shuttle_engine/runtime/task/

mod.rs

use crate::backtrace_enabled;
use crate::current::get_name_for_task;
use crate::runtime::execution::{ExecutionState, TASK_ID_TO_TAGS};
use crate::runtime::storage::{AlreadyDestructedError, StorageKey, StorageMap};
use crate::runtime::task::clock::VectorClock;
use crate::runtime::task::labels::Labels;
use crate::runtime::thread;
use crate::runtime::thread::continuation::{
    ContinuationInput, ContinuationOutput, ContinuationPool, PooledContinuation,
};
use crate::sync_types::{ResourceSignature, ResourceType};
use crate::thread_support::LocalKey;
use bitvec::prelude::*;
use corosensei::Yielder;
use std::any::Any;
use std::backtrace::Backtrace;
use std::cell::RefCell;
use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::fmt::Debug;
use std::future::Future;
use std::hash::{DefaultHasher, Hash, Hasher};
use std::panic::Location;
use std::rc::Rc;
use std::sync::Arc;
use std::task::{Context, Waker};
use tracing::{error_span, event, field, Level, Span};

pub mod clock;
pub mod labels;
pub mod waker;
use waker::make_waker;

// A note on terminology: we have competing notions of threads floating around. Here's the
// convention for disambiguating them:
// * A "thread" is a user-level unit of concurrency. User code creates threads, passes data
//   between them, etc.
// * A "future" is another user-level unit of concurrency, corresponding directly to Rust's notion
//   in std::future::Future. A future has a single method `poll` that can be used to resume
//   executing its computation. Both futures and threads are implemented in Task,
//   which wraps a continuation that is resumed when the task is scheduled.
// * A "task" is the Shuttle executor's reflection of a user-level unit of concurrency. Each task
//   has a corresponding continuation, which is the user-level code it runs, as well as a state like
//   "blocked", "runnable", etc. Scheduling algorithms take as input the state of all tasks
//   and decide which task should execute next. A context switch is when one task stops executing
//   and another begins.
// * A "continuation" is a low-level implementation of green threading for concurrency. Each
//   Task contains a corresponding continuation. When the Shuttle executor context switches to a
//   Task, the executor resumes that task's continuation until it yields, which happens when its
//   thread decides it might want to context switch (e.g., because it's blocked on a lock).

pub const DEFAULT_INLINE_TASKS: usize = 16;

/// A reserved label that is used to assign readable names to tasks for debugging.
///
/// To make debugging easier, if a task is assigned a `TaskName(s)` Label,
/// Shuttle will display the String `s` in addition to the `TaskId` in debug output.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct TaskName(String);

impl From<String> for TaskName {
    fn from(s: String) -> Self {
        Self(s)
    }
}

impl From<&str> for TaskName {
    fn from(s: &str) -> Self {
        Self(String::from(s))
    }
}

impl std::fmt::Debug for TaskName {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "{}", self.0)
    }
}

impl From<TaskName> for String {
    fn from(task_name: TaskName) -> Self {
        task_name.0
    }
}

impl<'a> From<&'a TaskName> for &'a String {
    fn from(task_name: &'a TaskName) -> Self {
        &task_name.0
    }
}

/// A special label that can be used to set labels for a task when it is spawned.
///
/// By default, when a task or thread T is spawned, it inherits all labels from its parent.
/// It's often useful to modify or add new Labels to T.  One approach is to put label changes
/// at the beginning of the closure that is passed to `spawn`, but this approach has the drawback
/// that the changes are applied only when T is first selected for execution, and the closure
/// is invoked.  To overcome this drawback, we introduce the `ChildLabelFn` label.  If a parent
/// task or thread has a `ChildLabelFn` set when it spawns a new child task or thread, the
/// child's label set at spawn time will be modified by applying the function inside the `ChildLabelFn`.
///
/// # Example
/// The following example shows how a `ChildLabelFn` can be used to set up names for the next child(ren)
/// that will be spawned by a parent task (see `shuttle/tests/basic/labels.rs` for runnable versions).
/// ```ignore
/// # use shuttle_engine::current::{me, set_label_for_task, get_name_for_task, ChildLabelFn, TaskName};
/// # use std::sync::Arc;
/// // In the parent, set up a `ChildLabelFn` that assigns a name to the child task
/// shuttle::check_dfs(|| {
///   set_label_for_task(me(), ChildLabelFn(Arc::new(|_task_id, labels| { labels.insert(TaskName::from("ChildTask")); })));
///   shuttle::thread::spawn(|| {
///     assert_eq!(get_name_for_task(me()).unwrap(), TaskName::from("ChildTask")); // child task already has the name
///     // ... rest of child
///   }).join().unwrap();
/// }, None);
/// ```
#[derive(Clone)]
#[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
pub struct ChildLabelFn(pub Arc<dyn Fn(TaskId, &mut Labels) + 'static>);

