scion_stack/stack/

socket.rs

// Copyright 2025 Anapaya Systems
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
//! SCION socket types.

use std::{
    net::{self},
    sync::Arc,
    time::{Duration, SystemTime},
};

use scion_quic::socket::{BoxedSocketError, GenericScionUdpSocket};
use sciparse::{
    address::{addr::ScionAddr, ip_socket_addr::ScionSocketIpAddr},
    core::{model::Model, view::View},
    dataplane_path::view::ScionDpPathViewExt,
    packet::{
        model::{ScionScmpPacket, ScionUdpPacket},
        view::ScionRawPacketView,
    },
    path::ScionPath,
    payload::{
        ProtocolNumber,
        scmp::{model::ScmpMessage, view::ScmpPayloadView},
    },
};

use super::{BoundUnderlaySocket, MAX_UNDERLAY_PACKET_SIZE, UnderlaySocket, UnderlaySocketExt};
use crate::{
    internal::Subscribers,
    path::manager::{MultiPathManager, traits::PathManager},
    stack::{
        ScionSocketConnectError, ScionSocketReceiveError, ScionSocketSendError,
        scmp_handler::{ScmpErrorHandler, ScmpHandler},
    },
};

/// A path unaware UDP SCION socket.
pub struct PathUnawareUdpScionSocket {
    inner: Box<dyn UnderlaySocket>,
    /// The local SCION address the socket is bound to.
    local_addr: ScionSocketIpAddr,
    /// The SNAP data plane the socket is connected to (if a SNAP underlay is used).
    snap_data_plane: Option<net::SocketAddr>,
    /// The SCMP handlers.
    scmp_handlers: Vec<Box<dyn ScmpHandler>>,
}

// Intentionally shows only the local address; the inner socket/handlers are not `Debug`.
#[allow(clippy::missing_fields_in_debug)]
impl std::fmt::Debug for PathUnawareUdpScionSocket {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("PathUnawareUdpScionSocket")
            .field("local_addr", &self.local_addr)
            .finish()
    }
}

impl PathUnawareUdpScionSocket {
    pub(crate) fn new(
        bound: BoundUnderlaySocket,
        scmp_handlers: Vec<Box<dyn ScmpHandler>>,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            inner: bound.socket,
            local_addr: bound.local_addr,
            snap_data_plane: bound.snap_data_plane,
            scmp_handlers,
        }
    }

    /// Send a SCION UDP datagram via the given path.
    ///
    /// # Cancel safety
    ///
    /// This method is cancel-safe. If the future is dropped before completion, the packet may
    /// be silently lost, but no socket state is corrupted and the socket remains usable.
    pub async fn send_to_via(
        &self,
        payload: &[u8],
        destination: ScionSocketIpAddr,
        path: &ScionPath,
    ) -> Result<(), ScionSocketSendError> {
        // TODO: Should look into a way to encode without cloning payload and parsing dp_path
        let packet = ScionUdpPacket::new(
            self.local_addr.into(),
            destination.into(),
            path.dp_path().to_model(),
            payload.to_vec(),
        )
        .try_encode_to_owned_view()
        .map_err(|e| {
            ScionSocketSendError::InvalidPacket(format!("error encoding packet: {e}").into())
        })?
        .into_raw();

        self.inner.send(&packet).await
    }

    /// Receive a SCION packet with the sender and path.
    ///
    /// # Cancel safety
    ///
    /// This method is cancel-safe. The only await point is the inner underlay receive. If the
    /// future is dropped while waiting for a packet, no packet data is consumed and `buffer`
    /// and `path_buffer` are left unmodified. If a packet has already been received (i.e., the
    /// future is dropped after data has been written into the buffers), this cannot occur in
    /// practice because those steps run synchronously within a single `poll` invocation.
    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
    pub async fn recv_from_with_path(
        &self,
        buffer: &mut [u8],
    ) -> Result<(usize, ScionSocketIpAddr, ScionPath), ScionSocketReceiveError> {
        let mut scratch = vec![0u8; MAX_UNDERLAY_PACKET_SIZE];
        loop {
            let n = self.inner.recv(&mut scratch).await?;
            let (packet, _rest) = ScionRawPacketView::try_from_slice(&scratch[..n])
                .expect("underlay recv returns a decoded packet");

            match packet.header().next_header() {
                ProtocolNumber::Udp => {}
                ProtocolNumber::Scmp => {
                    tracing::debug!("SCMP packet received, forwarding to SCMP handlers");
                    for handler in &self.scmp_handlers {
                        // Check if the handler wants to send a reply and send it
                        let Some(reply) = handler.handle(packet) else {
                            continue;
                        };

                        let reply = match reply.try_encode_to_owned_view() {
                            Ok(reply) => reply,
                            Err(e) => {
                                tracing::warn!(error = %e, "failed to encode SCMP reply");
                                continue;
                            }
                        };

