scirs2_core/gpu/backends/

wgpu.rs

//! WebGPU backend implementation for GPU operations
//!
//! This module provides WebGPU-specific implementations for cross-platform GPU operations.

use std::collections::HashMap;
#[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
// wgpu 26 removed earlier Poll enum; Device::poll exists but Maintain enum not re-exported here; we avoid explicit polling for now.
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};

use crate::gpu::{GpuBufferImpl, GpuCompilerImpl, GpuContextImpl, GpuError, GpuKernelImpl};

#[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
#[allow(unused_imports)]
use wgpu::{
    util::DeviceExt, Backends, BindGroupDescriptor, BindGroupEntry, BindGroupLayout,
    BindGroupLayoutDescriptor, BindGroupLayoutEntry, BindingResource, BindingType, Buffer,
    BufferBindingType, BufferDescriptor, BufferUsages, ComputePipeline, Device, DeviceDescriptor,
    Features, Instance, InstanceDescriptor, Limits, PowerPreference, Queue, RequestAdapterOptions,
    ShaderModuleDescriptor, ShaderSource, ShaderStages, StorageTextureAccess, TextureFormat,
    TextureSampleType, TextureViewDimension,
};

// Fallback types for when WebGPU is not available
#[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
type WgpuDevice = *mut std::ffi::c_void;
#[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
type WgpuQueue = *mut std::ffi::c_void;
#[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
type WgpuBuffer = *mut std::ffi::c_void;
#[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
type WgpuComputePipeline = *mut std::ffi::c_void;

/// A compiled WebGPU compute pipeline, containing all state needed to dispatch a compute shader.
///
/// Created by [`try_compile_wgsl`]. On hosts without a GPU adapter this is never constructed
/// and that function returns an error instead.
#[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
pub struct WgpuComputePipeline {
    /// The underlying wgpu compute pipeline.
    pub pipeline: ComputePipeline,
    /// The bind group layout derived from WGSL source inspection.
    pub bind_group_layout: BindGroupLayout,
    /// Workgroup size extracted from the `@workgroup_size(...)` attribute; defaults to `[64, 1, 1]`.
    pub workgroup_size: [u32; 3],
}

#[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
// SAFETY: wgpu's `ComputePipeline` and `BindGroupLayout` are `Send + Sync` on all native backends.
unsafe impl Send for WgpuComputePipeline {}
#[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
unsafe impl Sync for WgpuComputePipeline {}

/// Attempt to compile `source` as a WGSL compute shader and return a [`WgpuComputePipeline`].
///
/// # Errors
/// - Returns an error if no wgpu adapter is available on the host (e.g. headless CI without GPU).
/// - Returns an error if `source` contains invalid WGSL (wgpu panics on truly invalid WGSL;
///   syntactically valid but semantically broken shaders will fail at pipeline creation).
///
/// # Example
/// ```rust,no_run
/// # #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
/// # {
/// use scirs2_core::gpu::backends::try_compile_wgsl;
/// let pipeline = try_compile_wgsl(r#"
///     @group(0) @binding(0) var<storage, read_write> out: array<f32>;
///     @compute @workgroup_size(64)
///     fn main(@builtin(global_invocation_id) gid: vec3<u32>) { out[gid.x] = f32(gid.x); }
/// "#).expect("shader compiled");
/// let _ = pipeline;
/// # }
/// ```
#[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
pub fn try_compile_wgsl(source: &str) -> Result<WgpuComputePipeline, GpuError> {
    let ctx = WebGPUContext::new()?;
    ctx.compile_to_pipeline(source)
}

/// Run a vector-add compute shader end-to-end on the GPU.
///
/// Uploads `a` and `b` to device buffers, dispatches the WGSL kernel, then reads back the result.
/// Returns `Ok(result_vec)` on success. Returns `Err` if no adapter is available.
#[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
pub fn run_vector_add_wgsl(a: &[f32], b: &[f32]) -> Result<Vec<f32>, GpuError> {
    let ctx = WebGPUContext::new()?;
    ctx.run_vector_add(a, b)
}

// WebGPU shader source templates — used by the kernel registry in kernels/mod.rs
// for the GEMM BLAS kernel (exposed here as a named constant for external use).

/// WGSL source for the GEMM kernel (tiled 8×8 matrix multiply).
///
/// Computes C = alpha * A * B + beta * C where A is M×K, B is K×N, C is M×N.
///
/// Buffers: 0 → matrix_a (read), 1 → matrix_b (read), 2 → matrix_c (read_write)
/// Uniforms: M, N, K, alpha, beta
pub const GEMM_SHADER_WGSL: &str = r#"
@group(0) @binding(0) var<storage, read> matrix_a: array<f32>;
@group(0) @binding(1) var<storage, read> matrix_b: array<f32>;
@group(0) @binding(2) var<storage, read_write> matrix_c: array<f32>;

struct GemmUniforms {
    M: u32,
    N: u32,
    K: u32,
    alpha: f32,
    beta: f32,
};

@group(0) @binding(3) var<uniform> uniforms: GemmUniforms;

@compute @workgroup_size(8, 8)
fn main(@builtin(global_invocation_id) global_id: vec3<u32>) {
    let row = global_id.x;
    let col = global_id.y;

    if row >= uniforms.M || col >= uniforms.N { return; }

    var sum = 0.0f;
    for (var k = 0u; k < uniforms.K; k++) {
        sum += matrix_a[row * uniforms.K + k] * matrix_b[k * uniforms.N + col];
    }

    let idx = row * uniforms.N + col;
    matrix_c[idx] = uniforms.alpha * sum + uniforms.beta * matrix_c[idx];
}
"#;

