rustrade_execution/client/binance/

spot.rs

// BinanceSpot ExecutionClient implementation
//
// Uses the official binance-sdk crate for Binance Spot REST + WebSocket API.
// Gated behind the "binance" feature flag.
//
// Architecture:
// - REST API (SpotRestApi) for: account_snapshot, fetch_balances, fetch_open_orders,
//   fetch_trades, open_order, cancel_order
// - WebSocket API (SpotWsApi) for: account_stream (user data stream via
//   userDataStream.subscribe.signature)
//
// Resilience features:
// - Event deduplication: LRU cache keyed on (trade_id/order_id, exec_type) prevents
//   duplicate processing after reconnect + fill recovery
// - Rate limit handling: detects HTTP 429/418 and Binance -1003/-1015, reads the wait
//   Binance sends with them (REST Retry-After, WS-API retryAfter) into
//   ApiError::RateLimit's retry_after, and holds every REST call, order and cancel back
//   for that wait (the account stream's own connects do not check it). Short waits are
//   slept through and REST retried with exponential backoff; a request facing a longer
//   one, such as a 418 ban, fails at once with the time left. Separately, pauses REST
//   queries until the next minute once responses report >= 90% of the request-weight
//   limit used
// - Reconnection: account_stream auto-reconnects on WS disconnect/error with
//   exponential backoff (1s → 30s, max 10 attempts)
// - Heartbeat monitoring: tracks WS activity via AtomicBool flag; forces reconnect
//   if no activity (messages, ping, pong) for 30 seconds
// - Fill recovery: on reconnect, fetches missed trades via REST since disconnect
//   timestamp, sends through dedup cache to avoid duplicates
//
// Known limitations:
// - balanceUpdate events (deposits/withdrawals) are silently ignored. The crypto
//   repo wrapper should call fetch_balances or account_snapshot periodically to
//   reconcile balances after external transfers.
// - A TRADE report whose order status (X) is neither PARTIALLY_FILLED nor FILLED emits
//   the execution but no order snapshot, so a fill arriving after its order's terminal
//   report cannot resurrect a retired order as a resting one. That order's filled
//   quantity is settled instead by the terminal report's own z, or by fetch_open_orders.

use super::commission::{CommissionRates, fetch_commission_rates};
use super::restatement::{
    BalanceRestatement, SharedStreamClock, StreamClock, restate, restatement_time,
};
use super::rules::RulesLoader;
use super::server_time::{ServerTime, SigningClock, default_server_time_sync, read_server_time};
use super::shared::{
    AbortOnDropStream, BINANCE_MAX_TRADES, BinanceOrderType, BinanceTimeInForce,
    CONNECT_TIMEOUT_SECS, Disconnect, DisconnectOnDrop, ExecutionReport,
    FILL_RECOVERY_TIMEOUT_SECS, HEARTBEAT_TIMEOUT_SECS, HandshakeRefusal, MyTradesFrom,
    ORDER_EXECUTIONS_BUDGET, OpenOrderListing, PlacementResponse, RateLimitTracker, RequestKind,
    SharedDedupCache, UnhandledEvents, UnrecoveredFills, UnsubscribeOnDrop, UserDataFrame,
    WeightPool, account_position_time, answer_time, binance_filled_qty, classify_order_kind_tif,
    classify_rest_query_error, classify_ws_order_error, convert_ended_order,
    convert_execution_report, convert_open_order_listing, convert_open_order_owned_symbol,
    dedup_key_from_event, disconnect_error, disconnect_lookback, drop_after, frame_excerpt,
    gap_failed, gap_time, is_duplicate, is_unknown_order, log_unhandled_event,
    log_unrecognised_frame, new_dedup_cache, parse_user_data_frame, placed_order_state,
    recovered_order_cids, recovered_order_totals, response_decode_error, rest_call_with_retry,
    rest_read_with_retry, retry_or_end, trailing_params, unix_ms, unreadable_answer,
};
use crate::client::venue_clock::HostMoment;
use crate::rules::{OrderRules, PreSendRules};
use crate::{
    AccountEventKind, AccountSnapshot, FillRecoveryFailure, InstrumentAccountSnapshot,
    UnindexedAccountEvent, UnindexedAccountSnapshot,
    balance::{AssetBalance, AssetBalanceUpdate, Balance, BalanceUpdate},
    client::{
        ExecutionClient, OrderStatusClient,
        order_recovery::{
            KnownLiveOrders, OpenListing, OrderLookup, SharedKnownLiveOrders, UncheckedOrders,
            fetch_ended_by_key, recover_ended_orders,
        },
        reconnect_budget::{BackoffLimits, ReconnectBudget},
    },
    emit_stream_terminated,
    error::{
        ApiError, ConnectivityError, NotPlacedReason, OrderError, UnindexedClientError,
        UnindexedOrderError,
    },
    margin::MarginEffect,
    order::{
        Order, OrderKey, OrderKind, TimeInForce, UnindexedInactiveOrder, UnindexedOrderKey,
        id::{ClientOrderId, OrderId, StrategyId, VenueOrderId},
        request::{OrderRequestCancel, OrderRequestOpen, UnindexedOrderResponseCancel},
        state::{Cancelled, Open, OrderState, UnindexedOrderState},
    },
    parse_env_bool,
    position::PositionReport,
    trade::{AssetFees, TimeSource, Trade, TradeId, TradesRead},
};
use binance_sdk::{
    common::{
        config::{ConfigurationRestApi, ConfigurationWebsocketApi},
        models::WebsocketEvent,
    },
    spot::{
        SpotRestApi, SpotWsApi,
        rest_api::{
            GetAccountParams, GetOpenOrdersParams, GetOrderParams, MyTradesParams, RestApi,
        },
        websocket_api::{
            OrderCancelParams, OrderPlaceParams, OrderPlaceSideEnum, OrderPlaceTimeInForceEnum,
            OrderPlaceTypeEnum, UserDataStreamSubscribeSignatureParams, WebsocketApi,
            WebsocketApiHandle,
        },
    },
};
use chrono::{DateTime, TimeDelta, TimeZone, Utc};
use fnv::FnvHashSet;
use futures::stream::BoxStream;
use rust_decimal::Decimal;
use rustrade_instrument::{
    Side,
    asset::name::AssetNameExchange,
    exchange::ExchangeId,
    instrument::{kind::InstrumentKindDiscriminant, name::InstrumentNameExchange},
};
use serde::Deserialize;
use smol_str::format_smolstr;
use std::{
    collections::HashMap,
    str::FromStr,
    sync::{
        Arc,
        atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU64, AtomicUsize, Ordering},
    },
    time::Duration,
};
use tokio::sync::{RwLock, mpsc, oneshot};
use tracing::{debug, error, info, trace, warn};

