sequential_storage/

map.rs

//! A module for storing key-value pairs in flash with minimal erase cycles.
//!
//! When a key-value is stored, it overwrites the any old items with the same key.
//!
//! ## Basic API:
//!
//! ```rust
//! # use sequential_storage::map::{store_item, fetch_item};
//! # use sequential_storage::cache::NoCache;
//! # use mock_flash::MockFlashBase;
//! # use futures::executor::block_on;
//! # type Flash = MockFlashBase<10, 1, 4096>;
//! # mod mock_flash {
//! #   include!("mock_flash.rs");
//! # }
//! # fn init_flash() -> Flash {
//! #     Flash::new(mock_flash::WriteCountCheck::Twice, None, false)
//! # }
//!
//! # block_on(async {
//! // Initialize the flash. This can be internal or external
//! let mut flash = init_flash();
//! // These are the flash addresses in which the crate will operate.
//! // The crate will not read, write or erase outside of this range.
//! let flash_range = 0x1000..0x3000;
//! // We need to give the crate a buffer to work with.
//! // It must be big enough to serialize the biggest value of your storage type in,
//! // rounded up to to word alignment of the flash. Some kinds of internal flash may require
//! // this buffer to be aligned in RAM as well.
//! let mut data_buffer = [0; 128];
//!
//! // We can fetch an item from the flash. We're using `u8` as our key type and `u32` as our value type.
//! // Nothing is stored in it yet, so it will return None.
//!
//! assert_eq!(
//!     fetch_item::<u8, u32, _>(
//!         &mut flash,
//!         flash_range.clone(),
//!         &mut NoCache::new(),
//!         &mut data_buffer,
//!         &42,
//!     ).await.unwrap(),
//!     None
//! );
//!
//! // Now we store an item the flash with key 42.
//! // Again we make sure we pass the correct key and value types, u8 and u32.
//! // It is important to do this consistently.
//!
//! store_item(
//!     &mut flash,
//!     flash_range.clone(),
//!     &mut NoCache::new(),
//!     &mut data_buffer,
//!     &42u8,
//!     &104729u32,
//! ).await.unwrap();
//!
//! // When we ask for key 42, we now get back a Some with the correct value
//!
//! assert_eq!(
//!     fetch_item::<u8, u32, _>(
//!         &mut flash,
//!         flash_range.clone(),
//!         &mut NoCache::new(),
//!         &mut data_buffer,
//!         &42,
//!     ).await.unwrap(),
//!     Some(104729)
//! );
//! # });
//! ```
//!
//! ## Key and value traits
//!
//! In the previous example we saw we used one key and one value type.
//! It is ***crucial*** we use the same key type every time on the same range of flash.
//! This is because the internal items are serialized as `[key|value]`. A different key type
//! will have a different length and will make all data nonsense.
//!
//! However, if we have special knowledge about what we store for each key,
//! we are allowed to use different value types.
//!
//! For example, we can do the following:
//!
//! 1. Store a u32 with key 0
//! 2. Store a custom type 'Foo' with key 1
//! 3. Fetch a u32 with key 0
//! 4. Fetch a custom type 'Foo' with key 1
//!
//! It is up to the user to make sure this is done correctly.
//! If done incorrectly, the deserialize function of requested value type will see
//! data it doesn't expect. In the best case it'll return an error, in a bad case it'll
//! give bad invalid data and in the worst case the deserialization code panics.
//! It is worth mentioning that `fetch_all_items` also requires that all items have the same type.
//! So be careful.
//!
//! For your convenience there are premade implementations for the [Key] and [Value] traits.
//!

use core::{
    marker::PhantomData,
    mem::{MaybeUninit, size_of},
};

use cache::CacheImpl;
use embedded_storage_async::nor_flash::MultiwriteNorFlash;

use crate::item::{Item, ItemHeader, ItemIter, find_next_free_item_spot};

use self::{
    cache::{KeyCacheImpl, PrivateKeyCacheImpl},
    item::{ItemHeaderIter, ItemUnborrowed},
};

use super::*;

/// Get the last stored value from the flash that is associated with the given key.
/// If no value with the key is found, None is returned.
///
/// The data buffer must be long enough to hold the longest serialized data of your [Key] + [Value] types combined,
/// rounded up to flash word alignment.
///
/// <div class="warning">
///
/// *You are required to, on a given flash range, use the same [Key] type every time. You are allowed to use*
/// *multiple [Value] types. See the module-level docs for more information about this.*
///
/// Also watch out for using integers. This function will take any integer and it's easy to pass the wrong type.
///
/// </div>
pub async fn fetch_item<'d, K: Key, V: Value<'d>, S: NorFlash>(
    flash: &mut S,
    flash_range: Range<u32>,
    cache: &mut impl KeyCacheImpl<K>,
    data_buffer: &'d mut [u8],
    search_key: &K,
) -> Result<Option<V>, Error<S::Error>> {
    let result = run_with_auto_repair!(
        function = {
            fetch_item_with_location(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, data_buffer, search_key)
                .await
        },
        repair = try_repair::<K, _>(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, data_buffer).await?
    );

    let Some((item, _, item_key_len)) = result? else {
        return Ok(None);
    };

    let data_len = item.header.length as usize;
    let item_key_len = match item_key_len {
        Some(item_key_len) => item_key_len,
        None => K::get_len(&data_buffer[..data_len])?,
    };

    Ok(Some(
        V::deserialize_from(&data_buffer[item_key_len..][..data_len - item_key_len])
            .map_err(Error::SerializationError)?,
    ))
}

/// Fetch the item, but with the item unborrowed, the address of the item and the length of the key
#[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
async fn fetch_item_with_location<K: Key, S: NorFlash>(
    flash: &mut S,
    flash_range: Range<u32>,
    cache: &mut impl PrivateKeyCacheImpl<K>,
    data_buffer: &mut [u8],
    search_key: &K,
) -> Result<Option<(ItemUnborrowed, u32, Option<usize>)>, Error<S::Error>> {
    assert_eq!(flash_range.start % S::ERASE_SIZE as u32, 0);
    assert_eq!(flash_range.end % S::ERASE_SIZE as u32, 0);
    assert!(flash_range.end - flash_range.start >= S::ERASE_SIZE as u32 * 2);

    assert!(S::ERASE_SIZE >= S::WORD_SIZE * 3);
    assert!(S::WORD_SIZE <= MAX_WORD_SIZE);

    if cache.is_dirty() {
        cache.invalidate_cache_state();
    }

    'cache: {
        if let Some(cached_location) = cache.key_location(search_key) {
            let page_index = calculate_page_index::<S>(flash_range.clone(), cached_location);
            let page_data_end_address =
                calculate_page_end_address::<S>(flash_range.clone(), page_index)
                    - S::WORD_SIZE as u32;

            let Some(header) =
                ItemHeader::read_new(flash, cached_location, page_data_end_address).await?
            else {
                // The cache points to a non-existing item?
                if cfg!(feature = "_test") {
                    panic!("Wrong cache value. Addr: {cached_location}");
                }
                cache.invalidate_cache_state();
                break 'cache;
            };

            let item = header
                .read_item(flash, data_buffer, cached_location, page_data_end_address)
                .await?;

            match item {
                item::MaybeItem::Corrupted(_, _) | item::MaybeItem::Erased(_, _) => {
                    if cfg!(feature = "_test") {
                        panic!("Wrong cache value. Addr: {cached_location}");
                    }