                        if let Err(e) = self.inner.try_send(&reply) {
                            tracing::warn!(error = %e, "failed to send SCMP reply");
                        }
                    }
                    continue;
                }
                next_header => {
                    tracing::debug!(%next_header, "Packet with unexpected next layer protocol, skipping");
                    continue;
                }
            }

            let packet = match packet.try_as_udp() {
                Ok(packet) => packet,
                Err(e) => {
                    tracing::debug!(error = %e, "Received invalid UDP packet, skipping");
                    continue;
                }
            };
            let src_addr = match packet.src_socket_addr() {
                Ok(src_addr) => src_addr,
                Err(err) => {
                    tracing::debug!(
                        %err,
                        "Failed to decode packet source address, skipping"
                    );
                    continue;
                }
            };

            tracing::trace!(
                src = %src_addr,
                length = packet.udp().payload().len(),
                "received packet",
            );

            let Some(src_addr) = src_addr.try_to_scion_sock_ip_addr() else {
                tracing::debug!("Received packet with non-IP source address, skipping");
                continue;
            };

            let max_read = std::cmp::min(buffer.len(), packet.udp().payload().len());
            buffer[..max_read].copy_from_slice(&packet.udp().payload()[..max_read]);

            // Note, that we do not have the next hop address of the path.
            // A socket that uses more than one tunnel will need to distinguish between
            // packets received on different tunnels.
            let path = ScionPath::new(
                src_addr.isd_asn(),
                packet.header().dst_ia(),
                packet.header().path().to_owned_view(),
                None,
                None,
            );

            return Ok((max_read, src_addr, path));
        }
    }

    /// Receive a SCION packet with the sender.
    ///
    /// # Cancel safety
    ///
    /// This method is cancel-safe. If the future is dropped while waiting for a packet, no
    /// packet is consumed and `buffer` is left unmodified. The contents of `buffer` are only
    /// valid after the method returns `Ok`.
    pub async fn recv_from(
        &self,
        buffer: &mut [u8],
    ) -> Result<(usize, ScionSocketIpAddr), ScionSocketReceiveError> {
        let mut scratch = vec![0u8; MAX_UNDERLAY_PACKET_SIZE];
        loop {
            let n = self.inner.recv(&mut scratch).await?;
            let (packet, _rest) = ScionRawPacketView::try_from_slice(&scratch[..n])
                .expect("underlay recv returns a decoded packet");

            match packet.header().next_header() {
                ProtocolNumber::Udp => {}
                ProtocolNumber::Scmp => {
                    tracing::debug!("SCMP packet received, forwarding to SCMP handlers");
                    for handler in &self.scmp_handlers {
                        // Check if the handler wants to send a reply and send it
                        let Some(reply) = handler.handle(packet) else {
                            continue;
                        };

                        let reply = match reply.try_encode_to_owned_view() {
                            Ok(reply) => reply,
                            Err(e) => {
                                tracing::warn!(error = %e, "failed to encode SCMP reply");
                                continue;
                            }
                        };

                        if let Err(e) = self.inner.try_send(&reply) {
                            tracing::warn!(error = %e, "failed to send SCMP reply");
                        }
                    }
                    continue;
                }
                next_header => {
                    tracing::debug!(%next_header, "Packet with unknown next layer protocol, skipping");
                    continue;
                }
            }

            let packet = match packet.try_as_udp() {
                Ok(packet) => packet,
                Err(e) => {
                    tracing::debug!(error = %e, "Received invalid UDP packet, dropping");
                    continue;
                }
            };

            let src_addr = match packet.src_socket_addr() {
                Ok(src_addr) => src_addr,
                Err(err) => {
                    tracing::debug!(%err, "Failed to decode packet source address, skipping");
                    continue;
                }
            };

            tracing::trace!(
                src = %src_addr,
                length = packet.udp().payload().len(),
                buffer_size = buffer.len(),
                "received packet",
            );

            let Some(src_addr) = src_addr.try_to_scion_sock_ip_addr() else {
                tracing::debug!("Received packet with non-IP source address, skipping");
                continue;
            };

            let max_read = std::cmp::min(buffer.len(), packet.udp().payload().len());
            buffer[..max_read].copy_from_slice(&packet.udp().payload()[..max_read]);

            return Ok((max_read, src_addr));
        }
    }

    /// The local address the socket is bound to.
    pub fn local_addr(&self) -> ScionSocketIpAddr {
        self.local_addr
    }

    /// The SNAP data plane the socket is connected to (if SNAP underlay is used).
    pub fn snap_data_plane(&self) -> Option<net::SocketAddr> {
        self.snap_data_plane
    }