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Configuration
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Configuration for the BinanceSpot execution client.
// Serialize intentionally omitted — would expose secret_key in plaintext
#[derive(Clone, Deserialize)]
pub struct BinanceSpotConfig {
    // not pub — prevents accidental credential exposure via struct access.
    // Use BinanceSpotConfig::new() to construct, or deserialize from config file.
    api_key: String,
    secret_key: String,

    /// Use testnet endpoints instead of production.
    #[serde(default = "default_testnet")]
    pub testnet: bool,

    /// Whether an order is checked against its symbol's tick, lot and notional rules before it
    /// is sent. Defaults to [`PreSendRules::Enforce`]. See
    /// [`BinanceSpot::open_order`](crate::client::ExecutionClient::open_order).
    #[serde(default)]
    pub pre_send_rules: PreSendRules,

    /// Whether signed requests are stamped with Binance's clock, read from its server time,
    /// rather than this host's. Defaults to `true`. See
    /// [`BinanceSpot::host_clock_lead`](crate::client::binance::BinanceSpot::host_clock_lead).
    #[serde(default = "crate::client::binance::server_time::default_server_time_sync")]
    pub server_time_sync: bool,
}

/// Serde default for [`BinanceSpotConfig::testnet`]: an absent `testnet` field deserializes to the
/// **safe** testnet environment (`true`).
///
/// `#[serde(default = "…")]` requires a named function (it cannot take a literal), so this exists
/// purely to supply that default to the derive.
fn default_testnet() -> bool {
    true
}

// custom Debug to avoid leaking credentials in logs
impl std::fmt::Debug for BinanceSpotConfig {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("BinanceSpotConfig")
            .field("api_key", &"***")
            .field("secret_key", &"***")
            .field("testnet", &self.testnet)
            .field("pre_send_rules", &self.pre_send_rules)
            .field("server_time_sync", &self.server_time_sync)
            .finish()
    }
}

impl BinanceSpotConfig {
    /// Create a new config using the **safe** testnet endpoints (alias for
    /// [`testnet`](Self::testnet)).
    pub fn new(api_key: String, secret_key: String) -> Self {
        Self::testnet(api_key, secret_key)
    }

    /// Create a config targeting Binance Spot's **testnet** endpoints (simulated funds).
    pub fn testnet(api_key: String, secret_key: String) -> Self {
        Self {
            api_key,
            secret_key,
            testnet: true,
            pre_send_rules: PreSendRules::default(),
            server_time_sync: default_server_time_sync(),
        }
    }

    /// Set whether an order is checked against its symbol's rules before it is sent.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_pre_send_rules(mut self, pre_send_rules: PreSendRules) -> Self {
        self.pre_send_rules = pre_send_rules;
        self
    }

    /// Set whether signed requests are stamped with Binance's clock, read from its server time
    /// ([`server_time_sync`](Self::server_time_sync)).
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_server_time_sync(mut self, server_time_sync: bool) -> Self {
        self.server_time_sync = server_time_sync;
        self
    }

    /// Create a config targeting Binance Spot's **production** endpoints.
    ///
    /// ⚠️ Production trades execute against the live account with **real funds**. Prefer
    /// [`testnet`](Self::testnet) unless you explicitly intend live execution.
    pub fn production(api_key: String, secret_key: String) -> Self {
        Self {
            api_key,
            secret_key,
            testnet: false,
            pre_send_rules: PreSendRules::default(),
            server_time_sync: default_server_time_sync(),
        }
    }

