rustre_parser/

parser.rs

use crate::lexer::{Tok, TokInfo};
use crate::location::Spanned;

/// A Lustre v6 parser
pub struct Parser<'a, 'f> {
    pub errors: Vec<Error<'a, 'f>>,
}

#[derive(Debug)]
/// Parsing error
pub enum Error<'a, 'f> {
    /// An unexpected token was encountered
    UnexpectedToken(
        /// The list of remaining tokens. The first one was the unexpected one.
        &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
        /// The error message
        &'static str
    ),
    /// An internal error that was handled. You should normally never
    /// see this variant when using the public API, and you can ignore
    /// it safely.
    ReportedError,
}

#[derive(Debug)]
/// A parsed source file.
///
/// This syntax tree is not typed.
///
/// ## Lifetime parameters
///
/// - `'a` is the lifetime of the source code
/// - `'f` is the lifetime of the file path
pub struct Ast<'a, 'f> {
    /// A list of files this file includes
    includes: Vec<Spanned<'f, &'a str>>,
    /// The declarations this file contains
    decls: Vec<Spanned<'f, Decl<'a, 'f>>>,
}

#[derive(Debug)]
/// A single declaration
pub enum Decl<'a, 'f> {
    /// Constant declaration
    Const {
        /// Name of the constant
        name: Ident<'a, 'f>,
        /// The value of the constant.
        ///
        /// May be None for external constants
        value: Option<Spanned<'f, Expr<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// The type of the constant, if specified.
        ty: Option<TyExpr<'a, 'f>>,
    },
    /// Type declaration
    Ty {
        /// Name of the type
        name: Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>,
        /// Value of the type
        value: Spanned<'f, TyDecl<'a, 'f>>,
    },
    /// An external node.
    ExternalNode {
        /// Is it unsafe
        is_unsafe: bool,
        /// Is it a functional node
        is_function: bool,
        /// Its name
        name: Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>,
        /// The static parameters it takes
        static_params: Vec<Spanned<'f, StaticParamDecl<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// The dynamic parameters it takes
        params: Vec<Spanned<'f, VariableDecl<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// Its outputs
        outputs: Vec<Spanned<'f, VariableDecl<'a, 'f>>>,
    },
    /// A local node
    Node {
        /// Is it unsafe
        is_unsafe: bool,
        /// Is it a functional node
        is_function: bool,
        /// Its name
        name: Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>,
        /// The static parameters it takes
        static_params: Vec<Spanned<'f, StaticParamDecl<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// The dynamic parameters it takes
        params: Vec<Spanned<'f, VariableDecl<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// Its outputs
        outputs: Vec<Spanned<'f, VariableDecl<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// The local variables of this node
        vars: Vec<Spanned<'f, VariableDecl<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// The local constants of this node
        consts: Vec<Spanned<'f, Decl<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// The body of the node.
        ///
        /// It is a list of assertions and equations.
        body: Vec<Spanned<'f, BodyItem<'a, 'f>>>,
    },
    /// An alias node
    AliasNode {
        /// Is it unsafe
        is_unsafe: bool,
        /// Is it a functional node
        is_function: bool,
        /// Its name
        name: Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>,
        /// The static parameters it takes
        static_params: Vec<Spanned<'f, StaticParamDecl<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// The dynamic parameters it takes
        params: Vec<Spanned<'f, VariableDecl<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// Its outputs
        outputs: Vec<Spanned<'f, VariableDecl<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// The value of the aliasing
        effective_node: Spanned<'f, (Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>, Vec<StaticArg<'a, 'f>>)>,
    },
    /// A package model
    Model {
        /// Its name
        name: Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>,
        /// What packages this model uses
        uses: Vec<Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// What functions/nodes/types/constants this model needs
        needs: Vec<Spanned<'f, StaticParamDecl<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// What functions/nodes/types/constants this model should provides
        provides: Vec<Spanned<'f, AbstractDecl<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// The body of the model
        body: Vec<Spanned<'f, Decl<'a, 'f>>>,
    },
    /// A package alias
    PackageAlias {
        /// Its name
        name: Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>,
        /// The model this package is based on
        model: Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>,
        /// The parameters of the model
        static_params: Vec<(Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>, StaticArg<'a, 'f>)>,
    },
    /// A package definition
    Package {
        /// Its name
        name: Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>,
        /// What packages it uses
        uses: Vec<Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// What definitions it provides
        provides: Vec<Spanned<'f, AbstractDecl<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// Its body, which is a collection of declarations
        body: Vec<Spanned<'f, Decl<'a, 'f>>>,
    },
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
/// Abstract declarations, used in models
pub enum AbstractDecl<'a, 'f> {
    /// Constant
    Const {
        /// Its name
        name: Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>,
        /// Its type
        ty: Spanned<'f, TyExpr<'a, 'f>>,
        /// A value, if defined
        def: Option<Spanned<'f, Expr<'a, 'f>>>,
    },
    /// Type
    Ty {
        /// Its name
        name: Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>,
        /// Its definition 
        value: Spanned<'f, TyDecl<'a, 'f>>,
    },
    /// Node
    Node {
        /// Is it unsafe
        is_unsafe: bool,
        /// Is it a functional node
        is_function: bool,
        /// Its name
        name: Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>,
        /// Its static parameters
        static_params: Vec<Spanned<'f, StaticParamDecl<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// Its dynamic parameters
        params: Vec<Spanned<'f, VariableDecl<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// Its outputs
        outputs: Vec<Spanned<'f, VariableDecl<'a, 'f>>>,
    },
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
/// Static argument
///
/// This is not a declaration, but the possible "expression" for static
/// parameters when calling a node.
///
/// The declaration of static parameters is represented by [`StaticParamDecl`].
pub enum StaticArg<'a, 'f> {
    /// A regular expression
    Expr(Spanned<'f, Expr<'a, 'f>>),
    /// A predefined operation
    Predefined(Spanned<'f, PredefinedItem>),
    /// A type
    Ty(Spanned<'f, TyExpr<'a, 'f>>),
    /// A node
    Node(Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>, Vec<StaticArg<'a, 'f>>),
    /// Maybe a node name, maybe some constant, maybe something else, who knows?
    AmbiguousIdent(Ident<'a, 'f>),
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
/// A predefined operation
pub enum PredefinedItem {
    /// Unary operator
    Unary(UnaryOp),
    /// Binary operator
    Binary(BinaryOp),
    /// N-ary operator
    NAry(NAryOp),
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
/// Declaration of a static parameter
///
/// For the possible values that can be passed as a static argument
/// when calling a node, see [`StaticArg`].
pub enum StaticParamDecl<'a, 'f> {
    /// Constant
    Const {
        name: Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>,
        ty: Spanned<'f, TyExpr<'a, 'f>>,
    },
    /// Type
    Ty {
        name: Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>,
    },
    /// Node
    Node {
        is_unsafe: bool,
        is_function: bool,
        name: Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>,
        params: Vec<Spanned<'f, VariableDecl<'a, 'f>>>,
        outputs: Vec<Spanned<'f, VariableDecl<'a, 'f>>>,
    },
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
/// Variable declaration
///
/// For variable declarations that may have a value, see [`ValuedVariableDecl`].
pub struct VariableDecl<'a, 'f> {
    /// Its name
    name: Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>,
    /// Its type
    ty: Spanned<'f, TyExpr<'a, 'f>>,
    /// If None, the base clock is used
    clock: Option<Spanned<'f, ClockExpr<'a, 'f>>>,
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
/// A variable declaration, which may have an initial value
pub struct ValuedVariableDecl<'a, 'f> {
    /// Its name
    name: Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>,
    /// Its type
    ty: Spanned<'f, TyExpr<'a, 'f>>,
    /// If None, the base clock is used
    clock: Option<Spanned<'f, ClockExpr<'a, 'f>>>,
    /// Its initial value
    value: Option<Spanned<'f, Expr<'a, 'f>>>,
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
/// Represents a clock
pub struct ClockExpr<'a, 'f>(
    /// I have no idea what these fields are
    ///
    /// TODO: find their meaning and document it
    Option<Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>>,
    /// I have no idea what these fields are
    ///
    /// TODO: find their meaning and document it
    Box<Option<Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>>>,
);