    /// Converts the [`PathUnawareUdpScionSocket`] to a [`UdpScionSocket`] using the given
    /// [`PathManager`]
    ///
    /// If the path manager supports it SCMP and send errors are forwarded to the
    /// [`PathManager::scmp_error_receiver`] and [`PathManager::send_error_receiver`].
    ///
    /// ### Params
    /// * `path_manager`: The path manager this socket will query for paths to the destination.
    /// * `connect_timeout`: The timeout for the initial path lookup when connecting to a remote
    ///   address.
    pub fn into_path_aware<P: PathManager>(
        mut self,
        path_manager: Arc<P>,
        connect_timeout: Duration,
    ) -> UdpScionSocket<P> {
        if let Some(receiver) = path_manager.clone().scmp_error_receiver() {
            let scmp_error_receivers = Subscribers::new();
            scmp_error_receivers.register(receiver);
            self.scmp_handlers
                .push(Box::new(ScmpErrorHandler::new(scmp_error_receivers)));
        }
        let send_error_receivers = Subscribers::new();
        if let Some(receiver) = path_manager.clone().send_error_receiver() {
            send_error_receivers.register(receiver);
        }
        UdpScionSocket::new(self, path_manager, connect_timeout, send_error_receivers)
    }
}

/// A SCMP SCION socket.
pub struct ScmpScionSocket {
    inner: Box<dyn UnderlaySocket>,
    /// The local SCION address the socket is bound to.
    local_addr: ScionSocketIpAddr,
    /// The SNAP data plane the socket is connected to (if a SNAP underlay is used).
    snap_data_plane: Option<net::SocketAddr>,
}

impl ScmpScionSocket {
    pub(crate) fn new(bound: BoundUnderlaySocket) -> Self {
        Self {
            inner: bound.socket,
            local_addr: bound.local_addr,
            snap_data_plane: bound.snap_data_plane,
        }
    }
}

impl ScmpScionSocket {
    /// Send a SCMP message to the destination via the given path.
    pub async fn send_to_via(
        &self,
        message: ScmpMessage,
        destination: ScionAddr,
        path: &ScionPath,
    ) -> Result<(), ScionSocketSendError> {
        let packet = ScionScmpPacket::new(
            self.local_addr.scion_ip_addr().into(),
            destination,
            path.dp_path().to_model(),
            message,
        )
        .try_encode_to_owned_view()
        .map_err(|e| {
            ScionSocketSendError::InvalidPacket(format!("error encoding packet: {e}").into())
        })?
        .into_raw();
        self.inner.send(&packet).await
    }

    /// Receive a SCMP message with the sender and path.
    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
    pub async fn recv_from_with_path(
        &self,
    ) -> Result<(Box<ScmpPayloadView>, ScionAddr, ScionPath), ScionSocketReceiveError> {
        let mut scratch = vec![0u8; MAX_UNDERLAY_PACKET_SIZE];
        loop {
            let n = self.inner.recv(&mut scratch).await?;
            let (packet, _rest) = ScionRawPacketView::try_from_slice(&scratch[..n])
                .expect("underlay recv returns a decoded packet");
            let packet = match packet.try_as_scmp() {
                Ok(packet) => packet,
                Err(e) => {
                    tracing::debug!(error = %e, "Received invalid SCMP packet, dropping");
                    continue;
                }
            };

            let src_addr = match packet.src_scion_addr() {
                Ok(source) => source,
                Err(e) => {
                    tracing::debug!(error = %e, "Failed to decode packet source address, skipping");
                    continue;
                }
            };

            let path = ScionPath::new(
                packet.header().src_ia(),
                packet.header().dst_ia(),
                packet.header().path().to_owned_view(),
                None,
                None,
            );

            return Ok((packet.scmp().to_boxed(), src_addr, path));
        }
    }

    /// Receive a SCMP message with the sender.
    pub async fn recv_from(
        &self,
    ) -> Result<(Box<ScmpPayloadView>, ScionAddr), ScionSocketReceiveError> {
        let mut scratch = vec![0u8; MAX_UNDERLAY_PACKET_SIZE];
        loop {
            let n = self.inner.recv(&mut scratch).await?;
            let (packet, _rest) = ScionRawPacketView::try_from_slice(&scratch[..n])
                .expect("underlay recv returns a decoded packet");
            let packet = match packet.try_as_scmp() {
                Ok(packet) => packet,
                Err(e) => {
                    tracing::debug!(error = %e, "Received invalid SCMP packet, skipping");
                    continue;
                }
            };
            let src_addr = match packet.src_scion_addr() {
                Ok(source) => source,
                Err(e) => {
                    tracing::debug!(error = %e, "Failed to decode packet source address, skipping");
                    continue;
                }
            };
            return Ok((packet.scmp().to_boxed(), src_addr));
        }
    }

    /// Return the local socket address.
    pub fn local_addr(&self) -> ScionSocketIpAddr {
        self.local_addr
    }

    /// The SNAP data plane the socket is connected to (if SNAP underlay is used).
    pub fn snap_data_plane(&self) -> Option<net::SocketAddr> {
        self.snap_data_plane
    }
}

