rustyfi_lang/v1/

lower.rs

//! Structural CST-to-CST transcription: `cst_v1::ast` -> `cst::ast`.
//!
//! Rather than widen `elaborate.rs`'s ~30 expression-lowering helpers to walk a
//! second node type, this converts a parsed [`cst_v1::FileV1`] into ordinary
//! [`cst::TopBinding`]s / [`cst::ast::Expr`]; the caller assembles one
//! synthetic [`cst::File`] — the shape `merge_program` already produces for
//! 0.0.6 — and hands it to the untouched elaborate -> typecheck -> compile
//! pipeline. Both sides import the same `rustyfi_syntax::leaf` token types, so
//! most of this moves tokens rather than re-encoding them. The one non-1:1
//! seam is `lower_cmd_tail`: `cst_v1` kept the older "one application-chain
//! `Expr`" argument encoding, `cst.rs` has since moved to a flat `AppArg`
//! list.
//!
//! What does NOT lower — a real [`LowerError`], never a panic:
//!
//! - a labeled-optional BUNDLE on an inline/block/math *command* parameter,
//!   and `?(…)` at the TYPE level. Ordinary labeled-optional arguments and
//!   parameter bundles do lower; the 0.0.6 `?:`/`?*` positional markers do not
//!   exist under V0_1 (the lexer emits only `?` = `OptionalType`);
//! - a module-qualified command name (`\Mod.cmd`/`+Mod.cmd`) in BINDING
//!   position — the target field is a bare `HorzCmdTok`/`VertCmdTok`;
//! - a type constructor applied to more than one argument: 0.0.6's
//!   `cst::ast::TypeApp` is single-argument postfix, 0.1's prefix form is
//!   n-ary, so `lower_type_app` accepts arity 0/1 and rejects arity >= 2;
//! - a `:>` whose left side is neither a `struct … end` literal nor a bare
//!   module name, and functors — both need a static module environment this
//!   port does not build.
//!
//! **`type` names are pre-qualified here**, rewritten to their
//! `qualify_key`-identical fully-qualified string (`"M.t"`) at three sites —
//! the declared name, synonym/payload references, and applied-constructor
//! heads — via `TypeNameEnv`. Constructor names stay unqualified. A dotted
//! `M.t` reference is a FOURTH site with a different formula:
//! `qualify_type_key` on the token's own `mods`/`name`, bypassing
//! `TypeNameEnv::qualify`, because an absolute reference has nothing to
//! resolve against the local module's names. Whether the result names a
//! concrete type, an abstract stamp or an error is undecidable here — lowering
//! runs before any seal table exists.
//!
//! **`sig_annot` lowers to NOTHING.** A sealed module produces the
//! byte-identical `TopBinding::Module { sig: None, .. }` its unsealed twin
//! does; width/depth matching, sealing and hiding are entirely
//! `v1/module_check.rs`'s job, read back off the original `cst_v1` tree. The
//! ordering is load-bearing: the struct BODY lowers first, so a body error
//! surfaces with its own message whether or not the module carries a `:>` —
//! pinned by `sig_annot_body_still_lowers_first`.
//!
//! **`include M` splices at the includer's OWN path**, its member copies
//! unwrapped from `StructDecl` boxes — contrast `lower_module_alias`, which
//! wraps them in a synthetic module at a lengthened path. Resolution is frozen
//! at surface-build time (`v1/surface.rs`), so an unresolved, forward-
//! referencing or self-including target is a precise error, never a panic.

use crate::v1::functor;
use crate::v1::surface::{self, ModSurface, SurfaceEnv};
use rustyfi_syntax::cst;
use rustyfi_syntax::cst_v1::{self, ast as ast_v1};
use rustyfi_syntax::leaf::*;
use rustyfi_syntax::Span;

/// A 0.1 construct this port deliberately does not lower yet. A real user
/// error (not a panic): points at the construct and why it isn't supported yet.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, thiserror::Error)]
#[error(
    "{span}: SATySFi 0.1 construct not supported yet in this port's Slice 1: {construct} ({hint})"
)]
pub struct LowerError {
    pub construct: &'static str,
    pub hint: &'static str,
    pub span: Span,
}

fn unsupported(construct: &'static str, hint: &'static str, span: Span) -> LowerError {
    LowerError {
        construct,
        hint,
        span,
    }
}

/// The lowering-time
/// RELATIVE-SIBLING absolutization rule — a [`functor::HeadRewrite`]
/// impl sharing `v1/functor.rs`'s clone+rewrite walker with its functor-
/// parameter substitution (the module doc comment's risk-6 "one head-splice"
/// guard). Where [`functor::ParamSubstRewrite`] splices a parameter's
/// argument path, this rewrite resolves a nested-sibling module head
/// (`Impl.add`/`Console.scheme`, set.satyg's/code.satyh's shape) to its
/// ABSOLUTE qualified path via an OUTWARD search against `surfaces` — the
/// same search [`surface::resolve_module`] already performs for module-level
/// `Var`/`Coerce`/`App` bodies (which is why THOSE sites never needed this
/// fix: they already resolve outward at the surface-build pass). A head that
/// already names itself (a top-level dependency, or an already-absolute
/// path) resolves to the SAME bare segment and is left unchanged; a head
/// that resolves to nothing (unknown, or simply not a module reference at
/// all — a local value/type name, a bound variable, …) is ALSO left
/// unchanged — never invent, matching `v1/surface.rs`'s own posture.
struct AbsolutizeRewrite<'a, 's> {
    surfaces: &'a SurfaceEnv<'s>,
}

impl functor::HeadRewrite for AbsolutizeRewrite<'_, '_> {
    fn rewrite(
        &self,
        mods: &[String],
        path: &[String],
        _span: Span,
    ) -> Result<Option<Vec<String>>, LowerError> {
        let Some(head) = mods.first() else {
            return Ok(None);
        };
        let Some((resolved, _)) = surface::resolve_module(self.surfaces, path, head) else {
            return Ok(None);
        };
        if resolved == *head {
            // Already exactly what was written (a top-level dependency
            // name, or an already-absolute reference) — no splice needed.
            return Ok(None);
        }
        let mut out: Vec<String> = resolved.split('.').map(str::to_string).collect();
        out.extend(mods[1..].iter().cloned());
        Ok(Some(out))
    }

    // A bare single-segment slot (`let open Foo in …`, `Foo :> S`) cannot
    // grammatically hold a multi-segment absolutized path, and needs no
    // rewrite: those sites already resolve correctly via `surface.rs`'s own
    // outward search (module-level aliases/coercions are resolved there,
    // never re-walked textually here). Signature bodies are deliberately
    // never absolutized.
    fn rewrite_bare_names(&self) -> bool {
        false
    }

    fn walk_signatures(&self) -> bool {
        false
    }

    // A `ModExpr::Functor` node encountered while
    // absolutizing ORDINARY binds is an everyday sibling-level functor
    // DEFINITION (never itself lowered directly — only an application's
    // substituted body is absolutized, fresh, at the instantiated site) —
    // not a curried/nested one; leave it untouched rather than reject it.
    fn reject_nested_functor_literals(&self) -> bool {
        false
    }
}

/// Module-path pre-qualification of 0.1 `type` names. Maps a
/// locally-visible bare type name to its fully-qualified nominal key, using
/// EXACTLY `elaborate::qualify_key`'s scheme (`elaborate.rs:289-295`):
/// `"M.N.t"` for `type t` inside `module M = struct module N = … end`.
/// `elaborate::qualify_key` itself is private to that module, so
/// [`qualify_type_key`] reproduces the identical formula here rather than
/// importing it — the two must never drift; both are one-liners.
///
/// **Ctor carve-out:** constructor names (`Known`, `Some`) are NEVER looked
/// up here — they stay surfaced unqualified (`UserTypeDecl.ctors`,
/// `elaborate.rs:147-154`), referenced as bare `Atomic::Ctor`/`PatBot::Ctor`
/// strings. Cross-package ctor collisions remain a latent 0.0.6-inherited
/// limitation.
///
/// `pub(crate)`: `v1/module_check.rs` reuses this exact type (and
/// [`TypeNameEnv::child`]/`qualify`) to pre-qualify a sig's own `val` type
/// annotations against the SAME module-local `type` names the struct body
/// resolves against — a single-implementation guarantee that the two walks
/// (body lowering here, sig elaboration there) can never drift apart on what
/// a bare type name means.
#[derive(Clone, Default)]
pub(crate) struct TypeNameEnv(std::collections::HashMap<String, String>);

/// `elaborate::qualify_key`'s formula (`elaborate.rs:289-295`), reproduced
/// here since that function is private to the `elaborate` module — see
/// [`TypeNameEnv`]'s doc comment. `pub(crate)`: also the formula
/// `v1/module_check.rs` uses to key `StaticEnv::seals`/`hidden` by qualified
/// member name — value names and type names share the same qualification
/// scheme.
pub(crate) fn qualify_type_key(mod_path: &[String], local: &str) -> String {
    if mod_path.is_empty() {
        local.to_string()
    } else {
        format!("{}.{}", mod_path.join("."), local)
    }
}

impl TypeNameEnv {
    pub(crate) fn qualify(&self, bare: &str) -> String {
        self.0
            .get(bare)
            .cloned()
            .unwrap_or_else(|| bare.to_string())
    }

    /// Child env for one module body: parent mappings (outer types stay
    /// visible inside, per ordinary module scoping) overlaid with this
    /// body's own `type` names — collected by a pre-scan over ALL of the
    /// body's `Bind::Type` arms (first + ands) BEFORE any bind is
    /// lowered, so forward and mutual references inside the module map
    /// correctly. Inner declarations shadow outer same-named ones.
    /// `mod_path` is the FULL path at which `binds` lives (i.e. already
    /// includes this module's own name — the caller, [`lower_module_bind`],
    /// computes it before calling this).
    ///
    /// `surfaces` is threaded so an `include M` bind's
    /// spliced TYPE members join the map too — a later `val f (x : t) = …`
    /// in the SAME body must read bare `t` as the included copy
    /// (`⟨mod_path⟩.t`), exactly as if `type t = M.t` had been written
    /// directly. Consults the SAME frozen `include_targets` answer
    /// `v1/surface.rs::build_binds` recorded (never re-resolving) — see
    /// [`surface::frozen_include_target`]'s doc comment. Insertion order
    /// along the bind walk still preserves shadowing (a later `type t`
    /// overwrites an included `t`'s mapping, and vice versa, since `binds`
    /// is walked in source order below).
    pub(crate) fn child<'a, 's>(
        &self,
        mod_path: &[String],
        binds: impl Iterator<Item = &'a cst_v1::Bind>,
        surfaces: &SurfaceEnv<'s>,
    ) -> Self {
        let mut map = self.0.clone();
        for b in binds {
            match b {
                cst_v1::Bind::Type { first, ands, .. } => {
                    map.insert(
                        first.name.name.clone(),
                        qualify_type_key(mod_path, &first.name.name),
                    );
                    for a in ands {
                        map.insert(
                            a.bind.name.name.clone(),
                            qualify_type_key(mod_path, &a.bind.name.name),
                        );
                    }
                }
                cst_v1::Bind::Include { kw, body } => match &*body.0 {
                    ast_v1::ModExpr::Var(_) => {
                        if let Some(Some(target)) =
                            surface::frozen_include_target(surfaces, mod_path, kw.0)
                        {
                            if let Some(target_surf) = surfaces.modules.get(target) {
                                for (t, _) in &target_surf.types {
                                    map.insert(t.clone(), qualify_type_key(mod_path, t));
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    // `include Make Arg`'s substituted body's
                    // own `type` names join the map too. The instantiated
                    // body's DECLARED type names are exactly the functor
                    // body's OWN — substitution only ever touches REFERENCES,
                    // never declared names — so this reads straight off the
                    // functor body's binds, not off a separately-registered
                    // target surface (there isn't one for a fresh
                    // instantiation).
                    ast_v1::ModExpr::App { func, arg: _ } => {
                        let app_span = mod_chain_span(func);
                        if let Some(Some(surface::AppResolution { functor_path, .. })) =
                            surface::frozen_app_target(surfaces, mod_path, app_span)
                        {
                            if let Some(fdef) = surfaces.functors.get(functor_path) {
                                if let Some(body_binds) = functor::functor_body_binds(fdef.body) {
                                    for b in body_binds.iter().map(|sb| sb.0.as_ref()) {
                                        if let cst_v1::Bind::Type { first, ands, .. } = b {
                                            map.insert(
                                                first.name.name.clone(),
                                                qualify_type_key(mod_path, &first.name.name),
                                            );
                                            for a in ands {
                                                map.insert(
                                                    a.bind.name.name.clone(),
                                                    qualify_type_key(mod_path, &a.bind.name.name),
                                                );
                                            }
                                        }
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    ast_v1::ModExpr::Struct { .. }
                    | ast_v1::ModExpr::Coerce { .. }
                    | ast_v1::ModExpr::Functor { .. } => {}
                },
                _ => {}
            }
        }
        TypeNameEnv(map)
    }

    /// The
    /// [`Self::child`] twin for a synthetic seal over an
    /// `ImplView::Surface` (an alias/coerce/application-result body, or a
    /// `Decl::Module` member recursed via a target's own already-computed
    /// [`ModSurface`]) — no real `cst_v1::Bind`s are available to scan (the
    /// target's own types live elsewhere in the tree, or came from an
    /// OWNED, substituted functor-codomain instantiation), but the target's
    /// OWN type NAMES are already known (`ModSurface::types`) and qualify
    /// EXACTLY like a real `Bind::Type` at this path would
    /// (`qualify_type_key(mod_path, name)` — the formula is name-only, not
    /// mechanism-dependent). Does not thread `include`s (an alias/app
    /// result's own type surface is already flattened by
    /// [`crate::v1::surface::build_binds`]'s own include-splicing, so no
    /// further include-awareness is needed here).
    pub(crate) fn child_from_names(
        &self,
        mod_path: &[String],
        names: impl Iterator<Item = String>,
    ) -> Self {
        let mut map = self.0.clone();
        for n in names {
            let q = qualify_type_key(mod_path, &n);
            map.insert(n, q);
        }
        TypeNameEnv(map)
    }
}

/// Lower one dependency library (`module Name = struct binds end`) to a
/// single real [`cst::TopBinding::Module`] — names exported **qualified**
/// (see the module doc comment). `FileV1::Document` input is a
/// caller bug (the loader's `DocumentAsDependency` check already rejects it
/// before this is ever reached): a `LowerError`, not a panic.
pub fn lower_file_v1(file: &cst_v1::FileV1) -> Result<Vec<cst::TopBinding>, LowerError> {
    // Back-compat single-file wrapper (every existing caller outside
    // `lib.rs`'s dep loop — the crate's own unit tests, and every OTHER
    // integration test file that has no cross-file alias/named-signature
    // need): build a throwaway `SurfaceEnv` from THIS file alone. A
    // single-file `SurfaceEnv` still resolves every alias/named-signature
    // reference *within* the same library (the ordering rule is a
    // within-file/bind-order rule first) — only a reference reaching an
    // EARLIER, SEPARATELY-LOADED dependency file needs the threaded
    // `lower_file_v1_with_surfaces` sibling below, which `lib.rs`'s real
    // pipeline uses instead.
    let mut surfaces = SurfaceEnv::default();
    surface::build_file_surface(file, &mut surfaces);
    lower_file_v1_with_surfaces(file, &surfaces)
}

/// The threaded sibling
/// `lib.rs`'s dep loop uses — `surfaces` must already contain every EARLIER
/// dependency file's surface (built via [`surface::build_file_surface`] in
/// load order) AND, after [`surface::build_file_surface`] has ALSO been
/// called on `file` itself, `file`'s own surface (so this file's own
/// internal aliases/named-signature references resolve too — see that
/// function's doc comment on why `build_file_surface` runs BEFORE lowering,
/// not interleaved with it: it's a pure syntactic walk with no dependency on
/// anything lowering produces).
pub(crate) fn lower_file_v1_with_surfaces<'a>(
    file: &'a cst_v1::FileV1,
    surfaces: &SurfaceEnv<'a>,
) -> Result<Vec<cst::TopBinding>, LowerError> {
    match file {
        cst_v1::FileV1::Library {
            module_kw,
            name,
            sig_annot: _,
            eq,
            struct_kw,
            binds,
            end_kw,
            ..
        } => {
            // The seal rule (module doc comment): lower the struct body
            // FIRST, exactly as if there were no annotation; `sig_annot` is
            // then simply DROPPED.
            let module = lower_module_bind(
                module_kw,
                name,
                eq,
                struct_kw,
                binds,
                end_kw,
                &[],
                &TypeNameEnv::default(),
                surfaces,
            )?;
            Ok(vec![module])
        }
        cst_v1::FileV1::Document { eoi, .. } => Err(unsupported(
            "a document file used as a dependency library",
            "the loader's DocumentAsDependency check should have rejected \
             this before lowering ever ran",
            eoi.0,
        )),
    }
}