                    // The cache points to a corrupted or erased item?
                    cache.invalidate_cache_state();
                    break 'cache;
                }
                item::MaybeItem::Present(item) => {
                    return Ok(Some((item.unborrow(), cached_location, None)));
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // We need to find the page we were last using. This should be the only partial open page.
    let mut last_used_page =
        find_first_page(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, 0, PageState::PartialOpen).await?;

    if last_used_page.is_none() {
        // In the event that all pages are still open or the last used page was just closed, we search for the first open page.
        // If the page one before that is closed, then that's the last used page.
        if let Some(first_open_page) =
            find_first_page(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, 0, PageState::Open).await?
        {
            let previous_page = previous_page::<S>(flash_range.clone(), first_open_page);
            if get_page_state(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, previous_page)
                .await?
                .is_closed()
            {
                last_used_page = Some(previous_page);
            } else {
                // The page before the open page is not closed, so it must be open.
                // This means that all pages are open and that we don't have any items yet.
                cache.unmark_dirty();
                return Ok(None);
            }
        } else {
            // There are no open pages, so everything must be closed.
            // Something is up and this should never happen.
            // To recover, we will just erase all the flash.
            return Err(Error::Corrupted {
                #[cfg(feature = "_test")]
                backtrace: std::backtrace::Backtrace::capture(),
            });
        }
    }

    // We must now find the most recent storage item with the key that was asked for.
    // If we don't find it in the current page, then we check again in the previous page if that page is closed.

    let mut current_page_to_check = last_used_page.unwrap();
    let mut newest_found_item_data = None;

    loop {
        let page_data_start_address =
            calculate_page_address::<S>(flash_range.clone(), current_page_to_check)
                + S::WORD_SIZE as u32;
        let page_data_end_address =
            calculate_page_end_address::<S>(flash_range.clone(), current_page_to_check)
                - S::WORD_SIZE as u32;

        let mut it = ItemIter::new(page_data_start_address, page_data_end_address);
        while let Some((item, address)) = it.next(flash, data_buffer).await? {
            let (found_key, found_key_len) = K::deserialize_from(item.data())?;
            if found_key == *search_key {
                newest_found_item_data = Some((address, found_key_len));
            }
        }

        // We've found the item! We can stop searching
        if let Some((newest_found_item_address, _)) = newest_found_item_data.as_ref() {
            cache.notice_key_location(search_key, *newest_found_item_address, false);

            break;
        }

        // We have not found the item. We've got to look in the previous page, but only if that page is closed and contains data.
        let previous_page = previous_page::<S>(flash_range.clone(), current_page_to_check);

        if get_page_state(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, previous_page).await?
            != PageState::Closed
        {
            // We've looked through all the pages with data and couldn't find the item
            cache.unmark_dirty();
            return Ok(None);
        }

        current_page_to_check = previous_page;
    }

    cache.unmark_dirty();

    // We now need to reread the item because we lost all its data other than its address

    if let Some((newest_found_item_address, newest_found_item_key_len)) = newest_found_item_data {
        let item = ItemHeader::read_new(flash, newest_found_item_address, u32::MAX)
            .await?
            .ok_or_else(|| {
                // How come there's no item header here!? We just found it!
                Error::Corrupted {
                    #[cfg(feature = "_test")]
                    backtrace: std::backtrace::Backtrace::capture(),
                }
            })?
            .read_item(flash, data_buffer, newest_found_item_address, u32::MAX)
            .await?;

        Ok(Some((
            item.unwrap()?.unborrow(),
            newest_found_item_address,
            Some(newest_found_item_key_len),
        )))
    } else {
        Ok(None)
    }
}

/// Store a key-value pair into flash memory.
/// It will overwrite the last value that has the same key.
/// The flash needs to be at least 2 pages long.
///
/// The data buffer must be long enough to hold the longest serialized data of your [Key] + [Value] types combined,
/// rounded up to flash word alignment.
///
/// <div class="warning">
///
/// *You are required to, on a given flash range, use the same [Key] type every time. You are allowed to use*
/// *multiple [Value] types. See the module-level docs for more information about this.*
///
/// Also watch out for using integers. This function will take any integer and it's easy to pass the wrong type.
///
/// </div>
pub async fn store_item<'d, K: Key, V: Value<'d>, S: NorFlash>(
    flash: &mut S,
    flash_range: Range<u32>,
    cache: &mut impl KeyCacheImpl<K>,
    data_buffer: &mut [u8],
    key: &K,
    item: &V,
) -> Result<(), Error<S::Error>> {
    run_with_auto_repair!(
        function =
            store_item_inner(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, data_buffer, key, item).await,
        repair = try_repair::<K, _>(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, data_buffer).await?
    )
}

async fn store_item_inner<K: Key, S: NorFlash>(
    flash: &mut S,
    flash_range: Range<u32>,
    cache: &mut impl KeyCacheImpl<K>,
    data_buffer: &mut [u8],
    key: &K,
    item: &dyn Value<'_>,
) -> Result<(), Error<S::Error>> {
    assert_eq!(flash_range.start % S::ERASE_SIZE as u32, 0);
    assert_eq!(flash_range.end % S::ERASE_SIZE as u32, 0);

    assert!(flash_range.end - flash_range.start >= S::ERASE_SIZE as u32 * 2);

    assert!(S::ERASE_SIZE >= S::WORD_SIZE * 3);
    assert!(S::WORD_SIZE <= MAX_WORD_SIZE);

    if cache.is_dirty() {
        cache.invalidate_cache_state();
    }

    let mut recursion_level = 0;
    loop {
        // Check if we're in an infinite recursion which happens when we don't have enough space to store the new data
        if recursion_level == get_pages::<S>(flash_range.clone(), 0).count() {
            cache.unmark_dirty();
            return Err(Error::FullStorage);
        }

        // If there is a partial open page, we try to write in that first if there is enough space
        let next_page_to_use = if let Some(partial_open_page) =
            find_first_page(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, 0, PageState::PartialOpen).await?
        {
            // We found a partial open page, but at this point it's relatively cheap to do a consistency check
            if !get_page_state(
                flash,
                flash_range.clone(),
                cache,
                next_page::<S>(flash_range.clone(), partial_open_page),
            )
            .await?
            .is_open()
            {
                // Oh oh, the next page which serves as the buffer page is not open. We're corrupt.
                // This likely happened because of an unexpected shutdown during data migration from the
                // then new buffer page to the new partial open page.
                // The repair function should be able to repair this.
                return Err(Error::Corrupted {
                    #[cfg(feature = "_test")]
                    backtrace: std::backtrace::Backtrace::capture(),
                });
            }