/// A raw SCION socket.
pub struct RawScionSocket {
    inner: Box<dyn UnderlaySocket>,
    /// The local SCION address the socket is bound to.
    local_addr: ScionSocketIpAddr,
    /// The SNAP data plane the socket is connected to (if a SNAP underlay is used).
    snap_data_plane: Option<net::SocketAddr>,
}

impl RawScionSocket {
    pub(crate) fn new(bound: BoundUnderlaySocket) -> Self {
        Self {
            inner: bound.socket,
            local_addr: bound.local_addr,
            snap_data_plane: bound.snap_data_plane,
        }
    }
}

impl RawScionSocket {
    /// Send a raw SCION packet.
    pub async fn send(&self, packet: &ScionRawPacketView) -> Result<(), ScionSocketSendError> {
        self.inner.send(packet).await
    }

    /// Receive a raw SCION packet.
    pub async fn recv(&self) -> Result<Box<ScionRawPacketView>, ScionSocketReceiveError> {
        let mut buf = vec![0u8; MAX_UNDERLAY_PACKET_SIZE];
        let n = self.inner.recv(&mut buf).await?;
        let (view, _rest) = ScionRawPacketView::try_from_slice(&buf[..n])
            .expect("underlay recv returns a decoded packet");
        Ok(view.to_boxed())
    }

    /// Return the local socket address.
    pub fn local_addr(&self) -> ScionSocketIpAddr {
        self.local_addr
    }

    /// The SNAP data plane the socket is connected to (if SNAP underlay is used).
    pub fn snap_data_plane(&self) -> Option<net::SocketAddr> {
        self.snap_data_plane
    }
}

/// A trait for receiving socket send errors.
pub trait SendErrorReceiver: Send + Sync {
    /// Reports an error when sending a packet.
    /// This function must return immediately and not block.
    fn report_send_error(&self, error: &ScionSocketSendError);
}

/// A path aware UDP socket generic over the path manager.
///
/// The `P` type parameter is a **deferred extension point** for custom path management. Today the
/// only way to obtain a socket is through [`ScionStack`](crate::ScionStack), which always yields a
/// `UdpScionSocket<MultiPathManager>`; a public constructor for a caller-supplied `P` will be added
/// once the path-manager trait surface is finalized. The parameter is kept now so that addition is
/// not itself a breaking change.
pub struct UdpScionSocket<P: PathManager = MultiPathManager> {
    socket: PathUnawareUdpScionSocket,
    pather: Arc<P>,
    connect_timeout: Duration,
    remote_addr: Option<ScionSocketIpAddr>,
    send_error_receivers: Subscribers<dyn SendErrorReceiver>,
}

// Intentionally shows only the addresses; the path manager and receivers are not `Debug`.
#[allow(clippy::missing_fields_in_debug)]
impl<P: PathManager> std::fmt::Debug for UdpScionSocket<P> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("UdpScionSocket")
            .field("local_addr", &self.socket.local_addr())
            .field("remote_addr", &self.remote_addr)
            .finish()
    }
}

impl<P: PathManager> UdpScionSocket<P> {
    /// Creates a new path aware UDP SCION socket.
    pub(crate) fn new(
        socket: PathUnawareUdpScionSocket,
        pather: Arc<P>,
        connect_timeout: Duration,
        send_error_receivers: Subscribers<dyn SendErrorReceiver>,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            socket,
            pather,
            connect_timeout,
            remote_addr: None,
            send_error_receivers,
        }
    }

    /// Connects the socket to a remote address.
    ///
    /// Ensures a Path to the Destination exists, returns an error if not.
    ///
    /// Timeouts after configured `connect_timeout`
    pub async fn connect(
        self,
        remote_addr: ScionSocketIpAddr,
    ) -> Result<Self, ScionSocketConnectError> {
        // Check that a path exists to destination
        let _path = self
            .pather
            .path_timeout(
                self.socket.local_addr().isd_asn(),
                remote_addr.isd_asn(),
                SystemTime::now(),
                self.connect_timeout,
            )
            .await?;

        Ok(Self {
            remote_addr: Some(remote_addr),
            ..self
        })
    }

    /// Send a datagram to the connected remote address.
    ///
    /// # Cancel safety
    ///
    /// This method is cancel-safe. If the future is dropped before completion, the packet may
    /// be silently lost, but no socket state is corrupted and the socket remains usable.
    pub async fn send(&self, payload: &[u8]) -> Result<(), ScionSocketSendError> {
        if let Some(remote_addr) = self.remote_addr {
            self.send_to(payload, remote_addr).await
        } else {
            Err(ScionSocketSendError::NotConnected)
        }
    }

    /// Send a datagram to the specified destination.
    ///
    /// # Cancel safety
    ///
    /// This method is cancel-safe. It has two await points: the path lookup and the actual send.
    /// If the future is dropped at either point, no socket state is corrupted and the socket
    /// remains usable. A packet dropped mid-send is silently lost, which is normal for UDP.
    pub async fn send_to(
        &self,
        payload: &[u8],
        destination: ScionSocketIpAddr,
    ) -> Result<(), ScionSocketSendError> {
        let path = &self
            .pather
            .path_wait(
                self.socket.local_addr().isd_asn(),
                destination.isd_asn(),
                SystemTime::now(),
            )
            .await?;
        self.socket.send_to_via(payload, destination, path).await
    }