/// WebGPU context wrapper
pub struct WebGPUContext {
    #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
    device: Arc<Device>,
    #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
    queue: Arc<Queue>,
    #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
    device: Arc<WgpuDevice>,
    #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
    queue: Arc<WgpuQueue>,
    compiled_shaders: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, WebGPUShader>>>,
    memory_pool: Arc<Mutex<WebGPUMemoryPool>>,
}

// WebGPU handles are safe to send between threads when properly synchronized
unsafe impl Send for WebGPUContext {}
unsafe impl Sync for WebGPUContext {}

impl WebGPUContext {
    /// Create a new WebGPU context
    pub fn new() -> Result<Self, GpuError> {
        #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
        {
            // Real WebGPU implementation
            let instance_desc = InstanceDescriptor {
                backends: Backends::all(),
                flags: wgpu::InstanceFlags::default(),
                memory_budget_thresholds: Default::default(),
                backend_options: Default::default(),
                display: None,
            };
            let instance = Instance::new(instance_desc);

            let adapter = pollster::block_on(instance.request_adapter(&RequestAdapterOptions {
                power_preference: PowerPreference::HighPerformance,
                compatible_surface: None,
                force_fallback_adapter: false,
            }))
            .map_err(|e| GpuError::Other(format!("Failed to find WebGPU adapter: {e}")))?;

            let device_descriptor = DeviceDescriptor {
                label: Some("SciRS2 WebGPU Device"),
                required_features: Features::empty(),
                required_limits: Limits::default(),
                // Newer wgpu versions removed/changed some fields (e.g. trace Option). Use defaults for the rest.
                ..Default::default()
            };

            let (device, queue) = pollster::block_on(adapter.request_device(&device_descriptor))
                .map_err(|e| GpuError::Other(format!("{e}")))?;

            Ok(Self {
                device: Arc::new(device),
                queue: Arc::new(queue),
                compiled_shaders: Arc::new(Mutex::new(HashMap::new())),
                memory_pool: Arc::new(Mutex::new(WebGPUMemoryPool::new(1024 * 1024 * 1024))), // 1GB pool
            })
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
        {
            // Fallback implementation
            let device = Self::initialize_webgpu()?;
            let queue = Self::create_queue(device)?;

            Ok(Self {
                device,
                queue,
                compiled_shaders: Arc::new(Mutex::new(HashMap::new())),
                memory_pool: Arc::new(Mutex::new(WebGPUMemoryPool::new(1024 * 1024 * 1024))), // 1GB pool
            })
        }
    }

    /// Check if WebGPU is available and working
    pub fn is_available() -> bool {
        #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
        {
            // Real WebGPU implementation - try to create an instance and adapter
            let instance_desc = InstanceDescriptor {
                backends: Backends::all(),
                flags: wgpu::InstanceFlags::default(),
                memory_budget_thresholds: Default::default(),
                backend_options: Default::default(),
                display: None,
            };
            let instance = Instance::new(instance_desc);

            // Try to get an adapter (this is async, so we use a simple runtime check)
            pollster::block_on(async {
                instance
                    .request_adapter(&RequestAdapterOptions {
                        power_preference: PowerPreference::default(),
                        compatible_surface: None,
                        force_fallback_adapter: false,
                    })
                    .await
                    .is_ok()
            })
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
        {
            // Fallback: return false since we don't have real WebGPU
            false
        }
    }

    /// Compile a shader from WGSL source
    fn compile_shader_internal(&self, source: &str, name: &str) -> Result<WebGPUShader, GpuError> {
        #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
        {
            // Real WebGPU implementation
            let shader_module = self.device.create_shader_module(ShaderModuleDescriptor {
                label: Some(name),
                source: ShaderSource::Wgsl(source.into()),
            });

            // Extract entry point from source or use default
            let entry_point = Self::extract_entry_point(source).unwrap_or("main");

            // Create bind group layout + reflection infos
            let (bind_group_layout, binding_infos) =
                self.create_bind_group_layout_from_source(source, name)?;

            // Create pipeline layout with our bind group layout
            let pipeline_layout =
                self.device
                    .create_pipeline_layout(&wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor {
                        label: Some(&format!("{}_layout", name)),
                        bind_group_layouts: &[Some(&bind_group_layout)],
                        // wgpu 28+: immediate_size replaces push_constant_ranges
                        ..Default::default()
                    });

            let compute_pipeline =
                self.device
                    .create_compute_pipeline(&wgpu::ComputePipelineDescriptor {
                        label: Some(&format!("{}_pipeline", name)),
                        layout: Some(&pipeline_layout),
                        module: &shader_module,
                        entry_point: Some(entry_point),
                        compilation_options: Default::default(),
                        cache: None,
                    });

            let workgroup_size = extract_workgroup_size(source);

            Ok(WebGPUShader {
                pipeline: compute_pipeline,
                bind_group_layout,
                name: name.to_string(),
                binding_infos,
                workgroup_size,
            })
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
        {
            // Fallback implementation
            let pipeline = Self::compile_wgsl_source(source, name)?;

            Ok(WebGPUShader {
                pipeline,
                bind_group_layout: std::ptr::null_mut(),
                name: name.to_string(),
                binding_infos: Vec::new(),
                workgroup_size: [64, 1, 1],
            })
        }
    }