impl Debug for ChildLabelFn {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "ChildLabelFn")
    }
}

/// A `Tag` is an optional piece of metadata associated with a task (a thread or spawned future) to
/// aid debugging.
///
/// It is automatically implemented for types which implement `Taggable` and are `Any`.
///
/// When set, the tag will be included in the [Debug] representation of [TaskId]s, which can help
/// identify tasks in failing Shuttle tests. A task's [Tag] can be set with the
/// [set_tag_for_current_task](crate::current::set_tag_for_current_task) function. Newly spawned
/// threads and futures inherit the tag of their parent at spawn time.
#[deprecated]
#[allow(deprecated)]
pub trait Tag: Taggable {
    /// Return the tag as `Any`, typically so that it can be downcast to a known concrete type
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;
}
/// `Taggable` is a marker trait which types implementing `Tag` have to implement.
/// It exists since we both want to provide a blanket implementation of `as_any`, and have users
/// opt in to a type being able to be used as a tag. If we did not have this trait, then `Tag`
/// would be automatically implemented for most types (as most types are `Debug + Any`), which
/// opens up for accidentally using a type which was not intended to be used as a tag as a tag.
#[deprecated]
pub trait Taggable: Debug {}

#[allow(deprecated)]
impl<T> Tag for T
where
    T: Taggable + Any,
{
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
        self
    }
}

/// A task signature is an identifier that is intended to be *mostly* stable across executions
/// and allow for categorization of tasks according to how they were created. It provides two
/// levels of granularity: static (compile-time) spawn location and dynamic (run-time) context where
/// that spawn location was reached. The static spawn location and signature are each represented
/// by a u64 so that the details of how they are computed can be non-breaking changes in the future.
/// Hashes are all pre-computed for fast checking of equality of signatures at runtime.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct TaskSignature {
    /// The task creation stack is a tuple of (create location, number of tasks created at that location in the parent)
    task_creation_stack: Vec<(&'static Location<'static>, u32)>,
    spawn_call_site_hash: u64,
    parent_signature_hash: u64,
    signature_hash: u64,
    child_counters: HashMap<&'static Location<'static>, u32>,
}

impl TaskSignature {
    pub fn new_parentless(spawn_call_site: &'static Location<'static>) -> TaskSignature {
        let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
        let task_creation_stack = vec![(spawn_call_site, 0)];
        task_creation_stack.hash(&mut hasher);
        let signature_hash = hasher.finish();
        spawn_call_site.hash(&mut hasher);

        Self {
            task_creation_stack,
            spawn_call_site_hash: hasher.finish(),
            parent_signature_hash: 0,
            signature_hash,
            child_counters: HashMap::new(),
        }
    }

    pub fn new_child(&mut self, spawn_call_site: &'static Location<'static>) -> Self {
        let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
        let counter = self
            .child_counters
            .entry(spawn_call_site)
            .and_modify(|c| *c += 1)
            .or_insert(1);
        let mut task_creation_stack = self.task_creation_stack.clone();
        task_creation_stack.push((spawn_call_site, *counter));

        spawn_call_site.hash(&mut hasher);
        let spawn_call_site_hash = hasher.finish();

        task_creation_stack.hash(&mut hasher);

        Self {
            task_creation_stack,
            parent_signature_hash: self.signature_hash,
            spawn_call_site_hash,
            signature_hash: hasher.finish(),
            child_counters: HashMap::new(),
        }
    }