    /// Send a datagram to the specified destination via the specified path.
    ///
    /// # Cancel safety
    ///
    /// This method is cancel-safe. If the future is dropped before completion, the packet may
    /// be silently lost, but no socket state is corrupted and the socket remains usable.
    pub async fn send_to_via(
        &self,
        payload: &[u8],
        destination: ScionSocketIpAddr,
        path: &ScionPath,
    ) -> Result<(), ScionSocketSendError> {
        self.socket
            .send_to_via(payload, destination, path)
            .await
            .inspect_err(|e| {
                self.send_error_receivers
                    .for_each(|receiver| receiver.report_send_error(e));
            })
    }

    /// Receive a datagram from any address, along with the sender address and path.
    ///
    /// # Cancel safety
    ///
    /// This method is cancel-safe. The only await point is the inner underlay receive. If the
    /// future is dropped while waiting for a packet, no packet data is consumed and `buffer` is
    /// left unmodified.
    ///
    /// Path registration via the path manager runs synchronously within the same `poll`
    /// invocation that delivers the received data, so it cannot be independently cancelled.
    pub async fn recv_from_with_path(
        &self,
        buffer: &mut [u8],
    ) -> Result<(usize, ScionSocketIpAddr, ScionPath), ScionSocketReceiveError> {
        let (len, sender_addr, path): (usize, ScionSocketIpAddr, ScionPath) =
            self.socket.recv_from_with_path(buffer).await?;

        match path.clone().try_into_reversed() {
            Ok(reversed_path) => {
                // Register the path for future use
                self.pather.register_path(
                    self.socket.local_addr().isd_asn(),
                    sender_addr.isd_asn(),
                    SystemTime::now(),
                    reversed_path,
                );
            }
            Err((_, e)) => {
                tracing::trace!(error = ?e, "Failed to reverse path for registration");
            }
        }

        tracing::trace!(
            src = %self.socket.local_addr(),
            dst = %sender_addr,
            "Registered reverse path",
        );

        Ok((len, sender_addr, path))
    }

    /// Receive a datagram from the connected remote address and write it into the provided buffer.
    ///
    /// The path of the received packet is used to register a reverse path with the path manager,
    /// but is not returned to the caller. Use [`recv_from_with_path`](Self::recv_from_with_path)
    /// if the path is needed.
    ///
    /// # Cancel safety
    ///
    /// This method is cancel-safe. If the future is dropped while waiting for a packet, no
    /// packet is consumed and `buffer` is left unmodified. The contents of `buffer` are only
    /// valid after the method returns `Ok`.
    pub async fn recv_from(
        &self,
        buffer: &mut [u8],
    ) -> Result<(usize, ScionSocketIpAddr), ScionSocketReceiveError> {
        let (len, sender_addr, _) = self.recv_from_with_path(buffer).await?;
        Ok((len, sender_addr))
    }

    /// Receive a datagram from the connected remote address.
    ///
    /// Datagrams from other addresses are silently discarded.
    ///
    /// # Cancel safety
    ///
    /// This method is cancel-safe. If the future is dropped while waiting for a packet, no
    /// packet is permanently lost — the underlying receive is cancel-safe and an undelivered
    /// packet remains available for the next call. Note that packets from other senders are
    /// discarded during filtering; those discarded packets are not recoverable regardless of
    /// cancellation. The contents of `buffer` are only valid after the method returns `Ok(n)`.
    pub async fn recv(&self, buffer: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize, ScionSocketReceiveError> {
        if self.remote_addr.is_none() {
            return Err(ScionSocketReceiveError::NotConnected);
        }
        loop {
            let (len, sender_addr) = self.recv_from(buffer).await?;

            // Check if the sender address matches the connected remote address if one is set.
            match self.remote_addr {
                Some(remote_addr) => {
                    if sender_addr == remote_addr {
                        return Ok(len);
                    }
                }
                None => return Err(ScionSocketReceiveError::NotConnected),
            }
        }
    }

    /// Returns the local socket address.
    pub fn local_addr(&self) -> ScionSocketIpAddr {
        self.socket.local_addr()
    }

    /// The SNAP data plane the socket is connected to (if SNAP underlay is used).
    pub fn snap_data_plane(&self) -> Option<net::SocketAddr> {
        self.socket.snap_data_plane()
    }
}

// Allow using `UdpScionSocket` as a `GenericScionUdpSocket` for compatibility with QUIC and HTTP/3
// implementations.
#[async_trait::async_trait]
impl<P: PathManager + Sync + Send + 'static> GenericScionUdpSocket for UdpScionSocket<P> {
    /// Asynchronously sends a Datagram to the specified destination address.
    async fn send_to(
        &self,
        payload: &[u8],
        destination: ScionSocketIpAddr,
    ) -> Result<(), BoxedSocketError> {
        self.send_to(payload, destination)
            .await
            .map_err(|e| Box::new(e) as BoxedSocketError)
    }