    /// Create bind group layout from WGSL source analysis
    #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
    fn create_bind_group_layout_from_source(
        &self,
        source: &str,
        name: &str,
    ) -> Result<(BindGroupLayout, Vec<BindingInfo>), GpuError> {
        #[derive(Default)]
        struct PendingAttr {
            group: Option<u32>,
            binding: Option<u32>,
        }
        let mut pending = PendingAttr::default();
        let mut entries: Vec<BindGroupLayoutEntry> = Vec::new();
        let mut infos: Vec<BindingInfo> = Vec::new();

        fn strip_comment(line: &str) -> &str {
            line.split_once("//").map(|(a, _)| a).unwrap_or(line)
        }

        for raw_line in source.lines() {
            let line = strip_comment(raw_line).trim();
            if line.is_empty() {
                continue;
            }

            if let Some(i) = line.find("@group(") {
                if let Some(end) = line[i + 7..].find(')') {
                    if let Ok(g) = line[i + 7..i + 7 + end].parse::<u32>() {
                        pending.group = Some(g);
                    }
                }
            }
            if let Some(i) = line.find("@binding(") {
                if let Some(end) = line[i + 9..].find(')') {
                    if let Ok(b) = line[i + 9..i + 9 + end].parse::<u32>() {
                        pending.binding = Some(b);
                    }
                }
            }

            if line.contains("var<") {
                // variable declaration
                if pending.group.unwrap_or(0) == 0 {
                    // only group 0 for now
                    let binding_num = pending.binding.unwrap_or_else(|| entries.len() as u32);
                    let name = extract_var_name(line).unwrap_or("");
                    let storage = line.contains("var<storage");
                    let uniform = line.contains("var<uniform");
                    let read_only = storage
                        && (line.contains(", read>")
                            || line.contains("var<storage, read>")
                            || line.contains("var<storage, read,"));
                    if storage {
                        entries.push(BindGroupLayoutEntry {
                            binding: binding_num,
                            visibility: ShaderStages::COMPUTE,
                            ty: BindingType::Buffer {
                                ty: BufferBindingType::Storage { read_only },
                                has_dynamic_offset: false,
                                min_binding_size: None,
                            },
                            count: None,
                        });
                        infos.push(BindingInfo {
                            binding: binding_num,
                            name: name.to_string(),
                            kind: if read_only {
                                BindingKind::StorageRead
                            } else {
                                BindingKind::StorageRw
                            },
                        });
                    } else if uniform {
                        entries.push(BindGroupLayoutEntry {
                            binding: binding_num,
                            visibility: ShaderStages::COMPUTE,
                            ty: BindingType::Buffer {
                                ty: BufferBindingType::Uniform,
                                has_dynamic_offset: false,
                                min_binding_size: None,
                            },
                            count: None,
                        });
                        infos.push(BindingInfo {
                            binding: binding_num,
                            name: name.to_string(),
                            kind: BindingKind::Uniform,
                        });
                    }
                }
                pending = PendingAttr::default();
            }
        }

        if entries.is_empty() {
            entries.push(BindGroupLayoutEntry {
                binding: 0,
                visibility: ShaderStages::COMPUTE,
                ty: BindingType::Buffer {
                    ty: BufferBindingType::Storage { read_only: false },
                    has_dynamic_offset: false,
                    min_binding_size: None,
                },
                count: None,
            });
            infos.push(BindingInfo {
                binding: 0,
                name: "_unnamed".into(),
                kind: BindingKind::StorageRw,
            });
        }

        // Deduplicate by binding number
        let mut seen = std::collections::HashSet::new();
        let mut dedup_entries = Vec::new();
        let mut dedup_infos = Vec::new();
        for (e, info) in entries.into_iter().zip(infos) {
            if seen.insert(e.binding) {
                dedup_entries.push(e);
                dedup_infos.push(info);
            }
        }

        let bind_group_layout = self
            .device
            .create_bind_group_layout(&BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
                label: Some(&format!("{}_bind_group_layout", name)),
                entries: &dedup_entries,
            });
        Ok((bind_group_layout, dedup_infos))
    }

    /// Return a reference to the underlying `wgpu::Device`.
    #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
    pub fn device(&self) -> &Device {
        &self.device
    }

    /// Return a reference to the underlying `wgpu::Queue`.
    #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
    pub fn queue(&self) -> &Queue {
        &self.queue
    }

    /// Allocate device memory
    #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
    pub fn allocate_device_memory(&self, size: usize) -> Result<Buffer, GpuError> {
        let buffer = self.device.create_buffer(&BufferDescriptor {
            label: Some("SciRS2 Buffer"),
            size: size as u64,
            usage: BufferUsages::STORAGE | BufferUsages::COPY_SRC | BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
            mapped_at_creation: false,
        });

        Ok(buffer)
    }

    /// Allocate device memory (fallback)
    #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
    pub fn allocate_device_memory_2(&self, size: usize) -> Result<WgpuBuffer, GpuError> {
        // Fallback implementation: return a simulated buffer handle
        Ok((0x1000 + size) as WgpuBuffer)
    }

    // Fallback methods for when WebGPU is not available
    #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
    fn initialize_webgpu() -> Result<WgpuDevice, GpuError> {
        // Stub implementation
        Ok(0x1 as WgpuDevice)
    }

    #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
    fn create_queue(device: WgpuDevice) -> Result<WgpuQueue, GpuError> {
        // Stub implementation
        Ok(0x2 as WgpuQueue)
    }

    #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
    fn compile_wgsl_source(source: &str, name: &str) -> Result<WgpuComputePipeline, GpuError> {
        // Stub implementation
        Ok(0x3 as WgpuComputePipeline)
    }

    /// Compile WGSL source into a [`WgpuComputePipeline`] (real-wgpu path only).
    ///
    /// This exposes the same compilation path as [`try_compile_wgsl`] but operates
    /// on an already-created context so the adapter/device creation overhead is
    /// incurred only once.
    #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
    pub fn compile_to_pipeline(&self, source: &str) -> Result<WgpuComputePipeline, GpuError> {
        let shader = self.compile_shader_internal(source, "scirs2-pipeline")?;
        Ok(WgpuComputePipeline {
            pipeline: shader.pipeline,
            bind_group_layout: shader.bind_group_layout,
            workgroup_size: shader.workgroup_size,
        })
    }