    #[track_caller]
    pub fn new_resource(&mut self, resource_type: ResourceType) -> ResourceSignature {
        let static_create_location = Location::caller();
        let counter = self
            .child_counters
            .entry(static_create_location)
            .and_modify(|c| *c += 1)
            .or_insert(1);

        ResourceSignature::new(resource_type, static_create_location, self.signature_hash, *counter)
    }

    /// Hash of the static location within the source code where the task was spawned
    pub fn static_create_location_hash(&self) -> u64 {
        self.spawn_call_site_hash
    }

    /// Combined signature of the static location and dynamic context
    /// context where the task was spawned.
    pub fn signature_hash(&self) -> u64 {
        self.signature_hash
    }

    /// Signature hash of the parent of this task
    pub fn parent_signature_hash(&self) -> u64 {
        self.parent_signature_hash
    }
}

impl Hash for TaskSignature {
    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
        self.task_creation_stack.hash(state);
    }
}

impl PartialEq for TaskSignature {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.signature_hash == other.signature_hash
    }
}

impl Eq for TaskSignature {}

/// A task's default `tracing` dispatcher, parked while the task is switched out (see
/// `Execution::park_task_default`).
#[derive(Debug)]
pub(crate) struct ParkedDefault(Option<tracing::dispatcher::DefaultGuard>);

impl ParkedDefault {
    pub(crate) fn new(guard: tracing::dispatcher::DefaultGuard) -> Self {
        Self(Some(guard))
    }

    /// Reinstates the task's default dispatcher.
    pub(crate) fn reinstate(mut self) {
        drop(self.0.take());
    }
}

impl Drop for ParkedDefault {
    // Only reached when the task is torn down while switched out. Reinstating the task's default then
    // lets the guards on its stack restore their priors in order as the stack unwinds, which leaves
    // the execution's default in place. A stack that is leaked instead of unwound (see
    // `Continuation::drop`) would leave the task's default installed for good, so in that case keep
    // the execution's default, and leak the guard along with the stack.
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if let Some(guard) = self.0.take() {
            if std::thread::panicking() || ExecutionState::execution_stopped() {
                std::mem::forget(guard);
            }
        }
    }
}

/// A `Task` represents a user-level unit of concurrency. Each task has an `id` that is unique within
/// the execution, and a `state` reflecting whether the task is runnable (enabled) or not.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Task {
    pub(super) id: TaskId,
    pub(super) parent_task_id: Option<TaskId>,
    pub(super) state: TaskState,
    pub(super) detached: bool,
    park_state: ParkState,

    // The task's default `tracing` dispatcher while the task is switched out. Declared before
    // `continuation`, so that it is dropped before the task's stack is (see `ParkedDefault`).
    pub(super) parked_default: Option<ParkedDefault>,

    pub(super) continuation: Rc<RefCell<PooledContinuation>>,
    pub(super) yielder: *const Yielder<ContinuationInput, ContinuationOutput>,

    pub clock: VectorClock,

    waiter: Option<TaskId>,

    waker: Waker,
    // Remember whether the waker was invoked while we were running
    woken: bool,

    name: Option<String>,

    local_storage: StorageMap,

    // The `Span` which looks like this: step{task=task_id}, or, if step count recording is enabled, like this:
    // step{task=task_id i=step_count}. Becomes the parent of the spans created by the `Task`.
    pub step_span: Span,

    // The current `Span` "stack" of the `Task`.
    // `Span`s are stored such that the `Task`s current `Span` is at `span_stack[0]`, that `Span`s parent (if it exists)
    // is at `span_stack[1]`, and so on, until `span_stack[span_stack.len()-1]`, which is the "outermost" (left-most when printed)
    // `Span`. This means that `span_stack[span_stack.len()-1]` will usually be the `Span` saying `execution{i=X}`.
    // We `pop` it empty when resuming a `Task`, and `push` + `exit` `tracing::Span::current()`
    // until there is no entered `Span` when we switch out of the `Task`.
    // There are two things to note:
    // 1: We have to own the `Span`s (versus storing `Id`s) for the `Span` to not get dropped while the task is switched out.
    // 2: We have to store the stack of `Span`s in order to return to the correct `Span` once the `Entered<'_>` from an
    //    `instrument`ed future is dropped.
    pub(super) span_stack: Vec<Span>,