/// Shared by [`lower_file_v1`] (the top-level library, whose `binds` field
/// is a plain `Vec<Bind>`) and `lower_bind_v1`'s `Bind::Module` arm (a
/// nested `module N = struct … end` bind, whose `binds` field is a
/// `Vec<StructBindV1>` — see [`cst_v1::StructBindV1`]'s doc comment for why
/// the two differ). Both produce a `cst::TopBinding::Module` with `sig:
/// None` wrapping the lowered binds. `mod_path` is the path of the ENCLOSING
/// scope (`[]` at the top level); this function extends it with `name` itself
/// before pre-scanning `binds` for `type` names ([`TypeNameEnv::child`]'s
/// pre-qualification) and lowering each bind against the
/// extended env/path — `flat_map`, preserving source order, since a `Type`
/// `and`-chain lowers to N consecutive `TopBinding`s.
fn lower_module_bind<'a, 's>(
    module_kw: &KwModule,
    name: &CtorTok,
    eq: &DefEqTok,
    struct_kw: &KwStruct,
    binds: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a cst_v1::Bind>,
    end_kw: &KwEnd,
    mod_path: &[String],
    tyenv: &TypeNameEnv,
    surfaces: &SurfaceEnv<'s>,
) -> Result<cst::TopBinding, LowerError> {
    let mut child_path = mod_path.to_vec();
    child_path.push(name.name.clone());
    // Absolutize relative-sibling module
    // heads BEFORE lowering — an owned clone, consumed immediately below.
    // Applies uniformly to plain modules, alias targets' synthesized trees
    // (no-op — copies are already absolute), and instantiated functor bodies
    // (the `Bind::Module`/`Bind::Include` App arms below run parameter
    // substitution FIRST, then call this function on the substituted binds —
    // parameter heads are gone before absolutization, so the two rewrites
    // cannot interfere, module doc comment's risk-6 guard).
    let absolutized = functor::rewrite_binds(binds, &AbsolutizeRewrite { surfaces }, &child_path)?;
    let child_tyenv = tyenv.child(&child_path, absolutized.iter(), surfaces);
    let mut decls = Vec::new();
    for b in &absolutized {
        for tb in lower_bind_v1(b, &child_path, &child_tyenv, surfaces)? {
            decls.push(cst::StructDecl(Box::new(tb)));
        }
    }
    Ok(cst::TopBinding::Module {
        kw: module_kw.clone(),
        name: name.clone(),
        sig: None,
        eq: eq.clone(),
        struct_kw: struct_kw.clone(),
        decls,
        end_kw: end_kw.clone(),
    })
}

/// Lower the entry document's body expression. `FileV1::Library` input is
/// the mirror-image caller bug (the loader's `LibraryAsEntry` check already
/// rejects it): a `LowerError`, not a panic.
pub fn lower_document_v1(file: &cst_v1::FileV1) -> Result<cst::ast::Expr, LowerError> {
    match file {
        cst_v1::FileV1::Document { body, .. } => lower_expr(body),
        cst_v1::FileV1::Library { end_kw, .. } => Err(unsupported(
            "a library file used as the entry document",
            "the loader's LibraryAsEntry check should have rejected this \
             before lowering ever ran",
            end_kw.0,
        )),
    }
}

// ---- Bind ---------------------------------------------------------------

/// `mod_path` is the path of the SCOPE `b` itself lives in (not including
/// any module `b` might itself introduce — see [`lower_module_bind`]'s doc
/// comment); `tyenv` is that same scope's `type`-name pre-qualification env.
/// Returns a `Vec` (not a single `TopBinding`) since the `Type`
/// arm's `and`-chain lowers to N consecutive `TopBinding::Type`s —
/// 1-element for every other arm.
fn lower_bind_v1<'s>(
    b: &cst_v1::Bind,
    mod_path: &[String],
    tyenv: &TypeNameEnv,
    surfaces: &SurfaceEnv<'s>,
) -> Result<Vec<cst::TopBinding>, LowerError> {
    match b {
        cst_v1::Bind::Value {
            kw,
            stage,
            name,
            params,
            eq,
            body,
        } => {
            let (ps, value) = lower_param_units(params, lower_expr(body)?)?;
            Ok(vec![cst::TopBinding::Let(cst::TopLet {
                let_kw: KwLet(kw.0),
                // `val ~x` / `val persistent ~x` — the stage travels ON the
                // binding, which is what lets it survive being nested inside
                // `module … = struct … end` (`elaborate.rs`'s index-keyed
                // `ItemOrigins::stages` cannot name a binding in there, and
                // every 0.1 `val` is in there).
                stage: stage.as_ref().map(lower_bind_stage),
                name: name.clone(),
                ascription: None,
                // 0.1's grammar has no `nonrecdecargpart` bar to lower.
                leading_bar: None,
                params: ps,
                eq: eq.clone(),
                value,
            })])
        }
        cst_v1::Bind::ValueInline {
            kw,
            stage,
            ctx,
            cmd,
            params,
            eq,
            body,
            ..
        } => Ok(vec![cst::TopBinding::LetInline {
            kw: KwLetHorz(kw.0),
            stage: stage.as_ref().map(lower_bind_stage),
            ctx: ctx.clone(),
            cmd: plain_horz(cmd)?,
            params: lower_command_params(params)?,
            eq: eq.clone(),
            value: lower_expr(body)?,
        }]),
        cst_v1::Bind::ValueBlock {
            kw,
            stage,
            ctx,
            cmd,
            params,
            eq,
            body,
            ..
        } => Ok(vec![cst::TopBinding::LetBlock {
            kw: KwLetVert(kw.0),
            stage: stage.as_ref().map(lower_bind_stage),
            ctx: ctx.clone(),
            cmd: plain_vert(cmd)?,
            params: lower_command_params(params)?,
            eq: eq.clone(),
            value: lower_expr(body)?,
        }]),
        cst_v1::Bind::ValueMath {
            kw,
            stage,
            ctx,
            cmd,
            params,
            scripts,
            eq,
            body,
            ..
        } => Ok(vec![lower_value_math(
            kw, stage, ctx, cmd, params, scripts, eq, body,
        )?]),
        cst_v1::Bind::ValueRec {
            kw,
            stage,
            first,
            ands,
            ..
        } => Ok(vec![cst::TopBinding::LetRec {
            kw: KwLetRec(kw.0),
            stage: stage.as_ref().map(lower_bind_stage),
            first: lower_rec_clause(first)?,
            ands: ands
                .iter()
                .map(|a| {
                    Ok(cst::ast::AndBinding {
                        and_kw: a.and_kw.clone(),
                        binding: lower_rec_clause(&a.clause)?,
                    })
                })
                .collect::<Result<_, LowerError>>()?,
        }]),
        cst_v1::Bind::ValueMutable {
            kw,
            stage,
            name,
            arrow,
            value,
            ..
        } => Ok(vec![cst::TopBinding::LetMutable {
            kw: KwLetMutable(kw.0),
            stage: stage.as_ref().map(lower_bind_stage),
            name: name.clone(),
            arrow: arrow.clone(),
            value: lower_expr(value)?,
        }]),
        cst_v1::Bind::Type { kw, first, ands } => {
            let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(1 + ands.len());
            out.push(lower_type_single(kw, first, tyenv)?);
            for a in ands {
                out.push(lower_type_single(kw, &a.bind, tyenv)?);
            }
            Ok(out)
        }
        cst_v1::Bind::Module {
            module_kw,
            name,
            sig_annot: _,
            eq,
            body,
        } => match &*body.0 {
            ast_v1::ModExpr::Struct {
                struct_kw,
                binds,
                end_kw,
            } => {
                // The seal rule (module doc comment): the struct-literal body
                // lowers to a real TopBinding::Module regardless of the
                // annotation, which is DROPPED here.
                let module = lower_module_bind(
                    module_kw,
                    name,
                    eq,
                    struct_kw,
                    binds.iter().map(|b| b.0.as_ref()),
                    end_kw,
                    mod_path,
                    tyenv,
                    surfaces,
                )?;
                Ok(vec![module])
            }
            // `module M = N` / `module M = A.B.C` —
            // member-copy alias expansion (`lower_module_alias`). The
            // annotation (if any, `module M :> S = N`) is dropped here —
            // same seal rule as the struct-literal case above — and
            // enforced by `v1/module_check.rs`'s `ImplView::Alias`.
            ast_v1::ModExpr::Var(chain) => Ok(vec![lower_module_alias(
                module_kw,
                name,
                eq,
                mod_path,
                surfaces,
                &chain.render(),
                mod_chain_span(chain),
            )?]),
            // `module M = Make Arg` —
            // instantiate the functor generatively at `M`'s own path, then
            // WRAP the substituted body in one synthetic
            // `TopBinding::Module` (the `lower_module_alias`/
            // `alias_member_decls` wrap precedent). `Arg` may itself be an
            // ENCLOSING functor's own parameter (`set.satyg`'s `Map.Make
            // Elem` shape) — `v1/surface.rs`'s `ParamSubst` stack already
            // resolves that case when the enclosing functor is applied, so
            // `frozen_app_target` returning anything other than
            // `Some(Some(_))` means a genuinely unknown functor/argument name
            // (or a non-struct functor body) — a precise `LowerError`, never
            // a panic (the `frozen_include_target` posture).
            ast_v1::ModExpr::App { func, arg: _ } => {
                let app_span = mod_chain_span(func);
                match surface::frozen_app_target(surfaces, mod_path, app_span) {
                    Some(Some(surface::AppResolution {
                        functor_path,
                        arg_path,
                    })) => {
                        let fdef = surfaces
                            .functors
                            .get(functor_path)
                            .expect("a frozen app target always names a registered functor");
                        let body_binds = functor::functor_body_binds(fdef.body).expect(
                            "a frozen app target's functor body is always struct-shaped \
                             (a non-struct body never freezes a resolution)",
                        );
                        let arg_segs: Vec<String> =
                            arg_path.split('.').map(str::to_string).collect();
                        let substituted =
                            functor::substitute_binds(body_binds, &fdef.param, &arg_segs)?;
                        let span = name.span;
                        let module = lower_module_bind(
                            module_kw,
                            name,
                            eq,
                            &KwStruct(span),
                            substituted.iter().map(|sb| sb.0.as_ref()),
                            &KwEnd(span),
                            mod_path,
                            tyenv,
                            surfaces,
                        )?;
                        Ok(vec![module])
                    }
                    _ => Err(unsupported(
                        "a functor application whose functor or argument is unknown",
                        "an application must name an earlier, concrete module already \
                         in scope (or an enclosing functor's own parameter, once that \
                         functor is itself applied)",
                        mod_chain_span(func),
                    )),
                }
            }
            // `module M = fun (X:S) -> body` — a functor
            // DEFINITION emits ZERO runtime bindings (it is not a value —
            // exactly `Bind::Signature`'s posture, `:583` below). The
            // `FunctorDef` itself was already registered by
            // `v1/surface.rs::build_binds` — nothing left to do here.
            ast_v1::ModExpr::Functor { .. } => Ok(Vec::new()),
            // `module M = N :> S` — lowers EXACTLY
            // like `Var` (the full surface of `N` copied, not `S`-filtered
            // — the seal HIDES undeclared members via the established
            // non-commit path, byte-matching the struct-literal behavior);
            // `sig_` is dropped here and enforced by `v1/module_check.rs`.
            ast_v1::ModExpr::Coerce { name: target, .. } => Ok(vec![lower_module_alias(
                module_kw,
                name,
                eq,
                mod_path,
                surfaces,
                &target.name,
                target.span,
            )?]),
        },
        // A signature has no runtime/expression-spine
        // content at all — only `v1/surface.rs`'s `SurfaceEnv`/
        // `v1/module_check.rs`'s static environment record it.
        cst_v1::Bind::Signature { .. } => Ok(Vec::new()),
        // `include M` splices copies of ALL of `M`'s exported
        // members directly into THIS body — the alias member-copy generator
        // (`alias_member_decls`) called with `alias_path` = `mod_path` (the
        // INCLUDER's OWN path, not a fresh sub-path), unwrapped from its
        // `StructDecl` boxes into this arm's `Vec<TopBinding>` so the copies
        // splice inline (contrast `lower_module_alias`, which wraps its
        // copies in ONE synthetic `TopBinding::Module`). Only a `Var` body
        // resolves (an earlier module already in scope); every other shape is
        // a precise error — `App`/`Functor` reuse the EXISTING functor
        // wordings verbatim (reachable through `include`, e.g. `include Make
        // Int`), `Struct`/`Coerce` require the target be named first.
        cst_v1::Bind::Include { kw, body } => match &*body.0 {
            ast_v1::ModExpr::Var(chain) => {
                match surface::frozen_include_target(surfaces, mod_path, kw.0) {
                    Some(Some(target_path)) => {
                        let target_surf = surfaces
                            .modules
                            .get(target_path)
                            .expect("a frozen include target is always a registered module");
                        let decls = alias_member_decls(kw.0, mod_path, target_path, target_surf)?;
                        Ok(decls.into_iter().map(|sd| *sd.0).collect())
                    }
                    _ => Err(unsupported(
                        "an `include M` binding naming an unknown module",
                        "an include must name an earlier module already in scope",
                        mod_chain_span(chain),
                    )),
                }
            }
            // `include Make Arg` (map.satyg's `include
            // Make Int` shape) — instantiate the functor generatively at
            // THIS includer's OWN path, then splice the substituted body's
            // lowered binds UNWRAPPED (the `Var` arm's unwrap-`StructDecl`-
            // boxes pattern above, contrast the `Bind::Module` App arm's
            // wrap). Each substituted bind is lowered via `lower_bind_v1`
            // directly (not `lower_module_bind`) since there is no fresh
            // sub-path to wrap into — exactly how the `Var` arm's copies
            // splice flat.
            ast_v1::ModExpr::App { func, arg: _ } => {
                let app_span = mod_chain_span(func);
                match surface::frozen_app_target(surfaces, mod_path, app_span) {
                    Some(Some(surface::AppResolution {
                        functor_path,
                        arg_path,
                    })) => {
                        let fdef = surfaces
                            .functors
                            .get(functor_path)
                            .expect("a frozen app target always names a registered functor");
                        let body_binds = functor::functor_body_binds(fdef.body).expect(
                            "a frozen app target's functor body is always struct-shaped \
                             (a non-struct body never freezes a resolution)",
                        );
                        let arg_segs: Vec<String> =
                            arg_path.split('.').map(str::to_string).collect();
                        let substituted =
                            functor::substitute_binds(body_binds, &fdef.param, &arg_segs)?;
                        let mut out = Vec::new();
                        for b in substituted.iter().map(|sb| sb.0.as_ref()) {
                            out.extend(lower_bind_v1(b, mod_path, tyenv, surfaces)?);
                        }
                        Ok(out)
                    }
                    _ => Err(unsupported(
                        "an `include` of a functor application whose functor or argument \
                         is unknown",
                        "an include must name an earlier, concrete module already in \
                         scope (or an enclosing functor's own parameter, once that \
                         functor is itself applied)",
                        mod_chain_span(func),
                    )),
                }
            }
            // A functor LITERAL cannot itself be `include`d (there is no
            // module value to splice — upstream-faithfully; you cannot
            // `include` a functor either) — stays a precise error.
            ast_v1::ModExpr::Functor { fun_kw, .. } => Err(unsupported(
                "an `include` of a functor literal (`fun (X : S) -> ...`)",
                "a functor is not a module value — apply it first \
                 (`include Make Arg`), or name the application \
                 (`module M = Make Arg  include M`)",
                fun_kw.0,
            )),
            ast_v1::ModExpr::Struct { struct_kw, .. } => Err(unsupported(
                "an `include` of an inline `struct … end` literal",
                "name the module first: `module N = struct … end  include N`",
                struct_kw.0,
            )),
            ast_v1::ModExpr::Coerce { name: target, .. } => Err(unsupported(
                "an `include` of a coerced module",
                "seal a named module first, then include it",
                target.span,
            )),
        },
    }
}

/// Any reasonable span off a [`ast_v1::ModChainV1`] — used only to point a
/// [`LowerError`] at the offending module-path/functor-operand token.
fn mod_chain_span(c: &ast_v1::ModChainV1) -> Span {
    match c {
        ast_v1::ModChainV1::Long(t) => t.span,
        ast_v1::ModChainV1::Single(t) => t.span,
    }
}

// ---- Module aliases (`module M = N`, `module M = N :> S`) — lowering-time member-copy expansion from `v1/surface.rs`'s
// syntactic `SurfaceEnv`. ---------------------------------------------------

/// `module M = N` / `module M = A.B.C` (`ModExpr::Var`) and `module M = N
/// :> S` (`ModExpr::Coerce`, `chain_rendered`/`chain_span` naming just the
/// bare target `N` — coercion applies to a bare name only, upstream-
/// faithfully): resolve the target outward from `mod_path` against
/// `surfaces`, then emit ONE synthetic `cst::TopBinding::Module` whose decls
/// are member-copies of the target's (already seal-filtered, if sealed)
/// surface, in the target's own source order. An unresolved target — unknown
/// name, or a forward reference to a module not yet registered — is a
/// precise `LowerError`, not a panic.
fn lower_module_alias(
    module_kw: &KwModule,
    name: &CtorTok,
    eq: &DefEqTok,
    mod_path: &[String],
    surfaces: &SurfaceEnv,
    _chain_rendered: &str,
    chain_span: Span,
) -> Result<cst::TopBinding, LowerError> {
    let span = name.span;
    let mut alias_path = mod_path.to_vec();
    alias_path.push(name.name.clone());
    // Consult the FROZEN, in-source-order resolution `v1/surface.rs`
    // recorded when it walked this alias bind: a forward reference
    // (target defined LATER in the same body) was `None` there and stays a
    // `LowerError` here, even though `surfaces.modules` now contains the
    // later target. `frozen_alias_target` returning `None` at all would
    // mean the surface builder never saw this alias — impossible on the
    // real pipeline (it always runs first), so treat it as unresolved too.
    let target_path = match surface::frozen_alias_target(surfaces, &alias_path) {
        Some(Some(t)) => t.clone(),
        _ => {
            return Err(unsupported(
                "a module alias/path binding (`module M = N`) naming an unknown module",
                "a module alias must name an earlier module already in scope",
                chain_span,
            ));
        }
    };
    let surface = surfaces
        .modules
        .get(&target_path)
        .expect("a frozen alias target is always a registered module");
    let decls = alias_member_decls(span, &alias_path, &target_path, surface)?;
    Ok(cst::TopBinding::Module {
        kw: module_kw.clone(),
        name: name.clone(),
        sig: None,
        eq: eq.clone(),
        struct_kw: KwStruct(span),
        decls,
        end_kw: KwEnd(span),
    })
}