            // We've got to search where the free space is since the page starts with items present already

            let page_data_start_address =
                calculate_page_address::<S>(flash_range.clone(), partial_open_page)
                    + S::WORD_SIZE as u32;
            let page_data_end_address =
                calculate_page_end_address::<S>(flash_range.clone(), partial_open_page)
                    - S::WORD_SIZE as u32;

            let key_len = key.serialize_into(data_buffer)?;
            let item_data_length = key_len
                + item
                    .serialize_into(&mut data_buffer[key_len..])
                    .map_err(Error::SerializationError)?;

            if item_data_length > u16::MAX as usize
                || item_data_length
                    > calculate_page_size::<S>()
                        .saturating_sub(ItemHeader::data_address::<S>(0) as usize)
            {
                cache.unmark_dirty();
                return Err(Error::ItemTooBig);
            }

            let free_spot_address = find_next_free_item_spot(
                flash,
                flash_range.clone(),
                cache,
                page_data_start_address,
                page_data_end_address,
                item_data_length as u32,
            )
            .await?;

            match free_spot_address {
                Some(free_spot_address) => {
                    cache.notice_key_location(key, free_spot_address, true);
                    Item::write_new(
                        flash,
                        flash_range.clone(),
                        cache,
                        free_spot_address,
                        &data_buffer[..item_data_length],
                    )
                    .await?;

                    cache.unmark_dirty();
                    return Ok(());
                }
                None => {
                    // The item doesn't fit here, so we need to close this page and move to the next
                    close_page(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, partial_open_page).await?;
                    Some(next_page::<S>(flash_range.clone(), partial_open_page))
                }
            }
        } else {
            None
        };

        // If we get here, there was no partial page found or the partial page has now been closed because the item didn't fit.
        // If there was a partial page, then we need to look at the next page. It's supposed to be open since it was the previous empty buffer page.
        // The new buffer page has to be emptied if it was closed.
        // If there was no partial page, we just use the first open page.

        match next_page_to_use {
            Some(next_page_to_use) => {
                let next_page_state =
                    get_page_state(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, next_page_to_use).await?;

                if !next_page_state.is_open() {
                    // What was the previous buffer page was not open...
                    return Err(Error::Corrupted {
                        #[cfg(feature = "_test")]
                        backtrace: std::backtrace::Backtrace::capture(),
                    });
                }

                // Since we're gonna write data here, let's already partially close the page
                // This could be done after moving the data, but this is more robust in the
                // face of shutdowns and cancellations
                partial_close_page(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, next_page_to_use).await?;

                let next_buffer_page = next_page::<S>(flash_range.clone(), next_page_to_use);
                let next_buffer_page_state =
                    get_page_state(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, next_buffer_page).await?;

                if !next_buffer_page_state.is_open() {
                    migrate_items::<K, _>(
                        flash,
                        flash_range.clone(),
                        cache,
                        data_buffer,
                        next_buffer_page,
                        next_page_to_use,
                    )
                    .await?;
                }
            }
            None => {
                // There's no partial open page, so we just gotta turn the first open page into a partial open one
                let first_open_page =
                    match find_first_page(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, 0, PageState::Open)
                        .await?
                    {
                        Some(first_open_page) => first_open_page,
                        None => {
                            // Uh oh, no open pages.
                            // Something has gone wrong.
                            // We should never get here.
                            return Err(Error::Corrupted {
                                #[cfg(feature = "_test")]
                                backtrace: std::backtrace::Backtrace::capture(),
                            });
                        }
                    };

                partial_close_page(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, first_open_page).await?;
            }
        }

        // If we get here, we just freshly partially closed a new page, so the next loop iteration should succeed.
        recursion_level += 1;
    }
}

/// Fully remove an item. Additional calls to fetch with the same key will return None until
/// a new one is stored again.
///
/// <div class="warning">
/// This is really slow!
///
/// All items in flash have to be read and deserialized to find the items with the key.
/// This is unlikely to be cached well.
///
/// Alternatively, e.g. when you don't have a [MultiwriteNorFlash] flash, you could store your value inside an Option
/// and store the value `None` to mark it as erased.
/// </div>
///
/// <div class="warning">
///
/// *You are required to, on a given flash range, use the same [Key] type every time. You are allowed to use*
/// *multiple [Value] types. See the module-level docs for more information about this.*
///
/// Also watch out for using integers. This function will take any integer and it's easy to pass the wrong type.
///
/// </div>
pub async fn remove_item<K: Key, S: MultiwriteNorFlash>(
    flash: &mut S,
    flash_range: Range<u32>,
    cache: &mut impl KeyCacheImpl<K>,
    data_buffer: &mut [u8],
    search_key: &K,
) -> Result<(), Error<S::Error>> {
    run_with_auto_repair!(
        function = remove_item_inner::<K, _>(
            flash,
            flash_range.clone(),
            cache,
            data_buffer,
            Some(search_key)
        )
        .await,
        repair = try_repair::<K, _>(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, data_buffer).await?
    )
}

/// Fully remove all stored items. Additional calls to fetch with any key will return None until
/// new items are stored again.
///
/// <div class="warning">
/// This might be really slow! This doesn't simply erase flash, but goes through all items and marks them as deleted.
/// This is better for flash endurance.
///
/// You might want to simply erase the flash range, e.g. if your flash does not implement [MultiwriteNorFlash].
/// Consider using the helper method for that: [crate::erase_all].
/// </div>
///
/// <div class="warning">
///
/// *You are required to, on a given flash range, use the same [Key] type every time. You are allowed to use*
/// *multiple [Value] types. See the module-level docs for more information about this.*
///
/// </div>
pub async fn remove_all_items<K: Key, S: MultiwriteNorFlash>(
    flash: &mut S,
    flash_range: Range<u32>,
    cache: &mut impl KeyCacheImpl<K>,
    data_buffer: &mut [u8],
) -> Result<(), Error<S::Error>> {
    run_with_auto_repair!(
        function =
            remove_item_inner::<K, _>(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, data_buffer, None).await,
        repair = try_repair::<K, _>(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, data_buffer).await?
    )
}

/// If `search_key` is None, then all items will be removed
async fn remove_item_inner<K: Key, S: MultiwriteNorFlash>(
    flash: &mut S,
    flash_range: Range<u32>,
    cache: &mut impl KeyCacheImpl<K>,
    data_buffer: &mut [u8],
    search_key: Option<&K>,
) -> Result<(), Error<S::Error>> {
    if let Some(key) = &search_key {
        cache.notice_key_erased(key);
    } else {
        cache.invalidate_cache_state();
    }

    // Search for the last used page. We're gonna erase from the one after this first.
    // If we get an early shutoff or cancellation, this will make it so that we don't return
    // an old version of the key on the next fetch.
    let last_used_page =
        find_first_page(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, 0, PageState::PartialOpen)
            .await?
            .unwrap_or_default();

    // Go through all the pages
    for page_index in get_pages::<S>(
        flash_range.clone(),
        next_page::<S>(flash_range.clone(), last_used_page),
    ) {
        if get_page_state(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, page_index)
            .await?
            .is_open()
        {
            // This page is open, we don't have to check it
            continue;
        }

        let page_data_start_address =
            calculate_page_address::<S>(flash_range.clone(), page_index) + S::WORD_SIZE as u32;
        let page_data_end_address =
            calculate_page_end_address::<S>(flash_range.clone(), page_index) - S::WORD_SIZE as u32;