    /// Build a config from environment variables.
    ///
    /// Reads:
    /// - `BINANCE_API_KEY` (required) — API key.
    /// - `BINANCE_SECRET_KEY` (required) — API secret.
    /// - `BINANCE_TESTNET` (optional) — `"true"`/`"false"` (case-insensitive). **Absent ⇒ the safe
    ///   testnet environment.** Set `BINANCE_TESTNET=false` to target production (real funds).
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns [`BinanceSpotConfigError`] (never panics):
    /// - a required credential var is unset
    ///   ([`MissingApiKey`](BinanceSpotConfigError::MissingApiKey) /
    ///   [`MissingSecretKey`](BinanceSpotConfigError::MissingSecretKey)) or holds non-UTF-8
    ///   ([`InvalidApiKey`](BinanceSpotConfigError::InvalidApiKey) /
    ///   [`InvalidSecretKey`](BinanceSpotConfigError::InvalidSecretKey));
    /// - `BINANCE_TESTNET` is neither `true` nor `false`, or holds non-UTF-8
    ///   ([`InvalidTestnet`](BinanceSpotConfigError::InvalidTestnet)).
    pub fn from_env() -> Result<Self, BinanceSpotConfigError> {
        let api_key = match std::env::var("BINANCE_API_KEY") {
            Ok(value) => value,
            Err(std::env::VarError::NotPresent) => {
                return Err(BinanceSpotConfigError::MissingApiKey);
            }
            Err(std::env::VarError::NotUnicode(_)) => {
                return Err(BinanceSpotConfigError::InvalidApiKey);
            }
        };
        let secret_key = match std::env::var("BINANCE_SECRET_KEY") {
            Ok(value) => value,
            Err(std::env::VarError::NotPresent) => {
                return Err(BinanceSpotConfigError::MissingSecretKey);
            }
            Err(std::env::VarError::NotUnicode(_)) => {
                return Err(BinanceSpotConfigError::InvalidSecretKey);
            }
        };
        let testnet = match std::env::var("BINANCE_TESTNET") {
            Ok(value) => {
                parse_env_bool(&value).ok_or(BinanceSpotConfigError::InvalidTestnet(value))?
            }
            Err(std::env::VarError::NotPresent) => true,
            // The toggle value is not secret, so echo it (lossily) like the parse-failure arm above —
            // an actionable "got X" beats a hardcoded sentinel.
            Err(std::env::VarError::NotUnicode(value)) => {
                return Err(BinanceSpotConfigError::InvalidTestnet(
                    value.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
                ));
            }
        };

        if testnet {
            Ok(Self::testnet(api_key, secret_key))
        } else {
            Ok(Self::production(api_key, secret_key))
        }
    }

    /// Read-only access to the API key (e.g. for logging or header construction).
    pub fn api_key(&self) -> &str {
        &self.api_key
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, thiserror::Error)]
pub enum BinanceSpotConfigError {
    #[error("BINANCE_API_KEY environment variable not set")]
    MissingApiKey,

    // No payload: the raw value is secret-key material, so it must never be echoed into an error
    // message or log. The variant name already identifies which credential var is non-UTF-8.
    #[error("BINANCE_API_KEY environment variable is not valid UTF-8")]
    InvalidApiKey,

    #[error("BINANCE_SECRET_KEY environment variable not set")]
    MissingSecretKey,

    #[error("BINANCE_SECRET_KEY environment variable is not valid UTF-8")]
    InvalidSecretKey,

    #[error("BINANCE_TESTNET must be true or false, got {0}")]
    InvalidTestnet(String),
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// BinanceSpot client
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Why [`BinanceSpot::get_ws_api`] has no WS-API session to hand out. Either way, nothing was
/// sent.
#[derive(Debug)]
enum WsApiUnavailable {
    /// A rate-limit cooldown is active, or Binance refused the handshake with 429 or 418. Carries
    /// the wait the caller is told, when one is known.
    RateLimited {
        msg: String,
        retry_after: Option<Duration>,
    },
    /// Any other connect failure.
    Connect(String),
}

impl WsApiUnavailable {
    /// The error an order or cancel that could not be sent fails with. A rate limit is a
    /// rejection, which tells the caller the request was not sent and to back off.
    fn into_order_error(self) -> UnindexedOrderError {
        match self {
            Self::RateLimited { msg, retry_after } => {
                // debug! not warn!: during a ban every order and cancel lands here, and the
                // refusal that started the cooldown already warned (`on_rate_limited`).
                debug!(%msg, "BinanceSpot WS-API rate-limited, request not sent");
                UnindexedOrderError::Rejected(ApiError::rate_limited(retry_after))
            }
            Self::Connect(msg) => UnindexedOrderError::Connectivity(ConnectivityError::Socket(msg)),
        }
    }

    /// The error an open that could not be sent fails with: as
    /// [`into_order_error`](Self::into_order_error), but a connect failure says the order was not
    /// placed, since no session existed to send it on.
    fn into_open_error(self) -> UnindexedOrderError {
        match self {
            Self::Connect(msg) => UnindexedOrderError::NotPlaced(NotPlacedReason::NotSent(
                ConnectivityError::Socket(msg),
            )),
            rate_limited @ Self::RateLimited { .. } => rate_limited.into_order_error(),
        }
    }
}