/// The member-copy list itself (alias expansion), recursing into
/// `surface.mods` for each nested module re-export. Every fabricated node
/// reuses `span` throughout (never re-unparsed — the same "fabricate
/// `cst::ast` nodes directly" precedent as `val math`'s synthesis helpers,
/// `var_tok`/`apply_chain`/`fun1` above) and every reference is the
/// target's FULL ABSOLUTE path (`target_path`, e.g. `"Lib.N"`) — the
/// elaborator's exact-join lookup makes an absolute reference the only kind
/// that can ever resolve there.
fn alias_member_decls(
    span: Span,
    alias_path: &[String],
    target_path: &str,
    surface: &ModSurface,
) -> Result<Vec<cst::StructDecl>, LowerError> {
    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(surface.vals.len() + surface.types.len() + surface.mods.len());
    for x in &surface.vals {
        let target_ref = apply_chain(
            cst::ast::Atomic::VarWithMod(VarWithModTok {
                mods: vec![target_path.to_string()],
                name: x.clone(),
                span,
            }),
            Vec::new(),
        );
        out.push(cst::StructDecl(Box::new(cst::TopBinding::Let(
            cst::TopLet {
                let_kw: KwLet(span),
                // A synthesized alias re-export is written at the default
                // stage, whatever the aliased member declared.
                stage: None,
                name: cst::BindName::from(var_tok(x, span)),
                ascription: None,
                // 0.1's grammar has no `nonrecdecargpart` bar to lower.
                leading_bar: None,
                params: Vec::new(),
                eq: DefEqTok(span),
                value: target_ref,
            },
        ))));
    }
    for (tname, arity) in &surface.types {
        let ctor = var_tok(&format!("{target_path}.{tname}"), span);
        let (tyvars, ty) = match *arity {
            0 => (
                Vec::new(),
                cst::ast::TypeExpr::Atom(cst::ast::TypeProd {
                    first: cst::ast::TypeApp {
                        head: cst::ast::TypeAtom::Name(ctor),
                        rest: Vec::new(),
                    },
                    rest: Vec::new(),
                }),
            ),
            1 => {
                let tv = TypeVarTok {
                    name: "a".to_string(),
                    span,
                };
                (
                    vec![tv.clone()],
                    cst::ast::TypeExpr::Atom(cst::ast::TypeProd {
                        first: cst::ast::TypeApp {
                            head: cst::ast::TypeAtom::Var(tv),
                            rest: vec![cst::ast::TypeAtom::Name(ctor)],
                        },
                        rest: Vec::new(),
                    }),
                )
            }
            _ => {
                return Err(unsupported(
                    "an alias copy of a type member with arity >= 2",
                    "the 0.0.6 cst target (`TypeApp`) is single-argument \
                     (cst.rs:1297-1312) — widen it only when a real \
                     package needs arity >= 2",
                    span,
                ));
            }
        };
        out.push(cst::StructDecl(Box::new(cst::TopBinding::Type(
            cst::TypeDecl {
                kw: KwType(span),
                tyvars,
                name: var_tok(&qualify_type_key(alias_path, tname), span),
                eq: DefEqTok(span),
                body: cst::TypeDeclBody::Synonym(ty),
                ands: Vec::new(),
            },
        ))));
    }
    for (qname, child) in &surface.mods {
        let mut child_alias_path = alias_path.to_vec();
        child_alias_path.push(qname.clone());
        let child_target = format!("{target_path}.{qname}");
        let child_decls = alias_member_decls(span, &child_alias_path, &child_target, child)?;
        out.push(cst::StructDecl(Box::new(cst::TopBinding::Module {
            kw: KwModule(span),
            name: CtorTok {
                name: qname.clone(),
                span,
            },
            sig: None,
            eq: DefEqTok(span),
            struct_kw: KwStruct(span),
            decls: child_decls,
            end_kw: KwEnd(span),
        })));
    }
    // Signature members: zero runtime/type-spine residue — the
    // surface env re-exports the name (`M.S` resolves to the same
    // `SigDef`); nothing to emit here.
    Ok(out)
}

/// The shared clause bridge for `val rec`/`let rec` — the `RecBinding`
/// reshape the module doc anticipated, field-by-field against the real
/// `cst::ast::RecBinding` (`cst.rs:753-762`).
fn lower_rec_clause(c: &ast_v1::RecClauseV1) -> Result<cst::ast::RecBinding, LowerError> {
    let value_expr = lower_expr(&c.value.0)?;
    // `RecBinding.params` is `Vec<PatBot>` (not `Vec<Param>`). All-plain
    // clauses lower their patterns directly (byte-identical). A clause with a
    // `?(l = x, …)` bundle desugars to `params: []` + a nested lambda-chain
    // value — the LetRec lambda-body invariant holds because the chain head
    // is itself a lambda.
    let (params, value) = if c.params.iter().all(|p| p.opts.is_none()) {
        let ps = c
            .params
            .iter()
            .map(|p| lower_param_body(&p.body))
            .collect::<Result<_, _>>()?;
        (ps, value_expr)
    } else {
        let (_, chain) = lower_param_units(&c.params, value_expr)?;
        (Vec::new(), chain)
    };
    Ok(cst::ast::RecBinding {
        // `BindName` == `BindName`: shared leaf-level type, clone not
        // re-encode (see the module doc comment).
        name: c.name.clone(),
        // No `: ty` form in 0.1's `bind_value_nonrec`.
        ascription: None,
        // No multi-clause sugar in 0.1.
        leading_bar: None,
        params,
        eq: c.eq.clone(),
        value: erase_expr(value),
        // `RecClause` continuations are a 0.0.6-only surface (cst.rs:779-786).
        extra: Vec::new(),
    })
}

// ---- type binds -----------------------------------------

fn lower_type_single(
    kw: &KwType,
    s: &cst_v1::TypeBindSingleV1,
    tyenv: &TypeNameEnv,
) -> Result<cst::TopBinding, LowerError> {
    Ok(cst::TopBinding::Type(cst::TypeDecl {
        // One shared `type` span per chain.
        kw: kw.clone(),
        // Field REORDER: 0.1 postfix (`type t 'a`) → cst prefix slot.
        tyvars: s.tyvars.clone(),
        name: VarTok {
            name: tyenv.qualify(&s.name.name),
            span: s.name.span,
        },
        eq: s.eq.clone(),
        body: match &s.body {
            cst_v1::TypeBodyV1::Variant {
                leading_bar,
                first,
                rest,
            } => cst::TypeDeclBody::Variant {
                leading_bar: leading_bar.clone(),
                first: lower_variant_def(first, tyenv)?,
                rest: rest
                    .iter()
                    .map(|b| {
                        Ok(cst::BarVariantDef {
                            bar: b.bar.clone(),
                            def: lower_variant_def(&b.def, tyenv)?,
                        })
                    })
                    .collect::<Result<_, LowerError>>()?,
            },
            cst_v1::TypeBodyV1::Synonym(ty) => {
                cst::TypeDeclBody::Synonym(lower_type_expr(ty, tyenv)?)
            }
        },
        // 0.1's `type … and …` chain is lowered to CONSECUTIVE 0.0.6
        // `TopBinding::Type`s (one per clause), so each carries no own `and`.
        ands: Vec::new(),
    }))
}

fn lower_variant_def(
    v: &cst_v1::VariantDefV1,
    tyenv: &TypeNameEnv,
) -> Result<cst::VariantDef, LowerError> {
    Ok(cst::VariantDef {
        // Ctors stay UNQUALIFIED — the `TypeNameEnv` carve-out.
        ctor: v.ctor.clone(),
        of_ty: v
            .of_ty
            .as_ref()
            .map(|o| {
                Ok(cst::OfType {
                    of_kw: o.of_kw.clone(),
                    ty: lower_type_expr(&o.ty, tyenv)?,
                })
            })
            .transpose()?,
    })
}

pub(crate) fn lower_type_expr(
    t: &ast_v1::TypeExpr,
    tyenv: &TypeNameEnv,
) -> Result<cst::ast::TypeExpr, LowerError> {
    Ok(match t {
        ast_v1::TypeExpr::Fun { dom, arrow, cod } => cst::ast::TypeExpr::Fun {
            // 0.1 has no `?->` domain-suffix syntax at all (that's 0.0.6's
            // own fused sigil, dropped in 0.1) — `opts` here is always empty.
            // The 0.1 `?(…) ->` PREFIX form is `ast_v1::TypeExpr::OptRowFun`,
            // a separate arm below.
            opts: Vec::new(),
            dom: lower_type_prod(dom, tyenv)?,
            arrow: arrow.clone(),
            cod: Box::new(lower_type_expr(cod, tyenv)?),
        },
        ast_v1::TypeExpr::Atom(p) => cst::ast::TypeExpr::Atom(lower_type_prod(p, tyenv)?),
        // `?(l1 : ty1, … [| ?'r]) dom -> cod`. A row-variable tail is
        // parsed but rejected here: it needs
        // signature-level row quantification (`rowquant`/`quant`,
        // `parser_v1.mly:631-633`), which this port does not implement
        // (contrast the record-type row-tail below, which is accepted
        // — a bare record type has no `quant`-list obligation
        // to satisfy).
        ast_v1::TypeExpr::OptRowFun {
            opt_dom,
            dom,
            arrow,
            cod,
        } => {
            if let Some(tail) = &opt_dom.inner.row_tail {
                return Err(unsupported(
                    "a row-variable tail in an optional-argument type domain (`| ?'r`)",
                    "row quantification arrives with signature enforcement — \
                     roadmap L4 / Sub-slice 2d",
                    tail.var.span,
                ));
            }
            if opt_dom.inner.entries.is_empty() {
                return Err(unsupported(
                    "an empty `?()` optional-argument type domain",
                    "a `?(…)` domain must bind at least one label",
                    opt_dom.q.0,
                ));
            }
            cst::ast::TypeExpr::OptRowFun {
                opt_dom: cst::ast::CstTypeOptDom {
                    q: opt_dom.q.clone(),
                    paren: clone_paren(&opt_dom.paren),
                    entries: opt_dom
                        .inner
                        .entries
                        .iter()
                        .map(|e| {
                            Ok(cst::ast::CstTypeOptEntry {
                                label: e.label.clone(), // labels are NOT type names
                                colon: e.colon.clone(),
                                ty: cst::TyErased(Box::new(lower_type_expr(&e.ty.0, tyenv)?)),
                                comma: e.comma.clone(),
                            })
                        })
                        .collect::<Result<_, LowerError>>()?,
                },
                dom: lower_type_prod(dom, tyenv)?,
                arrow: arrow.clone(),
                cod: Box::new(lower_type_expr(cod, tyenv)?),
            }
        }
    })
}

fn lower_type_prod(
    p: &ast_v1::TypeProd,
    tyenv: &TypeNameEnv,
) -> Result<cst::ast::TypeProd, LowerError> {
    Ok(cst::ast::TypeProd {
        first: lower_type_app(&p.first, tyenv)?,
        rest: p
            .rest
            .iter()
            .map(|s| {
                Ok(cst::ast::StarType {
                    star: s.star.clone(),
                    ty: lower_type_app(&s.ty, tyenv)?,
                })
            })
            .collect::<Result<_, LowerError>>()?,
    })
}

/// The PREFIX → POSTFIX bridge: 0.1 `list int` ↔ cst `int
/// list`. A real `LowerError` (not a panic) on arity ≥ 2 — the cst target
/// (`cst::ast::TypeApp`) is single-argument by design (`cst.rs:1297-1312`,
/// "N-ary applied constructors are not [supported]"). This also adds
/// `InlineCmdTy`/`BlockCmdTy` (→ `cst::ast::TypeAtom::Cmd`, wrapped in
/// `TypeApp::Atom` — a command type is never itself "applied") and
/// `AppliedLong` (the same prefix→postfix bridge as `Applied`, minus
/// `tyenv.qualify`: a `LONG_LOWER` head is already absolute).
fn lower_type_app(
    a: &ast_v1::TypeApp,
    tyenv: &TypeNameEnv,
) -> Result<cst::ast::TypeApp, LowerError> {
    match a {
        ast_v1::TypeApp::InlineCmdTy { kw, ilist: list, args } => Ok(cst::ast::TypeApp {
            head: cst::ast::TypeAtom::Cmd {
                list: list.clone(),
                args: lower_type_cmd_args(args, tyenv)?,
                kind: cst::ast::CmdTypeKind::Inline(HorzCmdTypeTok(kw.0)),
            },
            rest: Vec::new(),
        }),
        ast_v1::TypeApp::BlockCmdTy { kw, blist: list, args } => Ok(cst::ast::TypeApp {
            head: cst::ast::TypeAtom::Cmd {
                list: list.clone(),
                args: lower_type_cmd_args(args, tyenv)?,
                kind: cst::ast::CmdTypeKind::Block(VertCmdTypeTok(kw.0)),
            },
            rest: Vec::new(),
        }),
        // `math […]`. `lower_type_atom`'s Cmd
        // arm in `typecheck.rs` already produces `MonoType::MathCmd` for
        // `CmdTypeKind::Math` and `unify.rs` already dispatches it — no
        // typecheck/unify change needed for the head itself.
        ast_v1::TypeApp::MathCmdTy { kw, mlist: list, args } => Ok(cst::ast::TypeApp {
            head: cst::ast::TypeAtom::Cmd {
                list: list.clone(),
                args: lower_type_cmd_args(args, tyenv)?,
                kind: cst::ast::CmdTypeKind::Math(MathCmdTypeTok(kw.0)),
            },
            rest: Vec::new(),
        }),
        // `arg1 … argN M.ctor` — the 0.0.6 target is now an N-ary atom run
        // (`TypeApp { head, rest }`), so the full argument list lowers with no
        // arity ceiling. NO `tyenv.qualify` on a `LONG_LOWER` head: an `M.t`
        // ctor is already an absolute dotted reference.
        ast_v1::TypeApp::AppliedLong { ctor, first, rest } => lower_applied(
            first,
            rest,
            qualify_type_key(&ctor.mods, &ctor.name),
            ctor.span,
            tyenv,
        ),
        ast_v1::TypeApp::Applied { ctor, first, rest } => {
            let name = tyenv.qualify(&ctor.name);
            lower_applied(first, rest, name, ctor.span, tyenv)
        }
        ast_v1::TypeApp::Atom(at) => Ok(cst::ast::TypeApp {
            head: lower_type_atom(at, tyenv)?,
            rest: Vec::new(),
        }),
    }
}

/// Lower a v1 applied type constructor (`first`/`rest` arguments + a resolved
/// `ctor` name) to a 0.0.6 [`cst::ast::TypeApp`] atom run whose last atom is
/// the constructor — see [`cst::ast::TypeApp`]'s doc comment.
fn lower_applied(
    first: &ast_v1::TypeAtom,
    rest: &[ast_v1::TypeAtom],
    ctor_name: String,
    ctor_span: Span,
    tyenv: &TypeNameEnv,
) -> Result<cst::ast::TypeApp, LowerError> {
    let head = lower_type_atom(first, tyenv)?;
    let mut out_rest: Vec<cst::ast::TypeAtom> = Vec::with_capacity(rest.len() + 1);
    for a in rest {
        out_rest.push(lower_type_atom(a, tyenv)?);
    }
    out_rest.push(cst::ast::TypeAtom::Name(VarTok {
        name: ctor_name,
        span: ctor_span,
    }));
    Ok(cst::ast::TypeApp {
        head,
        rest: out_rest,
    })
}