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
/// A type expression
pub enum TyExpr<'a, 'f> {
    /// Base type: `int`
    Int,
    /// Base type: `bool`
    Bool,
    /// Base type: `real`
    Real,
    /// A named type.
    ///
    /// Example: `a`, `my_type`
    Named(Ident<'a, 'f>),
    /// An array type
    ///
    /// Example: `a^5`, `bool^2^2`
    Power(Spanned<'f, Box<TyExpr<'a, 'f>>>, Spanned<'f, Expr<'a, 'f>>),
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
/// A type declaration
pub enum TyDecl<'a, 'f> {
    /// External type
    External,
    /// Type alias
    Alias(TyExpr<'a, 'f>),
    /// Enumerated type
    Enum(
        /// The variants of the enum
        Vec<Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>>
    ),
    /// A structured type
    Struct(
        /// The fields of the structure
        Vec<Spanned<'f, ValuedVariableDecl<'a, 'f>>>
    ),
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
/// A constant value
pub enum ConstValue {
    /// Integer constant
    Int(i64),
    /// Real constant
    Float(f64),
    /// Boolean constant
    Bool(bool),
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
/// An expression
pub enum Expr<'a, 'f> {
    /// Constant value
    Const(ConstValue),
    /// Identifier
    Ident(Ident<'a, 'f>),
    /// Unary operation
    Unary(
        /// Operator
        Spanned<'f, UnaryOp>,
        /// Operand
        Spanned<'f, Box<Expr<'a, 'f>>>
    ),
    /// Binary operation
    Binary(
        /// Operator
        Spanned<'f, BinaryOp>,
        /// LHS
        Spanned<'f, Box<Expr<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// RHS
        Spanned<'f, Box<Expr<'a, 'f>>>,
    ),
    /// N-ary operation
    NAry(
        /// Operator
        NAryOp,
        /// Operands
        Spanned<'f, Vec<Spanned<'f, Expr<'a, 'f>>>>
    ),
    /// Slice access (`tab[x..y]`)
    Slice(
        /// Array 
        Spanned<'f, Box<Expr<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// Start
        Spanned<'f, Box<Expr<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// End
        Spanned<'f, Box<Expr<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// Step
        Option<Spanned<'f, Box<Expr<'a, 'f>>>>,
    ),
    /// Ternary expression
    Ternary {
        /// Operator
        op: TernaryOp,
        /// Condition
        condition: Spanned<'f, Box<Expr<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// Value if the condition is true
        then: Spanned<'f, Box<Expr<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// Value if the condition is false
        otherwise: Spanned<'f, Box<Expr<'a, 'f>>>,
    },
    /// A clock expression
    NamedClock(Spanned<'f, ClockExpr<'a, 'f>>),
    /// Node call
    ///
    /// Not sure what the difference with [`Expr::CallByPos`] is…
    /// TODO
    CallByName(
        /// The name of the node
        Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>,
        /// The static arguments
        Vec<Spanned<'f, StaticArg<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// The dynamic arguments
        Vec<Spanned<'f, Expr<'a, 'f>>>,
    ),
    /// Structure creation
    CreateStruct {
        /// Type name
        ty_name: Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>,
        /// Fields (name and value)
        fields: Vec<(Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>, Spanned<'f, Expr<'a, 'f>>)>,
        /// Base structure (fields that are not specified will be copied from this structure)
        base_value: Option<Spanned<'f, Box<Expr<'a, 'f>>>>,
    },
    /// Merge operation
    Merge(
        /// Not sure what that is
        /// TODO
        Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>,
        /// The different cases of the merge
        Vec<Spanned<'f, MergeCase<'a, 'f>>>,
    ),
    /// Node call 
    ///
    /// Not sure what the difference with [`Expr::CallByName`] is…
    /// TODO
    CallByPos(
        /// The node name and its static arguments
        ///
        /// TODO: shouldn't that be two different fields?
        Spanned<'f, (Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>, Vec<StaticArg<'a, 'f>>)>,
        /// The dynamic arguments
        Vec<Spanned<'f, Expr<'a, 'f>>>,
    ),
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
/// A merge case
pub struct MergeCase<'a, 'f> {
    /// The LHS
    lhs: Spanned<'f, MergeLHS<'a, 'f>>,
    /// The expression
    expr: Spanned<'f, Expr<'a, 'f>>,
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
/// LHS of a merge case
pub enum MergeLHS<'a, 'f> {
    True,
    False,
    Ident(Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>),
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
/// Unary operators
pub enum UnaryOp {
    Not,
    Minus,
    Pre,
    Current,
    IntToReal,
    RealToInt,
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
/// Binary operators
pub enum BinaryOp {
    When,
    FBy,
    Default,
    And,
    Or,
    Impl,
    Equal,
    Neq,
    Lt,
    Gt,
    Lte,
    Gte,
    Mod,
    Minus,
    Plus,
    Slash,
    Power,
    Concat,
    Index,
    Range,
    Div,
    Prod,
    Step,
    // TODO: maybe this could be merged with Mod?
    // same for Div/Slash btw
    Percent,
    FieldAccess,
    Hat,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
/// Ternary operators
pub enum TernaryOp {
    IfThenElse,
    WithThenElse,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
/// N-ary operators
pub enum NAryOp {
    Xor,
    Nor,
    Array,
    Tuple,
}

#[derive(Debug)]
/// An item in the body of a node
pub enum BodyItem<'a, 'f> {
    /// An assertion
    Assert(Spanned<'f, Expr<'a, 'f>>),
    /// An equation
    Equation(
        Vec<Spanned<'f, LeftItem<'a, 'f>>>,
        Spanned<'f, Expr<'a, 'f>>,
    ),
}

#[derive(Debug)]
/// The left side of an equation
pub enum LeftItem<'a, 'f> {
    /// Identifier
    Ident(Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>),
    /// Tuple, made of many smaller left items
    Tuple(Spanned<'f, Vec<LeftItem<'a, 'f>>>),
    /// A field access (`my_struct.my_field = …`)
    Field(
        /// The structure
        Box<Spanned<'f, LeftItem<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// The field name
        Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>,
    ),
    /// Array index
    ArrayIndex(
        /// The table
        Box<Spanned<'f, LeftItem<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// The index
        Spanned<'f, Expr<'a, 'f>>,
    ),
    /// Array slice
    ArraySlice(
        /// The array
        Box<Spanned<'f, LeftItem<'a, 'f>>>,
        /// Start
        Spanned<'f, Expr<'a, 'f>>,
        /// End
        Spanned<'f, Expr<'a, 'f>>,
        /// Step
        Option<Spanned<'f, Expr<'a, 'f>>>,
    ),
}

#[derive(Clone)]
/// An identifier
pub enum Ident<'a, 'f> {
    /// A short identifier: just a single "word"
    ///
    /// It may have "pragmas" next to it, to give it special
    /// properties
    Short {
        id: Spanned<'f, &'a str>,
        pragmas: Vec<(&'a str, &'a str)>,
    },
    /// A long ID: a package name followed by another identifier
    Long(Spanned<'f, &'a str>, Box<Ident<'a, 'f>>),
}

impl<'a, 'f> std::fmt::Debug for Ident<'a, 'f> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        match self {
            Ident::Short { id, .. } => {
                write!(f, "{} \x1b[38;5;240m@ {:?}\x1b[0m", id.item, id.span)
            }
            Ident::Long(Spanned { item: id, .. }, next) => {
                write!(f, "{} :: {:?}", id, next)
            }
        }
    }
}

type Res<'a, 'f, T> = Result<(&'a [Tok<'a, 'f>], T), Error<'a, 'f>>;
type SpannedRes<'a, 'f, T> = Res<'a, 'f, Spanned<'f, T>>;

macro_rules! parse_bin {
    (LEFT $name:ident, $op:ident, $op2:ident, $disp:expr, $next:ident) => {
        fn $name(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, Expr<'a, 'f>> {
            let start = toks[0].span.clone();
            let (toks, lhs) = self.$next(toks)?;
            if let Ok(op) = self.expect(toks, TokInfo::$op, concat!("expected ", $disp)) {
                let (toks, rhs) = self.parse_expr(&toks[1..])?;
                Ok((
                    toks,
                    Spanned::fusion(
                        start,
                        rhs.span.clone(),
                        Expr::Binary(
                            op.map_ref(|_| BinaryOp::$op2),
                            lhs.boxed(),
                            rhs.boxed(),
                        ),
                    ),
                ))
            } else {
                Ok((toks, lhs))
            }
        }
    };
    (LEFT $name:ident, rhs = $rhs:ident, $op:ident, $op2:ident, $disp:expr, $next:ident) => {
        fn $name(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, Expr<'a, 'f>> {
            let start = toks[0].span.clone();
            let (toks, lhs) = self.$next(toks)?;
            if let Ok(op) = self.expect(toks, TokInfo::$op, concat!("expected ", $disp)) {
                let (toks, rhs) = self.$rhs(&toks[1..])?;
                Ok((
                    toks,
                    Spanned::fusion(
                        start,
                        rhs.span.clone(),
                        Expr::Binary(op.map_ref(|_| BinaryOp::$op2), lhs.boxed(), rhs.boxed()),
                    ),
                ))
            } else {
                Ok((toks, lhs))
            }
        }
    };
    (NONE $name:ident, $op:ident, $op2:ident, $disp:expr, $next:ident) => {
        fn $name(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, Expr<'a, 'f>> {
            let start = toks[0].span.clone();
            let (toks, lhs) = self.$next(toks)?;
            if let Ok(op) = self.expect(toks, TokInfo::$op, concat!("expected ", $disp)) {
                let (toks, rhs) = self.$next(&toks[1..])?;
                Ok((
                    toks,
                    Spanned::fusion(
                        start,
                        rhs.span.clone(),
                        Expr::Binary(
                            op.map_ref(|_| BinaryOp::$op2),
                            lhs.boxed(),
                            rhs.boxed(),
                        ),
                    ),
                ))
            } else {
                Ok((toks, lhs))
            }
        }
    };
    (RIGHT $name:ident, $op:ident, $op2:ident, $disp:expr, $next:ident) => {
        fn $name(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, Expr<'a, 'f>> {
            let start = toks[0].span.clone();
            let op_index = toks.iter().position(|t| t.item == TokInfo::$op);
            match op_index {
                None | Some(0) => self.$next(toks),
                Some(op_index) => {
                    if let Ok((left_toks, lhs)) = self.$name(&toks[..op_index]) {
                        if !left_toks.is_empty() { // parsing the LHS actually failed
                            return self.$next(toks);
                        }
                        let (t, rhs) = self.parse_expr(&toks[op_index + 1..])?;
                        Ok((
                            t,
                            Spanned::fusion(
                                start,
                                rhs.span.clone(),
                                Expr::Binary(
                                    toks[op_index].map_ref(|_| BinaryOp::$op2),
                                    lhs.boxed(),
                                    rhs.boxed(),
                                ),
                            ),
                        ))
                    } else {
                        self.$next(toks)
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    };
    ($kind:tt $name:ident, $op:ident, $disp:expr, $next:ident) => {
        parse_bin!($kind $name, $op, $op, $disp, $next);
    };
}

macro_rules! parse_un {
    ($name:ident, $op:ident, $op2:ident, $disp:expr, $next:ident) => {
        fn $name(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, Expr<'a, 'f>> {
            let start = toks[0].span.clone();
            if let Ok(op) = self.expect(toks, TokInfo::$op, concat!("expected ", $disp)) {
                let (toks, expr) = self.parse_expr(&toks[1..])?;
                Ok((
                    toks,
                    Spanned::fusion(
                        start,
                        expr.span.clone(),
                        Expr::Unary(op.map_ref(|_| UnaryOp::$op2), expr.boxed()),
                    ),
                ))
            } else {
                self.$next(toks)
            }
        }
    };
    ($name:ident, $op:ident, $disp:expr, $next:ident) => {
        parse_un!($name, $op, $op, $disp, $next);
    };
}

macro_rules! parse_tern {
    ($name:ident, $op1:ident, $op2:ident, $op3:ident, $parser_op:ident, $disp1:expr, $disp2:expr, $disp3:expr, $next:ident) => {
        fn $name(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, Expr<'a, 'f>> {
            let start = toks[0].span.clone();
            if let Ok(_) = self.expect(toks, TokInfo::$op1, concat!("expected ", $disp1)) {
                // special case when "if"/"when" is used as a static node
                if self.expect(&toks[1..], TokInfo::Coma, ",").is_ok() {
                    return Err(Error::ReportedError);
                }
                let cond_res = self.parse_expr(&toks[1..]);
                let (toks, cond) = self.report_now(cond_res)?;
                self.expect(toks, TokInfo::$op2, concat!("expected ", $disp2))?;
                let (toks, then) = self.parse_expr(&toks[1..])?;
                self.expect(toks, TokInfo::$op3, concat!("expected ", $disp3))?;
                let (toks, otherwise) = self.parse_expr(&toks[1..])?;
                Ok((
                    toks,
                    Spanned::fusion(
                        start,
                        otherwise.span.clone(),
                        Expr::Ternary {
                            op: TernaryOp::$parser_op,
                            condition: cond.boxed(),
                            then: then.boxed(),
                            otherwise: otherwise.boxed(),
                        },
                    ),
                ))
            } else {
                self.$next(toks)
            }
        }
    };
}

macro_rules! reportable {
    ($self:expr, $fn:ident, $toks:expr) => {{
        let res = $self.$fn($toks);
        $self.report_now(res)?
    }};
}

impl<'a, 'f> Parser<'a, 'f> {
    /// Initializes a parser
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self { errors: Vec::new() }
    }