    /// Run a vector-add end-to-end: upload `a` and `b`, dispatch, read back `result`.
    #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
    pub fn run_vector_add(&self, a: &[f32], b: &[f32]) -> Result<Vec<f32>, GpuError> {
        use wgpu::{util::DeviceExt as _, BufferUsages};

        let n = a.len();
        if n != b.len() {
            return Err(GpuError::InvalidParameter(
                "vectors must have equal length".into(),
            ));
        }

        const VECTOR_ADD_WGSL: &str = r#"
@group(0) @binding(0) var<storage, read>       a      : array<f32>;
@group(0) @binding(1) var<storage, read>       b      : array<f32>;
@group(0) @binding(2) var<storage, read_write> result : array<f32>;

@compute @workgroup_size(64)
fn main(@builtin(global_invocation_id) global_id: vec3<u32>) {
    let idx = global_id.x;
    if idx < arrayLength(&result) {
        result[idx] = a[idx] + b[idx];
    }
}
"#;

        // Compile shader
        let shader_module = self.device.create_shader_module(ShaderModuleDescriptor {
            label: Some("vector-add"),
            source: ShaderSource::Wgsl(VECTOR_ADD_WGSL.into()),
        });

        // Build bind group layout explicitly (3 storage bindings)
        let bgl = self
            .device
            .create_bind_group_layout(&BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
                label: Some("vector-add-bgl"),
                entries: &[
                    // binding 0: a (read-only storage)
                    BindGroupLayoutEntry {
                        binding: 0,
                        visibility: ShaderStages::COMPUTE,
                        ty: BindingType::Buffer {
                            ty: BufferBindingType::Storage { read_only: true },
                            has_dynamic_offset: false,
                            min_binding_size: None,
                        },
                        count: None,
                    },
                    // binding 1: b (read-only storage)
                    BindGroupLayoutEntry {
                        binding: 1,
                        visibility: ShaderStages::COMPUTE,
                        ty: BindingType::Buffer {
                            ty: BufferBindingType::Storage { read_only: true },
                            has_dynamic_offset: false,
                            min_binding_size: None,
                        },
                        count: None,
                    },
                    // binding 2: result (read-write storage)
                    BindGroupLayoutEntry {
                        binding: 2,
                        visibility: ShaderStages::COMPUTE,
                        ty: BindingType::Buffer {
                            ty: BufferBindingType::Storage { read_only: false },
                            has_dynamic_offset: false,
                            min_binding_size: None,
                        },
                        count: None,
                    },
                ],
            });

        let pipeline_layout = self
            .device
            .create_pipeline_layout(&wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor {
                label: Some("vector-add-layout"),
                bind_group_layouts: &[Some(&bgl)],
                ..Default::default()
            });

        let pipeline = self
            .device
            .create_compute_pipeline(&wgpu::ComputePipelineDescriptor {
                label: Some("vector-add-pipeline"),
                layout: Some(&pipeline_layout),
                module: &shader_module,
                entry_point: Some("main"),
                compilation_options: Default::default(),
                cache: None,
            });

        // Upload input buffers
        let a_bytes: Vec<u8> = a.iter().flat_map(|f| f.to_le_bytes()).collect();
        let b_bytes: Vec<u8> = b.iter().flat_map(|f| f.to_le_bytes()).collect();
        let result_size = std::mem::size_of_val(a) as u64;

        let buf_a = self
            .device
            .create_buffer_init(&wgpu::util::BufferInitDescriptor {
                label: Some("vector-add-a"),
                contents: &a_bytes,
                usage: BufferUsages::STORAGE | BufferUsages::COPY_SRC,
            });
        let buf_b = self
            .device
            .create_buffer_init(&wgpu::util::BufferInitDescriptor {
                label: Some("vector-add-b"),
                contents: &b_bytes,
                usage: BufferUsages::STORAGE | BufferUsages::COPY_SRC,
            });
        let buf_result = self.device.create_buffer(&BufferDescriptor {
            label: Some("vector-add-result"),
            size: result_size,
            usage: BufferUsages::STORAGE | BufferUsages::COPY_SRC | BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
            mapped_at_creation: false,
        });

        // Bind group
        let bind_group = self.device.create_bind_group(&BindGroupDescriptor {
            label: Some("vector-add-bg"),
            layout: &bgl,
            entries: &[
                BindGroupEntry {
                    binding: 0,
                    resource: buf_a.as_entire_binding(),
                },
                BindGroupEntry {
                    binding: 1,
                    resource: buf_b.as_entire_binding(),
                },
                BindGroupEntry {
                    binding: 2,
                    resource: buf_result.as_entire_binding(),
                },
            ],
        });

        // Encode and dispatch
        let mut encoder = self
            .device
            .create_command_encoder(&wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor {
                label: Some("vector-add-encoder"),
            });
        {
            let mut cpass = encoder.begin_compute_pass(&wgpu::ComputePassDescriptor {
                label: Some("vector-add-pass"),
                timestamp_writes: None,
            });
            cpass.set_pipeline(&pipeline);
            cpass.set_bind_group(0, &bind_group, &[]);
            let workgroups = (n as u32 + 63) / 64;
            cpass.dispatch_workgroups(workgroups, 1, 1);
        }

        // Readback via staging buffer
        let staging = self.device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
            label: Some("vector-add-staging"),
            size: result_size,
            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::MAP_READ | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
            mapped_at_creation: false,
        });
        encoder.copy_buffer_to_buffer(&buf_result, 0, &staging, 0, result_size);
        self.queue.submit(Some(encoder.finish()));

        // Poll until GPU work completes (required on native backends before map_async fires)
        self.device
            .poll(wgpu::PollType::wait_indefinitely())
            .map_err(|e| GpuError::Other(format!("GPU poll error: {e:?}")))?;

        let slice = staging.slice(0..result_size);
        let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
        slice.map_async(wgpu::MapMode::Read, move |r| {
            let _ = tx.send(r);
        });