/// Each `[…]`-bracketed command-type slot lowers to one
/// `cst::ast::TypeCmdArgItem` (`opt: None` — this grammar has no `?`
/// suffix of its own; `semi: None` — these synthetic items are never
/// re-unparsed, only fed to `elaborate`/`typecheck`, so the `;`-separator
/// token is immaterial). `opt_labels`
/// carries this slot's `?(l:τ,…)` prefix bundle, if any — a flat,
/// *surface-order* list; `typecheck.rs`'s `lower_type_atom` `Cmd` arm is
/// responsible for sorting it into the closed map's canonical order (kept
/// unsorted here, matching every other lowering site in this file, which
/// never itself imposes a canonical order on anything — that's a
/// typecheck-time concern).
fn lower_type_cmd_args(
    args: &[ast_v1::TypeCmdArgItemV1],
    tyenv: &TypeNameEnv,
) -> Result<Vec<cst::ast::TypeCmdArgItem>, LowerError> {
    args.iter()
        .map(|a| {
            Ok(cst::ast::TypeCmdArgItem {
                opt_labels: match &a.opts {
                    None => Vec::new(),
                    Some(dom) => {
                        if dom.entries.is_empty() {
                            return Err(unsupported(
                                "an empty `?()` command-type optional-label bundle",
                                "a `?(…)` bundle must bind at least one label",
                                dom.q.0,
                            ));
                        }
                        dom.entries
                            .iter()
                            .map(|e| {
                                Ok(cst::ast::TypeCmdOptField {
                                    label: e.label.clone(),
                                    colon: e.colon.clone(),
                                    ty: cst::TyErased(Box::new(lower_type_expr(&e.ty.0, tyenv)?)),
                                    comma: e.comma.clone(),
                                })
                            })
                            .collect::<Result<_, LowerError>>()?
                    }
                },
                ty: cst::TyErased(Box::new(lower_type_expr(&a.ty.0, tyenv)?)),
                opt: None,
                semi: None,
            })
        })
        .collect()
}

fn lower_type_atom(
    a: &ast_v1::TypeAtom,
    tyenv: &TypeNameEnv,
) -> Result<cst::ast::TypeAtom, LowerError> {
    Ok(match a {
        ast_v1::TypeAtom::Paren { paren, inner } => cst::ast::TypeAtom::Paren {
            paren: paren.clone(),
            inner: cst::TyErased(Box::new(lower_type_expr(&inner.0, tyenv)?)),
        },
        // Closed form (`row_tail: None`) transcribes to
        // `cst::ast::TypeAtom::Record`. Open form (`row_tail: Some(_)`)
        // transcribes to the additive
        // `cst::ast::TypeAtom::RecordOpen` instead — a fresh row variable at
        // the `typecheck.rs` end, not the SAME variable across occurrences
        // (this models one open record type at a time, not
        // cross-signature shared-row polymorphism).
        ast_v1::TypeAtom::Record { rec, inner } if inner.row_tail.is_none() => {
            cst::ast::TypeAtom::Record {
                rec: rec.clone(),
                fields: inner
                    .fields
                    .iter()
                    .map(|f| {
                        Ok(cst::ast::TypeRecordField {
                            name: f.name.clone(),   // labels are NOT type names —
                            colon: f.colon.clone(), // no `tyenv.qualify` on `name`
                            ty: cst::TyErased(Box::new(lower_type_expr(&f.ty.0, tyenv)?)),
                            // `,` dropped (`semi: None`) — synthetic tree is
                            // never unparsed; `lower_record_field`/
                            // `lower_type_cmd_args` precedent.
                            semi: None,
                        })
                    })
                    .collect::<Result<_, LowerError>>()?,
            }
        }
        ast_v1::TypeAtom::Record { rec, inner } => {
            let tail = inner.row_tail.as_ref().expect("guarded by the arm above");
            cst::ast::TypeAtom::RecordOpen {
                orec: rec.clone(),
                inner: cst::ast::CstRecordOpenInner {
                    fields: inner
                        .fields
                        .iter()
                        .map(|f| {
                            Ok(cst::ast::CstRecordOpenField {
                                name: f.name.clone(),
                                colon: f.colon.clone(),
                                ty: cst::TyErased(Box::new(lower_type_expr(&f.ty.0, tyenv)?)),
                                comma: None,
                            })
                        })
                        .collect::<Result<_, LowerError>>()?,
                    bar: tail.bar.clone(),
                    var: tail.var.clone(),
                },
            }
        }
        ast_v1::TypeAtom::Var(v) => cst::ast::TypeAtom::Var(v.clone()),
        // NO `tyenv.qualify` — see `AppliedLong`'s doc comment above; the
        // same "already absolute" argument applies bare.
        ast_v1::TypeAtom::LongName(t) => cst::ast::TypeAtom::Name(VarTok {
            name: qualify_type_key(&t.mods, &t.name),
            span: t.span,
        }),
        ast_v1::TypeAtom::Name(n) => cst::ast::TypeAtom::Name(VarTok {
            name: tyenv.qualify(&n.name),
            span: n.span,
        }),
    })
}


fn plain_horz(name: &AnyHorzCmdTok) -> Result<HorzCmdTok, LowerError> {
    match name {
        AnyHorzCmdTok::Plain(t) => Ok(t.clone()),
        AnyHorzCmdTok::Mod(t) => Err(unsupported(
            "a module-qualified command name in binding position",
            "the cst target field (`LetInline::cmd`) is a bare `HorzCmdTok` \
             — not valid 0.1 syntax",
            t.span,
        )),
    }
}

fn plain_vert(name: &AnyVertCmdTok) -> Result<VertCmdTok, LowerError> {
    match name {
        AnyVertCmdTok::Plain(t) => Ok(t.clone()),
        AnyVertCmdTok::Mod(t) => Err(unsupported(
            "a module-qualified command name in binding position",
            "the cst target field (`LetBlock::cmd`) is a bare `VertCmdTok` \
             — not valid 0.1 syntax",
            t.span,
        )),
    }
}

/// Lower a `param_unit` list plus the (already-lowered) binding body into a
/// `(cst params, cst value)` pair (upstream `curry_lambda_abstraction`, one
/// `UTFunction` per `param_unit`).
///
/// - **Every unit plain** (`opts: None`): the params lower directly and
///   `body` is returned unchanged.
/// - **Any unit bundled** (`?(l = x, …)`): the whole list right-folds into a
///   nested `FunRows`/`Fun` lambda chain, and the returned param list is
///   empty — so the target `TopLet`/`RecBinding`/`LetIn` shape stays frozen
///   (a bundled binding is `params: []` + a lambda-chain value). This is the
///   `f p = e ≡ f = fun p -> e` identity applied per unit.
fn lower_param_units(
    params: &[cst_v1::Param],
    body: cst::ast::Expr,
) -> Result<(Vec<cst::ast::Param>, cst::ast::Expr), LowerError> {
    if params.iter().all(|p| p.opts.is_none()) {
        let ps = params
            .iter()
            .map(|p| Ok(cst::ast::Param::Pat(lower_param_body(&p.body)?)))
            .collect::<Result<_, LowerError>>()?;
        return Ok((ps, body));
    }
    let mut chain = body;
    for p in params.iter().rev() {
        let param_pat = lower_param_body(&p.body)?;
        chain = match &p.opts {
            Some(opts) => cst::ast::Expr::FunRows {
                kw: KwFun(opts.q.0),
                opts: lower_opt_binders(opts)?,
                param: param_pat,
                arrow: ArrowTok(opts.q.0),
                body: Box::new(chain),
            },
            None => cst::ast::Expr::Fun {
                kw: KwFun(Span::default()),
                params: vec![param_pat],
                arrow: ArrowTok(Span::default()),
                body: Box::new(chain),
            },
        };
    }
    Ok((Vec::new(), chain))
}

/// Lower an inline/block/math command binding's own `Param` list, preserving
/// order 1:1 (each `cst_v1::Param` maps to exactly one `cst::ast::Param` —
/// unlike the value-level `FunRows` desugar, which right-folds a bundled
/// unit into a lambda chain and returns an EMPTY param list, a command
/// binding's `params` vec carries order straight into `curry_cmd_params_v1`).
/// A plain (non-bundled) unit lowers to `Param::Pat` as before; a
/// `?(l = x, …)`-bundled unit lowers to the additive
/// `cst::ast::Param::Bundled`, consumed by `elaborate.rs`'s bundle-aware
/// `curry_cmd_params_v1`. Shared by `ValueInline`/`ValueBlock` (which accept
/// a bundle freely) AND `ValueMath` (`lower_value_math` rejects a bundle
/// itself, BEFORE calling this — math command parameter bundles use the
/// same `?(name=…)` syntax on `val math ctx \derive`).
fn lower_command_params(params: &[cst_v1::Param]) -> Result<Vec<cst::ast::Param>, LowerError> {
    params
        .iter()
        .map(|p| match &p.opts {
            None => Ok(cst::ast::Param::Pat(lower_param_body(&p.body)?)),
            Some(opts) => Ok(cst::ast::Param::Bundled {
                opts: lower_opt_binders(opts)?,
                body: lower_param_body(&p.body)?,
            }),
        })
        .collect()
}

/// Transcribe a `?(l = x, …)` parameter-binder bundle to its cst twin. An
/// empty bundle (`?()`) is a lowering error.
fn lower_opt_binders(opts: &ast_v1::OptParamsV1) -> Result<cst::ast::CstOptBinders, LowerError> {
    if opts.entries.is_empty() {
        return Err(unsupported(
            "an empty `?()` optional-parameter bundle",
            "a `?(…)` bundle must bind at least one label",
            opts.q.0,
        ));
    }
    Ok(cst::ast::CstOptBinders {
        q: opts.q.clone(),
        paren: clone_paren(&opts.paren),
        entries: opts
            .entries
            .iter()
            .map(|e| cst::ast::CstOptBinderEntry {
                label: e.label.clone(),
                eq: e.eq.clone(),
                var: e.var.clone(),
                comma: e.comma.clone(),
            })
            .collect(),
    })
}

/// Transcribe a `?(l = e, …)` application-argument bundle to its cst twin
/// (entry values are full expressions, lowered + erased). Empty (`?()`) is an
/// error.
fn lower_opt_args(opts: &ast_v1::OptArgsV1) -> Result<cst::ast::CstOptArgs, LowerError> {
    if opts.entries.is_empty() {
        return Err(unsupported(
            "an empty `?()` optional-argument bundle",
            "a `?(…)` bundle must supply at least one label",
            opts.q.0,
        ));
    }
    Ok(cst::ast::CstOptArgs {
        q: opts.q.clone(),
        paren: clone_paren(&opts.paren),
        entries: opts
            .entries
            .iter()
            .map(|e| {
                Ok(cst::ast::CstOptArgEntry {
                    label: e.label.clone(),
                    eq: e.eq.clone(),
                    value: erase_expr(lower_expr(&e.value.0)?),
                    comma: e.comma.clone(),
                })
            })
            .collect::<Result<_, LowerError>>()?,
    })
}

/// Clone an empty `ParenGroup<()>` marker (open/close tokens only). The
/// `#[group]`-payload slot is `()`, so this just carries the delimiter spans.
fn clone_paren(p: &ParenGroup<()>) -> ParenGroup<()> {
    ParenGroup {
        open: p.open.clone(),
        slot: (),
        close: p.close.clone(),
    }
}

// ---- `val math`: the target — the EXISTING
// `cst::TopBinding::LetMath` — is deliberately NOT extended with ctx/scripts
// fields (a back-compat break on the 0.0.6 grammar the same derive parses);
// instead the ctx/sub/sup binders are synthesized directly into the bind's
// own VALUE as ordinary `cst::ast::Expr::Fun`/application nodes, reusing the
// bind's own spans. The synthesis helpers below (`var_atomic`/`atom_expr`/
// `paren_atomic`/`apply_chain`/`fun1`) build exactly the small slice of
// `cst::ast::Expr` shapes this needs — a bare variable reference, a
// parenthesized sub-expression, an application chain, and a one-parameter
// lambda — by hand, since this is the one place `v1/lower.rs` needs to
// PRODUCE `cst::ast::Expr` nodes rather than transcribe them from a parsed
// `cst_v1::ast::Expr`. ----

fn var_tok(name: &str, span: Span) -> VarTok {
    VarTok {
        name: name.to_string(),
        span,
    }
}

fn var_atomic(name: &str, span: Span) -> cst::ast::Atomic {
    cst::ast::Atomic::Var(var_tok(name, span))
}

/// `( expr )` as an `Atomic::Paren` — needed to embed an arbitrary `Expr`
/// (the `val math` bind's own body) as ONE application argument, since
/// `AppArg::Atom.atom: Atomic` can't hold a full `Expr` directly.
fn paren_atomic(expr: cst::ast::Expr, span: Span) -> cst::ast::Atomic {
    cst::ast::Atomic::Paren {
        paren: ParenGroup {
            open: LParenTok(span),
            slot: (),
            close: RParenTok(span),
        },
        inner: Box::new(cst::ast::ParenBody {
            first: cst::ExprErased(Box::new(expr)),
            rest: Vec::new(),
        }),
    }
}

/// `head arg1 arg2 …` as one `Expr::Ops(OpChain)` node — a curried
/// application chain with `args.len()` atomic arguments, one `AppExpr`.
fn apply_chain(head: cst::ast::Atomic, args: Vec<cst::ast::Atomic>) -> cst::ast::Expr {
    let app_args = args
        .into_iter()
        .map(|atom| cst::ast::AppArg::Atom {
            stage: None,
            excl: None,
            atom,
            accesses: Vec::new(),
        })
        .collect();
    cst::ast::Expr::Ops(cst::ast::OpChain {
        head: cst::ast::AppExpr {
            minus: None,
            stage: None,
            excl: None,
            head,
            head_accesses: Vec::new(),
            args: app_args,
        },
        tail: Vec::new(),
        before: None,
    })
}

/// `fun <param> -> <body>` — a one-parameter lambda.
fn fun1(param_name: &str, span: Span, body: cst::ast::Expr) -> cst::ast::Expr {
    cst::ast::Expr::Fun {
        kw: KwFun(span),
        params: vec![cst::ast::PatBot::Var(var_tok(param_name, span))],
        arrow: ArrowTok(span),
        body: Box::new(body),
    }
}

/// Lower one `Bind::ValueMath`: `val math
/// <ctx> \cmd <param>* [with <sub> <sup>] = <body>`. Target: the existing
/// `cst::TopBinding::LetMath` — `elaborate_let_math` (unchanged) curries the
/// user's own `params` around the synthesized `fun ctx -> fun sub -> fun sup
/// -> …` chain built here and emits `Ast::LetMathIn`; `Checker::infer_
/// binding`'s `LetMath` arm (`typecheck.rs`) then branches on `self.version`
/// to apply `math_command_scheme_v01` instead of the 0.0.6 rule — no
/// elaborate/eval edit needed at all.
///
/// - **with `with sub sup`**: the user's own binders become the `sub`/`sup`
///   lambda parameters directly; the body is used as written (upstream
///   WithScripts: closure run with ctx, body's result returned raw).
/// - **without**: hidden binders `%sub`/`%sup` (unlexable — `%` starts a
///   comment, so unreachable from real source, the same trick upstream's own
///   `"%context"` uses), and the body wrapped as `%math-attach-scripts <ctx>
///   (<body>) %sub %sup` (upstream Simple: closure run with ctx, then
///   scripts appended under `enter_script`).
fn lower_value_math(
    kw: &KwVal,
    stage: &Option<cst_v1::BindStageV1>,
    ctx: &VarTok,
    cmd: &AnyHorzCmdTok,
    params: &[cst_v1::Param],
    scripts: &Option<cst_v1::ScriptsParamV1>,
    eq: &DefEqTok,
    body: &ast_v1::Expr,
) -> Result<cst::TopBinding, LowerError> {
    // A `?(l = x, …)` bundle on a `val math` parameter (`val math ctx \derive
    // ?(name = …) …`) works: `lower_command_params`
    // (shared with `ValueInline`/`ValueBlock`) already
    // accepts it freely, `curry_cmd_params_v1` already emits `Ast::LambdaOpt`
    // for it (elaborate.rs), and `math_command_scheme_v01` (typecheck.rs) now
    // harvests the resulting `Row` into the command's closed label map, same
    // as `command_scheme`'s V0_1 branch. No rejection needed here.
    let body = lower_expr(body)?;
    let span = eq.0;
    let (sub_name, sup_name, wrapped_body) = match scripts {
        Some(sp) => (sp.sub.name.clone(), sp.sup.name.clone(), body),
        None => (
            "%sub".to_string(),
            "%sup".to_string(),
            apply_chain(
                var_atomic("%math-attach-scripts", span),
                vec![
                    var_atomic(&ctx.name, ctx.span),
                    paren_atomic(body, span),
                    var_atomic("%sub", span),
                    var_atomic("%sup", span),
                ],
            ),
        ),
    };
    let value = fun1(
        &ctx.name,
        ctx.span,
        fun1(&sub_name, span, fun1(&sup_name, span, wrapped_body)),
    );
    Ok(cst::TopBinding::LetMath {
        kw: KwLetMath(kw.0),
        stage: stage.as_ref().map(lower_bind_stage),
        cmd: plain_horz(cmd)?,
        params: lower_command_params(params)?,
        eq: eq.clone(),
        value,
    })
}