    #[track_caller]
    fn report<T>(&mut self, res: Result<T, Error<'a, 'f>>) -> Option<T> {
        match res {
            Ok(x) => Some(x),
            Err(e) => {
                println!("reported from l{}", std::panic::Location::caller().line());
                self.errors.push(e);
                None
            }
        }
    }

    #[track_caller]
    fn report_now<T>(&mut self, res: Result<T, Error<'a, 'f>>) -> Result<T, Error<'a, 'f>> {
        match res {
            Err(e) => {
                println!("reported from l{}", std::panic::Location::caller().line());
                self.errors.push(e);
                Err(Error::ReportedError)
            }
            ok => ok,
        }
    }

    #[track_caller]
    fn expect(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
        t: TokInfo<'a>,
        exp: &'static str,
    ) -> Result<&'a Tok<'a, 'f>, Error<'a, 'f>> {
        match toks.get(0) {
            Some(x) if x.item == t => Ok(x),
            _ => Err(Error::UnexpectedToken(
                toks,
                exp,
            )),
        }
    }

    /// Parses tokens into a syntax tree.
    ///
    /// Tokens can be retrieved from a file using a [`Lexer`](crate::lexer::Lexer).
    pub fn parse(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> Result<Ast<'a, 'f>, Error<'a, 'f>> {
        let mut includes = vec![];
        let mut toks = toks;
        while let Ok((t, inc)) = self.parse_include(toks) {
            includes.push(inc);
            toks = t;
        }

        let decls = if let Ok((t, decls)) = self.parse_package_body(toks) {
            toks = t;
            decls
        } else if let Ok((t, decls)) = self.parse_package_list(toks) {
            toks = t;
            decls
        } else {
            return Err(Error::UnexpectedToken(toks, "expected declarations"));
        };

        self.expect(toks, TokInfo::EOF, "expected end of file")?;

        Ok(Ast { includes, decls })
    }

    fn parse_include(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, &'a str> {
        if let Ok(kw) = self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Include, "expected include") {
            match toks.get(1) {
                Some(
                    tok
                    @
                    Spanned {
                        item: TokInfo::Str(inc),
                        ..
                    },
                ) => Ok((&toks[2..], Spanned::fusion(kw, tok, inc))),
                _ => Err(Error::UnexpectedToken(
                    &toks[1..],
                    "expected a file name between quotes",
                )),
            }
        } else {
            Err(Error::UnexpectedToken(toks, "expected include"))
        }
    }

    fn parse_package_list(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
    ) -> Res<'a, 'f, Vec<Spanned<'f, Decl<'a, 'f>>>> {
        self.parse_many(
            toks,
            &[],
            |_, _| false,
            |s, t| {
                s.parse_model_decl(t)
                    .or_else(|e| choose_err(e, s.parse_package_eq(t)))
                    .or_else(|e| choose_err(e, s.parse_package_decl(t)))
            },
        )
    }

    // parses many times the same thing
    // if an error is found it is reported and the tokens are skipped
    // until another item can be parsed
    #[track_caller]
    fn parse_many<F, E, T>(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
        sep: &'a [TokInfo<'a>],
        end: E,
        parse: F,
    ) -> Res<'a, 'f, Vec<T>>
    where
        F: Fn(&mut Self, &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> Res<'a, 'f, Vec<T>>,
        E: Fn(&mut Self, &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> bool,
    {
        let mut items = Vec::new();
        let mut toks = toks;
        let mut err = None;
        let mut first = true;
        'not_done: while toks.len() > 1 && !end(self, toks) {
            if first {
                first = false;
            } else {
                let mut err = None;
                'sep: for s in sep {
                    match (
                        err,
                        self.expect(
                            toks,
                            s.clone(),
                            "expected separator", // Box::leak(format!("expected separator {:?}", s,).into_boxed_str()),
                        ),
                    ) {
                        (None, Err(e)) => err = Some(e),
                        (_, Ok(_)) => {
                            err = None;
                            toks = &toks[1..];
                            break 'sep;
                        }
                        (e, _) => err = e,
                    }
                }

                if end(self, toks) {
                    break 'not_done;
                }

                if let Some(err) = err {
                    return Err(err);
                }
            }

            match parse(self, toks) {
                Ok((t, mut item)) => {
                    if let Some(e) = err.take() {
                        self.report::<()>(Err(e));
                    }
                    items.append(&mut item);
                    toks = t;
                }
                Err(e) => {
                    if err.is_none() {
                        err = Some(e);
                    }
                    if toks.len() > 1 && !end(self, toks) {
                        toks = &toks[1..];
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if let Some(e) = err.take() {
            self.report::<()>(Err(e));
        }

        Ok((toks, items))
    }

    fn parse_model_decl(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
    ) -> Res<'a, 'f, Vec<Spanned<'f, Decl<'a, 'f>>>> {
        let start = &self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Model, "expected model")?.span;
        let (toks, name) = self.parse_id(&toks[1..])?;
        let (toks, uses) = self.parse_uses(toks)?;
        self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Needs, "expected needs")?;
        let (toks, needs) = self.parse_static_param_decl(&toks[1..])?;
        let (toks, provides) = self.parse_provides(toks)?;
        self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Body, "expected body")?;
        let (toks, body) = self.parse_package_body(&toks[1..])?;
        self.expect(toks, TokInfo::End, "expected end")?;
        Ok((
            &toks[1..],
            vec![Spanned::fusion(
                start.clone(),
                toks[0].span.clone(),
                Decl::Model {
                    name,
                    body,
                    provides,
                    needs,
                    uses,
                },
            )],
        ))
    }

    fn parse_package_eq(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
    ) -> Res<'a, 'f, Vec<Spanned<'f, Decl<'a, 'f>>>> {
        let start = toks[0].span.clone();
        self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Package, "expected package")?;
        let (toks, name) = self.parse_id(&toks[1..])?;
        self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Equal, "expected = or is")
            .or(self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Is, "expected = or is"))?;
        let (toks, alias) = self.parse_id(&toks[1..])?;
        self.expect(toks, TokInfo::OpenPar, "expected (")?;
        let (toks, params) = self.parse_by_name_static_args(&toks[1..])?;
        self.expect(toks, TokInfo::ClosePar, "expected )")?;
        self.expect(&toks[1..], TokInfo::Semicolon, "expected ;")?;
        Ok((
            &toks[2..],
            vec![Spanned::fusion(
                start,
                toks[1].span.clone(),
                Decl::PackageAlias {
                    model: alias,
                    static_params: params,
                    name,
                },
            )],
        ))
    }

    fn parse_package_decl(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
    ) -> Res<'a, 'f, Vec<Spanned<'f, Decl<'a, 'f>>>> {
        let start = toks[0].span.clone();
        self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Package, "expected package")?;
        let (toks, name) = self.parse_id(&toks[1..])?;
        let (toks, uses) = self.parse_uses(toks)?;
        let (toks, provides) = self.parse_provides(toks)?;
        self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Body, "expected body")?;
        let (toks, body) = self.parse_package_body(&toks[1..])?;
        self.expect(toks, TokInfo::End, "expected end")?;
        Ok((
            &toks[1..],
            vec![Spanned::fusion(
                start,
                toks[0].span.clone(),
                Decl::Package {
                    name,
                    body,
                    uses,
                    provides,
                },
            )],
        ))
    }

    fn parse_package_body(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
    ) -> Res<'a, 'f, Vec<Spanned<'f, Decl<'a, 'f>>>> {
        if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Model, "").is_ok()
            || self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Package, "").is_ok()
        {
            return Err(Error::UnexpectedToken(toks, "expected a package body"));
        }

        self.parse_many(
            toks,
            &[],
            |s, t| s.expect(t, TokInfo::End, "end").is_ok(),
            |s, t| {
                s.parse_const_decl(t)
                    .or_else(|e| choose_err(e, s.parse_node_decl(t)))
                    .or_else(|e| choose_err(e, s.parse_type_decl(t)))
            },
        )
    }

    fn parse_const_decl(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
    ) -> Res<'a, 'f, Vec<Spanned<'f, Decl<'a, 'f>>>> {
        let kw = self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Const, "expected const keyword")?;
        self.parse_many(
            &toks[1..],
            &[TokInfo::Semicolon],
            |s, t| {
                s.expect(t, TokInfo::Const, "const").is_ok()
                    || s.expect(t, TokInfo::Type, "type").is_ok()
                    || s.expect(t, TokInfo::Extern, "extern").is_ok()
                    || s.expect(t, TokInfo::Unsafe, "unsafe").is_ok()
                    || s.expect(t, TokInfo::Node, "node").is_ok()
                    || s.expect(t, TokInfo::Function, "function").is_ok()
                    || s.expect(t, TokInfo::CloseStaticPar, ">>").is_ok()
                    || s.expect(t, TokInfo::Let, "let").is_ok()
                    || s.expect(t, TokInfo::Var, "var").is_ok()
                    || s.expect(t, TokInfo::EOF, "EOF").is_ok()
            },
            |s, t| {
                // TODO: refactor id parsing with parse_many?
                let (t, id) = s.parse_id(&t)?;
                let mut ids = vec![id];
                let t = {
                    let mut toks = t;
                    while s.expect(toks, TokInfo::Coma, "expected ,").is_ok() {
                        let (t, id) = s.parse_id(&toks[1..])?;
                        ids.push(id);
                        toks = t;
                    }
                    toks
                };

                let (t, ty) = if s.expect(t, TokInfo::Colon, "expected :").is_ok() {
                    let (t, ty) = s.parse_ty_expr(&t[1..])?;
                    (t, Some(ty))
                } else {
                    (t, None)
                };

                let (t, expr) =
                    if ids.len() == 1 && s.expect(t, TokInfo::Equal, "expected =").is_ok() {
                        let (t, expr) = reportable!(s, parse_expr, &t[1..]);
                        (t, Some(expr))
                    } else {
                        (t, None)
                    };

                let ty = ty.map(|x| x.item);
                Ok((
                    t,
                    ids.into_iter()
                        .map(|i| {
                            Spanned::fusion(
                                kw,
                                &i,
                                Decl::Const {
                                    name: i.item.clone(),
                                    ty: ty.clone(),
                                    value: expr.clone(),
                                },
                            )
                        })
                        .collect(),
                ))
            },
        )
    }