/// BinanceSpot execution client using the official binance-sdk.
///
/// - REST API: account snapshot, balance/order/trade queries (startup/cold paths)
/// - WebSocket API: order placement, order cancellation, user data stream (hot paths)
///
/// # Rate limits
/// REST and the WebSocket API share one per-IP request-weight limit per minute. Its value comes
/// from each WebSocket API response, and is Binance's documented 6000 until the first one. Once
/// a response reports at least 90% of it used, REST queries wait for the next minute, so the
/// rest is left for orders and cancels, which never wait for it. A query, including a
/// [`fetch_open_orders`](Self::fetch_open_orders) after a reconnect, can therefore take up to
/// about a minute longer. A reconnect's fill recovery does not wait for it either, since a pause
/// could outlast the recovery's 30 s and delay its fills to a retry.
///
/// After Binance answers with a rate-limit error, every REST call, order and cancel waits out a
/// cooldown as long as Binance asked (REST's `Retry-After`, the WebSocket API's
/// `retryAfter`), or 10 s when it named no wait. A request facing more than 10 s of it is not
/// sent: it fails at once with [`ApiError::RateLimit`] carrying the time left, rather than hanging
/// through a ban that can last days. A REST 418 (an IP ban) is never retried in place. The
/// WebSocket API names the end of a ban as a time on Binance's clock, which the client measures
/// against the local clock, plus 1 s, so keep the host's clock synchronised.
///
/// The account stream follows the same rule. It does not open, or reconnect, during a cooldown:
/// it waits out one of 10 s or less, without spending a reconnect attempt, and a longer one fails
/// the open with [`ApiError::RateLimit`], unsent, or ends a running stream with
/// [`StreamTerminationReason::RateLimited`](crate::error::StreamTerminationReason::RateLimited),
/// carrying the time left. A handshake or user-data subscribe Binance refuses for a rate limit
/// starts a cooldown, as an order's refusal does. A refused handshake names no wait, so a 429 starts
/// the 10 s default, and handshakes refused that way spend the
/// [reconnect budget](super#account-stream-reconnection) as any failure does; a 418, an IP ban,
/// starts Binance's shortest ban, 2 minutes, and so ends the stream.
///
/// # Order and cancel times
/// The time of a placed or cancelled order is the `transactTime` of Binance's answer. An answer
/// without a readable one is still read, at the local time, and logged with a `warn!`.
///
/// # Fills of other clients' orders
/// The account stream, fill recovery and `fetch_trades` report every fill on the account, whoever
/// placed the order, and Binance does not say who did. A consumer that also trades the account
/// outside the engine filters those fills itself, for example by
/// [`Trade::client_order_id`](crate::trade::Trade::client_order_id). See the
/// [module docs](super#every-fill-on-the-account-is-delivered).
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct BinanceSpot {
    config: Arc<BinanceSpotConfig>,
    rest: Arc<RestApi>,
    // Factory handle (cheap Clone) used to create WS connections.
    ws_handle: WebsocketApiHandle,
    // shared WS session for order operations (order.place, order.cancel).
    // Distinct from the account_stream WS session created in connection_manager.
    // Lazily connected on the first open_order / cancel_order call; cleared on
    // connectivity errors so the next call reconnects. All clones share the same
    // session via Arc<RwLock<...>>; the guard closes it when the last clone drops.
    ws_api: Arc<RwLock<Option<DisconnectOnDrop<WebsocketApi>>>>,
    // shared rate-limit tracker across all REST calls
    rate_limiter: Arc<RateLimitTracker>,
    // The orders seen live and not yet seen end, which a reconnect asks about. Shared by every
    // clone and every account stream, since an order placed through one ends on any of them.
    known_live: SharedKnownLiveOrders,
    // The symbols' tick, lot and notional rules, loaded on each symbol's first order. Shared by
    // every clone.
    rules: Arc<RulesLoader>,
}

impl std::fmt::Debug for BinanceSpot {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("BinanceSpot")
            .field("testnet", &self.config.testnet)
            .finish_non_exhaustive()
    }
}

impl BinanceSpot {
    /// Load the order rules of `instruments` from Binance now, and hold them for
    /// [`open_order`](ExecutionClient::open_order) to check against.
    ///
    /// Rules otherwise load on each symbol's first order, which adds a request to that order.
    /// Calling this ahead takes it off the first order, and shows a bad symbol or a failed load
    /// here, not as an unchecked order. Binance refuses the whole request if one symbol is not
    /// listed. Holds nothing back when [`BinanceSpotConfig::pre_send_rules`] is
    /// [`PreSendRules::Off`]: the rules are returned but not used.
    pub async fn load_rules(
        &self,
        instruments: &[InstrumentNameExchange],
    ) -> Result<HashMap<InstrumentNameExchange, OrderRules>, UnindexedClientError> {
        self.rules.load(instruments).await
    }