        // Go through all items on the page
        let mut item_headers = ItemHeaderIter::new(page_data_start_address, page_data_end_address);

        while let (Some(item_header), item_address) = item_headers.next(flash).await? {
            let item = item_header
                .read_item(flash, data_buffer, item_address, page_data_end_address)
                .await?;

            match item {
                item::MaybeItem::Corrupted(_, _) => continue,
                item::MaybeItem::Erased(_, _) => continue,
                item::MaybeItem::Present(item) => {
                    let item_match = match search_key {
                        Some(search_key) => K::deserialize_from(item.data())?.0 == *search_key,
                        _ => true,
                    };
                    // If this item has the same key as the key we're trying to erase, then erase the item.
                    // But keep going! We need to erase everything.
                    if item_match {
                        item.header
                            .erase_data(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, item_address)
                            .await?;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // We're done, we now know the cache is in a good state
    cache.unmark_dirty();

    Ok(())
}

/// Iterator which iterates all non-erased & non-corrupted items in the map.
///
/// The iterator will return the (Key, Value) tuple when calling `next()`.
/// If the iterator ends, it will return `Ok(None)`.
///
/// The following is a simple example of how to use the iterator:
/// ```rust
/// # use sequential_storage::map::fetch_all_items;
/// # use sequential_storage::cache::NoCache;
/// # use mock_flash::MockFlashBase;
/// # use futures::executor::block_on;
/// # use std::collections::HashMap;
/// # type Flash = MockFlashBase<10, 1, 4096>;
/// # mod mock_flash {
/// #   include!("mock_flash.rs");
/// # }
/// # fn init_flash() -> Flash {
/// #     Flash::new(mock_flash::WriteCountCheck::Twice, None, false)
/// # }
///
/// # block_on(async {
/// let mut flash = init_flash();
/// let flash_range = 0x1000..0x3000;
/// let mut data_buffer = [0; 128];
/// let mut cache = NoCache::new();
///
/// // Create the iterator of map items
/// let mut iterator = fetch_all_items::<u8, _, _>(
///     &mut flash,
///     flash_range.clone(),
///     &mut cache,
///     &mut data_buffer
/// )
/// .await
/// .unwrap();
///
/// let mut all_items = HashMap::new();
///
/// // Iterate through all items, suppose the Key and Value types are u8, u32
/// while let Some((key, value)) = iterator
///     .next::<u32>(&mut data_buffer)
///     .await
///     .unwrap()
/// {
///     // Do somethinmg with the item.
///     // Please note that for the same key there might be multiple items returned,
///     // the last one is the current active one.
///     all_items.insert(key, value);
/// }
/// # })
/// ```
pub struct MapItemIter<'d, 'c, K: Key, S: NorFlash, CI: CacheImpl> {
    flash: &'d mut S,
    flash_range: Range<u32>,
    first_page: usize,
    cache: &'c mut CI,
    current_page_index: usize,
    pub(crate) current_iter: ItemIter,
    _key: PhantomData<K>,
}

impl<K: Key, S: NorFlash, CI: CacheImpl> MapItemIter<'_, '_, K, S, CI> {
    /// Get the next item in the iterator. Be careful that the given `data_buffer` should large enough to contain the serialized key and value.
    pub async fn next<'a, V: Value<'a>>(
        &mut self,
        data_buffer: &'a mut [u8],
    ) -> Result<Option<(K, V)>, Error<S::Error>> {
        // Find the next item
        let item = loop {
            if let Some((item, _address)) = self.current_iter.next(self.flash, data_buffer).await? {
                // We've found the next item, quit the loop
                break item;
            }

            // The current page is done, we need to find the next page
            // Find next page which is not open, update `self.current_iter`
            loop {
                self.current_page_index =
                    next_page::<S>(self.flash_range.clone(), self.current_page_index);

                // We've looped back to the first page, which means all pages are checked, there's nothing left so we return None
                if self.current_page_index == self.first_page {
                    return Ok(None);
                }

                match get_page_state::<S>(
                    self.flash,
                    self.flash_range.clone(),
                    self.cache,
                    self.current_page_index,
                )
                .await
                {
                    Ok(PageState::Closed) | Ok(PageState::PartialOpen) => {
                        self.current_iter = ItemIter::new(
                            calculate_page_address::<S>(
                                self.flash_range.clone(),
                                self.current_page_index,
                            ) + S::WORD_SIZE as u32,
                            calculate_page_end_address::<S>(
                                self.flash_range.clone(),
                                self.current_page_index,
                            ) - S::WORD_SIZE as u32,
                        );
                        break;
                    }
                    _ => continue,
                }
            }
        };

        let data_len = item.header.length as usize;
        let (key, key_len) = K::deserialize_from(item.data())?;

        Ok(Some((
            key,
            V::deserialize_from(&data_buffer[key_len..][..data_len - key_len])
                .map_err(Error::SerializationError)?,
        )))
    }
}