        // Poll again to drive the map callback to completion
        self.device
            .poll(wgpu::PollType::wait_indefinitely())
            .map_err(|e| GpuError::Other(format!("GPU poll error during map: {e:?}")))?;

        rx.recv()
            .map_err(|_| GpuError::Other("Channel closed during map_async".into()))?
            .map_err(|e| GpuError::Other(format!("map_async failed: {e:?}")))?;

        let mapped = slice.get_mapped_range();
        let result: Vec<f32> = mapped
            .chunks_exact(4)
            .map(|b| f32::from_le_bytes([b[0], b[1], b[2], b[3]]))
            .collect();
        drop(mapped);
        staging.unmap();

        Ok(result)
    }

    /// Extract the entry point function name from WGSL source code
    fn extract_entry_point(source: &str) -> Option<&str> {
        let lines: Vec<&str> = source.lines().collect();

        for (i, line) in lines.iter().enumerate() {
            let trimmed = line.trim();

            // Check if this line contains @compute
            if trimmed.contains("@compute") {
                // The function might be on the same line or the next line
                let mut search_line = trimmed;
                let mut search_idx = 0;

                // If @compute and function are not on the same line, check next line
                if !search_line.contains("fn ") && search_idx + 1 < lines.len() {
                    search_idx += 1;
                    search_line = lines[search_idx].trim();
                }

                // Extract function name
                if let Some(start) = search_line.find("fn ") {
                    let remaining = &search_line[start + 3..];
                    if let Some(end) = remaining.find('(') {
                        let funcname = remaining[..end].trim();
                        return Some(funcname);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        None
    }
}

impl GpuContextImpl for WebGPUContext {
    fn create_buffer(&self, size: usize) -> Arc<dyn GpuBufferImpl> {
        // Try to allocate from memory pool first
        if let Ok(mut pool) = self.memory_pool.lock() {
            if let Some(device_buffer) = pool.allocate(size) {
                return Arc::new(WebGPUBuffer {
                    device_buffer: Some(device_buffer),
                    #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
                    queue: Arc::clone(&self.queue),
                    #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
                    device: Arc::clone(&self.device),
                    #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
                    queue: self.queue,
                    size,
                    memory_pool: Arc::clone(&self.memory_pool),
                });
            }
        }

        // Fallback to direct allocation
        let device_buffer = match self.allocate_device_memory(size) {
            Ok(buffer) => buffer,
            Err(e) => {
                // Log the WebGPU allocation failure and create a CPU fallback
                eprintln!(
                    "Warning: WebGPU buffer allocation failed ({}), creating CPU fallback buffer",
                    e
                );

                #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
                {
                    // Create a CPU fallback buffer with minimal size for WebGPU compatibility
                    // This is a last resort when GPU memory is exhausted
                    return Arc::new(WebGPUCpuFallbackBuffer {
                        data: vec![0u8; size],
                        size,
                        memory_pool: Arc::clone(&self.memory_pool),
                    });
                }
                #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
                {
                    (0x2000 + size) as WgpuBuffer
                }
            }
        };

        Arc::new(WebGPUBuffer {
            device_buffer: Some(device_buffer),
            #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
            queue: Arc::clone(&self.queue),
            #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
            device: Arc::clone(&self.device),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
            queue: self.queue,
            size,
            memory_pool: Arc::clone(&self.memory_pool),
        })
    }

    fn create_compiler(&self) -> Arc<dyn GpuCompilerImpl> {
        Arc::new(WebGPUCompiler {
            context: Arc::new(WebGPUContext {
                memory_pool: Arc::clone(&self.memory_pool),
                compiled_shaders: Arc::clone(&self.compiled_shaders),
                #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
                device: Arc::clone(&self.device),
                #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
                queue: Arc::clone(&self.queue),
                #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
                device: Arc::clone(&self.device),
                #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
                queue: Arc::clone(&self.queue),
            }),
        })
    }

    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn std::any::Any {
        self
    }
}

/// WebGPU shader wrapper (augmented with basic reflection info)
struct WebGPUShader {
    #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
    pipeline: ComputePipeline,
    #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
    pipeline: WgpuComputePipeline,
    #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    bind_group_layout: BindGroupLayout,
    #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    bind_group_layout: *mut std::ffi::c_void,
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    name: String,
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    binding_infos: Vec<BindingInfo>, // basic reflection info (names may be synthetic when parser can't extract)
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    workgroup_size: [u32; 3],
}

// WebGPU shader handles are safe to send between threads when properly synchronized
unsafe impl Send for WebGPUShader {}
unsafe impl Sync for WebGPUShader {}

/// WebGPU compiler implementation
struct WebGPUCompiler {
    context: Arc<WebGPUContext>,
}

impl GpuCompilerImpl for WebGPUCompiler {
    fn compile(&self, source: &str) -> Result<Arc<dyn GpuKernelImpl>, GpuError> {
        let shader = self.context.compile_shader_internal(source, "shader")?;
        Ok(Arc::new(WebGPUKernelHandle {
            shader_name: shader.name.clone(),
            compiled_shaders: Arc::clone(&self.context.compiled_shaders),
            params: Arc::new(Mutex::new(HashMap::new())),
            #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
            device: Arc::clone(&self.context.device),
            #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
            queue: Arc::clone(&self.context.queue),
            #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
            ephemeral_uniforms: Mutex::new(Vec::new()),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
            device: self.context.device,
            #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
            queue: self.context.queue,
        }))
    }

    fn compile_typed(
        &self,
        name: &str,
        _input_type: std::any::TypeId,
        _output_type: std::any::TypeId,
    ) -> Arc<dyn GpuKernelImpl> {
        Arc::new(WebGPUKernelHandle {
            shader_name: name.to_string(),
            compiled_shaders: Arc::clone(&self.context.compiled_shaders),
            params: Arc::new(Mutex::new(HashMap::new())),
            #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
            device: Arc::clone(&self.context.device),
            #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
            queue: Arc::clone(&self.context.queue),
            #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
            ephemeral_uniforms: Mutex::new(Vec::new()),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
            device: self.context.device,
            #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
            queue: self.context.queue,
        })
    }
}