    fn parse_type_decl(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
    ) -> Res<'a, 'f, Vec<Spanned<'f, Decl<'a, 'f>>>> {
        self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Type, "expected type")?;
        self.parse_many(
            &toks[1..],
            &[TokInfo::Semicolon],
            |s, t| {
                s.expect(t, TokInfo::Const, "const").is_ok()
                    || s.expect(t, TokInfo::Type, "type").is_ok()
                    || s.expect(t, TokInfo::Extern, "extern").is_ok()
                    || s.expect(t, TokInfo::Unsafe, "unsafe").is_ok()
                    || s.expect(t, TokInfo::Node, "node").is_ok()
                    || s.expect(t, TokInfo::Function, "function").is_ok()
                    || s.expect(t, TokInfo::End, "end").is_ok()
                    || s.expect(t, TokInfo::EOF, "EOF").is_ok()
            },
            |s, t| {
                let (toks, decl) = s.parse_one_type_decl(t)?;
                Ok((toks, vec![decl]))
            },
        )
    }

    fn parse_one_type_decl(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, Decl<'a, 'f>> {
        let start = toks[0].span.clone();
        let (toks, name) = self.parse_id(toks)?;
        if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Equal, "expected =").is_ok() {
            let has_brace = self.expect(&toks[1..], TokInfo::OpenBrace, "{").is_ok();
            if let Ok((toks, ty)) = self.parse_ty_expr(&toks[1..]) {
                Ok((
                    toks,
                    Spanned::fusion(
                        start,
                        toks[0].span.clone(),
                        Decl::Ty {
                            name,
                            value: ty.map(TyDecl::Alias),
                        },
                    ),
                ))
            } else if self.expect(&toks[1..], TokInfo::Struct, "struct").is_ok() || has_brace {
                let decl_start = toks[1].span.clone();
                let toks = if !has_brace {
                    self.expect(&toks[2..], TokInfo::OpenBrace, "expected {")?;
                    &toks[3..]
                } else {
                    &toks[2..]
                };
                let (toks, fields) = self.parse_valued_var_decl(toks, true)?;
                self.expect(toks, TokInfo::CloseBrace, "expected }")?;
                Ok((
                    &toks[1..],
                    Spanned::fusion(
                        start,
                        toks[0].span.clone(),
                        Decl::Ty {
                            name,
                            value: Spanned::fusion(
                                decl_start,
                                toks[0].span.clone(),
                                TyDecl::Struct(fields),
                            ),
                        },
                    ),
                ))
            } else if self.expect(&toks[1..], TokInfo::Enum, "enum").is_ok() {
                let decl_start = toks[1].span.clone();
                self.expect(&toks[2..], TokInfo::OpenBrace, "expected {")?;
                let (toks, variants) = self.parse_many(
                    &toks[3..],
                    &[TokInfo::Coma],
                    |s, t| s.expect(t, TokInfo::CloseBrace, "").is_ok(),
                    |s, t| {
                        let (toks, id) = s.parse_id(t)?;
                        Ok((toks, vec![id]))
                    },
                )?;
                self.expect(toks, TokInfo::CloseBrace, "expected }")?;
                Ok((
                    &toks[1..],
                    Spanned::fusion(
                        start,
                        toks[0].span.clone(),
                        Decl::Ty {
                            name,
                            value: Spanned::fusion(
                                decl_start,
                                toks[0].span.clone(),
                                TyDecl::Enum(variants),
                            ),
                        },
                    ),
                ))
            } else {
                Err(Error::UnexpectedToken(
                    &toks[1..],
                    "expected a type expression, struct or enum",
                ))
            }
        } else {
            Ok((
                toks,
                Spanned::fusion(
                    start,
                    name.span.clone(),
                    Decl::Ty {
                        value: name.map_ref(|_| TyDecl::External),
                        name,
                    },
                ),
            ))
        }
    }

    #[track_caller]
    fn parse_id(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, Ident<'a, 'f>> {
        let id = match toks.get(0) {
            Some(
                tok
                @
                Spanned {
                    item: TokInfo::Ident(x),
                    ..
                },
            ) => Spanned {
                span: tok.span.clone(),
                item: *x,
            },
            // TODO: check exhaustiveness
            // TODO: maybe they are actually accepted only when fully qualified (e.g Lustre::and,
            // not just and)
            Some(Spanned {
                item: TokInfo::And,
                span,
            }) => Spanned {
                span: span.clone(),
                item: "and",
            },
            Some(Spanned {
                item: TokInfo::Or,
                span,
            }) => Spanned {
                span: span.clone(),
                item: "or",
            },
            Some(Spanned {
                item: TokInfo::Xor,
                span,
            }) => Spanned {
                span: span.clone(),
                item: "xor",
            },
            Some(Spanned {
                item: TokInfo::Nor,
                span,
            }) => Spanned {
                span: span.clone(),
                item: "nor",
            },
            Some(Spanned {
                item: TokInfo::Not,
                span,
            }) => Spanned {
                span: span.clone(),
                item: "not",
            },
            Some(Spanned {
                item: TokInfo::If,
                span,
            }) => Spanned {
                span: span.clone(),
                item: "if",
            },
            Some(Spanned {
                item: TokInfo::FBy,
                span,
            }) => Spanned {
                span: span.clone(),
                item: "fby",
            },
            _ => {
                return Err(Error::UnexpectedToken(
                    &toks,
                    Box::leak(
                        format!(
                            "expected an identifier (line {})",
                            std::panic::Location::caller().line()
                        )
                        .into_boxed_str(),
                    ),
                    //"expected an identifier",
                ));
            }
        };
        if self.expect(&toks[1..], TokInfo::DoubleColon, "::").is_ok() {
            let (toks, next) = self.parse_id(&toks[2..])?;
            Ok((
                toks,
                Spanned::fusion(
                    id.span.clone(),
                    next.span.clone(),
                    Ident::Long(id, Box::new(next.item)),
                ),
            ))
        } else {
            let (toks, pragmas) = self.parse_pragmas(&toks[1..])?;
            Ok((
                toks,
                id.clone().map(
                    |_| Ident::Short { id, pragmas },
                ),
            ))
        }
    }
    
    fn parse_pragmas(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> Res<'a, 'f, Vec<(&'a str, &'a str)>> {
        let mut res = Vec::new();
        let mut toks = toks;
        while self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Percent, "%").is_ok() {
            match (toks.get(1), toks.get(2), toks.get(3)) {
                (
                    Some(Spanned { item: TokInfo::Ident(lhs), .. }),
                    Some(Spanned { item: TokInfo::Colon, .. }),
                    Some(Spanned { item: TokInfo::Ident(rhs), .. })
                ) => {
                    toks = &toks[4..];
                    res.push((*lhs, *rhs));
                }
                _ => return Err(Error::UnexpectedToken(&toks[1..], "expected a pragma")),
            }
            self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Percent, "expected %")?;
            toks = &toks[1..];
        }
        Ok((toks, res))
    }

    fn parse_named_clock(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, Expr<'a, 'f>> {
        let (toks, clock) = self.parse_clock_expr(toks)?;
        Ok((
            toks,
            Spanned {
                span: clock.span.clone(),
                item: Expr::NamedClock(clock),
            },
        ))
    }

    fn parse_clock_expr(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
    ) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, ClockExpr<'a, 'f>> {
        let start = toks[0].span.clone();
        let not = self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Not, "not").is_ok();
        let toks = if not { &toks[1..] } else { toks };
        let (toks, name) = if let Ok((toks, name)) = self.parse_id(toks) {
            (toks, Some(name))
        } else if not {
            (toks, None)
        } else {
            return Err(Error::UnexpectedToken(
                toks,
                "expected `not` or an identifier",
            ));
        };
        let (toks, param) = if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::OpenPar, "(").is_ok() {
            let (toks, param) = self.parse_id(&toks[1..])?;
            self.expect(toks, TokInfo::ClosePar, "expected )")?;
            (&toks[1..], Some(param))
        } else {
            (toks, None)
        };
        Ok((
            toks,
            Spanned::fusion(
                start,
                toks[0].span.clone(),
                ClockExpr(name, Box::new(param)),
            ),
        ))
    }

    parse_bin!(LEFT parse_default, Arrow, Default, "->", parse_if);
    parse_tern!(parse_if, If, Then, Else, IfThenElse, "if", "then", "else", parse_with);
    parse_tern!(
        parse_with,
        With,
        Then,
        Else,
        WithThenElse,
        "with",
        "then",
        "else",
        parse_concat
    );
    parse_bin!(LEFT parse_concat, Bar, Concat, "|", parse_step);
    parse_bin!(NONE parse_step, Step, Step, "step", parse_range);
    parse_bin!(NONE parse_range, CDots, Range, "..", parse_impl);
    parse_bin!(RIGHT parse_impl, Impl, "=>", parse_or);
    parse_bin!(LEFT parse_or, Or, "or", parse_xor);

    fn parse_xor(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, Expr<'a, 'f>> {
        let start = toks[0].span.clone();
        let (toks, lhs) = self.parse_and(toks)?;
        if let Ok(_) = self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Xor, "expected xor") {
            let (toks, rhs) = self.parse_xor(&toks[1..])?;
            match rhs.item {
                // TODO: this will build one n-ary expression from `a xor #(b, c)`, which is maybe
                // not wanted?
                Expr::NAry(NAryOp::Xor, mut items) => {
                    let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(items.item.len() + 1);
                    result.push(lhs);
                    result.append(&mut items.item);
                    Ok((
                        toks,
                        Spanned::fusion(
                            start.clone(),
                            toks[0].span.clone(),
                            Expr::NAry(
                                NAryOp::Xor,
                                Spanned::fusion(start, items.span.clone(), result),
                            ),
                        ),
                    ))
                }
                _ => Ok((
                    toks,
                    Spanned::fusion(
                        start,
                        rhs.span.clone(),
                        Expr::NAry(
                            NAryOp::Xor,
                            Spanned::fusion(lhs.span.clone(), rhs.span.clone(), vec![lhs, rhs]),
                        ),
                    ),
                )),
            }
        } else {
            Ok((toks, lhs))
        }
    }