/// Get an iterator that iterates over all non-erased & non-corrupted items in the map.
///
/// <div class="warning">
/// You should be very careful when using the map item iterator:
/// <ul>
/// <li>
/// Because map doesn't erase the items when you insert a new one with the same key,
/// so it's possible that the iterator returns items with the same key multiple times.
/// Generally the last returned one is the `active` one.
/// </li>
/// <li>
/// The iterator requires ALL items in the storage have the SAME type.
/// If you have different types of items in your map, the iterator might return incorrect data or error.
/// </li>
/// </ul>
/// </div>
///
/// The following is a simple example of how to use the iterator:
/// ```rust
/// # use sequential_storage::map::fetch_all_items;
/// # use sequential_storage::cache::NoCache;
/// # use mock_flash::MockFlashBase;
/// # use futures::executor::block_on;
/// # use std::collections::HashMap;
/// # type Flash = MockFlashBase<10, 1, 4096>;
/// # mod mock_flash {
/// #   include!("mock_flash.rs");
/// # }
/// # fn init_flash() -> Flash {
/// #     Flash::new(mock_flash::WriteCountCheck::Twice, None, false)
/// # }
///
/// # block_on(async {
/// let mut flash = init_flash();
/// let flash_range = 0x1000..0x3000;
/// let mut data_buffer = [0; 128];
/// let mut cache = NoCache::new();
///
/// // Create the iterator of map items
/// let mut iterator = fetch_all_items::<u8, _, _>(
///     &mut flash,
///     flash_range.clone(),
///     &mut cache,
///     &mut data_buffer
/// )
/// .await
/// .unwrap();
///
/// let mut all_items = HashMap::new();
///
/// // Iterate through all items, suppose the Key and Value types are u8, u32
/// while let Some((key, value)) = iterator
///     .next::<u32>(&mut data_buffer)
///     .await
///     .unwrap()
/// {
///     // Do somethinmg with the item.
///     // Please note that for the same key there might be multiple items returned,
///     // the last one is the current active one.
///     all_items.insert(key, value);
/// }
/// # })
/// ```
///
pub async fn fetch_all_items<'d, 'c, K: Key, S: NorFlash, CI: KeyCacheImpl<K>>(
    flash: &'d mut S,
    flash_range: Range<u32>,
    cache: &'c mut CI,
    data_buffer: &mut [u8],
) -> Result<MapItemIter<'d, 'c, K, S, CI>, Error<S::Error>> {
    // Get the first page index.
    // The first page used by the map is the next page of the `PartialOpen` page or the last `Closed` page
    let first_page = run_with_auto_repair!(
        function = {
            match find_first_page(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, 0, PageState::PartialOpen)
                .await?
            {
                Some(last_used_page) => {
                    // The next page of the `PartialOpen` page is the first page
                    Ok(next_page::<S>(flash_range.clone(), last_used_page))
                }
                None => {
                    // In the event that all pages are still open or the last used page was just closed, we search for the first open page.
                    // If the page one before that is closed, then that's the last used page.
                    if let Some(first_open_page) =
                        find_first_page(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, 0, PageState::Open)
                            .await?
                    {
                        let previous_page =
                            previous_page::<S>(flash_range.clone(), first_open_page);
                        if get_page_state(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, previous_page)
                            .await?
                            .is_closed()
                        {
                            // The previous page is closed, so the first_open_page is what we want
                            Ok(first_open_page)
                        } else {
                            // The page before the open page is not closed, so it must be open.
                            // This means that all pages are open and that we don't have any items yet.
                            cache.unmark_dirty();
                            Ok(0)
                        }
                    } else {
                        // There are no open pages, so everything must be closed.
                        // Something is up and this should never happen.
                        // To recover, we will just erase all the flash.
                        Err(Error::Corrupted {
                            #[cfg(feature = "_test")]
                            backtrace: std::backtrace::Backtrace::capture(),
                        })
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        repair = try_repair::<K, _>(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, data_buffer).await?
    )?;

    Ok(MapItemIter {
        flash,
        flash_range: flash_range.clone(),
        first_page,
        cache,
        current_page_index: first_page,
        current_iter: ItemIter::new(
            calculate_page_address::<S>(flash_range.clone(), first_page) + S::WORD_SIZE as u32,
            calculate_page_end_address::<S>(flash_range.clone(), first_page) - S::WORD_SIZE as u32,
        ),
        _key: PhantomData,
    })
}

/// Anything implementing this trait can be used as a key in the map functions.
///
/// It provides a way to serialize and deserialize the key.
///
/// The `Eq` bound is used because we need to be able to compare keys and the
/// `Clone` bound helps us pass the key around.
///
/// The key cannot have a lifetime like the [Value]
pub trait Key: Eq + Clone + Sized {
    /// Serialize the key into the given buffer.
    /// The serialized size is returned.
    fn serialize_into(&self, buffer: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize, SerializationError>;
    /// Deserialize the key from the given buffer.
    /// The key is returned together with the serialized length.
    fn deserialize_from(buffer: &[u8]) -> Result<(Self, usize), SerializationError>;
    /// Get the length of the key from the buffer.
    /// This is an optimized version of [Self::deserialize_from] that doesn't have to deserialize everything.
    fn get_len(buffer: &[u8]) -> Result<usize, SerializationError> {
        Self::deserialize_from(buffer).map(|(_, len)| len)
    }
}

macro_rules! impl_key_num {
    ($int:ty) => {
        impl Key for $int {
            fn serialize_into(&self, buffer: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize, SerializationError> {
                let len = size_of::<Self>();
                if buffer.len() < len {
                    return Err(SerializationError::BufferTooSmall);
                }
                buffer[..len].copy_from_slice(&self.to_le_bytes());
                Ok(len)
            }

            fn deserialize_from(buffer: &[u8]) -> Result<(Self, usize), SerializationError> {
                let len = size_of::<Self>();
                if buffer.len() < len {
                    return Err(SerializationError::BufferTooSmall);
                }

                Ok((
                    Self::from_le_bytes(buffer[..len].try_into().unwrap()),
                    size_of::<Self>(),
                ))
            }

            fn get_len(_buffer: &[u8]) -> Result<usize, SerializationError> {
                Ok(size_of::<Self>())
            }
        }
    };
}

impl_key_num!(u8);
impl_key_num!(u16);
impl_key_num!(u32);
impl_key_num!(u64);
impl_key_num!(u128);
impl_key_num!(i8);
impl_key_num!(i16);
impl_key_num!(i32);
impl_key_num!(i64);
impl_key_num!(i128);

impl<const N: usize> Key for [u8; N] {
    fn serialize_into(&self, buffer: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize, SerializationError> {
        if buffer.len() < N {
            return Err(SerializationError::BufferTooSmall);
        }
        buffer[..N].copy_from_slice(self);
        Ok(N)
    }

    fn deserialize_from(buffer: &[u8]) -> Result<(Self, usize), SerializationError> {
        if buffer.len() < N {
            return Err(SerializationError::BufferTooSmall);
        }

        Ok((buffer[..N].try_into().unwrap(), N))
    }

    fn get_len(_buffer: &[u8]) -> Result<usize, SerializationError> {
        Ok(N)
    }
}

impl Key for () {
    fn serialize_into(&self, _buffer: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize, SerializationError> {
        Ok(0)
    }

    fn deserialize_from(_buffer: &[u8]) -> Result<(Self, usize), SerializationError> {
        Ok(((), 0))
    }
}

/// The trait that defines how map values are serialized and deserialized.
///
/// It also carries a lifetime so that zero-copy deserialization is supported.
/// Zero-copy serialization is not supported due to technical restrictions.
pub trait Value<'a> {
    /// Serialize the value into the given buffer. If everything went ok, this function returns the length
    /// of the used part of the buffer.
    fn serialize_into(&self, buffer: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize, SerializationError>;
    /// Deserialize the value from the buffer. Because of the added lifetime, the implementation can borrow from the
    /// buffer which opens up some zero-copy possibilities.
    ///
    /// The buffer will be the same length as the serialize function returned for this value. Though note that the length
    /// is written from flash, so bitflips can affect that (though the length is separately crc-protected) and the key deserialization might
    /// return a wrong length.
    fn deserialize_from(buffer: &'a [u8]) -> Result<Self, SerializationError>
    where
        Self: Sized;
}

impl<'a> Value<'a> for bool {
    fn serialize_into(&self, buffer: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize, SerializationError> {
        <u8 as Value>::serialize_into(&(*self as u8), buffer)
    }

    fn deserialize_from(buffer: &'a [u8]) -> Result<Self, SerializationError>
    where
        Self: Sized,
    {
        Ok(<u8 as Value>::deserialize_from(buffer)? != 0)
    }
}

impl<'a, T: Value<'a>> Value<'a> for Option<T> {
    fn serialize_into(&self, buffer: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize, SerializationError> {
        if let Some(val) = self {
            <bool as Value>::serialize_into(&true, buffer)?;
            <T as Value>::serialize_into(val, &mut buffer[1..]).map(|len| len + 1)
        } else {
            <bool as Value>::serialize_into(&false, buffer)
        }
    }

    fn deserialize_from(buffer: &'a [u8]) -> Result<Self, SerializationError>
    where
        Self: Sized,
    {
        if <bool as Value>::deserialize_from(buffer)? {
            Ok(Some(<T as Value>::deserialize_from(&buffer[1..])?))
        } else {
            Ok(None)
        }
    }
}

impl<'a, T: Value<'a>, const N: usize> Value<'a> for [T; N] {
    fn serialize_into(&self, buffer: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize, SerializationError> {
        if buffer.len() < size_of::<T>() * N {
            return Err(SerializationError::BufferTooSmall);
        }

        let mut size = 0;
        for v in self {
            size += <T as Value>::serialize_into(v, &mut buffer[size..])?;
        }