    // Arbitrarily settable tag which is inherited from the parent.
    #[allow(deprecated)]
    tag: Option<Arc<dyn Tag>>,

    /// If [`crate::CAPTURE_BACKTRACE`] is set then this will be populated on task block.
    /// If the test then fails, then each task's backtrace will be printed.
    pub backtrace: Option<Backtrace>,

    /// The signature of a Task; this is an identifier that is *not* guaranteed to be unique but should be *mostly*
    /// stable across iterations in a single Shuttle test. Tasks with the same signature are very likely to exhibit
    /// similar behavior
    pub signature: TaskSignature,
}

#[allow(deprecated)]
impl Task {
    /// Create a task from a continuation
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    fn new(
        f: Box<dyn FnOnce() + 'static>,
        stack_size: usize,
        id: TaskId,
        name: Option<String>,
        clock: VectorClock,
        parent_span_id: Option<tracing::span::Id>,
        schedule_len: usize,
        tag: Option<Arc<dyn Tag>>,
        parent_task_id: Option<TaskId>,
        signature: TaskSignature,
    ) -> Self {
        #[cfg(all(any(test, feature = "vector-clocks"), not(feature = "bench-no-vector-clocks")))]
        assert!(id.0 < clock.time.len());
        let mut continuation = ContinuationPool::acquire(stack_size);
        continuation.initialize(f);
        let yielder = continuation.yielder;
        let waker = make_waker(id);
        let continuation = Rc::new(RefCell::new(continuation));

        let step_span =
            error_span!(parent: parent_span_id.clone(), "step", task = format!("{:?}", id), i = field::Empty);
        // Note that this is slightly lazy — we are starting storing at the step_span, but could have gotten the
        // full `Span` stack and stored that. It should be fine, but if any issues arise, then full storing should
        // be tried.
        let span_stack = vec![step_span.clone()];

        let mut task = Self {
            id,
            parent_task_id,
            state: TaskState::Runnable,
            parked_default: None,
            continuation,
            yielder,
            clock,
            waiter: None,
            waker,
            woken: false,
            detached: false,
            park_state: ParkState::default(),
            name,
            step_span,
            span_stack,
            local_storage: StorageMap::new(),
            tag: None,
            backtrace: None,
            signature,
        };

        if let Some(tag) = tag {
            task.set_tag(tag);
        }

        // Note: the tests for the task signature in [`crate::tests::basic::task`] depend on tracing the task signature and creation point here
        error_span!(parent: parent_span_id, "new_task", parent = ?parent_task_id, i = schedule_len).in_scope(
            || event!(Level::DEBUG, task_id = ?task.id, signature = task.signature.signature_hash(), static_create_location = task.signature.static_create_location_hash(), "created task"),
        );

        task
    }

    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub fn from_closure(
        f: Box<dyn FnOnce() + 'static>,
        stack_size: usize,
        id: TaskId,
        name: Option<String>,
        clock: VectorClock,
        parent_span_id: Option<tracing::span::Id>,
        schedule_len: usize,
        tag: Option<Arc<dyn Tag>>,
        parent_task_id: Option<TaskId>,
        signature: TaskSignature,
    ) -> Self {
        Self::new(
            f,
            stack_size,
            id,
            name,
            clock,
            parent_span_id,
            schedule_len,
            tag,
            parent_task_id,
            signature,
        )
    }

    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub fn from_future<F>(
        future: F,
        stack_size: usize,
        id: TaskId,
        name: Option<String>,
        clock: VectorClock,
        parent_span_id: Option<tracing::span::Id>,
        schedule_len: usize,
        tag: Option<Arc<dyn Tag>>,
        parent_task_id: Option<TaskId>,
        signature: TaskSignature,
    ) -> Self
    where
        F: Future<Output = ()> + 'static,
    {
        let mut future = Box::pin(future);