    parse_bin!(LEFT parse_and, And, "and", parse_lt);
    // TODO: this allow this kind of expr, while it should not
    // a < b <= c >= d
    parse_bin!(NONE parse_lt, Lt, "<", parse_lte);
    parse_bin!(NONE parse_lte, Lte, "<=", parse_gt);
    parse_bin!(NONE parse_gt, Gt, ">", parse_gte);
    parse_bin!(NONE parse_gte, Gte, ">=", parse_eq);
    parse_bin!(NONE parse_eq, Equal, "=", parse_neq);
    parse_bin!(NONE parse_neq, Neq, "!=", parse_not);
    parse_un!(parse_not, Not, "not", parse_add);
    parse_bin!(LEFT parse_add, Plus, "+", parse_minus);
    parse_bin!(LEFT parse_minus, Minus, "-", parse_mul);
    parse_bin!(LEFT parse_mul, Star, Prod, "*", parse_slash);
    parse_bin!(LEFT parse_slash, Slash, "/", parse_percent);
    parse_bin!(LEFT parse_percent, Percent, "/", parse_mod);
    parse_bin!(LEFT parse_mod, Mod, Mod, "mod", parse_div);
    parse_bin!(LEFT parse_div, Div, "div", parse_power);
    parse_bin!(LEFT parse_power, Power, "**", parse_when);
    parse_bin!(LEFT parse_when, rhs = parse_named_clock, When, When, "when", parse_real_to_int);
    parse_un!(parse_real_to_int, Int, RealToInt, "int", parse_int_to_real);
    parse_un!(
        parse_int_to_real,
        Real,
        IntToReal,
        "real",
        parse_minus_unary
    );
    parse_un!(parse_minus_unary, Minus, "-", parse_pre);
    parse_un!(parse_pre, Pre, "pre", parse_current);
    parse_un!(parse_current, Current, "current", parse_sharp);

    fn parse_sharp(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, Expr<'a, 'f>> {
        let start = &toks[0].span;
        if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Sharp, "#").is_ok() {
            self.expect(&toks[1..], TokInfo::OpenPar, "expected (")?;
            let (toks, items) = self.parse_tuple(&toks[2..])?;
            self.expect(toks, TokInfo::ClosePar, "expected )")?;
            Ok((
                &toks[1..],
                Spanned::fusion(
                    start.clone(),
                    toks[0].span.clone(),
                    Expr::NAry(NAryOp::Xor, items),
                ),
            ))
        } else {
            self.parse_nor(toks)
        }
    }

    fn parse_nor(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, Expr<'a, 'f>> {
        let start = &toks[0].span;
        if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Nor, "nor").is_ok() {
            self.expect(&toks[1..], TokInfo::OpenPar, "expected (")?;
            let (toks, items) = self.parse_tuple(&toks[2..])?;
            self.expect(toks, TokInfo::ClosePar, "expected )")?;
            Ok((
                &toks[1..],
                Spanned::fusion(
                    start.clone(),
                    toks[0].span.clone(),
                    Expr::NAry(NAryOp::Nor, items),
                ),
            ))
        } else {
            self.parse_hat(toks)
        }
    }

    parse_bin!(LEFT parse_hat, Hat, "^", parse_dot);
    parse_bin!(LEFT parse_dot, Dot, FieldAccess, ".", parse_index_or_slice);

    fn parse_index_or_slice(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
    ) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, Expr<'a, 'f>> {
        let start = toks[0].span.clone();
        let (mut tokens, mut expr) = self.parse_array_expr(toks)?;
        while self.expect(tokens, TokInfo::OpenBracket, "[").is_ok() {
            let op_span = tokens[0].span.clone();
            if let Ok((
                toks,
                Spanned {
                    item: Expr::Binary(_, from, to),
                    ..
                },
            )) = self.parse_range(&tokens[1..])
            {
                let (toks, step) = if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Step, "step").is_ok() {
                    let (t, s) = self.parse_expr(&toks[1..])?;
                    (t, Some(s))
                } else {
                    (toks, None)
                };
                self.expect(toks, TokInfo::CloseBracket, "expected ]")?;
                tokens = &toks[1..];
                expr = Spanned::fusion(
                    start.clone(),
                    toks[0].span.clone(),
                    Expr::Slice(expr.boxed(), from, to, step.map(Spanned::boxed)),
                );
            } else {
                let (toks, rhs) = self.parse_expr(&tokens[1..])?;
                self.expect(toks, TokInfo::CloseBracket, "expected ]")?;

                tokens = &toks[1..];
                expr = Spanned::fusion(
                    start.clone(),
                    rhs.span.clone(),
                    Expr::Binary(
                        Spanned {
                            span: op_span,
                            item: BinaryOp::Index,
                        },
                        expr.boxed(),
                        rhs.boxed(),
                    ),
                );
            };
        }
        Ok((tokens, expr))
    }

    fn parse_array_expr(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, Expr<'a, 'f>> {
        let start = &toks[0].span;
        if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::OpenBracket, "[").is_ok() {
            let (toks, items) = self.parse_tuple(&toks[1..])?;
            self.expect(toks, TokInfo::CloseBracket, "expected ]")?;
            Ok((
                &toks[1..],
                Spanned::fusion(
                    start.clone(),
                    toks[0].span.clone(),
                    Expr::NAry(NAryOp::Array, items),
                ),
            ))
        } else {
            self.parse_struct_expr(toks)
        }
    }

    fn parse_struct_expr(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, Expr<'a, 'f>> {
        let t = toks;
        let start = toks[0].span.clone();
        if let Ok((toks, name)) = self.parse_id(toks) {
            if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::OpenBrace, "{").is_ok() {
                let t = &toks[1..];
                let (toks, base) = if let Ok((toks, base)) = self.parse_expr(t) {
                    if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::With, "").is_ok() {
                        (&toks[1..], Some(base))
                    } else {
                        (t, None)
                    }
                } else {
                    (t, None)
                };

                let (toks, fields) = self.parse_many(
                    toks,
                    &[TokInfo::Coma, TokInfo::Semicolon],
                    |s, t| s.expect(t, TokInfo::CloseBrace, "").is_ok(),
                    |s, t| {
                        let (t, name) = s.parse_id(t)?;
                        s.expect(t, TokInfo::Equal, "expected =")?;
                        let (t, val) = s.parse_expr(&t[1..])?;
                        Ok((t, vec![(name, val)]))
                    },
                )?;

                self.expect(toks, TokInfo::CloseBrace, "expected }")?;

                Ok((
                    &toks[1..],
                    Spanned::fusion(
                        start,
                        toks[0].span.clone(),
                        Expr::CreateStruct {
                            ty_name: name,
                            base_value: base.map(Spanned::boxed),
                            fields,
                        },
                    ),
                ))
            } else {
                self.parse_paren_expr(t)
            }
        } else {
            self.parse_paren_expr(t)
        }
    }

    fn parse_paren_expr(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, Expr<'a, 'f>> {
        if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::OpenPar, "(").is_ok() {
            let (mut toks, expr) = self.parse_expr(&toks[1..])?;
            let mut exprs = vec![expr];
            while self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Coma, ",").is_ok() {
                let (t, e) = self.parse_expr(&toks[1..])?;
                toks = t;
                exprs.push(e);
            }
            self.expect(toks, TokInfo::ClosePar, "expected )")?;
            let expr = if exprs.len() == 1 {
                exprs.remove(0)
            } else {
                Spanned::fusion(
                    exprs[0].span.clone(),
                    exprs[exprs.len() - 1].span.clone(),
                    Expr::NAry(
                        NAryOp::Tuple,
                        Spanned::fusion(
                            exprs[0].span.clone(),
                            exprs[exprs.len() - 1].span.clone(),
                            exprs,
                        ),
                    ),
                )
            };
            Ok((&toks[1..], expr))
        } else {
            self.parse_fby(toks)
        }
    }

    parse_bin!(RIGHT parse_fby, FBy, "fby", parse_merge);

    fn parse_merge(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, Expr<'a, 'f>> {
        if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Merge, "merge").is_ok() {
            let (toks, id) = self.parse_id(&toks[1..])?;
            let (toks, cases) = self.parse_many(
                toks,
                &[],
                |s, t| {
                    s.expect(t, TokInfo::Semicolon, "").is_ok()
                        || s.expect(t, TokInfo::ClosePar, "").is_ok()
                        || s.expect(t, TokInfo::CloseBracket, "").is_ok()
                        || s.expect(t, TokInfo::CloseBrace, "").is_ok()
                        || s.expect(t, TokInfo::Tel, "").is_ok()
                        || s.expect(t, TokInfo::EOF, "").is_ok()
                },
                |s, t| {
                    s.expect(t, TokInfo::OpenPar, "expected (")?;
                    let (t, lhs) = if s.expect(&t[1..], TokInfo::True, "true").is_ok() {
                        (&t[2..], t[0].map_ref(|_| MergeLHS::True))
                    } else if s.expect(&t[1..], TokInfo::False, "false").is_ok() {
                        (&t[2..], t[0].map_ref(|_| MergeLHS::False))
                    } else {
                        let (t, id) = s.parse_id(&t[1..])?;
                        (t, id.clone().map(|_| MergeLHS::Ident(id)))
                    };

                    s.expect(t, TokInfo::Arrow, "expected ->")?;

                    let (t, expr) = s.parse_expr(&t[1..])?;

                    s.expect(t, TokInfo::ClosePar, "expected )")?;
                    Ok((
                        &t[1..],
                        vec![Spanned::fusion(
                            lhs.span.clone(),
                            t[0].span.clone(),
                            MergeCase { lhs, expr },
                        )],
                    ))
                },
            )?;
            Ok((
                toks,
                Spanned::fusion(
                    id.span.clone(),
                    toks[0].span.clone(),
                    Expr::Merge(id, cases),
                ),
            ))
        } else {
            self.parse_call_by_pos(toks)
        }
    }

    fn parse_call_by_pos(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, Expr<'a, 'f>> {
        let original_toks = toks;
        if let Ok((toks, effective_node)) = self.parse_effective_node(toks) {
            if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::OpenPar, "expected (").is_ok() {
                let (toks, params) = self.parse_many(
                    &toks[1..],
                    &[TokInfo::Coma],
                    |s, t| s.expect(t, TokInfo::ClosePar, "").is_ok(),
                    |s, t| {
                        let (t, expr) = s.parse_expr(t)?;
                        Ok((t, vec![expr]))
                    },
                )?;
                self.expect(toks, TokInfo::ClosePar, "expected )")?;
                Ok((
                    &toks[1..],
                    Spanned::fusion(
                        effective_node.span.clone(),
                        toks[0].span.clone(),
                        Expr::CallByPos(effective_node, params),
                    ),
                ))
            } else {
                self.parse_call_by_name(original_toks)
            }
        } else {
            self.parse_call_by_name(toks)
        }
    }

    fn parse_call_by_name(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, Expr<'a, 'f>> {
        let original_toks = toks;
        if let Ok((toks, name)) = self.parse_id(toks) {
            let (toks, static_params) = if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::OpenStaticPar, "<<").is_ok() {
                let (toks, params) = self.parse_many(
                    &toks[1..],
                    &[TokInfo::Coma, TokInfo::Semicolon],
                    |s, t| s.expect(t, TokInfo::CloseStaticPar, ">>").is_ok(),
                    |s, t| {
                        let (toks, expr) = reportable!(s, parse_static_arg, t);
                        Ok((
                            toks,
                            vec![Spanned::fusion(
                                t[0].span.clone(),
                                toks[0].span.clone(),
                                expr,
                            )],
                        ))
                    },
                )?;
                self.expect(toks, TokInfo::CloseStaticPar, "expected >>")?;
                (&toks[1..], params)
            } else {
                (toks, Vec::new())
            };

            if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::OpenPar, "expected (").is_ok()
                // || !static_params.is_empty()
            {
                let (toks, params) = self.parse_many(
                    &toks[1..],
                    &[TokInfo::Coma],
                    |s, t| s.expect(t, TokInfo::ClosePar, ")").is_ok(),
                    |s, t| {
                        let (toks, expr) = s.parse_expr(t)?;
                        Ok((toks, vec![expr]))
                    },
                )?;
                self.expect(toks, TokInfo::ClosePar, "expected )")?;