        Ok(size)
    }

    fn deserialize_from(buffer: &'a [u8]) -> Result<Self, SerializationError>
    where
        Self: Sized,
    {
        let mut array = MaybeUninit::<[T; N]>::uninit();

        if N == 0 {
            // SAFETY: This type is of zero size.
            return Ok(unsafe { array.assume_init() });
        }

        let ptr = array.as_mut_ptr() as *mut T;

        // SAFETY:
        // 1. The pointers are all inside the array via knowing `N`.
        // 2. `ptr.add(1)` does never point outside the array.
        // 3. `MaybeUninit::assume_init` is upheld with all values being filled.
        unsafe {
            for i in 0..N {
                *ptr.add(i) = <T as Value>::deserialize_from(&buffer[i * size_of::<T>()..])?;
            }

            Ok(array.assume_init())
        }
    }
}

impl<'a> Value<'a> for &'a [u8] {
    fn serialize_into(&self, buffer: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize, SerializationError> {
        if buffer.len() < self.len() {
            return Err(SerializationError::BufferTooSmall);
        }

        buffer[..self.len()].copy_from_slice(self);
        Ok(self.len())
    }

    fn deserialize_from(buffer: &'a [u8]) -> Result<Self, SerializationError>
    where
        Self: Sized,
    {
        Ok(buffer)
    }
}

macro_rules! impl_map_item_num {
    ($int:ty) => {
        impl<'a> Value<'a> for $int {
            fn serialize_into(&self, buffer: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize, SerializationError> {
                buffer[..core::mem::size_of::<Self>()].copy_from_slice(&self.to_le_bytes());
                Ok(core::mem::size_of::<Self>())
            }

            fn deserialize_from(buffer: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, SerializationError> {
                Ok(Self::from_le_bytes(
                    buffer[..core::mem::size_of::<Self>()]
                        .try_into()
                        .map_err(|_| SerializationError::BufferTooSmall)?,
                ))
            }
        }
    };
}

impl_map_item_num!(u8);
impl_map_item_num!(u16);
impl_map_item_num!(u32);
impl_map_item_num!(u64);
impl_map_item_num!(u128);
impl_map_item_num!(i8);
impl_map_item_num!(i16);
impl_map_item_num!(i32);
impl_map_item_num!(i64);
impl_map_item_num!(i128);
impl_map_item_num!(f32);
impl_map_item_num!(f64);

/// Error for map value (de)serialization.
///
/// This error type is predefined (in contrast to using generics) to save many kilobytes of binary size.
#[non_exhaustive]
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "defmt-03", derive(defmt::Format))]
pub enum SerializationError {
    /// The provided buffer was too small.
    BufferTooSmall,
    /// The serialization could not succeed because the data was not in order. (e.g. too big to fit)
    InvalidData,
    /// The deserialization could not succeed because the bytes are in an invalid format.
    InvalidFormat,
    /// An implementation defined error that might contain more information than the other predefined
    /// error variants.
    Custom(i32),
}

impl core::fmt::Display for SerializationError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
        match self {
            SerializationError::BufferTooSmall => write!(f, "Buffer too small"),
            SerializationError::InvalidData => write!(f, "Invalid data"),
            SerializationError::InvalidFormat => write!(f, "Invalid format"),
            SerializationError::Custom(val) => write!(f, "Custom error: {val}"),
        }
    }
}

async fn migrate_items<K: Key, S: NorFlash>(
    flash: &mut S,
    flash_range: Range<u32>,
    cache: &mut impl PrivateKeyCacheImpl<K>,
    data_buffer: &mut [u8],
    source_page: usize,
    target_page: usize,
) -> Result<(), Error<S::Error>> {
    // We need to move the data from the next buffer page to the next_page_to_use, but only if that data
    // doesn't have a newer value somewhere else.

    let mut next_page_write_address =
        calculate_page_address::<S>(flash_range.clone(), target_page) + S::WORD_SIZE as u32;

    let mut it = ItemIter::new(
        calculate_page_address::<S>(flash_range.clone(), source_page) + S::WORD_SIZE as u32,
        calculate_page_end_address::<S>(flash_range.clone(), source_page) - S::WORD_SIZE as u32,
    );
    while let Some((item, item_address)) = it.next(flash, data_buffer).await? {
        let (key, _) = K::deserialize_from(item.data())?;
        let (_, data_buffer) = item.destruct();

        // We're in a decent state here
        cache.unmark_dirty();

        // Search for the newest item with the key we found
        let Some((found_item, found_address, _)) =
            fetch_item_with_location::<K, S>(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, data_buffer, &key)
                .await?
        else {
            // We couldn't even find our own item?
            return Err(Error::Corrupted {
                #[cfg(feature = "_test")]
                backtrace: std::backtrace::Backtrace::capture(),
            });
        };

        let found_item = found_item.reborrow(data_buffer);

        if found_address == item_address {
            cache.notice_key_location(&key, next_page_write_address, true);
            found_item
                .write(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, next_page_write_address)
                .await?;
            next_page_write_address = found_item
                .header
                .next_item_address::<S>(next_page_write_address);
        }
    }

    open_page(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, source_page).await?;

    Ok(())
}

/// Try to repair the state of the flash to hopefull get back everything in working order.
/// Care is taken that no data is lost, but this depends on correctly repairing the state and
/// so is only best effort.
///
/// This function might be called after a different function returned the [Error::Corrupted] error.
/// There's no guarantee it will work.
///
/// If this function or the function call after this crate returns [Error::Corrupted], then it's unlikely
/// that the state can be recovered. To at least make everything function again at the cost of losing the data,
/// erase the flash range.
async fn try_repair<K: Key, S: NorFlash>(
    flash: &mut S,
    flash_range: Range<u32>,
    cache: &mut impl KeyCacheImpl<K>,
    data_buffer: &mut [u8],
) -> Result<(), Error<S::Error>> {
    cache.invalidate_cache_state();

    crate::try_general_repair(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache).await?;

    // Let's check if we corrupted in the middle of a migration
    if let Some(partial_open_page) =
        find_first_page(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, 0, PageState::PartialOpen).await?
    {
        let buffer_page = next_page::<S>(flash_range.clone(), partial_open_page);
        if !get_page_state(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, buffer_page)
            .await?
            .is_open()
        {
            // Yes, the migration got interrupted. Let's redo it.
            // To do that, we erase the partial open page first because it contains incomplete data.
            open_page(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, partial_open_page).await?;