    /// The account's commission rates on `instrument`: `GET /api/v3/account/commission`, at 20
    /// of Binance's per-IP request weight. [`CommissionRates`] says how Binance combines them.
    ///
    /// Spot Testnet reports every rate as zero, and no discount asset, unless the account has
    /// chosen to be charged commissions there.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// - [`ApiError::InstrumentInvalid`] for a symbol Binance does not list.
    /// - [`UnindexedClientError::Internal`] for an answer missing a rate, with a rate that does
    ///   not read as a decimal, or for another symbol.
    pub async fn fetch_commission_rates(
        &self,
        instrument: &InstrumentNameExchange,
    ) -> Result<CommissionRates, UnindexedClientError> {
        fetch_commission_rates(&self.rest, &self.rate_limiter, instrument).await
    }

    /// The most this host's clock leads Binance's, from the client's reads of Binance's server
    /// time; negative when it trails. `None` when
    /// [`server_time_sync`](BinanceSpotConfig::server_time_sync) is off, or before a read has
    /// succeeded.
    ///
    /// An upper bound: the true lead, plus the time the kept read's answer took to arrive and the
    /// drift allowed for since. A read logs at `warn` when it finds the clocks 1 s or more apart.
    pub fn host_clock_lead(&self) -> Option<TimeDelta> {
        self.rate_limiter.host_clock_lead()
    }

    /// Hold each of `orders` as live, for a reconnect to ask about if the stream misses its end.
    fn remember_live<'a>(
        &self,
        orders: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a Order<ExchangeId, InstrumentNameExchange, Open>>,
    ) {
        let mut known = self.known_live.lock();
        for order in orders {
            known.live(&order.key, order.quantity, order.kind, &order.state);
        }
    }

    /// # Panics
    /// Panics if the binance-sdk configuration builder fails (invalid credentials format).
    #[allow(clippy::expect_used)] // Documented panic: invalid credentials detected at startup
    fn build_rest(config: &BinanceSpotConfig, signing: Option<&SigningClock>) -> Arc<RestApi> {
        let mut builder = ConfigurationRestApi::builder()
            .api_key(config.api_key.clone())
            .api_secret(config.secret_key.clone());
        if let Some(signing) = signing {
            builder = builder.timestamp_provider(signing.provider());
        }
        let rest_config = builder
            .build()
            .expect("failed to build Binance REST configuration");

        Arc::new(if config.testnet {
            SpotRestApi::testnet(rest_config)
        } else {
            SpotRestApi::production(rest_config)
        })
    }

    /// # Panics
    /// Panics if the binance-sdk configuration builder fails (invalid credentials format).
    #[allow(clippy::expect_used)] // Documented panic: invalid credentials detected at startup
    fn build_ws_handle(
        config: &BinanceSpotConfig,
        signing: Option<&SigningClock>,
    ) -> WebsocketApiHandle {
        let mut builder = ConfigurationWebsocketApi::builder()
            .api_key(config.api_key.clone())
            .api_secret(config.secret_key.clone());
        if let Some(signing) = signing {
            builder = builder.timestamp_provider(signing.provider());
        }
        let ws_config = builder
            .build()
            .expect("failed to build Binance WebSocket configuration");

        if config.testnet {
            SpotWsApi::testnet(ws_config)
        } else {
            SpotWsApi::production(ws_config)
        }
    }

    /// Returns the shared WebSocket session, connecting on the first call.
    /// If the previous session was cleared (due to a connectivity error),
    /// establishes a new connection.
    ///
    /// Every order and cancel comes through here, so it first waits out a rate-limit cooldown,
    /// as REST requests do: Binance counts the WS API against the same limits, and a request
    /// sent during a ban lengthens it. A cooldown with more than `MAX_COOLDOWN_SLEEP` left fails
    /// at once with the time left. Nor does it connect during a cooldown that another request
    /// started meanwhile: a handshake then counts against the limit that set it. A handshake
    /// Binance refuses with 429 or 418 starts a cooldown, so REST calls back off too.
    async fn get_ws_api(&self) -> Result<WebsocketApi, WsApiUnavailable> {
        if let Err(cooldown) = self.rate_limiter.wait_if_blocked(RequestKind::Order).await {
            return Err(WsApiUnavailable::RateLimited {
                msg: cooldown.to_string(),
                retry_after: Some(cooldown.remaining),
            });
        }
        // Fast path: read lock to check if already connected
        {
            let guard = self.ws_api.read().await;
            if let Some(ref ws) = *guard {
                return Ok(WebsocketApi::clone(ws));
            }
        }
        // Slow path: write lock to connect.
        // The write lock is held across connect().await (TCP+TLS handshake). Concurrent
        // open_order / cancel_order callers that also reach get_ws_api will block for the
        // connection duration. The timeout below bounds the worst case to CONNECT_TIMEOUT_SECS
        // instead of the OS TCP timeout (75–127 s); on timeout, the write lock is released
        // immediately and callers receive an error.
        let mut guard = self.ws_api.write().await;
        // Double-check after acquiring write lock (another task may have connected)
        if let Some(ref ws) = *guard {
            return Ok(WebsocketApi::clone(ws));
        }
        if let Some(remaining) = self.rate_limiter.cooldown_remaining() {
            return Err(WsApiUnavailable::RateLimited {
                msg: "rate-limit cooldown active, not connecting the WS-API session".into(),
                retry_after: Some(remaining),
            });
        }
        let ws = match tokio::time::timeout(
            Duration::from_secs(CONNECT_TIMEOUT_SECS),
            self.ws_handle.connect(),
        )
        .await
        {
            Ok(Ok(ws)) => ws,
            Ok(Err(e)) => {
                let Some(refusal) = HandshakeRefusal::of(&e) else {
                    return Err(WsApiUnavailable::Connect(format!("{e:#}")));
                };
                // The SDK reports a refused handshake as text, without its `Retry-After`.
                warn!(error = %format!("{e:#}"), "Binance refused the WS-API handshake");
                let retry_after = refusal.retry_after();
                self.rate_limiter.on_rate_limited(retry_after);
                return Err(WsApiUnavailable::RateLimited {
                    msg: format!("{e:#}"),
                    retry_after,
                });
            }
            Err(_) => {
                return Err(WsApiUnavailable::Connect(format!(
                    "BinanceSpot WS connect timed out after {CONNECT_TIMEOUT_SECS}s"
                )));
            }
        };
        *guard = Some(DisconnectOnDrop::new(
            ws.clone(),
            "BinanceSpot order session",
        ));
        Ok(ws)
    }