/// WebGPU kernel handle for execution
struct WebGPUKernelHandle {
    shader_name: String,
    compiled_shaders: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, WebGPUShader>>>,
    params: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, KernelParam>>>,
    #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
    device: Arc<Device>,
    #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
    queue: Arc<Queue>,
    #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
    ephemeral_uniforms: Mutex<Vec<wgpu::Buffer>>,
    #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
    device: WgpuDevice,
    #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
    queue: WgpuQueue,
}

enum KernelParam {
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    Buffer(Arc<dyn GpuBufferImpl>),
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    U32(u32),
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    I32(i32),
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    F32(f32),
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    F64(f64),
    Bytes(Vec<u8>),
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
enum BindingKind {
    StorageRw,
    StorageRead,
    Uniform,
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
struct BindingInfo {
    binding: u32,
    name: String,
    kind: BindingKind,
}

/// Extract the `@workgroup_size(x [, y [, z]])` values from WGSL source.
/// Returns `[64, 1, 1]` as a sensible default if the attribute is not present or unparseable.
fn extract_workgroup_size(source: &str) -> [u32; 3] {
    for line in source.lines() {
        let trimmed = line.trim();
        if let Some(start) = trimmed.find("@workgroup_size(") {
            let after = &trimmed[start + "@workgroup_size(".len()..];
            if let Some(end) = after.find(')') {
                let inner = &after[..end];
                let parts: Vec<u32> = inner
                    .split(',')
                    .filter_map(|s| s.trim().parse::<u32>().ok())
                    .collect();
                return match parts.as_slice() {
                    [x] => [*x, 1, 1],
                    [x, y] => [*x, *y, 1],
                    [x, y, z, ..] => [*x, *y, *z],
                    _ => [64, 1, 1],
                };
            }
        }
    }
    [64, 1, 1]
}

fn extract_var_name(line: &str) -> Option<&str> {
    if let Some(var_start) = line.find("var<") {
        let after_var = &line[var_start..];
        if let Some(close) = after_var.find('>') {
            let after = &after_var[close + 1..];
            let after = after.trim_start();
            if let Some(colon) = after.find(':') {
                let name_part = after[..colon].trim();
                if !name_part.is_empty() {
                    return Some(name_part);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    None
}

impl GpuKernelImpl for WebGPUKernelHandle {
    fn set_buffer(&self, name: &str, buffer: &Arc<dyn GpuBufferImpl>) {
        if let Ok(mut params) = self.params.lock() {
            params.insert(name.to_string(), KernelParam::Buffer(Arc::clone(buffer)));
        }
    }

    fn set_u32(&self, name: &str, value: u32) {
        if let Ok(mut params) = self.params.lock() {
            params.insert(name.to_string(), KernelParam::U32(value));
        }
    }

    fn set_i32(&self, name: &str, value: i32) {
        if let Ok(mut params) = self.params.lock() {
            params.insert(name.to_string(), KernelParam::I32(value));
        }
    }

    fn set_f32(&self, name: &str, value: f32) {
        if let Ok(mut params) = self.params.lock() {
            params.insert(name.to_string(), KernelParam::F32(value));
        }
    }

    fn set_f64(&self, name: &str, value: f64) {
        if let Ok(mut params) = self.params.lock() {
            params.insert(name.to_string(), KernelParam::F64(value));
        }
    }

    #[allow(dead_code)]
    // raw bytes helper removed from trait; use internal helper if needed

    fn dispatch(&self, workgroups: [u32; 3]) {
        #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
        {
            // Real WebGPU compute dispatch
            let shaders = match self.compiled_shaders.lock() {
                Ok(g) => g,
                Err(_) => return,
            };
            if let Some(shader) = shaders.get(&self.shader_name) {
                let params = match self.params.lock() {
                    Ok(g) => g,
                    Err(_) => return,
                };

                // Create command encoder
                let mut encoder =
                    self.device
                        .create_command_encoder(&wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor {
                            label: Some("Compute Command Encoder"),
                        });

                // Begin compute pass
                {
                    let mut compute_pass =
                        encoder.begin_compute_pass(&wgpu::ComputePassDescriptor {
                            label: Some("Compute Pass"),
                            timestamp_writes: None,
                        });

                    // Set the compute pipeline
                    compute_pass.set_pipeline(&shader.pipeline);

                    if let Ok(bind_group) = self.create_bind_group_from_params(shader, &params) {
                        compute_pass.set_bind_group(0, &bind_group, &[]);
                    }
                    // else: bind group creation failed; dispatch will proceed but produce undefined results

                    // Dispatch the compute shader
                    compute_pass.dispatch_workgroups(workgroups[0], workgroups[1], workgroups[2]);
                }

                // Submit the command buffer
                let command_buffer = encoder.finish();
                self.queue.submit(std::iter::once(command_buffer));
            }
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
        {
            // Fallback: no GPU available; dispatch is a no-op
            let _ = workgroups;
            let _ = &self.shader_name;
        }
    }
}

/// WebGPU buffer implementation
struct WebGPUBuffer {
    #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
    device_buffer: Option<Buffer>,
    #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
    queue: Arc<Queue>,
    #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
    device: Arc<Device>,
    #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
    device_buffer: Option<WgpuBuffer>,
    #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
    queue: WgpuQueue,
    size: usize,
    memory_pool: Arc<Mutex<WebGPUMemoryPool>>,
}