        Self::new(
            Box::new(move || {
                let waker = ExecutionState::with(|state| state.current_mut().waker());
                let cx = &mut Context::from_waker(&waker);
                while future.as_mut().poll(cx).is_pending() {
                    ExecutionState::with(|state| state.current_mut().sleep_unless_woken());
                    thread::switch();
                }
            }),
            stack_size,
            id,
            name,
            clock,
            parent_span_id,
            schedule_len,
            tag,
            parent_task_id,
            signature,
        )
    }

    /// Returns the identifier of this task.
    pub fn id(&self) -> TaskId {
        self.id
    }

    /// Returns the identifier of the task that spawned this task.
    pub fn parent_task_id(&self) -> Option<TaskId> {
        self.parent_task_id
    }

    pub fn runnable(&self) -> bool {
        self.state == TaskState::Runnable
    }

    pub fn blocked(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.state, TaskState::Blocked { .. })
    }

    pub fn can_spuriously_wakeup(&self) -> bool {
        match self.state {
            TaskState::Blocked { allow_spurious_wakeups } => allow_spurious_wakeups,
            _ => false,
        }
    }

    pub fn sleeping(&self) -> bool {
        self.state == TaskState::Sleeping
    }

    pub fn finished(&self) -> bool {
        self.state == TaskState::Finished
    }

    pub fn is_detached(&self) -> bool {
        self.detached
    }

    pub fn detach(&mut self) {
        self.detached = true;
    }

    /// Wake this task so the Wrapper future can observe the abort flag on its next poll.
    pub fn abort(&mut self) {
        if self.finished() {
            return;
        }
        self.wake();
    }

    pub fn waker(&self) -> Waker {
        self.waker.clone()
    }

    /// Block the current thread. If `allow_spurious_wakeups` is true, then the scheduler is
    /// permitted to spuriously wake up the thread (though it will still not count as a live thread
    /// for deadlock detection purposes for as long as it remains blocked).
    pub fn block(&mut self, allow_spurious_wakeups: bool) {
        self.backtrace = if backtrace_enabled() {
            Some(Backtrace::force_capture())
        } else {
            None
        };

        assert!(self.state != TaskState::Finished);
        self.state = TaskState::Blocked { allow_spurious_wakeups };
    }

    pub fn sleep(&mut self) {
        assert!(self.state != TaskState::Finished);
        self.state = TaskState::Sleeping;
    }

    pub fn unblock(&mut self) {
        // Note we don't assert the task is blocked here. For example, a task invoking its own waker
        // will not be blocked when this is called.
        assert!(self.state != TaskState::Finished);
        self.state = TaskState::Runnable;

        // When a task gets unblocked, it's definitely no longer blocked in a call to `park`. This
        // is necessary to do here because a parked task could be spuriously woken up outside of the
        // `unpark` path. If it later becomes blocked by something else, we don't want a later
        // `unpark` to be able to unblock the task.
        self.park_state.blocked_in_park = false;
    }

    pub fn finish(&mut self) {
        assert!(self.state != TaskState::Finished);
        self.state = TaskState::Finished;
    }

    /// Potentially put this task to sleep after it was polled by the executor, unless someone has
    /// called its waker first.
    ///
    /// A synchronous Task should never call this, because we want threads to be enabled-by-default
    /// to avoid bugs where Shuttle incorrectly omits a potential execution.
    pub fn sleep_unless_woken(&mut self) {
        let was_woken = std::mem::replace(&mut self.woken, false);
        if !was_woken {
            self.sleep();
        }
    }

    /// Remember that our waker has been called, and so we should not block the next time the
    /// executor tries to put us to sleep.
    pub(super) fn wake(&mut self) {
        self.woken = true;
        if self.state == TaskState::Sleeping {
            self.unblock();
        }
    }