    /// Clear the cached WS session after a connectivity error, so the next
    /// `get_ws_api()` call establishes a fresh connection.
    async fn clear_ws_api(&self) {
        // release the write lock before awaiting disconnect. Taking `ws` under
        // the lock then dropping the lock means `get_ws_api()` can establish a new
        // session concurrently while the old TCP connection is being torn down (two-
        // connection window). This is safe: each `WebsocketApi` holds fully independent
        // connection state (separate auth sessions, separate TCP sockets). No duplicate
        // events are received on both connections because the user data stream
        // subscription lives only on the connection_manager WS session, not on the
        // ws_api order session managed here.
        // Awaiting inline (rather than spawning) bounds task accumulation under rapid retries
        // during a network partition: a disconnect that outlasts the 5 s wait continues in a
        // task the guard spawns, which binance-sdk bounds to 30 s.
        let ws = {
            let mut guard = self.ws_api.write().await;
            guard.take()
        };
        if let Some(ws) = ws {
            // On timeout the dropped guard spawns the disconnect again, in the background.
            match tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), ws.disconnect()).await {
                Ok(Err(e)) => warn!(%e, "BinanceSpot failed to disconnect stale WS session"),
                Err(_) => warn!("BinanceSpot WS disconnect timed out (5s)"),
                Ok(Ok(())) => {}
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Fetch open orders for a single instrument with rate-limit retry.
///
/// Returns `(instrument, orders)` so callers can associate results with their symbol.
/// Used by both `account_snapshot` (wraps in `OrderState::active()`) and
/// `fetch_open_orders` (returns `Open` directly), eliminating the duplicated
/// ~40-line REST + concurrency pattern.
async fn fetch_open_orders_for_instrument(
    rest: Arc<RestApi>,
    rate_limiter: Arc<RateLimitTracker>,
    instrument: InstrumentNameExchange,
    kind: RequestKind,
) -> Result<(InstrumentNameExchange, OpenOrderListing), UnindexedClientError> {
    // Convert once before the retry closure to avoid a String allocation on every retry.
    let symbol_str = instrument.name().to_string();
    let response = rest_call_with_retry(&rest, &rate_limiter, kind, |rest| {
        let sym = symbol_str.clone();
        Box::pin(async move {
            let params = GetOpenOrdersParams::builder().symbol(sym).build()?;
            rest.get_open_orders(params).await
        })
    })
    .await
    .map_err(|e| classify_rest_query_error(&e, Some(&instrument)))?;

    let orders_data = response.data().await.map_err(response_decode_error)?;

    // Spot rows report every order's trailingDelta, so none is left unresolved.
    let listing =
        convert_open_order_listing(&orders_data, ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, &instrument, &|_| {
            None
        });

    Ok((instrument, listing))
}

/// Fetch *all* open orders in a single no-symbol `GET /api/v3/openOrders` call. Backs the
/// [`fetch_open_orders`](BinanceSpot::fetch_open_orders) "return all" sentinel: with no symbol the
/// venue returns orders across every instrument, so each order's instrument is recovered from its
/// own `symbol` field (orders missing it are dropped).
async fn fetch_all_open_orders(
    rest: Arc<RestApi>,
    rate_limiter: Arc<RateLimitTracker>,
) -> Result<Vec<Order<ExchangeId, InstrumentNameExchange, Open>>, UnindexedClientError> {
    let response = rest_call_with_retry(&rest, &rate_limiter, RequestKind::Query, |rest| {
        Box::pin(async move {
            let params = GetOpenOrdersParams::builder().build()?;
            rest.get_open_orders(params).await
        })
    })
    .await
    .map_err(|e| classify_rest_query_error(&e, None))?;

    let orders_data = response.data().await.map_err(response_decode_error)?;

    let orders = orders_data
        .into_iter()
        // Spot rows report every order's trailingDelta, so none is left unresolved.
        .filter_map(|o| convert_open_order_owned_symbol(&o, ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, &|_| None))
        .collect();