// ---- Expr ---------------------------------------------------------------

fn lower_expr(e: &ast_v1::Expr) -> Result<cst::ast::Expr, LowerError> {
    match e {
        ast_v1::Expr::LetRecIn {
            let_kw,
            first,
            ands,
            in_kw,
            body,
            ..
        } => Ok(cst::ast::Expr::LetRecIn {
            // Span-lossy on `rec` (synthetic tree, never unparsed).
            kw: KwLetRec(let_kw.0),
            first: lower_rec_clause(first)?,
            ands: ands
                .iter()
                .map(|a| {
                    Ok(cst::ast::AndBinding {
                        and_kw: a.and_kw.clone(),
                        binding: lower_rec_clause(&a.clause)?,
                    })
                })
                .collect::<Result<_, LowerError>>()?,
            in_kw: in_kw.clone(),
            body: Box::new(lower_expr(body)?),
        }),
        ast_v1::Expr::LetMutableIn {
            let_kw,
            name,
            arrow,
            init,
            in_kw,
            body,
            ..
        } => Ok(cst::ast::Expr::LetMutableIn {
            kw: KwLetMutable(let_kw.0),
            name: name.clone(),
            arrow: arrow.clone(),
            init: Box::new(lower_expr(init)?),
            in_kw: in_kw.clone(),
            body: Box::new(lower_expr(body)?),
        }),
        ast_v1::Expr::LetIn {
            kw,
            name,
            params,
            eq,
            value,
            in_kw,
            body,
        } => {
            let (ps, value_expr) = lower_param_units(params, lower_expr(value)?)?;
            Ok(cst::ast::Expr::LetIn {
                kw: kw.clone(),
                name: name.clone(),
                ascription: None,
                // 0.1's grammar has no `nonrecdecargpart` bar to lower.
                leading_bar: None,
                params: ps,
                eq: eq.clone(),
                value: Box::new(value_expr),
                in_kw: in_kw.clone(),
                body: Box::new(lower_expr(body)?),
            })
        }
        ast_v1::Expr::LetPatternIn {
            kw,
            pat,
            eq,
            value,
            in_kw,
            body,
        } => Ok(cst::ast::Expr::LetPatternIn {
            kw: kw.clone(),
            pat: erase_pat_non_var(lower_pattern(pat)?),
            eq: eq.clone(),
            value: Box::new(lower_expr(value)?),
            in_kw: in_kw.clone(),
            body: Box::new(lower_expr(body)?),
        }),
        ast_v1::Expr::OpenIn {
            open_kw,
            name,
            in_kw,
            body,
            ..
        } => Ok(cst::ast::Expr::OpenIn {
            kw: open_kw.clone(),
            name: name.clone(),
            in_kw: in_kw.clone(),
            body: Box::new(lower_expr(body)?),
        }),
        ast_v1::Expr::If {
            kw,
            cond,
            then_kw,
            then_branch,
            else_kw,
            else_branch,
        } => Ok(cst::ast::Expr::If {
            kw: kw.clone(),
            cond: Box::new(lower_expr(cond)?),
            then_kw: then_kw.clone(),
            then_branch: Box::new(lower_expr(then_branch)?),
            else_kw: else_kw.clone(),
            else_branch: Box::new(lower_expr(else_branch)?),
        }),
        ast_v1::Expr::Fun {
            kw,
            params,
            arrow,
            body,
        } => {
            let body_expr = lower_expr(body)?;
            if params.iter().all(|p| p.opts.is_none()) {
                Ok(cst::ast::Expr::Fun {
                    kw: kw.clone(),
                    params: params
                        .iter()
                        .map(|p| lower_param_body(&p.body))
                        .collect::<Result<_, _>>()?,
                    arrow: arrow.clone(),
                    body: Box::new(body_expr),
                })
            } else {
                // Any `?(l = x, …)` bundle: the whole `fun` desugars to a
                // nested `FunRows`/`Fun` lambda chain (returned directly as
                // the lambda expression).
                let (_, chain) = lower_param_units(params, body_expr)?;
                Ok(chain)
            }
        }
        ast_v1::Expr::Match {
            kw,
            scrutinee,
            with_kw,
            leading_bar,
            first,
            rest,
            ..
        } => Ok(cst::ast::Expr::Match {
            kw: kw.clone(),
            scrutinee: Box::new(lower_expr(scrutinee)?),
            with_kw: with_kw.clone(),
            leading_bar: leading_bar.clone(),
            first: lower_match_arm(first)?,
            rest: rest.iter().map(lower_bar_arm).collect::<Result<_, _>>()?,
        }),
        ast_v1::Expr::Overwrite { name, arrow, value } => Ok(cst::ast::Expr::Overwrite {
            name: name.clone(),
            arrow: arrow.clone(),
            value: erase_expr(lower_expr(value)?),
        }),
        ast_v1::Expr::Ops(chain) => Ok(cst::ast::Expr::Ops(lower_op_chain(chain)?)),
    }
}

fn lower_match_arm(a: &ast_v1::MatchArm) -> Result<cst::ast::MatchArm, LowerError> {
    Ok(cst::ast::MatchArm {
        pat: erase_pat(lower_pattern(&a.pat)?),
        guard: None,
        arrow: a.arrow.clone(),
        body: erase_expr(lower_expr(&a.body)?),
    })
}

fn lower_bar_arm(a: &ast_v1::BarArm) -> Result<cst::ast::BarArm, LowerError> {
    Ok(cst::ast::BarArm {
        bar: a.bar.clone(),
        arm: lower_match_arm(&a.arm)?,
    })
}

fn lower_op_chain(c: &ast_v1::OpChain) -> Result<cst::ast::OpChain, LowerError> {
    Ok(cst::ast::OpChain {
        head: lower_app_expr(&c.head)?,
        tail: c.tail.iter().map(lower_op_rhs).collect::<Result<_, _>>()?,
        before: None,
    })
}

fn lower_op_rhs(r: &ast_v1::OpRhs) -> Result<cst::ast::OpRhs, LowerError> {
    Ok(cst::ast::OpRhs {
        op: r.op.clone(),
        rhs: lower_app_expr(&r.rhs)?,
    })
}

/// `~` / `persistent ~` (`cst_v1::BindStageV1` -> `cst::TopStage`) — a
/// `val`'s own stage qualifier. Token-identical types on both sides
/// (`cst::TopStage` exists ONLY to receive this), so, like
/// [`lower_stage_prefix`], this moves tokens.
fn lower_bind_stage(s: &cst_v1::BindStageV1) -> cst::TopStage {
    cst::TopStage {
        persistent: s.persistent.clone(),
        tilde: s.tilde.clone(),
    }
}

/// `&`/`~` (`cst_v1::ast::StagePrefix` -> `cst::ast::StagePrefix`). 0.1 has
/// staging BOTH per binding (`val ~x = e`) and per operand (`&e`/`~e`,
/// `parser_v1.mly:870-873`) — the two productions are character-identical to
/// 0.0.6's, so this moves tokens and nothing else.
fn lower_stage_prefix(s: &ast_v1::StagePrefix) -> cst::ast::StagePrefix {
    match s {
        ast_v1::StagePrefix::Next(t) => cst::ast::StagePrefix::Next(t.clone()),
        ast_v1::StagePrefix::Prev(t) => cst::ast::StagePrefix::Prev(t.clone()),
    }
}

fn lower_app_expr(e: &ast_v1::AppExpr) -> Result<cst::ast::AppExpr, LowerError> {
    Ok(cst::ast::AppExpr {
        minus: e.minus.clone(),
        stage: e.stage.as_ref().map(lower_stage_prefix),
        excl: e.excl.clone(),
        head: lower_atomic(&e.head)?,
        head_accesses: e.head_accesses.iter().map(lower_access_seg).collect(),
        args: e.args.iter().map(lower_app_arg).collect::<Result<_, _>>()?,
    })
}

fn lower_access_seg(a: &ast_v1::AccessSeg) -> cst::ast::AccessSeg {
    cst::ast::AccessSeg {
        hash: a.hash.clone(),
        label: a.label.clone(),
    }
}

fn lower_app_arg(a: &ast_v1::AppArg) -> Result<cst::ast::AppArg, LowerError> {
    match a {
        // `?(l = e, …) atom` — a SATySFi 0.1 labeled-optional bundle paired
        // with its following positional argument.
        ast_v1::AppArg::Bundled {
            opts,
            excl,
            atom,
            accesses,
        } => Ok(cst::ast::AppArg::Bundled {
            opts: lower_opt_args(opts)?,
            excl: excl.clone(),
            atom: lower_atomic(atom)?,
            accesses: accesses.iter().map(lower_access_seg).collect(),
        }),
        ast_v1::AppArg::BundledCtor { opts, ctor } => Ok(cst::ast::AppArg::BundledCtor {
            opts: lower_opt_args(opts)?,
            ctor: ctor.clone(),
        }),
        ast_v1::AppArg::Atom {
            stage,
            excl,
            atom,
            accesses,
        } => Ok(cst::ast::AppArg::Atom {
            stage: stage.as_ref().map(lower_stage_prefix),
            excl: excl.clone(),
            atom: lower_atomic(atom)?,
            accesses: accesses.iter().map(lower_access_seg).collect(),
        }),
        ast_v1::AppArg::Ctor(t) => Ok(cst::ast::AppArg::Ctor(t.clone())),
    }
}

fn lower_atomic(a: &ast_v1::Atomic) -> Result<cst::ast::Atomic, LowerError> {
    match a {
        ast_v1::Atomic::Length(t) => Ok(cst::ast::Atomic::Length(t.clone())),
        ast_v1::Atomic::Float(t) => Ok(cst::ast::Atomic::Float(t.clone())),
        ast_v1::Atomic::Int(t) => Ok(cst::ast::Atomic::Int(t.clone())),
        ast_v1::Atomic::Literal(t) => Ok(cst::ast::Atomic::Literal(t.clone())),
        ast_v1::Atomic::True(t) => Ok(cst::ast::Atomic::True(t.clone())),
        ast_v1::Atomic::False(t) => Ok(cst::ast::Atomic::False(t.clone())),
        ast_v1::Atomic::Ctor(t) => Ok(cst::ast::Atomic::Ctor(t.clone())),
        ast_v1::Atomic::Var(t) => Ok(cst::ast::Atomic::Var(t.clone())),
        ast_v1::Atomic::VarWithMod(t) => Ok(cst::ast::Atomic::VarWithMod(t.clone())),
        ast_v1::Atomic::Command { kw, name } => Ok(cst::ast::Atomic::Command {
            kw: kw.clone(),
            name: name.clone(),
        }),
        ast_v1::Atomic::Unit { paren } => Ok(cst::ast::Atomic::Unit {
            paren: paren.clone(),
        }),
        ast_v1::Atomic::Paren { paren, inner } => Ok(cst::ast::Atomic::Paren {
            paren: paren.clone(),
            inner: Box::new(lower_paren_body(inner)?),
        }),
        ast_v1::Atomic::Record { rec, body } => Ok(cst::ast::Atomic::Record {
            rec: rec.clone(),
            body: lower_record_body(body)?,
        }),
        ast_v1::Atomic::List { list, items } => Ok(cst::ast::Atomic::List {
            list: list.clone(),
            items: items
                .iter()
                .map(lower_list_item)
                .collect::<Result<_, _>>()?,
        }),
        ast_v1::Atomic::InlineText { igrp, elems } => Ok(cst::ast::Atomic::InlineText {
            igrp: igrp.clone(),
            elems: elems
                .iter()
                .map(lower_inline_elem)
                .collect::<Result<_, _>>()?,
        }),
        ast_v1::Atomic::BlockText { bgrp, elems } => Ok(cst::ast::Atomic::BlockText {
            bgrp: bgrp.clone(),
            elems: elems
                .iter()
                .map(lower_block_elem)
                .collect::<Result<_, _>>()?,
        }),
        // The `${…}`/`math`-elaboration split lives version-independently
        // in `elaborate.rs`'s SHARED math path — only structural
        // transcription is needed here, like every other `Atomic` arm.
        ast_v1::Atomic::MathText { mgrp, elems } => Ok(cst::ast::Atomic::MathText {
            mgrp: mgrp.clone(),
            elems: lower_math_elems(elems)?,
        }),
    }
}

fn lower_record_body(b: &ast_v1::RecordBody) -> Result<cst::ast::RecordBody, LowerError> {
    match b {
        ast_v1::RecordBody::Update {
            base,
            with_kw,
            fields,
        } => Ok(cst::ast::RecordBody::Update {
            base: erase_expr(lower_expr(base)?),
            with_kw: with_kw.clone(),
            fields: fields
                .iter()
                .map(lower_record_field)
                .collect::<Result<_, _>>()?,
        }),
        ast_v1::RecordBody::Fields(fields) => Ok(cst::ast::RecordBody::Fields(
            fields
                .iter()
                .map(lower_record_field)
                .collect::<Result<_, _>>()?,
        )),
    }
}

fn lower_record_field(f: &ast_v1::RecordField) -> Result<cst::ast::RecordField, LowerError> {
    Ok(cst::ast::RecordField {
        name: f.name.clone(),
        eq: f.eq.clone(),
        value: erase_expr(lower_expr(&f.value)?),
        // The `,` separator is dropped (`semi: None`) — harmless: the
        // synthetic tree this module builds is never unparsed.
        semi: None,
    })
}

fn lower_paren_body(b: &ast_v1::ParenBody) -> Result<cst::ast::ParenBody, LowerError> {
    Ok(cst::ast::ParenBody {
        first: erase_expr(lower_expr(&b.first)?),
        rest: b
            .rest
            .iter()
            .map(lower_comma_expr)
            .collect::<Result<_, _>>()?,
    })
}

fn lower_comma_expr(c: &ast_v1::CommaExpr) -> Result<cst::ast::CommaExpr, LowerError> {
    Ok(cst::ast::CommaExpr {
        comma: c.comma.clone(),
        value: erase_expr(lower_expr(&c.value)?),
    })
}

fn lower_list_item(i: &ast_v1::ListItem) -> Result<cst::ast::ListItem, LowerError> {
    Ok(cst::ast::ListItem {
        value: erase_expr(lower_expr(&i.value)?),
        semi: None,
    })
}

fn lower_inline_elem(e: &ast_v1::InlineElem) -> Result<cst::ast::InlineElem, LowerError> {
    match e {
        ast_v1::InlineElem::Char(t) => Ok(cst::ast::InlineElem::Char(t.clone())),
        ast_v1::InlineElem::CodeText(t) => Ok(cst::ast::InlineElem::CodeText(t.clone())),
        ast_v1::InlineElem::Space(t) => Ok(cst::ast::InlineElem::Space(t.clone())),
        ast_v1::InlineElem::Break(t) => Ok(cst::ast::InlineElem::Break(t.clone())),
        ast_v1::InlineElem::Embed { var, semi } => Ok(cst::ast::InlineElem::Embed {
            var: var.clone(),
            semi: semi.clone(),
        }),
        // Mechanical transcription, mirror of `Atomic::MathText` above.
        ast_v1::InlineElem::EmbedMath { mgrp, elems } => Ok(cst::ast::InlineElem::EmbedMath {
            mgrp: mgrp.clone(),
            elems: lower_math_elems(elems)?,
        }),
        ast_v1::InlineElem::Cmd { name, tail } => Ok(cst::ast::InlineElem::Cmd {
            name: name.clone(),
            tail: lower_cmd_tail(tail)?,
        }),
        ast_v1::InlineElem::ItemBullet(t) => Ok(cst::ast::InlineElem::ItemBullet(t.clone())),
        ast_v1::InlineElem::Sep(t) => Ok(cst::ast::InlineElem::Sep(t.clone())),
    }
}

fn lower_block_elem(e: &ast_v1::BlockElem) -> Result<cst::ast::BlockElem, LowerError> {
    match e {
        ast_v1::BlockElem::Embed { var, semi } => Ok(cst::ast::BlockElem::Embed {
            var: var.clone(),
            semi: semi.clone(),
        }),
        ast_v1::BlockElem::Cmd { name, tail } => Ok(cst::ast::BlockElem::Cmd {
            name: name.clone(),
            tail: lower_cmd_tail(tail)?,
        }),
    }
}

/// The `CmdTail` bridge — the one non-1:1
/// transcription. `cst_v1` kept the OLD "one application-chain `Expr`"
/// argument encoding (`Args { args: ExprErasedV1, semi }`), while `cst.rs`
/// has since moved to the flat `AppArg` list (`Args { first, rest, semi }`).
/// Semantics-preserving by construction: `cst_v1` parses `\cmd{a}{b}` as
/// `AppExpr { head: {a}, args: [{b}] }`, and `cst` parses the same surface
/// as `first = {a}, rest = [{b}]` — this bridge maps one onto the other
/// exactly. The two error arms are unreachable from token streams the
/// `cst_v1` grammar can actually produce in command-tail position (a bare
/// application chain with no operator/negation) — `LowerError` (not
/// `unreachable!()`) keeps a future grammar-drift bug user-visible rather
/// than silently mis-nesting arguments.
fn lower_cmd_tail(t: &ast_v1::CmdTail) -> Result<cst::ast::CmdTail, LowerError> {
    match t {
        ast_v1::CmdTail::Semi(s) => Ok(cst::ast::CmdTail::Semi(s.clone())),
        ast_v1::CmdTail::Args {
            lead_opts,
            args,
            semi,
        } => {
            let ast_v1::Expr::Ops(chain) = &*args.0 else {
                return Err(unsupported(
                    "command arguments that are not a plain application chain",
                    "grammar-drift guard — the cst_v1 grammar cannot actually \
                     produce this shape in command-tail position",
                    Span::default(),
                ));
            };
            if !chain.tail.is_empty() || chain.head.minus.is_some() {
                return Err(unsupported(
                    "an operator or unary negation inside a command argument chain",
                    "grammar-drift guard — the cst_v1 grammar cannot actually \
                     produce this shape in command-tail position",
                    Span::default(),
                ));
            }
            let a = &chain.head;
            // A LEADING `?(l = e, …)` bundle
            // (peeled off in the grammar because the app-chain head can't be
            // `?`-headed — see `cst_v1::CmdTail`) re-attaches to the first
            // argument here, producing a `cst::ast::AppArg::Bundled` exactly
            // as an ordinary mid-chain bundle would. An empty `?()` is a
            // `LowerError` via `lower_opt_args`.
            let first = cst::AppArgErased(Box::new(match lead_opts {
                Some(opts) => {
                    // `cst::ast::AppArg::Bundled` has no `stage` slot (0.0.6
                    // has no labeled-optional bundles at all, so the two
                    // features never met there). Refuse rather than drop the
                    // prefix on the floor and silently run the argument at the
                    // wrong stage.
                    if a.stage.is_some() {
                        return Err(unsupported(
                            "a staging prefix on a command argument that also \
                             carries a `?(l = e, …)` bundle",
                            "the lowered 0.0.6 node has no stage slot on a \
                             bundled argument; write the `&`/`~` inside the \
                             parenthesized argument instead",
                            Span::default(),
                        ));
                    }
                    cst::ast::AppArg::Bundled {
                        opts: lower_opt_args(opts)?,
                        excl: a.excl.clone(),
                        atom: lower_atomic(&a.head)?,
                        accesses: a.head_accesses.iter().map(lower_access_seg).collect(),
                    }
                }
                None => cst::ast::AppArg::Atom {
                    stage: a.stage.as_ref().map(lower_stage_prefix),
                    excl: a.excl.clone(),
                    atom: lower_atomic(&a.head)?,
                    accesses: a.head_accesses.iter().map(lower_access_seg).collect(),
                },
            }));
            let rest = a
                .args
                .iter()
                .map(|arg| Ok(cst::AppArgErased(Box::new(lower_app_arg(arg)?))))
                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, LowerError>>()?;
            Ok(cst::ast::CmdTail::Args {
                first,
                rest,
                semi: semi.clone(),
            })
        }
    }
}

