, end_address - 2, 10.0);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, end_address - 1, rsize as f64);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, end_address, 1.0);
    }

    fn write_type2_constant_segment(
        byte_order: DafByteOrder,
        bytes: &mut [u8],
        start_address: usize,
        position_km: [f64; 3],
    ) {
        let rsize = 5usize;
        let end_address = start_address + rsize + 3;
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address, 5.0);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address + 1, 5.0);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address + 2, position_km[0]);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address + 3, position_km[1]);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address + 4, position_km[2]);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, end_address - 3, 0.0);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, end_address - 2, 10.0);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, end_address - 1, rsize as f64);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, end_address, 1.0);
    }

    fn write_type3_record(
        byte_order: DafByteOrder,
        bytes: &mut [u8],
        start_address: usize,
        mid: f64,
        radius: f64,
        coeffs: [[f64; 2]; 6],
    ) {
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address, mid);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address + 1, radius);
        let mut address = start_address + 2;
        for component in coeffs {
            for coeff in component {
                write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, address, coeff);
                address += 1;
            }
        }
    }

    fn write_type2_record(
        byte_order: DafByteOrder,
        bytes: &mut [u8],
        start_address: usize,
        mid: f64,
        radius: f64,
        coeffs: [[f64; 3]; 3],
    ) {
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address, mid);
        write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, start_address + 1, radius);
        let mut address = start_address + 2;
        for component in coeffs {
            for coeff in component {
                write_f64_address(byte_order, bytes, address, coeff);
                address += 1;
            }
        }
    }

    fn write_f64_address(byte_order: DafByteOrder, bytes: &mut [u8], address: usize, value: f64) {
        write_f64(byte_order, bytes, (address - 1) * 8, value);
    }

    fn assert_position_close(actual: [f64; 3], expected: [f64; 3]) {
        for axis in 0..3 {
            assert!(
                (actual[axis] - expected[axis]).abs() < 1e-12,
                "axis {axis}: actual {:?}, expected {:?}",
                actual,
                expected
            );
        }
    }

    fn assert_state_close(
        actual: SpkStateVector,
        expected_position: [f64; 3],
        expected_velocity: [f64; 3],
    ) {
        assert_position_close(actual.position_km, expected_position);
        assert_position_close(actual.velocity_km_s, expected_velocity);
    }

    fn assert_query_state_close(
        actual: SpkState,
        expected_position: [f64; 3],
        expected_velocity: Option<[f64; 3]>,
        expected_frame: i32,
    ) {
        assert_position_close(actual.position_km, expected_position);
        match (actual.velocity_km_s, expected_velocity) {
            (Some(actual), Some(expected)) => assert_position_close(actual, expected),
            (None, None) => {}
            _ => panic!(
                "velocity mismatch: actual {:?}, expected {:?}",
                actual.velocity_km_s, expected_velocity
            ),
        }
        assert_eq!(actual.frame, expected_frame);
    }

    fn write_summary(
        byte_order: DafByteOrder,
        bytes: &mut [u8],
        offset: usize,
        start_et: f64,
        stop_et: f64,
        ints: [i32; 6],
    ) {
        write_f64(byte_order, bytes, offset, start_et);
        write_f64(byte_order, bytes, offset + 8, stop_et);
        for (index, value) in ints.into_iter().enumerate() {
            write_i32(byte_order, bytes, offset + 16 + index * 4, value);
        }
    }

    fn write_ascii(bytes: &mut [u8], offset: usize, len: usize, text: &str) {
        bytes[offset..offset + len].fill(b' ');
        bytes[offset..offset + text.len()].copy_from_slice(text.as_bytes());
    }

    fn write_i32(byte_order: DafByteOrder, bytes: &mut [u8], offset: usize, value: i32) {
        let word = match byte_order {
            DafByteOrder::LittleEndian => value.to_le_bytes(),
            DafByteOrder::BigEndian => value.to_be_bytes(),
        };
        bytes[offset..offset + 4].copy_from_slice(&word);
    }

    fn write_f64(byte_order: DafByteOrder, bytes: &mut [u8], offset: usize, value: f64) {
        let word = match byte_order {
            DafByteOrder::LittleEndian => value.to_le_bytes(),
            DafByteOrder::BigEndian => value.to_be_bytes(),
        };
        bytes[offset..offset + 8].copy_from_slice(&word);
    }
}