    Ok(orders)
}

/// Look the order under `key` up with `GET /api/v3/order` by its client order id (weight 4).
async fn fetch_order_lookup(
    rest: Arc<RestApi>,
    rate_limiter: Arc<RateLimitTracker>,
    key: UnindexedOrderKey,
    kind: RequestKind,
) -> Result<OrderLookup, UnindexedClientError> {
    // Convert once before the retry closure to avoid a String allocation on every retry.
    let symbol = key.instrument.name().to_string();
    let cid = key.cid.0.to_string();
    let response = match rest_call_with_retry(&rest, &rate_limiter, kind, |rest| {
        let (symbol, cid) = (symbol.clone(), cid.clone());
        Box::pin(async move {
            let params = GetOrderParams::builder(symbol)
                .orig_client_order_id(cid)
                .build()?;
            rest.get_order(params).await
        })
    })
    .await
    {
        Ok(response) => response,
        Err(e) if is_unknown_order(&e) => {
            debug!(instrument = %key.instrument, cid = %key.cid, error = %e, "BinanceSpot does not know this order");
            return Ok(OrderLookup::Unknown);
        }
        Err(e) => return Err(classify_rest_query_error(&e, Some(&key.instrument))),
    };

    let row = response.data().await.map_err(response_decode_error)?;

    // Spot rows report trailingDelta, so every kind decodes without the one the client holds.
    Ok(
        convert_ended_order(&row, ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, &key, None)
            .map_or(OrderLookup::NotEnded, |order| {
                OrderLookup::Ended(Box::new(order))
            }),
    )
}

/// The client order id of the order `order_id` on `instrument`, read with `GET /api/v3/order`
/// (weight 4), for fill recovery: `myTrades` carries none. `None` if Binance reports none, or
/// does not know the order.
async fn fetch_order_cid(
    rest: &Arc<RestApi>,
    rate_limiter: &RateLimitTracker,
    instrument: &InstrumentNameExchange,
    order_id: i64,
) -> Result<Option<ClientOrderId>, UnindexedClientError> {
    let symbol = instrument.name().to_string();
    let response = match rest_call_with_retry(rest, rate_limiter, RequestKind::Essential, |rest| {
        let symbol = symbol.clone();
        Box::pin(async move {
            let params = GetOrderParams::builder(symbol).order_id(order_id).build()?;
            rest.get_order(params).await
        })
    })
    .await
    {
        Ok(response) => response,
        Err(e) if is_unknown_order(&e) => {
            debug!(%instrument, order_id, error = %e, "BinanceSpot does not know this order");
            return Ok(None);
        }
        Err(e) => return Err(classify_rest_query_error(&e, Some(instrument))),
    };
    let row = response.data().await.map_err(response_decode_error)?;
    Ok(row
        .client_order_id
        .filter(|cid| !cid.is_empty())
        .map(ClientOrderId::new))
}

/// The client order ids `GET /api/v3/openOrders` lists on `instruments` (weight 6 each, one at a
/// time), for a reconnect's check of the orders held as live.
async fn listed_open_cids(
    rest: Arc<RestApi>,
    rate_limiter: Arc<RateLimitTracker>,
    instruments: Vec<InstrumentNameExchange>,
) -> Result<FnvHashSet<ClientOrderId>, UnindexedClientError> {
    let mut listed = FnvHashSet::default();
    for instrument in instruments {
        let (_, listing) = fetch_open_orders_for_instrument(
            rest.clone(),
            rate_limiter.clone(),
            instrument,
            RequestKind::Essential,
        )
        .await?;
        listed.extend(listing.orders.into_iter().map(|order| order.key.cid));
    }
    Ok(listed)
}

/// [`recover_ended_orders`] on Binance Spot: listings by [`listed_open_cids`] and lookups by
/// [`fetch_order_lookup`], both [`RequestKind::Essential`], as fill recovery's reads are.
async fn recover_spot_ended_orders(
    rest: &Arc<RestApi>,
    rate_limiter: &Arc<RateLimitTracker>,
    known: &SharedKnownLiveOrders,
    unchecked: &mut UncheckedOrders,
    unrecovered: &UnrecoveredFills,
    tx: &mpsc::UnboundedSender<UnindexedAccountEvent>,
) {
    recover_ended_orders(
        ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
        known,
        unchecked,
        unrecovered,
        tx,
        OpenListing::PerInstrument,
        |instruments| listed_open_cids(rest.clone(), rate_limiter.clone(), instruments),
        |key| {
            fetch_order_lookup(
                rest.clone(),
                rate_limiter.clone(),
                key,
                RequestKind::Essential,
            )
        },
    )
    .await;
}