// ---- Math ---------------------------------------------------------------
//
// The cst_v1 math layer is declared shape-identical to `crate::cst::ast`'s
// (cst_v1.rs's own module doc comment: "no 0.1 delta"), so every function
// below is a field-wise transcription, exactly like the rest of this
// module — the ONE non-mechanical seam is `lower_math_arg`'s bridge from
// cst_v1's flat 6-variant `MathArg` (no `?:`/`?*` forms at all — 0.1's
// optional math-command arguments are `?(l = e)` labeled bundles, a
// grammar production this port's `MathArg` node doesn't parse yet)
// onto cst.rs's two-level `MathArg::Plain(MathArgBody::…)` shape.

fn lower_math_elems(elems: &[cst_v1::MathErasedV1]) -> Result<Vec<cst::MathErased>, LowerError> {
    elems
        .iter()
        .map(|e| Ok(cst::MathErased(Box::new(lower_math_elem_cst(e)?))))
        .collect()
}

fn lower_math_elem_cst(m: &ast_v1::MathElemCst) -> Result<cst::ast::MathElemCst, LowerError> {
    Ok(cst::ast::MathElemCst {
        base: lower_math_bot(&m.base)?,
        scripts: m
            .scripts
            .iter()
            .map(lower_math_script)
            .collect::<Result<_, _>>()?,
    })
}

fn lower_math_bot(b: &ast_v1::MathBot) -> Result<cst::ast::MathBot, LowerError> {
    Ok(match b {
        ast_v1::MathBot::Cmd { name, args } => cst::ast::MathBot::Cmd {
            // `ast_v1::MathBot::Cmd.name` is ALREADY `AnyMathCmdTok` — the
            // exact same tag cst.rs's 0.0.6 `MathBot` carries — so no
            // `Plain` wrapping is needed here, just carry it through. It must
            // stay `AnyMathCmdTok`: a sigil-only `MathCmdTok` silently cannot
            // parse a `\Mod.cmd` qualified math command, even though the
            // shared lexer always emits `Token::MathCmdWithMod` for one.
            name: name.clone(),
            args: args.iter().map(lower_math_arg).collect::<Result<_, _>>()?,
        },
        ast_v1::MathBot::Chars(t) => cst::ast::MathBot::Chars(t.clone()),
        ast_v1::MathBot::Embed(t) => cst::ast::MathBot::Embed(t.clone()),
        ast_v1::MathBot::Sep(t) => cst::ast::MathBot::Sep(t.clone()),
        ast_v1::MathBot::Group { mgrp, elems } => cst::ast::MathBot::Group {
            mgrp: mgrp.clone(),
            elems: lower_math_elems(elems)?,
        },
    })
}

fn lower_math_script(s: &ast_v1::MathScript) -> Result<cst::ast::MathScript, LowerError> {
    Ok(match s {
        ast_v1::MathScript::Super { hat, group } => cst::ast::MathScript::Super {
            hat: hat.clone(),
            group: lower_math_group_arg(group)?,
        },
        ast_v1::MathScript::Sub { under, group } => cst::ast::MathScript::Sub {
            under: under.clone(),
            group: lower_math_group_arg(group)?,
        },
        ast_v1::MathScript::Primes(t) => cst::ast::MathScript::Primes(t.clone()),
    })
}

fn lower_math_group_arg(g: &ast_v1::MathGroupArg) -> Result<cst::ast::MathGroupArg, LowerError> {
    Ok(match g {
        ast_v1::MathGroupArg::Group { mgrp, elems } => cst::ast::MathGroupArg::Group {
            mgrp: mgrp.clone(),
            elems: lower_math_elems(elems)?,
        },
        ast_v1::MathGroupArg::Bot(b) => cst::ast::MathGroupArg::Bot(Box::new(lower_math_bot(b)?)),
    })
}

fn lower_math_arg(a: &ast_v1::MathArg) -> Result<cst::ast::MathArg, LowerError> {
    Ok(cst::ast::MathArg::Plain(match a {
        ast_v1::MathArg::Math { mgrp, elems } => cst::ast::MathArgBody::Math {
            mgrp: mgrp.clone(),
            elems: lower_math_elems(elems)?,
        },
        ast_v1::MathArg::Inline { igrp, elems } => cst::ast::MathArgBody::Inline {
            igrp: igrp.clone(),
            elems: elems
                .iter()
                .map(lower_inline_elem)
                .collect::<Result<_, _>>()?,
        },
        ast_v1::MathArg::Block { bgrp, elems } => cst::ast::MathArgBody::Block {
            bgrp: bgrp.clone(),
            elems: elems
                .iter()
                .map(lower_block_elem)
                .collect::<Result<_, _>>()?,
        },
        ast_v1::MathArg::ParenEscape { paren, inner } => cst::ast::MathArgBody::ParenEscape {
            paren: paren.clone(),
            inner: Box::new(lower_paren_body(inner)?),
        },
        ast_v1::MathArg::ListEscape { list, items } => cst::ast::MathArgBody::ListEscape {
            list: list.clone(),
            items: items
                .iter()
                .map(lower_list_item)
                .collect::<Result<_, _>>()?,
        },
        ast_v1::MathArg::RecordEscape { rec, body } => cst::ast::MathArgBody::RecordEscape {
            rec: rec.clone(),
            body: lower_record_body(body)?,
        },
    }))
}

// ---- Pattern layer --------------------------------------------------------

fn lower_pattern(p: &ast_v1::Pattern) -> Result<cst::ast::Pattern, LowerError> {
    Ok(cst::ast::Pattern {
        head: lower_pat_cons(&p.head)?,
        as_clause: p.as_clause.as_ref().map(lower_as_clause),
    })
}

fn lower_as_clause(a: &ast_v1::AsClause) -> cst::ast::AsClause {
    cst::ast::AsClause {
        as_kw: a.as_kw.clone(),
        name: a.name.clone(),
    }
}

fn lower_pat_cons(c: &ast_v1::PatCons) -> Result<cst::ast::PatCons, LowerError> {
    Ok(cst::ast::PatCons {
        head: lower_pat_bot(&c.head)?,
        tail: c
            .tail
            .iter()
            .map(lower_cons_seg)
            .collect::<Result<_, _>>()?,
    })
}

fn lower_cons_seg(s: &ast_v1::ConsSeg) -> Result<cst::ast::ConsSeg, LowerError> {
    Ok(cst::ast::ConsSeg {
        cons: s.cons.clone(),
        tail: lower_pat_bot(&s.tail)?,
    })
}

fn lower_pat_bot(p: &ast_v1::PatBot) -> Result<cst::ast::PatBot, LowerError> {
    match p {
        ast_v1::PatBot::CtorApplied { ctor, arg } => Ok(cst::ast::PatBot::CtorApplied {
            ctor: ctor.clone(),
            arg: Box::new(lower_pat_bot(arg)?),
        }),
        ast_v1::PatBot::Ctor(t) => Ok(cst::ast::PatBot::Ctor(t.clone())),
        ast_v1::PatBot::Int(t) => Ok(cst::ast::PatBot::Int(t.clone())),
        ast_v1::PatBot::True(t) => Ok(cst::ast::PatBot::True(t.clone())),
        ast_v1::PatBot::False(t) => Ok(cst::ast::PatBot::False(t.clone())),
        ast_v1::PatBot::Str(t) => Ok(cst::ast::PatBot::Str(t.clone())),
        ast_v1::PatBot::Wild(t) => Ok(cst::ast::PatBot::Wild(t.clone())),
        ast_v1::PatBot::Var(t) => Ok(cst::ast::PatBot::Var(t.clone())),
        ast_v1::PatBot::Unit { paren } => Ok(cst::ast::PatBot::Unit {
            paren: paren.clone(),
        }),
        ast_v1::PatBot::Paren { paren, inner } => Ok(cst::ast::PatBot::Paren {
            paren: paren.clone(),
            inner: Box::new(lower_pattern_paren_body(inner)?),
        }),
        ast_v1::PatBot::List { plist, items } => Ok(cst::ast::PatBot::List {
            plist: plist.clone(),
            items: items
                .iter()
                .map(lower_pat_list_item)
                .collect::<Result<_, _>>()?,
        }),
    }
}

/// A [`ast_v1::Param`]'s trailing shape:
/// either a plain `patbot` (unchanged path), or a `( pattern : typ )`
/// ascribed pattern. The ascription's `typ` is DROPPED — a documented
/// carve-out, precedent `cst::ast::RecBinding.ascription`'s own
/// parse-and-ignore (`cst.rs:729-737`; enforcing it needs an `Ast`-level
/// ascription node, a later follow-up).
/// Once dropped, `( pat : typ )` reduces exactly to a trivially-parenthesized
/// FULL pattern — precisely [`cst::ast::PatBot::Paren`]'s own shape (a single
/// `first` pattern, no `rest`), since the ascribed form's parens were already
/// there in the source.
fn lower_param_body(pb: &ast_v1::ParamBody) -> Result<cst::ast::PatBot, LowerError> {
    match pb {
        ast_v1::ParamBody::Pat(p) => lower_pat_bot(p),
        ast_v1::ParamBody::Ascribed { paren, inner } => Ok(cst::ast::PatBot::Paren {
            paren: paren.clone(),
            inner: Box::new(cst::ast::PatternParenBody {
                first: erase_pat(lower_pattern(&inner.pat)?),
                rest: Vec::new(),
            }),
        }),
    }
}

fn lower_pattern_paren_body(
    b: &ast_v1::PatternParenBody,
) -> Result<cst::ast::PatternParenBody, LowerError> {
    Ok(cst::ast::PatternParenBody {
        first: erase_pat(lower_pattern(&b.first)?),
        rest: b
            .rest
            .iter()
            .map(lower_comma_pattern)
            .collect::<Result<_, _>>()?,
    })
}

fn lower_comma_pattern(c: &ast_v1::CommaPattern) -> Result<cst::ast::CommaPattern, LowerError> {
    Ok(cst::ast::CommaPattern {
        comma: c.comma.clone(),
        value: erase_pat(lower_pattern(&c.value)?),
    })
}

fn lower_pat_list_item(i: &ast_v1::PatListItem) -> Result<cst::ast::PatListItem, LowerError> {
    Ok(cst::ast::PatListItem {
        value: erase_pat(lower_pattern(&i.value)?),
        semi: None,
    })
}

// ---- erasure helpers --------------------------------------------------

fn erase_expr(e: cst::ast::Expr) -> cst::ExprErased {
    cst::ExprErased(Box::new(e))
}

fn erase_pat(p: cst::ast::Pattern) -> cst::PatErased {
    cst::PatErased(Box::new(p))
}

/// [`erase_pat`] into the destructuring-`let` target, whose parser refuses a
/// bare variable (see [`cst::PatNonVarErased`]).
///
/// Only reachable from a 0.1 `Expr::LetPatternIn`, whose own target is a
/// [`cst_v1::PatNonVarErasedV1`] — so the source pattern is already
/// non-variable, and `lower_pattern` maps `PatBot::Var` to `PatBot::Var` and
/// every other shape to its counterpart, preserving that. The assertion says
/// so rather than trusting it: a future lowering that flattened, say, a
/// one-element tuple pattern to its element would otherwise synthesize a node
/// this grammar cannot re-parse.
fn erase_pat_non_var(p: cst::ast::Pattern) -> cst::PatNonVarErased {
    debug_assert!(
        !p.is_bare_var(),
        "a destructuring `let`'s target lowered to a bare variable"
    );
    cst::PatNonVarErased(Box::new(p))
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    fn parse_v1(src: &str) -> cst_v1::FileV1 {
        rustyfi_syntax::parse_file_v1(src).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("v1 parse failed: {e}"))
    }

    /// Expression-level `let rec … and … in` lowers to a full
    /// `Expr::LetRecIn` with the `RecBinding` reshape's 0.1-only fields all
    /// empty/`None` (no ascription/leading-bar/multi-clause sugar exists in
    /// 0.1's `bind_value_nonrec`).
    #[test]
    fn let_rec_document_lowers_with_and_chain() {
        let file = parse_v1(
            "let rec even n = if n <= 0 then true else odd (n - 1)\n\
             and odd n = if n <= 0 then false else even (n - 1) in even 4",
        );
        let ast = lower_document_v1(&file).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("lower_document_v1: {e}"));
        let cst::ast::Expr::LetRecIn { first, ands, .. } = ast else {
            panic!("expected Expr::LetRecIn");
        };
        assert_eq!(ands.len(), 1, "one `and` continuation");
        assert!(first.ascription.is_none());
        assert!(first.leading_bar.is_none());
        assert!(first.extra.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(first.name.name, "even");
        assert_eq!(ands[0].binding.name.name, "odd");
    }

    /// `val rec … and …` lowers to `TopBinding::LetRec` inside the
    /// module's `decls`.
    #[test]
    fn val_rec_library_lowers_to_top_binding_letrec() {
        let file = parse_v1(
            "module M = struct\n\
             val rec even n = odd n\n\
             and odd n = even n\n\
             end",
        );
        let lowered = lower_file_v1(&file).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("lower_file_v1: {e}"));
        let cst::TopBinding::Module { decls, .. } = &lowered[0] else {
            panic!("expected a TopBinding::Module");
        };
        assert_eq!(decls.len(), 1);
        let cst::TopBinding::LetRec { first, ands, .. } = &*decls[0].0 else {
            panic!("expected TopBinding::LetRec, got {:?}", decls[0].0);
        };
        assert_eq!(first.name.name, "even");
        assert_eq!(ands.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(ands[0].binding.name.name, "odd");
    }

    /// `val mutable` → `TopBinding::LetMutable`.
    #[test]
    fn val_mutable_lowers_to_top_binding_letmutable() {
        let file = parse_v1("module M = struct\nval mutable c <- 0\nend");
        let lowered = lower_file_v1(&file).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("lower_file_v1: {e}"));
        let cst::TopBinding::Module { decls, .. } = &lowered[0] else {
            panic!("expected a TopBinding::Module");
        };
        assert_eq!(decls.len(), 1);
        assert!(
            matches!(&*decls[0].0, cst::TopBinding::LetMutable { name, .. } if name.name == "c"),
            "{:?}",
            decls[0].0
        );
    }

    /// `let mutable … in` → `Expr::LetMutableIn`.
    #[test]
    fn let_mutable_in_document_lowers_to_expr_letmutablein() {
        let file = parse_v1("let mutable c <- 0 in c <- !c + 1");
        let ast = lower_document_v1(&file).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("lower_document_v1: {e}"));
        assert!(
            matches!(&ast, cst::ast::Expr::LetMutableIn { name, .. } if name.name == "c"),
            "{ast:?}"
        );
    }

    /// `type t = int and u = t` inside `module M` lowers to TWO
    /// consecutive `TopBinding::Type` decls, both names qualified
    /// (`"M.t"`/`"M.u"`), and `u`'s synonym body references the ALREADY-
    /// qualified `"M.t"` — the pre-qualification pin.
    #[test]
    fn type_and_chain_inside_module_qualifies_names_and_synonym_reference() {
        let file = parse_v1(
            "module M = struct\n\
             type t = int\n\
             and u = t\n\
             end",
        );
        let lowered = lower_file_v1(&file).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("lower_file_v1: {e}"));
        let cst::TopBinding::Module { decls, .. } = &lowered[0] else {
            panic!("expected a TopBinding::Module");
        };
        assert_eq!(
            decls.len(),
            2,
            "an `and`-chain lowers to N consecutive Type decls"
        );
        let cst::TopBinding::Type(t_decl) = &*decls[0].0 else {
            panic!("expected decls[0] to be a Type decl");
        };
        assert_eq!(t_decl.name.name, "M.t");
        let cst::TopBinding::Type(u_decl) = &*decls[1].0 else {
            panic!("expected decls[1] to be a Type decl");
        };
        assert_eq!(u_decl.name.name, "M.u");
        let cst::TypeDeclBody::Synonym(ty) = &u_decl.body else {
            panic!("expected a synonym body");
        };
        let cst::ast::TypeExpr::Atom(prod) = ty else {
            panic!("expected a bare TypeProd (no arrow)");
        };
        let cst::ast::TypeApp {
            head: cst::ast::TypeAtom::Name(n),
            ..
        } = &prod.first
        else {
            panic!("expected a bare type name atom");
        };
        assert_eq!(
            n.name, "M.t",
            "u's synonym body must reference the QUALIFIED t"
        );
    }