                Ok((
                    &toks[1..],
                    Spanned::fusion(
                        name.span.clone(),
                        toks[0].span.clone(),
                        Expr::CallByName(name, static_params, params),
                    ),
                ))
            } else {
                self.parse_expr_term(original_toks)
            }
        } else {
            self.parse_expr_term(original_toks)
        }
    }

    fn parse_expr_term(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, Expr<'a, 'f>> {
        self.parse_const(toks).or_else(|_| {
            let (t, id) = self.parse_id(toks)?;
            Ok((t, id.map(Expr::Ident)))
        })
        .map_err(|_: Error| Error::UnexpectedToken(toks, "expected an expression"))
    }

    fn parse_expr(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, Expr<'a, 'f>> {
        self.parse_default(toks)
    }

    fn parse_const(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, Expr<'a, 'f>> {
        let neg = self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Minus, "-").is_ok();
        match toks.get(if neg { 1 } else { 0 }) {
            Some(
                tok
                @
                Spanned {
                    item: TokInfo::IConst(i),
                    ..
                },
            ) => Ok((
                &toks[1..],
                Spanned {
                    span: tok.span.clone(),
                    item: Expr::Const(ConstValue::Int(if neg { -i } else { *i })),
                },
            )),
            Some(
                tok
                @
                Spanned {
                    item: TokInfo::RConst(r),
                    ..
                },
            ) => Ok((
                &toks[1..],
                Spanned {
                    span: tok.span.clone(),
                    item: Expr::Const(ConstValue::Float(if neg { -r } else { *r })),
                },
            )),
            Some(
                tok
                @
                Spanned {
                    item: TokInfo::False,
                    ..
                },
            ) => Ok((
                &toks[1..],
                tok.map_ref(|_| Expr::Const(ConstValue::Bool(false))),
            )),
            Some(
                tok
                @
                Spanned {
                    item: TokInfo::True,
                    ..
                },
            ) => Ok((
                &toks[1..],
                tok.map_ref(|_| Expr::Const(ConstValue::Bool(true))),
            )),
            _ => Err(Error::UnexpectedToken(&toks, "expected a constant")),
        }
    }

    fn parse_tuple(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
    ) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, Vec<Spanned<'f, Expr<'a, 'f>>>> {
        let (toks, fst) = reportable!(self, parse_expr, toks);
        let start = fst.span.clone();
        if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Coma, ",").is_ok() {
            let (toks, mut next) = self.parse_tuple(&toks[1..])?;
            let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(next.item.len() + 1);
            result.push(fst);
            result.append(&mut next.item);
            Ok((toks, Spanned::fusion(start, toks[0].span.clone(), result)))
        } else {
            Ok((
                toks,
                Spanned {
                    span: start,
                    item: vec![fst],
                },
            ))
        }
    }

    fn parse_node_decl(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
    ) -> Res<'a, 'f, Vec<Spanned<'f, Decl<'a, 'f>>>> {
        let start_span = toks[0].span.clone();
        let mut toks = toks;
        let is_unsafe = self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Unsafe, "unsafe keyword").is_ok();
        toks = if is_unsafe { &toks[1..] } else { toks };
        let is_extern = self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Extern, "extern keyword").is_ok();
        toks = if is_extern { &toks[1..] } else { toks };
        let is_node = self.expect(&toks, TokInfo::Node, "node keyword").is_ok();
        if !is_node {
            self.expect(
                &toks,
                TokInfo::Function,
                "expected function or node keyword",
            )?;
        }

        toks = &toks[1..];
        let (t, name) = self.parse_id(&toks)?;
        toks = t;
        let static_params = if self.expect(&toks, TokInfo::OpenStaticPar, "<<").is_ok() {
            let (t, sp) = self.parse_many(
                &toks[1..],
                &[TokInfo::Semicolon],
                |s, t| s.expect(t, TokInfo::CloseStaticPar, ">>").is_ok(),
                |s, t| s.parse_static_param_decl(t),
            )?;
            toks = t;
            self.expect(toks, TokInfo::CloseStaticPar, "expected >>")?;
            toks = &toks[1..];
            sp
        } else {
            Vec::new()
        };

        let has_params = self.expect(toks, TokInfo::OpenPar, "(").is_ok();
        let params = if has_params {
            let (t, pars) = self.parse_var_decl(&toks[1..], true)?;
            toks = t;
            self.expect(toks, TokInfo::ClosePar, "expected )")?;
            toks = &toks[1..];
            pars
        } else {
            Vec::new()
        };

        let returns = if has_params {
            self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Returns, "expected returns")?;
            self.expect(&toks[1..], TokInfo::OpenPar, "expected (")?; // TODO: check if parenthesis are always required after returns
            let (t, rets) = self.parse_var_decl(&toks[2..], true)?;
            toks = t;
            self.expect(toks, TokInfo::ClosePar, "expected )")?;
            toks = &toks[1..];
            rets
        } else {
            Vec::new()
        };

        if is_extern {
            self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Semicolon, "expected ;")?;

            return Ok((
                &toks[1..],
                vec![Spanned::fusion(
                    start_span,
                    toks[0].span.clone(),
                    Decl::ExternalNode {
                        is_function: !is_node,
                        is_unsafe,
                        name,
                        outputs: returns,
                        params,
                        static_params,
                    },
                )],
            ));
        }

        let is_alias = self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Equal, "=").is_ok();
        if !is_alias && !has_params {
            return Err(Error::UnexpectedToken(
                toks,
                "expected a node alias (declared with a =) or parameters",
            ));
        }

        if is_alias {
            toks = &toks[1..];
            let (t, effective_node) = self.parse_effective_node(toks)?;
            toks = if self.expect(t, TokInfo::Semicolon, ";").is_ok() {
                &t[1..]
            } else {
                t
            };

            Ok((
                toks,
                vec![Spanned::fusion(
                    start_span,
                    toks[0].span.clone(),
                    Decl::AliasNode {
                        name,
                        params,
                        outputs: returns,
                        is_unsafe,
                        is_function: !is_node,
                        effective_node,
                        static_params,
                    },
                )],
            ))
        } else {
            toks = if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Semicolon, ";").is_ok() {
                &toks[1..]
            } else {
                toks
            };

            let mut vars = Vec::new();
            let mut consts = Vec::new();
            while self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Var, "var").is_ok()
                || self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Const, "const").is_ok()
            {
                let is_vars = self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Var, "var").is_ok();
                if is_vars {
                    let (t, mut decls) = self.parse_var_decl(&toks[1..], true)?; // FIXME: the final semicolon is not optional
                    toks = t;
                    vars.append(&mut decls);
                } else {
                    let (t, mut decls) = self.parse_const_decl(toks)?;
                    toks = t;
                    consts.append(&mut decls);
                }
            }


            self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Let, "expected let")?;
            let (toks, body) = self.parse_node_body(&toks[1..])?;
            self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Tel, "expected tel")?;
            let toks = if self.expect(&toks[1..], TokInfo::Semicolon, ";").is_ok() {
                &toks[2..]
            } else {
                &toks[1..]
            };

            Ok((
                toks,
                vec![Spanned::fusion(
                    start_span,
                    toks[0].span.clone(),
                    Decl::Node {
                        name,
                        params,
                        outputs: returns,
                        is_unsafe,
                        is_function: !is_node,
                        static_params,
                        vars,
                        consts,
                        body,
                    },
                )],
            ))
        }
    }

    fn parse_static_arg(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> Res<'a, 'f, StaticArg<'a, 'f>> {
        if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Const, "").is_ok() {
            let (toks, arg) = self.parse_expr(&toks[1..])?;
            Ok((toks, StaticArg::Expr(arg)))
        } else if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Node, "").is_ok() || self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Function, "").is_ok() {
            let (toks, Spanned { item: (name, args), .. }) = self.parse_effective_node(&toks[1..])?;
            Ok((toks, StaticArg::Node(name, args)))
        } else if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Type, "").is_ok() {
            let (toks, ty) = self.parse_ty_expr(&toks[1..])?;
            Ok((toks, StaticArg::Ty(ty)))
        } else {
            self.parse_expr(toks)
                .and_then(|(t, expr)| match expr.item {
                    Expr::Ident(i) => {
                        match t.get(0).map(|x| x.item.clone()) {
                            Some(TokInfo::OpenStaticPar) => Err(Error::ReportedError), // to continue with node parsing
                            _ => Ok((t, StaticArg::AmbiguousIdent(i))),
                        }
                    },
                    _ => Ok((t, StaticArg::Expr(expr))),
                })
                .or_else(|e| {
                    choose_err(
                        e,
                        self.parse_effective_node(toks).map(
                            |(
                                t,
                                Spanned {
                                    item: (name, args), ..
                                },
                            )| (t, StaticArg::Node(name, args)),
                        ),
                    )
                })
                .or_else(|e| {
                    choose_err(
                        e,
                        self.parse_predefined(toks)
                            .map(|(t, p)| (t, StaticArg::Predefined(p))),
                    )
                })
                .or_else(|e| {
                    choose_err(
                        e,
                        self.parse_ty_expr(toks)
                            .map(|(t, ty)| (t, StaticArg::Ty(ty))),
                    )
                })
        }
    }

    fn parse_effective_node(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
    ) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, (Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>, Vec<StaticArg<'a, 'f>>)> {
        let name_span = toks[0].span.clone();
        let (toks, effective_node_name) = self.parse_id(toks)?;
        let (toks, effective_static_params) =
            if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::OpenStaticPar, "<<").is_ok() {
                let (toks, params) = self.parse_many(
                    &toks[1..],
                    &[TokInfo::Coma, TokInfo::Semicolon],
                    |s, t| s.expect(t, TokInfo::CloseStaticPar, ">>").is_ok(),
                    |s, t| {
                        let (t, expr) = s.parse_static_arg(t)?;
                        Ok((t, vec![expr]))
                    },
                )?;
                self.expect(toks, TokInfo::CloseStaticPar, "expected >>")?;
                (&toks[1..], params)
            } else {
                (toks, Vec::new())
            };