    /// Register a waiter for this thread to terminate. Returns a boolean indicating whether the
    /// waiter should block or not. If false, this task has already finished, and so the waiter need
    /// not block.
    pub fn set_waiter(&mut self, waiter: TaskId) -> bool {
        assert!(
            self.waiter.is_none() || self.waiter == Some(waiter),
            "Task cannot have more than one waiter"
        );
        if self.finished() {
            false
        } else {
            self.waiter = Some(waiter);
            true
        }
    }

    pub fn take_waiter(&mut self) -> Option<TaskId> {
        self.waiter.take()
    }

    pub fn name(&self) -> Option<String> {
        self.name.clone()
    }

    /// Retrieve a reference to the given thread-local storage slot.
    ///
    /// Returns Some(Err(_)) if the slot has already been destructed. Returns None if the slot has
    /// not yet been initialized.
    pub fn local<T: 'static>(&self, key: &'static LocalKey<T>) -> Option<Result<&T, AlreadyDestructedError>> {
        self.local_storage.get(key.into())
    }

    /// Initialize the given thread-local storage slot with a new value.
    ///
    /// Panics if the slot has already been initialized.
    pub fn init_local<T: 'static>(&mut self, key: &'static LocalKey<T>, value: T) {
        self.local_storage.init(key.into(), value)
    }

    /// Return ownership of the next still-initialized thread-local storage slot, to be used when
    /// running thread-local storage destructors.
    ///
    /// TLS destructors are a little tricky:
    /// 1. Their code can perform synchronization operations (and so require Shuttle to call back
    ///    into ExecutionState), so we can't drop them from within an ExecutionState borrow. Instead
    ///    we move the contents of a slot to the caller to be dropped outside the borrow.
    /// 2. It's valid for destructors to read other TLS slots, although destructor order is
    ///    undefined. This also means it's valid for a destructor to *initialize* another TLS slot.
    ///    To make this work, we run the destructors incrementally, so one destructor can initialize
    ///    another slot that just gets added via `init_local` like normal, and then will be
    ///    available to be popped on a future call to `pop_local`. To prevent an infinite loop, we
    ///    forbid *reinitializing* a TLS slot whose destructor has already run, or is currently
    ///    being run.
    pub fn pop_local(&mut self) -> Option<Box<dyn Any>> {
        self.local_storage.pop()
    }

    /// Park the task if its park token is unavailable. If the task blocks, then it will be woken up
    /// when the token becomes available or spuriously without consuming the token (see the
    /// documentation for [`std::thread::park`], which says that "it may also return spuriously,
    /// without consuming the token"). Returns true if the execution should switch to a different
    /// task (e.g., if the token was unavailable).
    pub fn park(&mut self) -> bool {
        assert!(
            !self.park_state.blocked_in_park,
            "task cannot park while already parked"
        );
        assert!(!self.blocked(), "task cannot park while blocked by something else");

        if self.park_state.token_available {
            self.park_state.token_available = false;
            false
        } else {
            self.park_state.blocked_in_park = true;
            self.block(true);
            true
        }
    }

    /// Make the task's park token available, and unblock the task if it was parked.
    pub fn unpark(&mut self) {
        if self.park_state.blocked_in_park {
            assert!(
                self.blocked() && self.can_spuriously_wakeup(),
                "parked tasks should be blocked"
            );
            assert!(
                !self.park_state.token_available,
                "token shouldn't be available for parked task"
            );

            self.unblock();
        } else {
            // If the thread isn't currently blocked in `park`, then make the token available. If
            // the token already is available, then this does nothing.
            self.park_state.token_available = true;
        }
    }

    pub fn get_tag(&self) -> Option<Arc<dyn Tag>> {
        self.tag.clone()
    }

    /// Sets the `tag` field of the current task.
    /// Returns the `tag` which was there previously.
    pub fn set_tag(&mut self, tag: Arc<dyn Tag>) -> Option<Arc<dyn Tag>> {
        TASK_ID_TO_TAGS.with(|cell| cell.borrow_mut().insert(self.id(), tag.clone()));
        self.tag.replace(tag)
    }

    pub fn format_for_deadlock(&self) -> String {
        use crate::backtrace_enabled;
        format!(
            "{} (task {:?}{}{}){}",
            self.name().unwrap_or_else(|| "<unknown>".to_string()),
            self.id(),
            if self.detached { ", detached" } else { "" },
            if self.sleeping() { ", pending future" } else { "" },
            match (backtrace_enabled(), &self.backtrace) {
                // `Display` prints the numbered `N: function` / `at file:line:col` layout that panics
                // use under `RUST_BACKTRACE=1`, and ends each frame with a newline.
                (true, Some(backtrace)) => format!("\nBacktrace:\n{backtrace}"),
                (true, None) => "\nBacktrace: <not captured>\n".into(),
                (false, _) => "".into(),
            }
        )
    }
}