    /// Nested-module pre-qualification — `module M = struct type
    /// t = int module N = struct type u = t end end` → `"M.N.u"`'s body
    /// references `"M.t"` (outer types stay visible inside a nested
    /// module, per ordinary module scoping).
    #[test]
    fn nested_module_type_reference_qualifies_to_outer_path() {
        let file = parse_v1(
            "module M = struct\n\
             type t = int\n\
             module N = struct\n\
             type u = t\n\
             end\n\
             end",
        );
        let lowered = lower_file_v1(&file).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("lower_file_v1: {e}"));
        let cst::TopBinding::Module { decls, .. } = &lowered[0] else {
            panic!("expected a TopBinding::Module");
        };
        assert_eq!(decls.len(), 2);
        let cst::TopBinding::Module {
            name: inner_name,
            decls: inner_decls,
            ..
        } = &*decls[1].0
        else {
            panic!("expected decls[1] to be a nested TopBinding::Module");
        };
        assert_eq!(inner_name.name, "N");
        assert_eq!(inner_decls.len(), 1);
        let cst::TopBinding::Type(u_decl) = &*inner_decls[0].0 else {
            panic!("expected a Type decl");
        };
        assert_eq!(u_decl.name.name, "M.N.u");
        let cst::TypeDeclBody::Synonym(ty) = &u_decl.body else {
            panic!("expected a synonym body");
        };
        let cst::ast::TypeExpr::Atom(prod) = ty else {
            panic!("expected a bare TypeProd");
        };
        let cst::ast::TypeApp {
            head: cst::ast::TypeAtom::Name(n),
            ..
        } = &prod.first
        else {
            panic!("expected a bare type name atom");
        };
        assert_eq!(
            n.name, "M.t",
            "the outer M.t must stay visible/qualified inside N"
        );
    }

    /// The prefix→postfix `TypeApp` bridge — `type t = option
    /// int` (0.1 prefix, arity 1) lowers to the cst target's postfix
    /// `Applied { arg: int, ctor: option }` shape.
    #[test]
    fn type_app_prefix_to_postfix_bridge() {
        let file = parse_v1("module M = struct\ntype t = option int\nend");
        let lowered = lower_file_v1(&file).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("lower_file_v1: {e}"));
        let cst::TopBinding::Module { decls, .. } = &lowered[0] else {
            panic!("expected a TopBinding::Module");
        };
        let cst::TopBinding::Type(t_decl) = &*decls[0].0 else {
            panic!("expected a Type decl");
        };
        let cst::TypeDeclBody::Synonym(ty) = &t_decl.body else {
            panic!("expected a synonym body");
        };
        let cst::ast::TypeExpr::Atom(prod) = ty else {
            panic!("expected a bare TypeProd");
        };
        // Postfix form: `head = int`, `rest = [option]` (the ctor is last).
        assert!(prod.first.rest.len() == 1, "{:?}", prod.first);
        assert!(
            matches!(&prod.first.rest[0], cst::ast::TypeAtom::Name(n) if n.name == "option"),
            "{:?}",
            prod.first.rest[0]
        );
        assert!(
            matches!(&prod.first.head, cst::ast::TypeAtom::Name(n) if n.name == "int"),
            "{:?}",
            prod.first.head
        );
    }

    /// An applied type constructor with arity ≥ 2 (`pair int
    /// int`) lowers to the 0.0.6 cst target's N-ary atom run — `head =
    /// int`, `rest = [int, pair]` (the two arguments then the constructor).
    #[test]
    fn type_app_arity_2_lowers_to_nary_atom_run() {
        let file = parse_v1("module M = struct\ntype t = pair int int\nend");
        let lowered = lower_file_v1(&file).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("lower_file_v1: {e}"));
        let cst::TopBinding::Module { decls, .. } = &lowered[0] else {
            panic!("expected a TopBinding::Module");
        };
        let cst::TopBinding::Type(t_decl) = &*decls[0].0 else {
            panic!("expected a Type decl");
        };
        let cst::TypeDeclBody::Synonym(cst::ast::TypeExpr::Atom(prod)) = &t_decl.body else {
            panic!("expected a bare synonym TypeProd");
        };
        // args = [int, int], ctor = pair → head = int, rest = [int, pair].
        assert!(
            matches!(&prod.first.head, cst::ast::TypeAtom::Name(n) if n.name == "int"),
            "{:?}",
            prod.first.head
        );
        assert_eq!(prod.first.rest.len(), 2, "{:?}", prod.first.rest);
        assert!(matches!(&prod.first.rest[0], cst::ast::TypeAtom::Name(n) if n.name == "int"));
        assert!(matches!(&prod.first.rest[1], cst::ast::TypeAtom::Name(n) if n.name == "pair"));
    }

    /// A variant↔variant mutual pair (`type a = A of b and b = B
    /// of a`) lowers to two consecutive `TopBinding::Type` decls — the
    /// forward-reference tolerance `typecheck.rs` provides is exercised at
    /// the typecheck/elaborate layer, not here; this only pins the
    /// lowering shape.
    #[test]
    fn mutual_variant_pair_lowers_to_two_type_decls() {
        let file = parse_v1(
            "module M = struct\n\
             type a = A of b\n\
             and b = B of a\n\
             end",
        );
        let lowered = lower_file_v1(&file).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("lower_file_v1: {e}"));
        let cst::TopBinding::Module { decls, .. } = &lowered[0] else {
            panic!("expected a TopBinding::Module");
        };
        assert_eq!(decls.len(), 2);
        assert!(matches!(&*decls[0].0, cst::TopBinding::Type(d) if d.name.name == "M.a"));
        assert!(matches!(&*decls[1].0, cst::TopBinding::Type(d) if d.name.name == "M.b"));
    }

    /// `type t = (| x : int, y : bool |)` lowers to `cst::ast::
    /// TypeAtom::Record` with the field list transcribed field-by-field
    /// (labels, colons, and lowered field types) — the pure-transcription
    /// arm in `lower_type_atom`.
    #[test]
    fn type_record_lowers_to_cst_record_atom() {
        let file = parse_v1("module M = struct\ntype t = (| x : int, y : bool |)\nend");
        let lowered = lower_file_v1(&file).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("lower_file_v1: {e}"));
        let cst::TopBinding::Module { decls, .. } = &lowered[0] else {
            panic!("expected a TopBinding::Module");
        };
        let cst::TopBinding::Type(t_decl) = &*decls[0].0 else {
            panic!("expected a Type decl");
        };
        let cst::TypeDeclBody::Synonym(ty) = &t_decl.body else {
            panic!("expected a synonym body");
        };
        let cst::ast::TypeExpr::Atom(prod) = ty else {
            panic!("expected a bare TypeProd");
        };
        let cst::ast::TypeApp {
            head: cst::ast::TypeAtom::Record { fields, .. },
            ..
        } = &prod.first
        else {
            panic!("expected TypeAtom::Record, got {:?}", prod.first);
        };
        assert_eq!(fields.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(fields[0].name.name, "x");
        assert!(
            matches!(&*fields[0].ty.0, cst::ast::TypeExpr::Atom(p)
                if matches!(&p.first, cst::ast::TypeApp { head: cst::ast::TypeAtom::Name(n), .. } if n.name == "int")),
            "{:?}",
            fields[0].ty.0
        );
        assert_eq!(fields[1].name.name, "y");
        assert!(
            matches!(&*fields[1].ty.0, cst::ast::TypeExpr::Atom(p)
                if matches!(&p.first, cst::ast::TypeApp { head: cst::ast::TypeAtom::Name(n), .. } if n.name == "bool")),
            "{:?}",
            fields[1].ty.0
        );
    }

    /// A bare local type name used INSIDE a record type field gets the
    /// same `tyenv.qualify` every other type position gets (mirrors
    /// `type_and_chain_inside_module_qualifies_names_and_synonym_reference`
    /// above, but for a field type rather than a synonym body).
    #[test]
    fn type_record_field_type_is_qualified_like_any_other_type_position() {
        let file = parse_v1(
            "module M = struct\n\
             type config = int\n\
             type t = (| c : config |)\n\
             end",
        );
        let lowered = lower_file_v1(&file).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("lower_file_v1: {e}"));
        let cst::TopBinding::Module { decls, .. } = &lowered[0] else {
            panic!("expected a TopBinding::Module");
        };
        assert_eq!(decls.len(), 2);
        let cst::TopBinding::Type(t_decl) = &*decls[1].0 else {
            panic!("expected decls[1] to be a Type decl");
        };
        assert_eq!(t_decl.name.name, "M.t");
        let cst::TypeDeclBody::Synonym(ty) = &t_decl.body else {
            panic!("expected a synonym body");
        };
        let cst::ast::TypeExpr::Atom(prod) = ty else {
            panic!("expected a bare TypeProd");
        };
        let cst::ast::TypeApp {
            head: cst::ast::TypeAtom::Record { fields, .. },
            ..
        } = &prod.first
        else {
            panic!("expected TypeAtom::Record, got {:?}", prod.first);
        };
        assert_eq!(fields.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(fields[0].name.name, "c");
        let cst::ast::TypeExpr::Atom(field_prod) = &*fields[0].ty.0 else {
            panic!("expected a bare TypeProd for the field type");
        };
        let cst::ast::TypeApp {
            head: cst::ast::TypeAtom::Name(n),
            ..
        } = &field_prod.first
        else {
            panic!("expected a bare type name atom, got {:?}", field_prod.first);
        };
        assert_eq!(
            n.name, "M.config",
            "the field's bare `config` must qualify to M.config"
        );
    }

    /// SATySFi 0.1 dropped the fused `?:`/`?*` optional sigils entirely:
    /// under V0_1 the lexer emits only `?` =
    /// `OptionalType`, so `?:1`/`?*` now lex as `?` + `:`/`*` — a downstream
    /// PARSE error, no longer reaching the lowerer. Replaced by the labeled
    /// `?(l = e)` bundle.
    #[test]
    fn old_optional_sigils_no_longer_parse() {
        assert!(rustyfi_syntax::parse_file_v1("f ?:1").is_err());
        assert!(rustyfi_syntax::parse_file_v1("f ?*").is_err());
    }

    /// A `?(l = e, …)` labeled-optional application bundle lowers to
    /// `AppArg::Bundled`; an empty `?()` bundle is a `LowerError`.
    #[test]
    fn empty_opt_arg_bundle_is_a_lower_error() {
        let file = parse_v1("f ?() x");
        let err = lower_document_v1(&file).unwrap_err();
        assert!(
            err.to_string().contains("optional-argument bundle"),
            "{err}"
        );
    }

    /// `${…}` lowers STRUCTURALLY: its *value* is version-independent (only
    /// the surrounding type/prim tables differ, per `typecheck.rs`'s
    /// `name_to_mono`). Round-trips `${x}` through `Atomic::MathText` down
    /// to its one `MathBot::Chars("x")` element.
    #[test]
    fn math_text_lowers_structurally() {
        let file = parse_v1("${x}");
        let ast = lower_document_v1(&file).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("lower_document_v1: {e}"));
        let cst::ast::Expr::Ops(chain) = &ast else {
            panic!("expected Expr::Ops, got {ast:?}");
        };
        let cst::ast::Atomic::MathText { elems, .. } = &chain.head.head else {
            panic!("expected Atomic::MathText, got {:?}", chain.head.head);
        };
        assert_eq!(elems.len(), 1, "one math element (`x`)");
        let cst::ast::MathBot::Chars(t) = &elems[0].base else {
            panic!("expected MathBot::Chars, got {:?}", elems[0].base);
        };
        assert_eq!(t.text, "x");
    }

    /// The shared lexer never actually emits a module-qualified command
    /// token (`HorzCmdWithMod`/`VertCmdWithMod`) in program-mode binding
    /// position — only inline/block-text and math areas dotted-scan a
    /// backslash/plus command name (`lexer.rs`'s `lex_program` vs.
    /// `lex_horz`/`lex_vert`/`lex_math`) — so `AnyHorzCmdTok::Mod`/
    /// `AnyVertCmdTok::Mod` are unreachable from any real `parse_file_v1`
    /// input at a `val inline`/`val block` binding's command-name position.
    /// This exercises `plain_horz`/`plain_vert` directly (a hand-built
    /// token, not a parse) so the `LowerError` arm itself is still proven,
    /// same rationale as the `CmdTail` bridge's own unreachable-in-practice
    /// guards.
    #[test]
    fn mod_qualified_command_name_in_bind_is_a_lower_error() {
        let tok = HorzCmdWithModTok {
            mods: vec!["Mod".to_string()],
            name: "\\emph".to_string(),
            span: Span::default(),
        };
        let err = plain_horz(&AnyHorzCmdTok::Mod(tok)).unwrap_err();
        assert!(err.to_string().contains("module-qualified"), "{err}");

        let tok = VertCmdWithModTok {
            mods: vec!["Mod".to_string()],
            name: "+p".to_string(),
            span: Span::default(),
        };
        let err = plain_vert(&AnyVertCmdTok::Mod(tok)).unwrap_err();
        assert!(err.to_string().contains("module-qualified"), "{err}");
    }

    #[test]
    fn lower_file_v1_on_a_document_is_an_error_not_a_panic() {
        let file = parse_v1("3");
        assert!(lower_file_v1(&file).is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn lower_document_v1_on_a_library_is_an_error_not_a_panic() {
        let file = parse_v1("module M = struct\nval x = 1\nend");
        assert!(lower_document_v1(&file).is_err());
    }

    /// `lower_file_v1` on a `Library` yields exactly ONE
    /// `TopBinding::Module` (not a spliced-flat `Vec` of the inner binds),
    /// with `sig: None` and the right name/decl count.
    #[test]
    fn lower_file_v1_yields_one_real_module_binding() {
        let file = parse_v1(
            "module V01Mini = struct\n\
             val x = 1\n\
             val y = 2\n\
             end",
        );
        let lowered = lower_file_v1(&file).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("lower_file_v1: {e}"));
        assert_eq!(
            lowered.len(),
            1,
            "one TopBinding::Module, not spliced binds"
        );
        let cst::TopBinding::Module {
            name, sig, decls, ..
        } = &lowered[0]
        else {
            panic!("expected a TopBinding::Module, got {:?}", lowered[0]);
        };
        assert_eq!(name.name, "V01Mini");
        assert!(sig.is_none(), "no signature annotation in Sub-slice 2a");
        assert_eq!(decls.len(), 2);
    }

    /// A nested `module N = struct … end` bind lowers to a
    /// nested `TopBinding::Module` inside the outer module's `decls`.
    #[test]
    fn lower_file_v1_nested_module_bind_lowers_to_nested_module() {
        let file = parse_v1(
            "module M = struct\n\
             val x = 1\n\
             module N = struct\n\
             val y = 2\n\
             end\n\
             end",
        );
        let lowered = lower_file_v1(&file).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("lower_file_v1: {e}"));
        assert_eq!(lowered.len(), 1);
        let cst::TopBinding::Module { name, decls, .. } = &lowered[0] else {
            panic!("expected a TopBinding::Module");
        };
        assert_eq!(name.name, "M");
        assert_eq!(decls.len(), 2);
        assert!(matches!(&*decls[0].0, cst::TopBinding::Let(_)));
        let cst::TopBinding::Module {
            name: inner_name,
            sig: inner_sig,
            decls: inner_decls,
            ..
        } = &*decls[1].0
        else {
            panic!("expected decls[1] to be a nested TopBinding::Module");
        };
        assert_eq!(inner_name.name, "N");
        assert!(inner_sig.is_none());
        assert_eq!(inner_decls.len(), 1);
    }

    // ---- Sealing lowers to NOTHING (zero runtime residue) -----------------

    /// Sealing-erasure twin 1: a library-level `:>` ascription lowers to the
    /// byte-identical `TopBinding::Module { sig: None, .. }` shape its
    /// unsealed twin does — enforcement is entirely `v1/module_check.rs`'s,
    /// off the original `cst_v1` tree.
    #[test]
    fn sig_annot_on_library_lowers_like_its_unsealed_twin() {
        let sealed = parse_v1("module M :> sig val x : int end = struct\nval x = 1\nend");
        let unsealed = parse_v1("module M = struct\nval x = 1\nend");
        let sealed_lowered = lower_file_v1(&sealed).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("sealed: {e}"));
        let unsealed_lowered = lower_file_v1(&unsealed).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("unsealed: {e}"));
        assert_eq!(sealed_lowered.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(unsealed_lowered.len(), 1);
        let cst::TopBinding::Module {
            sig: sealed_sig,
            decls: sealed_decls,
            ..
        } = &sealed_lowered[0]
        else {
            panic!("expected a TopBinding::Module");
        };
        let cst::TopBinding::Module {
            sig: unsealed_sig,
            decls: unsealed_decls,
            ..
        } = &unsealed_lowered[0]
        else {
            panic!("expected a TopBinding::Module");
        };
        assert!(
            sealed_sig.is_none(),
            "the seal must lower to NO cst::SigAnnot at all"
        );
        assert!(unsealed_sig.is_none());
        assert_eq!(sealed_decls.len(), unsealed_decls.len());
        assert!(matches!(&*sealed_decls[0].0, cst::TopBinding::Let(_)));
        assert!(matches!(&*unsealed_decls[0].0, cst::TopBinding::Let(_)));
    }