        Ok((
            toks,
            Spanned::fusion(
                name_span,
                toks.get(0).map(|x| x.span.clone()).unwrap_or_default(), // TODO: compute the actual span
                (effective_node_name, effective_static_params),
            ),
        ))
    }

    fn parse_predefined(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, PredefinedItem> {
        use TokInfo::*;
        // TODO: check the exhaustiveness of this list
        let bin_op = match toks[0].item {
            Plus => Some(BinaryOp::Plus),
            Minus => Some(BinaryOp::Minus),
            Star => Some(BinaryOp::Prod),
            Slash => Some(BinaryOp::Slash),
            Div => Some(BinaryOp::Div),
            Mod => Some(BinaryOp::Mod),
            Percent => Some(BinaryOp::Percent),
            Or => Some(BinaryOp::Or),
            And => Some(BinaryOp::And),
            Impl => Some(BinaryOp::Impl),
            Lt => Some(BinaryOp::Lt),
            Lte => Some(BinaryOp::Lte),
            Gt => Some(BinaryOp::Gt),
            Gte => Some(BinaryOp::Gte),
            Equal => Some(BinaryOp::Equal),
            Neq => Some(BinaryOp::Neq),
            _ => None,
        };
        let un_op = match toks[0].item {
            Minus => Some(UnaryOp::Minus),
            Not => Some(UnaryOp::Not),
            _ => None,
        };
        let n_op = match toks[0].item {
            Xor | Sharp => Some(NAryOp::Xor),
            Nor => Some(NAryOp::Nor),
            _ => None,
        };
        let span = toks[0].span.clone();
        let item = if let Some(bin) = bin_op {
            PredefinedItem::Binary(bin)
        } else if let Some(un) = un_op {
            PredefinedItem::Unary(un)
        } else if let Some(nary) = n_op {
            PredefinedItem::NAry(nary)
        } else {
            return Err(Error::UnexpectedToken(
                toks,
                "expected a predefined operator or node",
            ));
        };
        Ok((&toks[1..], Spanned { span, item }))
    }

    // TODO: a lot of the code is shared with parse_var_decl, maybe
    // find a nice way to merge the two functions?
    // adding a boolean parameter won't be enough, as the return types
    // are not the same
    // maybe one return type would be enough, since even this method may
    // give `None` as a value
    fn parse_valued_var_decl(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
        optional_final_semicolon: bool,
    ) -> Res<'a, 'f, Vec<Spanned<'f, ValuedVariableDecl<'a, 'f>>>> {
        let (toks, decls) = self.parse_many(
            toks,
            &[TokInfo::Semicolon],
            |_, t| match t.get(0).map(|t| t.item.clone()) {
                Some(
                    TokInfo::Semicolon
                    | TokInfo::Ident(_)
                    | TokInfo::Coma
                    | TokInfo::Colon
                    | TokInfo::Hat,
                ) => false,
                _ => true,
            },
            |s, t| {
                let (t, names) = s.parse_many(
                    t,
                    &[TokInfo::Coma],
                    |_, t| match t.get(0).map(|t| t.item.clone()) {
                        Some(TokInfo::Ident(_) | TokInfo::Coma) => false,
                        _ => true,
                    },
                    |s, t| {
                        let (t, var_name) = s.parse_id(t)?;
                        Ok((t, vec![var_name]))
                    },
                )?;

                s.expect(t, TokInfo::Colon, "expected :")?;
                let t = &t[1..];
                let (t, ty) = s.parse_ty_expr(t)?;
                let (t, clock) = if s.expect(t, TokInfo::When, "when").is_ok() {
                    let (t, clock) = s.parse_clock_expr(&t[1..])?;
                    (t, Some(clock))
                } else {
                    (t, None)
                };

                let (t, value) = if s.expect(t, TokInfo::Equal, "").is_ok() {
                    let (t, val) = s.parse_expr(&t[1..])?;
                    (t, Some(val))
                } else {
                    (t, None)
                };

                Ok((
                    t,
                    names
                        .into_iter()
                        .map(|name| {
                            name.map_ref(|_| ValuedVariableDecl {
                                name: name.clone(),
                                ty: ty.clone(),
                                clock: clock.clone(),
                                value: value.clone(),
                            })
                        })
                        .collect(),
                ))
            },
        )?;
        let final_semicolon = self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Semicolon, "expected ;");
        if !optional_final_semicolon && final_semicolon.is_err() {
            return Err(final_semicolon.unwrap_err());
        } else if final_semicolon.is_err() {
            Ok((toks, decls))
        } else {
            Ok((&toks[1..], decls))
        }
    }

    fn parse_var_decl(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
        optional_final_semicolon: bool,
    ) -> Res<'a, 'f, Vec<Spanned<'f, VariableDecl<'a, 'f>>>> {
        let (toks, decls) = self.parse_many(
            toks,
            &[TokInfo::Semicolon],
            |_, t| match t.get(0).map(|t| t.item.clone()) {
                Some(
                    TokInfo::Semicolon
                    | TokInfo::Ident(_)
                    | TokInfo::Coma
                    | TokInfo::Colon
                    | TokInfo::Hat,
                ) => false,
                _ => true,
            },
            |s, t| {
                let (t, names) = s.parse_many(
                    t,
                    &[TokInfo::Coma],
                    |_, t| match t.get(0).map(|t| t.item.clone()) {
                        Some(TokInfo::Ident(_) | TokInfo::Coma) => false,
                        _ => true,
                    },
                    |s, t| {
                        let (t, var_name) = s.parse_id(t)?;
                        Ok((t, vec![var_name]))
                    },
                )?;

                s.expect(t, TokInfo::Colon, "expected :")?;
                let t = &t[1..];
                let (t, ty) = s.parse_ty_expr(t)?;
                let (t, clock) = if s.expect(t, TokInfo::When, "when").is_ok() {
                    let (t, clock) = s.parse_clock_expr(&t[1..])?;
                    (t, Some(clock))
                } else {
                    (t, None)
                };

                Ok((
                    t,
                    names
                        .into_iter()
                        .map(|name| {
                            name.map_ref(|_| VariableDecl {
                                name: name.clone(),
                                ty: ty.clone(),
                                clock: clock.clone(),
                            })
                        })
                        .collect(),
                ))
            },
        )?;
        let final_semicolon = self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Semicolon, "expected ;");
        if !optional_final_semicolon && final_semicolon.is_err() {
            return Err(final_semicolon.unwrap_err());
        } else if final_semicolon.is_err() {
            Ok((toks, decls))
        } else {
            Ok((&toks[1..], decls))
        }
    }

    fn parse_ty_expr(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, TyExpr<'a, 'f>> {
        let start = toks[0].span.clone();
        let op_index = toks.iter().position(|t| t.item == TokInfo::Hat);
        match op_index {
            None | Some(0) => self.parse_base_ty_expr(toks),
            Some(op_index) => {
                if let Ok((left_toks, lhs)) = self.parse_ty_expr(&toks[..op_index]) {
                    if !left_toks.is_empty() {
                        // parsing the LHS actually failed
                        return self.parse_base_ty_expr(toks);
                    }
                    let (t, rhs) = self.parse_expr(&toks[op_index + 1..])?;
                    Ok((
                        t,
                        Spanned::fusion(start, rhs.span.clone(), TyExpr::Power(lhs.boxed(), rhs)),
                    ))
                } else {
                    self.parse_base_ty_expr(toks)
                }
            }
        }
    }

    fn parse_base_ty_expr(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
    ) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, TyExpr<'a, 'f>> {
        let start = toks[0].span.clone();
        let (toks, ty) = if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Int, "int").is_ok() {
            (&toks[1..], TyExpr::Int)
        } else if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Real, "real").is_ok() {
            (&toks[1..], TyExpr::Real)
        } else if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Bool, "bool").is_ok() {
            (&toks[1..], TyExpr::Bool)
        } else {
            let (toks, name) = self.parse_id(toks)?;
            (toks, TyExpr::Named(name.item))
        };

        Ok((
            toks,
            Spanned {
                span: start,
                item: ty,
            },
        ))
    }

    fn parse_static_param_decl(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
    ) -> Res<'a, 'f, Vec<Spanned<'f, StaticParamDecl<'a, 'f>>>> {
        self.parse_many(
            toks,
            &[TokInfo::Semicolon],
            |s, t| {
                s.expect(t, TokInfo::CloseStaticPar, ">>").is_ok()
                    || s.expect(t, TokInfo::Provides, "provides").is_ok()
            },
            |s, t| {
                let start_span = t[0].span.clone();
                if s.expect(t, TokInfo::Type, "type").is_ok() {
                    let (t, name) = s.parse_id(&t[1..])?;
                    Ok((
                        t,
                        vec![Spanned::fusion(
                            start_span,
                            name.span.clone(),
                            StaticParamDecl::Ty { name },
                        )],
                    ))
                } else if s.expect(t, TokInfo::Const, "const").is_ok() {
                    let (t, name) = s.parse_id(&t[1..])?;
                    s.expect(t, TokInfo::Colon, "expected :")?;
                    let (t, ty) = s.parse_ty_expr(&t[1..])?;
                    Ok((
                        t,
                        vec![Spanned::fusion(
                            start_span,
                            ty.span.clone(),
                            StaticParamDecl::Const { name, ty },
                        )],
                    ))
                } else {
                    let is_unsafe = s.expect(t, TokInfo::Unsafe, "unsafe").is_ok();
                    let t = if is_unsafe { &t[1..] } else { t };
                    let is_node = s.expect(t, TokInfo::Node, "node").is_ok();
                    if !is_node {
                        s.expect(t, TokInfo::Function, "expected function or node")?;
                    }
                    let t = &t[1..];
                    let (t, name) = s.parse_id(t)?;
                    s.expect(t, TokInfo::OpenPar, "expected (")?;
                    let (t, params) = s.parse_var_decl(&t[1..], true)?;
                    s.expect(t, TokInfo::ClosePar, "expected )")?;
                    s.expect(&t[1..], TokInfo::Returns, "expected returns")?;
                    s.expect(&t[2..], TokInfo::OpenPar, "expected (")?;
                    let (t, outputs) = s.parse_var_decl(&t[3..], true)?;
                    s.expect(t, TokInfo::ClosePar, "expected )")?;
                    Ok((
                        &t[1..],
                        vec![Spanned::fusion(
                            start_span,
                            t[0].span.clone(),
                            StaticParamDecl::Node {
                                is_function: !is_node,
                                is_unsafe,
                                params,
                                outputs,
                                name,
                            },
                        )],
                    ))
                }
            },
        )
    }