// WebGPU buffer handles are safe to send between threads when properly synchronized
// The real wgpu types (Buffer, Queue) are Send + Sync
// For fallback types (raw pointers), we assume proper synchronization is handled externally
unsafe impl Send for WebGPUBuffer {}
unsafe impl Sync for WebGPUBuffer {}

impl GpuBufferImpl for WebGPUBuffer {
    fn size(&self) -> usize {
        self.size
    }

    unsafe fn copy_from_host(&self, data: *const u8, size: usize) {
        #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
        {
            // Validate data size
            if size > self.size {
                // In unsafe context, we can't return an error, so we'll just log and return
                eprintln!(
                    "Warning: Data size {} exceeds buffer size {}",
                    size, self.size
                );
                return;
            }

            // Convert raw pointer to slice for WebGPU API
            let data_slice = std::slice::from_raw_parts(data, size);

            // Real WebGPU implementation - write data to buffer
            if let Some(ref buffer) = self.device_buffer {
                self.queue.write_buffer(buffer, 0, data_slice);
            }
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
        {
            // Fallback implementation - just validate
            if size > self.size {
                eprintln!(
                    "Warning: Data size {} exceeds buffer size {}",
                    size, self.size
                );
            }
            // In fallback mode, we just simulate the operation
        }
    }

    unsafe fn copy_to_host(&self, data: *mut u8, size: usize) {
        #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
        {
            // Validate data size
            if size > self.size {
                eprintln!(
                    "Warning: Data size {} exceeds buffer size {}",
                    size, self.size
                );
                return;
            }

            if let Some(ref buffer) = self.device_buffer {
                let staging = self.device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
                    label: Some("scirs2-readback"),
                    size: size as u64,
                    usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::MAP_READ | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
                    mapped_at_creation: false,
                });
                let mut encoder =
                    self.device
                        .create_command_encoder(&wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor {
                            label: Some("scirs2-readback-enc"),
                        });
                encoder.copy_buffer_to_buffer(buffer, 0, &staging, 0, size as u64);
                self.queue.submit(Some(encoder.finish()));

                // Poll the device until all submitted work completes before mapping.
                // This is required on all native wgpu backends (Vulkan, Metal, DX12)
                // to ensure the copy completes before the slice can be mapped.
                let _ = self.device.poll(wgpu::PollType::wait_indefinitely());

                let slice = staging.slice(0..size as u64);
                let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
                slice.map_async(wgpu::MapMode::Read, move |r| {
                    let _ = tx.send(r);
                });
                // Drive map callback to completion
                let _ = self.device.poll(wgpu::PollType::wait_indefinitely());
                if let Ok(Ok(())) = rx.recv() {
                    let mapped = slice.get_mapped_range();
                    let dst = std::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(data, size);
                    dst.copy_from_slice(&mapped);
                    drop(mapped);
                    staging.unmap();
                } else {
                    eprintln!("Warning: map_async failed for readback");
                }
            }
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
        {
            // Fallback implementation - just validate and zero out
            if size > self.size {
                eprintln!(
                    "Warning: Data size {} exceeds buffer size {}",
                    size, self.size
                );
            }

            // Zero out the data as a placeholder
            let data_slice = std::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(data, size);
            data_slice.fill(0);
        }
    }

    fn device_ptr(&self) -> u64 {
        #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
        {
            // WebGPU doesn't expose raw device pointers, so we return a placeholder
            // In a real implementation, this might return a handle or ID
            &self.device_buffer as *const _ as u64
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
        {
            self.device_buffer as u64
        }
    }

    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn std::any::Any {
        self
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
impl WebGPUKernelHandle {
    fn create_bind_group_from_params(
        &self,
        shader: &WebGPUShader,
        params: &HashMap<String, KernelParam>,
    ) -> Result<wgpu::BindGroup, GpuError> {
        let mut entries: Vec<wgpu::BindGroupEntry> = Vec::new();
        // Hold uniform buffers so their lifetime extends until after bind_group creation
        let mut owned_uniform_buffers: Vec<wgpu::Buffer> = Vec::new();
        let mut uniform_bytes: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
        for info in &shader.binding_infos {
            match info.kind {
                BindingKind::StorageRw | BindingKind::StorageRead => {
                    if let Some(KernelParam::Buffer(buf)) = params.get(&info.name) {
                        if let Some(wbuf) = buf.as_any().downcast_ref::<WebGPUBuffer>() {
                            if let Some(ref inner) = wbuf.device_buffer {
                                entries.push(wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
                                    binding: info.binding,
                                    resource: wgpu::BindingResource::Buffer(wgpu::BufferBinding {
                                        buffer: inner,
                                        offset: 0,
                                        size: None,
                                    }),
                                });
                            }
                        }
                    } else {
                        return Err(GpuError::InvalidParameter(format!(
                            "Missing buffer param '{}'",
                            info.name
                        )));
                    }
                }
                BindingKind::Uniform => {
                    // Collect all scalars/bytes with key prefix or exact match
                    for (k, v) in params.iter() {
                        if k == &info.name || k.starts_with(&(info.name.clone() + ".")) {
                            match v {
                                KernelParam::U32(u) => {
                                    uniform_bytes.extend_from_slice(&u.to_le_bytes())
                                }
                                KernelParam::I32(i) => {
                                    uniform_bytes.extend_from_slice(&i.to_le_bytes())
                                }
                                KernelParam::F32(f) => {
                                    uniform_bytes.extend_from_slice(&f.to_le_bytes())
                                }
                                KernelParam::F64(f) => {
                                    uniform_bytes.extend_from_slice(&f.to_le_bytes())
                                }
                                KernelParam::Bytes(b) => uniform_bytes.extend_from_slice(b),
                                KernelParam::Buffer(_) => {}
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        if !uniform_bytes.is_empty() {
            while uniform_bytes.len() % 16 != 0 {
                uniform_bytes.push(0);
            }
            if let Some(uinfo) = shader
                .binding_infos
                .iter()
                .find(|b| matches!(b.kind, BindingKind::Uniform))
            {
                if let Ok(mut list) = self.ephemeral_uniforms.lock() {
                    list.clear();
                    let ubuf = self
                        .device
                        .create_buffer_init(&wgpu::util::BufferInitDescriptor {
                            label: Some("scirs2-uniforms"),
                            contents: &uniform_bytes,
                            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::UNIFORM | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
                        });
                    list.push(ubuf.clone());
                    owned_uniform_buffers.push(ubuf.clone());
                    let idx = owned_uniform_buffers.len() - 1;
                    let buf_ref = &owned_uniform_buffers[idx];
                    entries.push(wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
                        binding: uinfo.binding,
                        resource: wgpu::BindingResource::Buffer(wgpu::BufferBinding {
                            buffer: buf_ref,
                            offset: 0,
                            size: None,
                        }),
                    });
                }
            }
        } else if let Ok(mut list) = self.ephemeral_uniforms.lock() {
            list.clear();
        }
        let bind_group = self.device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
            label: Some("scirs2-bind-group"),
            layout: &shader.bind_group_layout,
            entries: &entries,
        });
        Ok(bind_group)
    }
}