    /// Asynchronously receives a Datagram, writing it into the provided buffer, and returns the
    /// number of bytes read and the source address.
    async fn recv_from(
        &self,
        buf: &mut [u8],
    ) -> Result<(usize, ScionSocketIpAddr), BoxedSocketError> {
        self.recv_from(buf)
            .await
            .map_err(|e| Box::new(e) as BoxedSocketError)
    }

    /// Returns the local socket address of this socket.
    fn local_addr(&self) -> ScionSocketIpAddr {
        self.local_addr()
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod cancel_safety_tests {
    //! Unit tests verifying that all async methods on [`UdpScionSocket`] and
    //! [`PathUnawareUdpScionSocket`] are cancel-safe.
    //!
    //! The tests use two hand-rolled test doubles rather than the real underlay and path manager:
    //!
    //! - [`ManualUnderlaySocket`]: backed by a bounded `tokio::sync::mpsc` channel. Injecting
    //!   packets is done via the paired `Sender`. The `recv` future is backed by
    //!   `tokio::sync::mpsc::Receiver::recv()`, which IS cancel-safe (the message stays in the
    //!   channel if the future is dropped before returning `Ready`).
    //!
    //! - [`ImmediatePathManager`]: always returns a local (empty) path immediately, so tests do not
    //!   depend on any background task.
    //!
    //! ## What these tests verify
    //!
    //! The tests verify that dropping a future at realistically reachable await points (the inner
    //! underlay `recv`) leaves no corrupted socket state and that unconsumed packets remain
    //! available for the next caller. They also verify that the wrong-sender filtering loop in
    //! [`UdpScionSocket::recv`] can be safely cancelled mid-iteration.
    //!
    //! Because all processing steps after the underlay `recv` resolves run synchronously within
    //! the same `poll()` invocation, there is no intermediate await point between "data received"
    //! and "data returned" that could be independently cancelled. The tests therefore focus on
    //! the cancel points that actually exist at runtime.

    use std::{
        io,
        net::Ipv4Addr,
        sync::{Arc, Mutex},
        time::SystemTime,
    };

    use async_trait::async_trait;
    use sciparse::{
        identifier::{asn::Asn, isd::Isd, isd_asn::IsdAsn},
        util::test_builder::{TestPathBuilder, TestPathContext},
    };

    use super::*;
    use crate::{
        internal::Subscribers,
        path::manager::traits::{PathWaitError, SyncPathManager},
        stack::{ScionSocketReceiveError, ScionSocketSendError, UnderlaySocket},
    };

    struct ManualUnderlaySocket {
        rx: tokio::sync::Mutex<tokio::sync::mpsc::Receiver<Box<ScionRawPacketView>>>,
        /// A packet staged by `readable` and not yet returned by `try_recv` (see the SNAP
        /// underlay for the same pattern).
        peeked: tokio::sync::Mutex<Option<Box<ScionRawPacketView>>>,
    }

    impl ManualUnderlaySocket {
        fn new() -> (Self, tokio::sync::mpsc::Sender<Box<ScionRawPacketView>>) {
            // Use a large bounded channel so tests never block on send.
            let (inject_tx, recv_rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel::<Box<ScionRawPacketView>>(64);
            let socket = Self {
                rx: tokio::sync::Mutex::new(recv_rx),
                peeked: tokio::sync::Mutex::new(None),
            };
            (socket, inject_tx)
        }
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl UnderlaySocket for ManualUnderlaySocket {
        fn try_send(&self, _packet: &ScionRawPacketView) -> Result<(), ScionSocketSendError> {
            Ok(())
        }

        async fn writeable(&self) {}

        fn try_recv(&self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize, ScionSocketReceiveError> {
            let would_block =
                || ScionSocketReceiveError::IoError(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock));

            let packet: Box<ScionRawPacketView> = {
                let Ok(mut peeked) = self.peeked.try_lock() else {
                    return Err(would_block());
                };
                match peeked.take() {
                    Some(packet) => packet,
                    None => {
                        let Ok(mut rx) = self.rx.try_lock() else {
                            return Err(would_block());
                        };
                        match rx.try_recv() {
                            Ok(packet) => packet,
                            Err(tokio::sync::mpsc::error::TryRecvError::Empty) => {
                                return Err(would_block());
                            }
                            Err(tokio::sync::mpsc::error::TryRecvError::Disconnected) => {
                                return Err(ScionSocketReceiveError::IoError(io::Error::other(
                                    "channel closed",
                                )));
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            };

            let bytes = packet.as_slice();
            let n = bytes.len();
            buf[..n].copy_from_slice(bytes);
            Ok(n)
        }

        async fn readable(&self) {
            let mut peeked = self.peeked.lock().await;
            if peeked.is_some() {
                return;
            }
            // `tokio::sync::mpsc::Receiver::recv` is cancel-safe: if this future is dropped before
            // a message arrives, the message stays in the channel.
            if let Some(packet) = self.rx.lock().await.recv().await {
                *peeked = Some(packet);
            }
        }
    }