    /// Sealing-erasure twin 2: the struct body still lowers (surfacing its own precise
    /// error) whether or not the module carries a `:>` annotation — a body
    /// error is identical either way, since lowering never consults the
    /// annotation. Body error: an `include` of an inline `struct … end`
    /// literal, unsupported.
    #[test]
    fn sig_annot_body_error_is_identical_with_or_without_a_seal() {
        let sealed = parse_v1("module M :> sig end = struct\ninclude struct val x = 1 end\nend");
        let unsealed = parse_v1("module M = struct\ninclude struct val x = 1 end\nend");
        let sealed_err = lower_file_v1(&sealed).unwrap_err();
        let unsealed_err = lower_file_v1(&unsealed).unwrap_err();
        assert!(
            sealed_err.to_string().contains("inline `struct"),
            "{sealed_err}"
        );
        assert_eq!(sealed_err.construct, unsealed_err.construct);
        assert_eq!(sealed_err.hint, unsealed_err.hint);
    }

    /// Sealing-erasure twin 3: the bind-level twin of
    /// `sig_annot_on_library_lowers_like_its_unsealed_twin` — a nested
    /// `module N :> sig .. end = struct .. end` lowers to the same nested
    /// `TopBinding::Module { sig: None, .. }` shape as its unsealed twin.
    #[test]
    fn nested_module_sig_annot_lowers_like_its_unsealed_twin() {
        let sealed = parse_v1(
            "module M = struct\n\
             module N :> sig val y : int end = struct\n\
             val y = 2\n\
             end\n\
             end",
        );
        let unsealed = parse_v1(
            "module M = struct\n\
             module N = struct\n\
             val y = 2\n\
             end\n\
             end",
        );
        let sealed_lowered = lower_file_v1(&sealed).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("sealed: {e}"));
        let unsealed_lowered = lower_file_v1(&unsealed).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("unsealed: {e}"));
        let cst::TopBinding::Module {
            decls: sealed_decls,
            ..
        } = &sealed_lowered[0]
        else {
            panic!("expected a TopBinding::Module");
        };
        let cst::TopBinding::Module {
            decls: unsealed_decls,
            ..
        } = &unsealed_lowered[0]
        else {
            panic!("expected a TopBinding::Module");
        };
        assert_eq!(sealed_decls.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(unsealed_decls.len(), 1);
        let cst::TopBinding::Module {
            name: sealed_name,
            sig: sealed_sig,
            decls: sealed_inner,
            ..
        } = &*sealed_decls[0].0
        else {
            panic!("expected decls[0] to be a nested TopBinding::Module");
        };
        let cst::TopBinding::Module {
            name: unsealed_name,
            sig: unsealed_sig,
            decls: unsealed_inner,
            ..
        } = &*unsealed_decls[0].0
        else {
            panic!("expected decls[0] to be a nested TopBinding::Module");
        };
        assert_eq!(sealed_name.name, "N");
        assert_eq!(unsealed_name.name, "N");
        assert!(
            sealed_sig.is_none(),
            "the seal must lower to NO cst::SigAnnot at all"
        );
        assert!(unsealed_sig.is_none());
        assert_eq!(sealed_inner.len(), unsealed_inner.len());
    }

    /// A module alias/path binding naming an UNKNOWN target
    /// is a precise `LowerError` — `N` is never defined anywhere in this
    /// file, so `lower_module_alias` can't resolve it.
    #[test]
    fn module_alias_with_unknown_target_is_a_lower_error() {
        let file = parse_v1("module M = struct\nmodule P = N\nend");
        let err = lower_file_v1(&file).unwrap_err();
        assert!(err.to_string().contains("module alias"), "{err}");
    }

    /// A module alias to an EARLIER, real sibling
    /// module lowers for real — one `Let` per exported value member,
    /// referencing the target's absolute qualified name.
    #[test]
    fn module_alias_to_a_real_target_lowers_member_copies() {
        let file = parse_v1(
            "module M = struct\n\
             module Base = struct val x = 1 val f y = y end\n\
             module Alias = Base\n\
             end",
        );
        let lowered = lower_file_v1(&file).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("lower_file_v1: {e}"));
        let cst::TopBinding::Module { decls, .. } = &lowered[0] else {
            panic!("expected a TopBinding::Module");
        };
        let cst::TopBinding::Module {
            name,
            decls: alias_decls,
            ..
        } = &*decls[1].0
        else {
            panic!("expected decls[1] to be the Alias module");
        };
        assert_eq!(name.name, "Alias");
        assert_eq!(alias_decls.len(), 2, "one copy per exported value member");
        for (decl, expected_name) in alias_decls.iter().zip(["x", "f"]) {
            let cst::TopBinding::Let(top_let) = &*decl.0 else {
                panic!("expected a TopBinding::Let copy");
            };
            assert_eq!(top_let.name.name, expected_name);
            let cst::ast::Expr::Ops(chain) = &top_let.value else {
                panic!("expected an application-chain expression");
            };
            let cst::ast::Atomic::VarWithMod(tok) = &chain.head.head else {
                panic!("expected a VarWithMod reference to the target");
            };
            assert_eq!(tok.mods, vec!["M.Base".to_string()]);
            assert_eq!(tok.name, expected_name);
        }
    }

    /// A FORWARD reference (`module M = Later` before
    /// `Later` is itself defined) is the same "unknown module" error as a
    /// genuinely nonexistent name — an alias may only target an EARLIER
    /// module.
    #[test]
    fn module_alias_forward_reference_is_a_lower_error() {
        let file = parse_v1(
            "module M = struct\n\
             module Early = Later\n\
             module Later = struct val x = 1 end\n\
             end",
        );
        let err = lower_file_v1(&file).unwrap_err();
        assert!(err.to_string().contains("module alias"), "{err}");
    }

    /// A functor application.
    #[test]
    fn functor_application_is_a_lower_error() {
        let file = parse_v1("module M = struct\nmodule P = F X\nend");
        let err = lower_file_v1(&file).unwrap_err();
        assert!(err.to_string().contains("functor application"), "{err}");
    }

    /// A functor DEFINITION (`module F = fun (X:S) -> ...`)
    /// emits ZERO runtime bindings — a functor is not a value, exactly
    /// `Bind::Signature`'s posture. `M`'s own `TopBinding::Module` still
    /// lowers, just with no `F` member inside it.
    #[test]
    fn functor_literal_emits_zero_runtime_bindings() {
        let file = parse_v1(
            "module M = struct\n\
             module F = fun (X : sig val x : int end) -> struct val y = X.x end\n\
             end",
        );
        let bindings =
            lower_file_v1(&file).expect("a functor definition now lowers, emitting no member");
        let cst::TopBinding::Module { decls, .. } = &bindings[0] else {
            panic!("expected M's TopBinding::Module")
        };
        assert!(
            decls.is_empty(),
            "a functor literal contributes no decls: {decls:?}"
        );
    }

    /// A bare module coercion `N :> S` naming an UNKNOWN
    /// `N` is a precise `LowerError` — the same "unknown module" wording a
    /// bare `Var` alias produces (`lower_module_alias` is shared).
    #[test]
    fn module_coercion_with_unknown_target_is_a_lower_error() {
        let file = parse_v1("module M = struct\nmodule P = N :> S\nend");
        let err = lower_file_v1(&file).unwrap_err();
        assert!(err.to_string().contains("module alias"), "{err}");
    }

    /// `module M = N :> S` lowers the SAME member-copy
    /// shape as `module M = N` (the seal-rule pin, alias flavor) — the
    /// `:> S` annotation is dropped by lowering and enforced entirely by
    /// `v1/module_check.rs`. (Compared structurally, not by full-AST
    /// equality: the longer `:> sig …` source text legitimately shifts
    /// every byte span, so spans differ even though the shape is identical
    /// — the same span-insensitivity every other alias-shape test here
    /// relies on by asserting on fields rather than whole nodes.)
    #[test]
    fn module_coercion_lowers_the_same_copies_as_its_uncoerced_twin() {
        fn alias_copy_names(src: &str) -> (Vec<String>, Vec<Vec<String>>) {
            let lowered = lower_file_v1(&parse_v1(src)).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{e}"));
            let cst::TopBinding::Module { decls, .. } = &lowered[0] else {
                panic!("expected a TopBinding::Module");
            };
            let cst::TopBinding::Module {
                name,
                decls: alias_decls,
                ..
            } = &*decls[1].0
            else {
                panic!("expected decls[1] to be the Alias module");
            };
            assert_eq!(name.name, "Alias");
            let mut names = Vec::new();
            let mut refs = Vec::new();
            for d in alias_decls {
                let cst::TopBinding::Let(top_let) = &*d.0 else {
                    panic!("expected a Let copy");
                };
                names.push(top_let.name.name.clone());
                let cst::ast::Expr::Ops(chain) = &top_let.value else {
                    panic!("expected an application chain");
                };
                let cst::ast::Atomic::VarWithMod(tok) = &chain.head.head else {
                    panic!("expected a VarWithMod reference");
                };
                refs.push(tok.mods.clone());
            }
            (names, refs)
        }
        let bare = alias_copy_names(
            "module M = struct\n\
             module Base = struct val x = 1 end\n\
             module Alias = Base\n\
             end",
        );
        let coerced = alias_copy_names(
            "module M = struct\n\
             module Base = struct val x = 1 end\n\
             module Alias = Base :> sig val x : int end\n\
             end",
        );
        assert_eq!(bare, coerced);
        assert_eq!(bare.0, vec!["x".to_string()]);
        assert_eq!(bare.1, vec![vec!["M.Base".to_string()]]);
    }

    /// A `signature S = ...` bind lowers to NOTHING — zero
    /// runtime/type-spine residue.
    #[test]
    fn signature_bind_lowers_to_nothing() {
        let file = parse_v1("module M = struct\nsignature S = sig end\nval x = 1\nend");
        let lowered = lower_file_v1(&file).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("lower_file_v1: {e}"));
        let cst::TopBinding::Module { decls, .. } = &lowered[0] else {
            panic!("expected a TopBinding::Module");
        };
        assert_eq!(decls.len(), 1, "the signature bind contributes zero decls");
        assert!(matches!(&*decls[0].0, cst::TopBinding::Let(_)));
    }

    /// `include N` naming an UNKNOWN module is a precise
    /// `LowerError` — `N` is never defined anywhere in this file.
    #[test]
    fn include_of_an_unknown_module_is_a_lower_error() {
        let file = parse_v1("module M = struct\ninclude N\nend");
        let err = lower_file_v1(&file).unwrap_err();
        let msg = err.to_string();
        assert!(msg.contains("include"), "{msg}");
        assert!(msg.contains("unknown module"), "{msg}");
    }

    /// `include M` naming an EARLIER real sibling
    /// module splices copies of ALL its exported members DIRECTLY into the
    /// includer's own decls — no synthetic wrapper module (contrast the
    /// alias arm's `module_alias_to_a_real_target_lowers_member_copies`).
    #[test]
    fn include_of_a_real_target_splices_member_copies_unwrapped() {
        let file = parse_v1(
            "module M = struct\n\
             module Base = struct val x = 1 val f y = y end\n\
             include Base\n\
             end",
        );
        let lowered = lower_file_v1(&file).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("lower_file_v1: {e}"));
        let cst::TopBinding::Module { decls, .. } = &lowered[0] else {
            panic!("expected a TopBinding::Module");
        };
        // decls[0] = the `Base` module; decls[1..] = the SPLICED copies
        // (unwrapped — no synthetic `TopBinding::Module` wrapping them).
        assert_eq!(decls.len(), 3, "Base + 2 spliced copies, unwrapped");
        for (decl, expected_name) in decls[1..].iter().zip(["x", "f"]) {
            let cst::TopBinding::Let(top_let) = &*decl.0 else {
                panic!("expected a TopBinding::Let copy, got {:?}", decl.0);
            };
            assert_eq!(top_let.name.name, expected_name);
            let cst::ast::Expr::Ops(chain) = &top_let.value else {
                panic!("expected an application-chain expression");
            };
            let cst::ast::Atomic::VarWithMod(tok) = &chain.head.head else {
                panic!("expected a VarWithMod reference to the target");
            };
            assert_eq!(tok.mods, vec!["M.Base".to_string()]);
            assert_eq!(tok.name, expected_name);
        }
    }

    /// A FORWARD reference (`include Later`
    /// before `Later` is itself defined) is the same "unknown module" error
    /// as a genuinely nonexistent name (the `alias_targets`-style frozen
    /// resolution twin, `include_targets`).
    #[test]
    fn include_forward_reference_is_a_lower_error() {
        let file = parse_v1(
            "module M = struct\n\
             include Later\n\
             module Later = struct val x = 1 end\n\
             end",
        );
        let err = lower_file_v1(&file).unwrap_err();
        assert!(err.to_string().contains("unknown module"), "{err}");
    }

    /// `include F X` (a functor application) reuses the
    /// EXISTING functor `LowerError` wording verbatim — the `map.satyg
    /// :344` `include Make Int` shape.
    #[test]
    fn include_of_a_functor_application_is_the_2f_functor_error() {
        // `F` here is a plain STRUCT, not a functor, so `include F X`
        // freezes an unresolved (`None`) app target — hence the "unknown"
        // wording rather than an out-of-scope one (a
        // parameter-argument application does resolve, once its enclosing
        // functor is applied).
        let file = parse_v1("module M = struct\nmodule F = struct end\ninclude F X\nend");
        let err = lower_file_v1(&file).unwrap_err();
        let msg = err.to_string();
        assert!(msg.contains("functor application"), "{msg}");
        assert!(msg.contains("unknown"), "{msg}");
    }

    /// `include struct … end` (an inline struct literal)
    /// is its own precise out-of-scope error — zero upstream-stdlib demand.
    #[test]
    fn include_of_an_inline_struct_literal_is_a_lower_error() {
        let file = parse_v1("module M = struct\ninclude struct val x = 1 end\nend");
        let err = lower_file_v1(&file).unwrap_err();
        let msg = err.to_string();
        assert!(msg.contains("struct"), "{msg}");
        assert!(msg.contains("name the module first"), "{msg}");
    }

    /// `include M :> S` (a coerced module body) is its
    /// own precise out-of-scope error.
    #[test]
    fn include_of_a_coerced_module_is_a_lower_error() {
        let file = parse_v1(
            "module M = struct\n\
             module Base = struct val x = 1 end\n\
             include Base :> sig val x : int end\n\
             end",
        );
        let err = lower_file_v1(&file).unwrap_err();
        let msg = err.to_string();
        assert!(msg.contains("coerced module"), "{msg}");
    }

    /// Self-include (`module P = struct include
    /// P end`) is the same "unknown module" error — `P` only registers in
    /// `env.modules` AFTER its own body walk finishes, so it is never its
    /// own earlier module.
    #[test]
    fn self_include_is_a_lower_error() {
        let file = parse_v1("module P = struct\ninclude P\nend");
        let err = lower_file_v1(&file).unwrap_err();
        assert!(err.to_string().contains("unknown module"), "{err}");
    }

    /// The CmdTail bridge: `\cmd{a}{b}` parses under `cst_v1` as one
    /// application chain (`AppExpr { head: {a}, args: [{b}] }`) and must
    /// lower to the same shape `cst.rs`'s own `\cmd{a}{b}` parse produces
    /// (`CmdTail::Args { first: {a}, rest: [{b}] }`).
    #[test]
    fn cmd_tail_bridge_matches_flat_app_arg_shape() {
        let file = parse_v1(r"{\cmd{a}{b}}");
        let cst_v1::FileV1::Document { body, .. } = file else {
            panic!("expected a document file");
        };
        let ast_v1::Expr::Ops(chain) = body else {
            panic!("expected an operator-chain expression");
        };
        let ast_v1::Atomic::InlineText { elems, .. } = chain.head.head else {
            panic!("expected inline text");
        };
        let ast_v1::InlineElem::Cmd { tail, .. } = &elems[0] else {
            panic!("expected the first element to be a command");
        };
        let lowered = lower_cmd_tail(tail).unwrap();
        let cst::ast::CmdTail::Args { first, rest, .. } = lowered else {
            panic!("expected CmdTail::Args");
        };
        assert_eq!(
            rest.len(),
            1,
            "\\cmd{{a}}{{b}} has exactly one trailing arg"
        );
        assert!(matches!(
            &*first.0,
            cst::ast::AppArg::Atom {
                stage: None,
                atom: cst::ast::Atomic::InlineText { .. },
                ..
            }
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            &*rest[0].0,
            cst::ast::AppArg::Atom {
                stage: None,
                atom: cst::ast::Atomic::InlineText { .. },
                ..
            }
        ));
    }
}