            // Then partially close it again
            partial_close_page(flash, flash_range.clone(), cache, partial_open_page).await?;

            migrate_items::<K, _>(
                flash,
                flash_range.clone(),
                cache,
                data_buffer,
                buffer_page,
                partial_open_page,
            )
            .await?;
        }
    }

    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use futures_test::test;

    type MockFlashBig = mock_flash::MockFlashBase<4, 4, 256>;
    type MockFlashTiny = mock_flash::MockFlashBase<2, 1, 32>;

    #[test]
    async fn store_and_fetch() {
        let mut flash = MockFlashBig::default();
        let flash_range = 0x000..0x1000;

        let mut data_buffer = AlignedBuf([0; 128]);

        let start_snapshot = flash.stats_snapshot();

        let item = fetch_item::<u8, &[u8], _>(
            &mut flash,
            flash_range.clone(),
            &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
            &mut data_buffer,
            &0,
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(item, None);

        let item = fetch_item::<u8, &[u8], _>(
            &mut flash,
            flash_range.clone(),
            &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
            &mut data_buffer,
            &60,
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(item, None);

        let item = fetch_item::<u8, &[u8], _>(
            &mut flash,
            flash_range.clone(),
            &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
            &mut data_buffer,
            &0xFF,
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(item, None);

        store_item(
            &mut flash,
            flash_range.clone(),
            &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
            &mut data_buffer,
            &0u8,
            &[5u8],
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();
        store_item(
            &mut flash,
            flash_range.clone(),
            &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
            &mut data_buffer,
            &0u8,
            &[5u8, 6],
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        let item = fetch_item::<u8, &[u8], _>(
            &mut flash,
            flash_range.clone(),
            &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
            &mut data_buffer,
            &0,
        )
        .await
        .unwrap()
        .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(item, &[5, 6]);

        store_item(
            &mut flash,
            flash_range.clone(),
            &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
            &mut data_buffer,
            &1u8,
            &[2u8, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2],
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        let item = fetch_item::<u8, &[u8], _>(
            &mut flash,
            flash_range.clone(),
            &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
            &mut data_buffer,
            &0,
        )
        .await
        .unwrap()
        .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(item, &[5, 6]);

        let item = fetch_item::<u8, &[u8], _>(
            &mut flash,
            flash_range.clone(),
            &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
            &mut data_buffer,
            &1,
        )
        .await
        .unwrap()
        .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(item, &[2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2]);

        for index in 0..4000 {
            store_item(
                &mut flash,
                flash_range.clone(),
                &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
                &mut data_buffer,
                &((index % 10) as u8),
                &vec![(index % 10) as u8 * 2; index % 10].as_slice(),
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();
        }

        for i in 0..10 {
            let item = fetch_item::<u8, &[u8], _>(
                &mut flash,
                flash_range.clone(),
                &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
                &mut data_buffer,
                &i,
            )
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();
            assert_eq!(item, &vec![(i % 10) * 2; (i % 10) as usize]);
        }

        for _ in 0..4000 {
            store_item(
                &mut flash,
                flash_range.clone(),
                &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
                &mut data_buffer,
                &11u8,
                &[0; 10],
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();
        }

        for i in 0..10 {
            let item = fetch_item::<u8, &[u8], _>(
                &mut flash,
                flash_range.clone(),
                &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
                &mut data_buffer,
                &i,
            )
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();
            assert_eq!(item, &vec![(i % 10) * 2; (i % 10) as usize]);
        }

        println!("{:?}", start_snapshot.compare_to(flash.stats_snapshot()),);
    }

    #[test]
    async fn store_too_many_items() {
        const UPPER_BOUND: u8 = 3;

        let mut tiny_flash = MockFlashTiny::default();
        let mut data_buffer = AlignedBuf([0; 128]);

        for i in 0..UPPER_BOUND {
            println!("Storing {i:?}");

            store_item(
                &mut tiny_flash,
                0x00..0x40,
                &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
                &mut data_buffer,
                &i,
                &vec![i; i as usize].as_slice(),
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();
        }

        assert_eq!(
            store_item(
                &mut tiny_flash,
                0x00..0x40,
                &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
                &mut data_buffer,
                &UPPER_BOUND,
                &vec![0; UPPER_BOUND as usize].as_slice(),
            )
            .await,
            Err(Error::FullStorage)
        );

        for i in 0..UPPER_BOUND {
            let item = fetch_item::<u8, &[u8], _>(
                &mut tiny_flash,
                0x00..0x40,
                &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
                &mut data_buffer,
                &i,
            )
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();

            println!("Fetched {item:?}");

            assert_eq!(item, vec![i; i as usize]);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    async fn store_too_many_items_big() {
        const UPPER_BOUND: u8 = 68;

        let mut big_flash = MockFlashBig::default();
        let mut data_buffer = AlignedBuf([0; 128]);

        for i in 0..UPPER_BOUND {
            println!("Storing {i:?}");

            store_item(
                &mut big_flash,
                0x0000..0x1000,
                &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
                &mut data_buffer,
                &i,
                &vec![i; i as usize].as_slice(),
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();
        }

        assert_eq!(
            store_item(
                &mut big_flash,
                0x0000..0x1000,
                &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
                &mut data_buffer,
                &UPPER_BOUND,
                &vec![0; UPPER_BOUND as usize].as_slice(),
            )
            .await,
            Err(Error::FullStorage)
        );

        for i in 0..UPPER_BOUND {
            let item = fetch_item::<u8, &[u8], _>(
                &mut big_flash,
                0x0000..0x1000,
                &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
                &mut data_buffer,
                &i,
            )
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();

            println!("Fetched {item:?}");

            assert_eq!(item, vec![i; i as usize]);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    async fn store_many_items_big() {
        let mut flash = mock_flash::MockFlashBase::<4, 1, 4096>::default();
        let mut data_buffer = AlignedBuf([0; 128]);

        const LENGHT_PER_KEY: [usize; 24] = [
            11, 13, 6, 13, 13, 10, 2, 3, 5, 36, 1, 65, 4, 6, 1, 15, 10, 7, 3, 15, 9, 3, 4, 5,
        ];

        for _ in 0..100 {
            #[allow(clippy::needless_range_loop)]
            for i in 0..24 {
                store_item(
                    &mut flash,
                    0x0000..0x4000,
                    &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
                    &mut data_buffer,
                    &(i as u16),
                    &vec![i as u8; LENGHT_PER_KEY[i]].as_slice(),
                )
                .await
                .unwrap();
            }
        }