    #[derive(Default)]
    struct ImmediatePathManager {
        registered_paths: Mutex<Vec<ScionPath>>,
    }

    impl SyncPathManager for ImmediatePathManager {
        fn register_path(&self, _src: IsdAsn, _dst: IsdAsn, _now: SystemTime, path: ScionPath) {
            self.registered_paths.lock().expect("poisoned").push(path);
        }

        fn try_cached_path(
            &self,
            src: IsdAsn,
            _dst: IsdAsn,
            _now: SystemTime,
        ) -> io::Result<Option<ScionPath>> {
            Ok(Some(
                ScionPath::local(src).expect("src is not a wildcard IA"),
            ))
        }
    }

    impl PathManager for ImmediatePathManager {
        fn path_wait(
            &self,
            src: IsdAsn,
            _dst: IsdAsn,
            _now: SystemTime,
        ) -> impl std::future::Future<Output = Result<ScionPath, PathWaitError>> + Send + '_
        {
            async move { Ok(ScionPath::local(src).expect("src is not a wildcard IA")) }
        }
    }

    const LOCAL_ISD_ASN: IsdAsn = IsdAsn::new(Isd(1), Asn(1));
    const REMOTE_ISD_ASN: IsdAsn = IsdAsn::new(Isd(1), Asn(2));
    const OTHER_ISD_ASN: IsdAsn = IsdAsn::new(Isd(1), Asn(3));

    fn local_addr() -> ScionSocketIpAddr {
        ScionSocketIpAddr::new(LOCAL_ISD_ASN, Ipv4Addr::LOCALHOST.into(), 8080)
    }

    fn remote_addr() -> ScionSocketIpAddr {
        ScionSocketIpAddr::new(REMOTE_ISD_ASN, Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 0, 2).into(), 9090)
    }

    fn other_addr() -> ScionSocketIpAddr {
        ScionSocketIpAddr::new(OTHER_ISD_ASN, Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 0, 3).into(), 7070)
    }

    /// Build a [`TestPathContext`] carrying a path from `src` to `dst`.
    fn test_path_ctx(src: ScionAddr, dst: ScionAddr) -> TestPathContext {
        TestPathBuilder::new(src, dst)
            .using_info_timestamp(1_000_000)
            .up()
            .add_hop(0, 1)
            .add_hop(1, 0)
            .build(1_000_000)
    }

    /// Create a valid [`ScionPacketRaw`] that looks like a UDP packet from `src` to `dst`
    /// with `payload`.
    fn make_udp_raw(
        src: ScionSocketIpAddr,
        dst: ScionSocketIpAddr,
        payload: &[u8],
    ) -> Box<ScionRawPacketView> {
        let ctx = test_path_ctx(src.scion_addr(), dst.scion_addr());
        ctx.scion_packet_udp(payload, src.port(), dst.port())
            .try_encode_to_owned_view()
            .expect("should encode")
            .into()
    }

    /// Build a connected [`UdpScionSocket`] backed by the test doubles.
    /// Returns the socket, the packet injector, and the path manager.
    fn build_socket() -> (
        UdpScionSocket<ImmediatePathManager>,
        tokio::sync::mpsc::Sender<Box<ScionRawPacketView>>,
        Arc<ImmediatePathManager>,
    ) {
        let (underlay, inject_tx) = ManualUnderlaySocket::new();
        let pather = Arc::new(ImmediatePathManager::default());
        let path_unaware = PathUnawareUdpScionSocket::new(
            BoundUnderlaySocket {
                socket: Box::new(underlay),
                local_addr: local_addr(),
                snap_data_plane: None,
            },
            vec![], // no SCMP handlers needed
        );
        let socket = UdpScionSocket::new(
            path_unaware,
            pather.clone(),
            std::time::Duration::from_secs(5),
            Subscribers::new(),
        );
        (socket, inject_tx, pather)
    }

    /// Dropping a [`recv_from_with_path`] future while it is pending (waiting in the channel)
    /// must not consume the packet. The next call must receive that packet.
    ///
    /// This verifies that the underlay's `recv` future is cancel-safe: the message stays in the
    /// channel when the outer future is dropped before returning `Ready`.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn recv_from_with_path_cancel_while_pending_does_not_lose_packet() {
        let (socket, inject_tx, _pather) = build_socket();

        // Poll once — returns Pending because the channel is empty.
        {
            let mut buf = [0u8; 64];
            let mut fut = std::pin::pin!(socket.recv_from_with_path(&mut buf));
            let waker = futures::task::noop_waker();
            let mut cx = std::task::Context::from_waker(&waker);
            // The future must be Pending (no packet injected yet).
            assert!(fut.as_mut().poll(&mut cx).is_pending());
            // Drop `fut` here — the future is cancelled while pending.
        }