#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, Debug)]
pub enum TaskState {
    /// Available to be scheduled
    Runnable,
    /// Blocked in a synchronization operation
    Blocked { allow_spurious_wakeups: bool },
    /// A `Future` that returned `Pending` is waiting to be woken up
    Sleeping,
    /// Task has finished
    Finished,
}

#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, Debug, Default)]
pub struct ParkState {
    /// Whether the task's park token is currently available. If it's available, then the next time
    /// the task calls `park`, the token will be atomically consumed and the task will continue
    /// executing. If it's not available, then the task will block until either another task makes
    /// it available with `unpark`, or a spurious wakeup occurs.
    token_available: bool,

    /// Whether the task is currently blocked in a call to `park`.
    /// Invariant: `!(token_available && blocked_in_park)`. If the token is available, then the task
    /// shouldn't be blocked in a call to `park`---the task should either have been woken up when
    /// the token became available, or never have blocked in the first place if the token was
    /// available before the call to `park`.
    blocked_in_park: bool,
}

/// A `TaskId` is a unique identifier for a task. `TaskId`s are never reused within a single
/// execution.
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone, Copy, PartialOrd, Ord)]
pub struct TaskId(pub(super) usize);

impl Debug for TaskId {
    // If the `TaskName` label is set, use that when generating the Debug string
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        if let Some(name) = get_name_for_task(*self) {
            f.write_str(&format!("{:?}({})", name, self.0))
        } else {
            f.debug_tuple("TaskId").field(&self.0).finish()
        }
    }
}

impl std::fmt::Display for TaskId {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
    }
}

impl From<usize> for TaskId {
    fn from(id: usize) -> Self {
        TaskId(id)
    }
}

impl From<TaskId> for usize {
    fn from(tid: TaskId) -> usize {
        tid.0
    }
}

/// A `TaskSet` is a set of `TaskId`s but implemented efficiently as a BitVec
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct TaskSet {
    tasks: BitVec,
}

impl TaskSet {
    pub const fn new() -> Self {
        Self { tasks: BitVec::EMPTY }
    }

    pub fn contains(&self, tid: TaskId) -> bool {
        // Return false if tid is outside the TaskSet
        (tid.0 < self.tasks.len()) && self.tasks[tid.0]
    }

    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.tasks.iter().all(|b| !*b)
    }

    /// Add a task to the set. If the set did not have this value present, `true` is returned. If
    /// the set did have this value present, `false` is returned.
    pub fn insert(&mut self, tid: TaskId) -> bool {
        if tid.0 >= self.tasks.len() {
            self.tasks.resize(DEFAULT_INLINE_TASKS.max(1 + tid.0), false);
        }
        !std::mem::replace(&mut *self.tasks.get_mut(tid.0).unwrap(), true)
    }

    /// Removes a value from the set. Returns whether the value was present in the set.
    pub fn remove(&mut self, tid: TaskId) -> bool {
        if tid.0 >= self.tasks.len() {
            return false;
        }
        std::mem::replace(&mut self.tasks.get_mut(tid.0).unwrap(), false)
    }

    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = TaskId> + '_ {
        self.tasks
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
            .filter(|(_, b)| **b)
            .map(|(i, _)| TaskId(i))
    }
}

impl Debug for TaskSet {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "TaskSet {{ ")?;
        for (i, t) in self.iter().enumerate() {
            if i > 0 {
                write!(f, ", ")?;
            }
            write!(f, "{t:?}")?;
        }
        write!(f, " }}")
    }
}

impl<T: 'static> From<&'static LocalKey<T>> for StorageKey {
    fn from(key: &'static LocalKey<T>) -> Self {
        Self(key as *const _ as usize, 0x1)
    }
}