    fn parse_node_body(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Spanned<'f, TokInfo<'a>>],
    ) -> Res<'a, 'f, Vec<Spanned<'f, BodyItem<'a, 'f>>>> {
        self.parse_many(
            toks,
            &[TokInfo::Semicolon],
            |s, t| s.expect(t, TokInfo::Tel, "tel").is_ok(),
            |s, t| {
                let start = t[0].span.clone();
                if s.expect(t, TokInfo::Assert, "assert").is_ok() {
                    let (t, expr) = reportable!(s, parse_expr, &t[1..]);
                    Ok((
                        t,
                        vec![Spanned::fusion(
                            start,
                            t[0].span.clone(),
                            BodyItem::Assert(expr),
                        )],
                    ))
                } else {
                    let (t, left) = reportable!(s, parse_left_items, t);
                    s.expect(t, TokInfo::Equal, "expected =")?;
                    let (t, expr) = reportable!(s, parse_expr, &t[1..]);
                    Ok((
                        t,
                        vec![Spanned::fusion(
                            start,
                            t[0].span.clone(),
                            BodyItem::Equation(left, expr),
                        )],
                    ))
                }
            },
        )
    }

    fn parse_left_item(&mut self, toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>]) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, LeftItem<'a, 'f>> {
        if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::OpenPar, "(").is_ok() {
            let (toks, items) = self.parse_many(
                &toks[1..],
                &[TokInfo::Coma],
                |s, t| s.expect(t, TokInfo::ClosePar, ")").is_ok(),
                |s, t| {
                    let (toks, inner) = s.parse_left_item(t)?;
                    Ok((toks, vec![inner]))
                },
            )?;
            let spanned_item = Spanned::fusion(
                items[0].span.clone(),
                toks[0].span.clone(),
                items.into_iter().map(|i| i.item).collect(),
            );
            self.expect(toks, TokInfo::ClosePar, ")")?;
            return Ok((
                &toks[1..],
                Spanned {
                    span: spanned_item.span.clone(),
                    item: LeftItem::Tuple(spanned_item),
                },
            ));
        }

        let (mut toks, id) = self.parse_id(toks)?;
        let mut item = Spanned {
            span: id.span.clone(),
            item: LeftItem::Ident(id),
        };

        loop {
            if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::OpenBracket, "[").is_ok() {
                if let Ok((
                    t,
                    Spanned {
                        item: Expr::Binary(_, from, to),
                        ..
                    },
                )) = self.parse_range(&toks[1..])
                {
                    let (t, step) = if self.expect(t, TokInfo::Step, "step").is_ok() {
                        let (t, s) = self.parse_expr(&t[1..])?;
                        (t, Some(s))
                    } else {
                        (t, None)
                    };
                    self.expect(t, TokInfo::CloseBracket, "expected ]")?;
                    toks = &t[1..];
                    item = Spanned::fusion(
                        item.span.clone(),
                        toks[0].span.clone(),
                        LeftItem::ArraySlice(
                            Box::new(item),
                            from.map(|x| *x),
                            to.map(|x| *x),
                            step,
                        ),
                    );
                } else {
                    let (t, rhs) = self.parse_expr(&toks[1..])?;
                    self.expect(t, TokInfo::CloseBracket, "expected ]")?;

                    toks = &t[1..];
                    item = Spanned::fusion(
                        item.span.clone(),
                        rhs.span.clone(),
                        LeftItem::ArrayIndex(Box::new(item), rhs),
                    );
                }
            } else if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Dot, ".").is_ok() {
                let (t, id) = self.parse_id(&toks[1..])?;
                toks = t;
                item = Spanned::fusion(
                    item.span.clone(),
                    id.span.clone(),
                    LeftItem::Field(Box::new(item), id),
                );
            } else {
                break;
            }
        }

        Ok((toks, item))
    }

    fn parse_left_items(
        &mut self,
        t: &'a [Spanned<'f, TokInfo<'a>>],
    ) -> Res<'a, 'f, Vec<Spanned<'f, LeftItem<'a, 'f>>>> {
        self.parse_many(
            t,
            &[TokInfo::Coma],
            |s, t| {
                s.expect(t, TokInfo::Equal, "=").is_ok() || s.expect(t, TokInfo::Tel, "tel").is_ok()
            },
            |s, t| {
                let (t, item) = s.parse_left_item(t)?;
                Ok((t, vec![item]))
            },
        )
    }

    fn parse_uses(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
    ) -> Res<'a, 'f, Vec<Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>>> {
        if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Uses, "uses").is_ok() {
            let (toks, res) = self.parse_many(
                &toks[1..],
                &[TokInfo::Coma],
                |s, t| s.expect(t, TokInfo::Semicolon, "").is_ok(),
                |s, t| {
                    let (toks, id) = s.parse_id(t)?;
                    Ok((toks, vec![id]))
                },
            )?;
            self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Semicolon, "expected ;")?;
            Ok((&toks[1..], res))
        } else {
            Ok((toks, Vec::new()))
        }
    }

    fn parse_provides(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
    ) -> Res<'a, 'f, Vec<Spanned<'f, AbstractDecl<'a, 'f>>>> {
        if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Provides, "provides").is_ok() {
            self.parse_many(
                &toks[1..],
                &[TokInfo::Semicolon],
                |s, t| {
                    s.expect(t, TokInfo::Provides, "").is_ok()
                        || s.expect(t, TokInfo::Needs, "").is_ok()
                        || s.expect(t, TokInfo::Body, "").is_ok()
                },
                |s, t| {
                    let (toks, res) = s
                        .parse_abstract_const(t)
                        .or_else(|e| choose_err(e, s.parse_abstract_node(t)))
                        .or_else(|e| choose_err(e, s.parse_abstract_type(t)))?;
                    Ok((toks, vec![res]))
                },
            )
        } else {
            Ok((toks, Vec::new()))
        }
    }

    fn parse_abstract_const(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
    ) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, AbstractDecl<'a, 'f>> {
        let start = &self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Const, "expected const")?.span;
        let (toks, name) = self.parse_id(&toks[1..])?;
        self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Colon, "exepected :")?;
        let (toks, ty) = self.parse_ty_expr(&toks[1..])?;
        let (toks, def) = if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Equal, "=").is_ok() {
            let (toks, def) = self.parse_expr(&toks[1..])?;
            (toks, Some(def))
        } else {
            (toks, None)
        };

        Ok((
            toks,
            Spanned::fusion(
                start.clone(),
                toks[0].span.clone(),
                AbstractDecl::Const { name, ty, def },
            ),
        ))
    }

    fn parse_abstract_node(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
    ) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, AbstractDecl<'a, 'f>> {
        let start = toks[0].span.clone();
        let is_unsafe = self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Unsafe, "unsafe").is_ok();
        let toks = if is_unsafe { &toks[1..] } else { toks };
        let is_node = self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Node, "node").is_ok();
        if !is_node {
            self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Function, "expected node or function")?;
        }
        let (toks, name) = self.parse_id(&toks[1..])?;
        let (toks, static_params) = if self.expect(toks, TokInfo::OpenStaticPar, "<<").is_ok() {
            let (toks, params) = self.parse_static_param_decl(&toks[1..])?;
            self.expect(toks, TokInfo::CloseStaticPar, "expected >>")?;
            (&toks[1..], params)
        } else {
            (toks, Vec::new())
        };
        self.expect(toks, TokInfo::OpenPar, "expected (")?;
        let (toks, params) = self.parse_var_decl(&toks[1..], true)?;
        self.expect(toks, TokInfo::ClosePar, "expected )")?;
        self.expect(&toks[1..], TokInfo::Returns, "expected returns")?;
        self.expect(&toks[2..], TokInfo::OpenPar, "expected (")?;
        let (toks, outputs) = self.parse_var_decl(&toks[3..], true)?;
        self.expect(toks, TokInfo::ClosePar, "expected )")?;
        Ok((
            &toks[1..],
            Spanned::fusion(
                start,
                toks[0].span.clone(),
                AbstractDecl::Node {
                    is_unsafe,
                    is_function: !is_node,
                    name,
                    static_params,
                    params,
                    outputs,
                },
            ),
        ))
    }

    fn parse_abstract_type(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
    ) -> SpannedRes<'a, 'f, AbstractDecl<'a, 'f>> {
        let start = &self.expect(toks, TokInfo::Type, "expected type")?.span;
        let (toks, (name, ty)) = match self.parse_one_type_decl(&toks[1..])? {
            (
                t,
                Spanned {
                    item: Decl::Ty { name, value },
                    ..
                },
            ) => (t, (name, value)),
            _ => unreachable!(),
        };
        Ok((
            toks,
            Spanned::fusion(
                start.clone(),
                toks[0].span.clone(),
                AbstractDecl::Ty { name, value: ty },
            ),
        ))
    }

    fn parse_by_name_static_args(
        &mut self,
        toks: &'a [Tok<'a, 'f>],
    ) -> Res<'a, 'f, Vec<(Spanned<'f, Ident<'a, 'f>>, StaticArg<'a, 'f>)>> {
        self.parse_many(
            toks,
            &[TokInfo::Semicolon, TokInfo::Coma],
            |s, t| s.expect(t, TokInfo::ClosePar, ")").is_ok(),
            |s, t| {
                // TODO: handle explicit nature
                let (toks, name) = s.parse_id(t)?;
                s.expect(toks, TokInfo::Equal, "expected =")?;
                // for the moment we can use parse_static_arg bc it doesn't handle
                // explicit nature either
                let (toks, arg) = s.parse_static_arg(&toks[1..])?;
                Ok((toks, vec![(name, arg)]))
            },
        )
    }
}

fn choose_err<'a, 'f, T>(
    err: Error<'a, 'f>,
    res: Result<T, Error<'a, 'f>>,
) -> Result<T, Error<'a, 'f>> {
    match (err, res) {
        (_, Ok(x)) => Ok(x),
        (Error::UnexpectedToken(toks1, msg1), Err(Error::UnexpectedToken(toks2, msg2))) => {
            if toks1.len() <= toks2.len() {
                Err(Error::UnexpectedToken(toks1, msg1))
            } else {
                Err(Error::UnexpectedToken(toks2, msg2))
            }
        }
        (e @ Error::UnexpectedToken(_, _), _) | (_, Err(e @ Error::UnexpectedToken(_, _))) => {
            Err(e)
        }
        (e, _) => Err(e),
    }
}