impl Drop for WebGPUBuffer {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        // Return buffer to memory pool if possible
        if let Ok(mut pool) = self.memory_pool.lock() {
            #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
            {
                // In real implementation, would return buffer to pool
                if let Some(buffer) = self.device_buffer.take() {
                    pool.deallocate(buffer);
                }
            }
            #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
            {
                if let Some(buffer) = self.device_buffer.take() {
                    pool.deallocate(buffer);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

/// CPU fallback buffer for when WebGPU buffer allocation fails
/// This provides a graceful degradation when GPU memory is exhausted
struct WebGPUCpuFallbackBuffer {
    data: Vec<u8>,
    size: usize,
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    memory_pool: Arc<Mutex<WebGPUMemoryPool>>,
}

impl GpuBufferImpl for WebGPUCpuFallbackBuffer {
    fn size(&self) -> usize {
        self.size
    }

    unsafe fn copy_from_host(&self, data: *const u8, size: usize) {
        if size > self.size {
            eprintln!("Warning: WebGPU CPU fallback buffer copy_from_host size mismatch");
            return;
        }

        // Since this is a CPU fallback, we can use safe Rust internally
        let data_slice = std::slice::from_raw_parts(data, size);
        // We can't mutate self.data directly since &self is immutable
        // In a real implementation, this would require interior mutability
        eprintln!(
            "Warning: CPU fallback buffer copy_from_host called (size: {})",
            size
        );
    }

    unsafe fn copy_to_host(&self, data: *mut u8, size: usize) {
        if size > self.size {
            eprintln!("Warning: WebGPU CPU fallback buffer copy_to_host size mismatch");
            return;
        }

        // Copy from CPU buffer to host
        let data_slice = std::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(data, size);
        let copy_size = size.min(self.data.len());
        data_slice[..copy_size].copy_from_slice(&self.data[..copy_size]);

        eprintln!(
            "Warning: CPU fallback buffer copy_to_host called (size: {})",
            size
        );
    }

    fn device_ptr(&self) -> u64 {
        self.data.as_ptr() as u64
    }

    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn std::any::Any {
        self
    }
}

// Safety: WebGPUCpuFallbackBuffer is thread-safe since it only contains owned data
unsafe impl Send for WebGPUCpuFallbackBuffer {}
unsafe impl Sync for WebGPUCpuFallbackBuffer {}

/// WebGPU memory pool for efficient buffer management
struct WebGPUMemoryPool {
    #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
    available_buffers: HashMap<usize, Vec<Buffer>>,
    #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
    available_buffers: HashMap<usize, Vec<WgpuBuffer>>,
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    total_size: usize,
    used_size: usize,
}

impl WebGPUMemoryPool {
    fn new(totalsize: usize) -> Self {
        Self {
            available_buffers: HashMap::new(),
            total_size: totalsize,
            used_size: 0,
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
    fn allocate(&mut self, size: usize) -> Option<Buffer> {
        // Try to find a suitable buffer in the pool
        if let Some(buffers) = self.available_buffers.get_mut(&size) {
            if let Some(buffer) = buffers.pop() {
                self.used_size += size;
                return Some(buffer);
            }
        }
        None
    }

    #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
    fn allocate(&mut self, size: usize) -> Option<WgpuBuffer> {
        // Try to find a suitable buffer in the pool
        if let Some(buffers) = self.available_buffers.get_mut(&size) {
            if let Some(buffer) = buffers.pop() {
                self.used_size += size;
                return Some(buffer);
            }
        }
        None
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "wgpu_backend")]
    fn deallocate(&mut self, buffer: Buffer) {
        // Return buffer to pool
        let size = buffer.size() as usize;
        self.available_buffers
            .entry(size)
            .or_insert_with(Vec::new)
            .push(buffer);
        self.used_size = self.used_size.saturating_sub(size);
    }

    #[cfg(not(feature = "wgpu_backend"))]
    fn deallocate(&mut self, buffer: WgpuBuffer) {
        // Fallback implementation - track the buffer
        let size = 1024; // Placeholder size
        self.available_buffers
            .entry(size)
            .or_insert_with(Vec::new)
            .push(buffer);
        self.used_size = self.used_size.saturating_sub(size);
    }

    #[allow(dead_code)]
    fn get_memory_usage(&self) -> (usize, usize) {
        (self.used_size, self.total_size)
    }
}