        // Inject the packet AFTER the first future was dropped.
        let payload = b"cancel-safe";
        inject_tx
            .try_send(make_udp_raw(remote_addr(), local_addr(), payload))
            .unwrap();

        // The packet must be available to the next future.
        let mut buf2 = vec![0u8; 64];
        let (len, sender, _path) = socket.recv_from_with_path(&mut buf2).await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(len, payload.len());
        assert_eq!(&buf2[..len], payload);
        assert_eq!(sender, remote_addr());
    }

    /// `recv` (connected socket) correctly filters wrong-sender packets and returns
    /// the packet from the connected remote address.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn recv_filters_wrong_sender_and_delivers_correct_packet() {
        let (mut socket, inject_tx, _pather) = build_socket();
        // Connect to remote_addr.
        socket.remote_addr = Some(remote_addr());

        // Inject wrong-sender packet first, then correct-sender packet.
        inject_tx
            .try_send(make_udp_raw(other_addr(), local_addr(), b"wrong"))
            .unwrap();
        inject_tx
            .try_send(make_udp_raw(remote_addr(), local_addr(), b"correct"))
            .unwrap();

        let mut buf = [0u8; 64];
        let len = socket.recv(&mut buf).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(&buf[..len], b"correct");
    }

    /// After cancelling `recv` mid-filtering (a wrong-sender packet was consumed),
    /// the socket must still be usable and must deliver subsequent correct-sender packets.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn recv_cancel_during_filtering_socket_remains_usable() {
        let (mut socket, inject_tx, _pather) = build_socket();
        socket.remote_addr = Some(remote_addr());

        // Inject only a wrong-sender packet — `recv` will consume it and loop back
        // to await the next packet (Pending at that point).
        inject_tx
            .try_send(make_udp_raw(other_addr(), local_addr(), b"wrong"))
            .unwrap();

        // Poll once with a noop waker: recv processes the wrong-sender packet, finds it does not
        // match the connected address, and loops back to yield on the inner recv (Pending).
        // No Tokio runtime involvement is needed here — the channel already holds the packet.
        {
            let mut filter_buf = [0u8; 64];
            let mut fut = std::pin::pin!(socket.recv(&mut filter_buf));
            let waker = futures::task::noop_waker();
            let mut cx = std::task::Context::from_waker(&waker);
            assert!(
                fut.as_mut().poll(&mut cx).is_pending(),
                "recv must be Pending after consuming wrong-sender packet"
            );
            // Drop the future here — the wrong-sender packet has been consumed and discarded.
        }

        // Now inject a correct-sender packet and verify the socket is still usable.
        inject_tx
            .try_send(make_udp_raw(remote_addr(), local_addr(), b"after-cancel"))
            .unwrap();

        let mut buf = [0u8; 64];
        let len = socket.recv(&mut buf).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(&buf[..len], b"after-cancel");
    }

    /// Buffer contents are only valid after a successful `Ok` return; after a
    /// cancel and retry the buffer must contain the correct data from the retry.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn recv_from_buffer_valid_only_after_ok() {
        let (socket, inject_tx, _pather) = build_socket();

        // Pre-fill buffer with sentinel bytes.
        let mut buf = [0xFFu8; 64];

        // Cancel while pending (no packet).
        {
            let mut fut = std::pin::pin!(socket.recv_from(&mut buf));
            let waker = futures::task::noop_waker();
            let mut cx = std::task::Context::from_waker(&waker);
            assert!(fut.as_mut().poll(&mut cx).is_pending());
        }

        // Inject a packet with known payload.
        let payload = b"real-data";
        inject_tx
            .try_send(make_udp_raw(remote_addr(), local_addr(), payload))
            .unwrap();

        let (len, _sender) = socket.recv_from(&mut buf).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(len, payload.len());
        assert_eq!(
            &buf[..len],
            payload,
            "buffer must contain the real payload after Ok return"
        );
    }

    /// `recv_from` returns the number of bytes written if the buffer is too small.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn recv_from_truncates_to_buffer_size() {
        let (socket, inject_tx, _pather) = build_socket();
        let payload = b"truncated-payload";
        inject_tx
            .try_send(make_udp_raw(remote_addr(), local_addr(), payload))
            .unwrap();

        let mut buf = [0u8; 4];
        let (len, _sender) = socket.recv_from(&mut buf).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(len, buf.len());
        assert_eq!(&buf[..], &payload[..4]);
    }

    /// `recv_from_with_path` returns the number of bytes written if the buffer is too small.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn recv_from_with_path_truncates_to_buffer_size() {
        let (socket, inject_tx, _pather) = build_socket();
        let payload = b"truncated-payload";
        inject_tx
            .try_send(make_udp_raw(remote_addr(), local_addr(), payload))
            .unwrap();

        let mut buf = [0u8; 4];
        let (len, _sender, _path) = socket.recv_from_with_path(&mut buf).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(len, buf.len());
        assert_eq!(&buf[..], &payload[..4]);
    }
}