        #[allow(clippy::needless_range_loop)]
        for i in 0..24 {
            let item = fetch_item::<u16, &[u8], _>(
                &mut flash,
                0x0000..0x4000,
                &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
                &mut data_buffer,
                &(i as u16),
            )
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();

            println!("Fetched {item:?}");

            assert_eq!(item, vec![i as u8; LENGHT_PER_KEY[i]]);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    async fn remove_items() {
        let mut flash = mock_flash::MockFlashBase::<4, 1, 4096>::new(
            mock_flash::WriteCountCheck::Twice,
            None,
            true,
        );
        let mut data_buffer = AlignedBuf([0; 128]);
        const FLASH_RANGE: Range<u32> = 0x0000..0x4000;

        // Add some data to flash
        for j in 0..10 {
            for i in 0..24 {
                store_item(
                    &mut flash,
                    FLASH_RANGE,
                    &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
                    &mut data_buffer,
                    &(i as u8),
                    &vec![i as u8; j + 2].as_slice(),
                )
                .await
                .unwrap();
            }
        }

        for j in (0..24).rev() {
            // Are all things still in flash that we expect?
            for i in 0..=j {
                assert!(
                    fetch_item::<u8, &[u8], _>(
                        &mut flash,
                        FLASH_RANGE,
                        &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
                        &mut data_buffer,
                        &i
                    )
                    .await
                    .unwrap()
                    .is_some()
                );
            }

            // Remove the item
            remove_item::<u8, _>(
                &mut flash,
                FLASH_RANGE,
                &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
                &mut data_buffer,
                &j,
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();

            // Are all things still in flash that we expect?
            for i in 0..j {
                assert!(
                    fetch_item::<u8, &[u8], _>(
                        &mut flash,
                        FLASH_RANGE,
                        &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
                        &mut data_buffer,
                        &i
                    )
                    .await
                    .unwrap()
                    .is_some()
                );
            }

            assert!(
                fetch_item::<u8, &[u8], _>(
                    &mut flash,
                    FLASH_RANGE,
                    &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
                    &mut data_buffer,
                    &j
                )
                .await
                .unwrap()
                .is_none()
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    async fn remove_all() {
        let mut flash = mock_flash::MockFlashBase::<4, 1, 4096>::new(
            mock_flash::WriteCountCheck::Twice,
            None,
            true,
        );
        let mut data_buffer = AlignedBuf([0; 128]);
        const FLASH_RANGE: Range<u32> = 0x0000..0x4000;

        // Add some data to flash
        for value in 0..10 {
            for key in 0..24u8 {
                store_item(
                    &mut flash,
                    FLASH_RANGE,
                    &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
                    &mut data_buffer,
                    &key,
                    &vec![key; value + 2].as_slice(),
                )
                .await
                .unwrap();
            }
        }

        // Sanity check that we can find all the keys we just added.
        for key in 0..24u8 {
            assert!(
                fetch_item::<u8, &[u8], _>(
                    &mut flash,
                    FLASH_RANGE,
                    &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
                    &mut data_buffer,
                    &key
                )
                .await
                .unwrap()
                .is_some()
            );
        }

        // Remove all the items
        remove_all_items::<u8, _>(
            &mut flash,
            FLASH_RANGE,
            &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
            &mut data_buffer,
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        // Verify that none of the keys are present in flash.
        for key in 0..24 {
            assert!(
                fetch_item::<u8, &[u8], _>(
                    &mut flash,
                    FLASH_RANGE,
                    &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
                    &mut data_buffer,
                    &key
                )
                .await
                .unwrap()
                .is_none()
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    async fn store_too_big_item() {
        let mut flash = MockFlashBig::new(mock_flash::WriteCountCheck::Twice, None, true);
        const FLASH_RANGE: Range<u32> = 0x000..0x1000;

        store_item(
            &mut flash,
            FLASH_RANGE,
            &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
            &mut [0; 1024],
            &0u8,
            &[0u8; 1024 - 4 * 2 - 8 - 1],
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(
            store_item(
                &mut flash,
                FLASH_RANGE,
                &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
                &mut [0; 1024],
                &0u8,
                &[0u8; 1024 - 4 * 2 - 8 - 1 + 1],
            )
            .await,
            Err(Error::ItemTooBig)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    async fn item_iterator() {
        const UPPER_BOUND: u8 = 64;
        let mut flash = MockFlashBig::default();
        let flash_range = 0x000..0x1000;
        let mut cache = cache::NoCache::new();

        let mut data_buffer = AlignedBuf([0; 128]);

        for i in 0..UPPER_BOUND {
            store_item(
                &mut flash,
                flash_range.clone(),
                &mut cache,
                &mut data_buffer,
                &i,
                &vec![i; i as usize].as_slice(),
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();
        }

        // Save 10 times for key 1
        for i in 0..10 {
            store_item(
                &mut flash,
                flash_range.clone(),
                &mut cache,
                &mut data_buffer,
                &1u8,
                &vec![i; i as usize].as_slice(),
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();
        }

        let mut map_iter = fetch_all_items::<u8, _, _>(
            &mut flash,
            flash_range.clone(),
            &mut cache,
            &mut data_buffer,
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        let mut count = 0;
        let mut last_value_buffer = [0u8; 64];
        let mut last_value_length = 0;
        while let Ok(Some((key, value))) = map_iter.next::<&[u8]>(&mut data_buffer).await {
            if key == 1 {
                // This is the key we stored multiple times, record the last value
                last_value_length = value.len();
                last_value_buffer[..value.len()].copy_from_slice(value);
            } else {
                assert_eq!(value, vec![key; key as usize]);
                count += 1;
            }
        }

        assert_eq!(last_value_length, 9);
        assert_eq!(
            &last_value_buffer[..last_value_length],
            vec![9u8; 9].as_slice()
        );

        // Check total number of fetched items, +1 since we didn't count key 1
        assert_eq!(count + 1, UPPER_BOUND);
    }

    #[test]
    async fn store_unit_key() {
        let mut flash = MockFlashBig::default();
        let flash_range = 0x000..0x1000;

        let mut data_buffer = AlignedBuf([0; 128]);

        let item = fetch_item::<(), &[u8], _>(
            &mut flash,
            flash_range.clone(),
            &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
            &mut data_buffer,
            &(),
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(item, None);

        store_item(
            &mut flash,
            flash_range.clone(),
            &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
            &mut data_buffer,
            &(),
            &[5u8],
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();
        store_item(
            &mut flash,
            flash_range.clone(),
            &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
            &mut data_buffer,
            &(),
            &[5u8, 6],
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        let item = fetch_item::<(), &[u8], _>(
            &mut flash,
            flash_range.clone(),
            &mut cache::NoCache::new(),
            &mut data_buffer,
            &(),
        )
        .await
        .unwrap()
        .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(item, &[5, 6]);
    }

    #[test]
    async fn option_value() {
        let mut buffer = [0; 2];

        assert_eq!(Some(42u8).serialize_into(&mut buffer), Ok(2));
        assert_eq!(Option::<u8>::deserialize_from(&buffer), Ok(Some(42u8)));
        assert_eq!(buffer, [1, 42]);

        let mut buffer = [0; 1];

        assert_eq!(Option::<u8>::None.serialize_into(&mut buffer), Ok(1));
        assert_eq!(Option::<u8>::deserialize_from(&buffer), Ok(None));
        assert_eq!(buffer, [0]);
    }
}