/// Paginate `GET /api/v3/myTrades` for a single instrument, from `from`.
///
/// Uses cursor-based pagination: the first page queries by `start_time`, or by `order_id` for a
/// single order's executions; subsequent pages use `from_id = last_id + 1` (Binance ignores
/// `start_time` when `from_id` is set), keeping `order_id` alongside it, a combination Binance
/// documents as supported. A [`MyTradesFrom::Span`] stops at the first page reaching past its end
/// and drops the executions after it. Trade IDs are monotonically increasing per symbol, so this produces a
/// gapless result.
///
/// Returns raw response items. Callers decide how to handle `Err` (propagate vs. log-skip).
async fn paginate_my_trades(
    rest: &Arc<RestApi>,
    rate_limiter: &Arc<RateLimitTracker>,
    instrument: &InstrumentNameExchange,
    from: MyTradesFrom,
    kind: RequestKind,
) -> Result<Vec<binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::MyTradesResponseInner>, UnindexedClientError> {
    // Convert once before the retry closure to avoid a String allocation on every retry.
    let symbol_str = instrument.name().to_string();
    // cursor-based pagination — first page uses start_time; subsequent pages use
    // from_id (Binance ignores start_time when from_id is set). Trade IDs are
    // monotonically increasing per symbol, so from_id = last_id + 1 continues exactly
    // where the previous page left off with no overlap or gap.
    let mut all_pages = Vec::new();
    let mut cursor: Option<i64> = None;
    loop {
        let fid = cursor; // Option<i64> is Copy
        let response = rest_call_with_retry(rest, rate_limiter, kind, |rest| {
            let sym = symbol_str.clone();
            Box::pin(async move {
                // const_assert! above guarantees BINANCE_MAX_TRADES fits in i32
                #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
                let builder = MyTradesParams::builder(sym).limit(BINANCE_MAX_TRADES as i32);
                let params = match (from, fid) {
                    (MyTradesFrom::Span { start, .. }, None) => builder.start_time(start),
                    (MyTradesFrom::Span { .. }, Some(id)) => builder.from_id(id),
                    (MyTradesFrom::Order(order_id), None) => builder.order_id(order_id),
                    (MyTradesFrom::Order(order_id), Some(id)) => {
                        builder.order_id(order_id).from_id(id)
                    }
                }
                .build()?;
                rest.my_trades(params).await
            })
        })
        .await
        .map_err(|e| classify_rest_query_error(&e, Some(instrument)))?;

        let mut page = response.data().await.map_err(response_decode_error)?;

        let page_len = page.len();
        let last_id = page.last().and_then(|t| t.id);
        // A span ends once a page reaches past it.
        let past_end = match from {
            MyTradesFrom::Span { end, .. } => drop_after(&mut page, end),
            MyTradesFrom::Order(_) => false,
        };
        all_pages.extend(page);

        if past_end || page_len < BINANCE_MAX_TRADES {
            break;
        }
        match last_id {
            Some(id) => {
                debug!(%instrument, "BinanceSpot paginate_my_trades: fetching next page ({page_len} results)");
                match id.checked_add(1) {
                    Some(next) => cursor = Some(next),
                    None => break, // saturated at i64::MAX; no further pages possible
                }
            }
            None => {
                warn!(%instrument, "BinanceSpot paginate_my_trades: trade missing ID, stopping pagination");
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    Ok(all_pages)
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// ExecutionClient implementation
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl ExecutionClient for BinanceSpot {
    const EXCHANGE: ExchangeId = ExchangeId::BinanceSpot;

    // Binance Spot trades spot pairs only; its derivatives live on separate USD-M/COIN-M venues
    // with their own APIs, which this client does not speak.
    const SUPPORTED_KINDS: &'static [InstrumentKindDiscriminant] =
        &[InstrumentKindDiscriminant::Spot];
    type Config = BinanceSpotConfig;
    type AccountStream = BoxStream<'static, UnindexedAccountEvent>;

    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// Panics if the binance-sdk REST or WebSocket configuration builder fails
    /// (e.g. empty or malformed API key/secret).
    fn new(config: Self::Config) -> Self {
        let signing = config.server_time_sync.then(SigningClock::default);
        let rest = Self::build_rest(&config, signing.as_ref());
        let ws_handle = Self::build_ws_handle(&config, signing.as_ref());
        // `GET /api/v3/time` is unsigned, so the client that signs with the clock reads it.
        let server_time =
            signing.map(|signing| ServerTime::new(signing, read_server_time(Arc::clone(&rest))));
        let rate_limiter =
            Arc::new(RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot).with_server_time(server_time));
        let rules = Arc::new(RulesLoader::new(
            config.pre_send_rules,
            Arc::clone(&rest),
            Arc::clone(&rate_limiter),
        ));
        Self {
            config: Arc::new(config),
            rest,
            ws_handle,
            ws_api: Arc::new(RwLock::new(None)),
            rate_limiter,
            known_live: KnownLiveOrders::shared(ExchangeId::BinanceSpot),
            rules,
        }
    }

    async fn account_snapshot(
        &self,
        assets: &[AssetNameExchange],
        instruments: &[InstrumentNameExchange],
    ) -> Result<UnindexedAccountSnapshot, UnindexedClientError> {
        // Fetch account info via REST (with rate-limit retry)
        let (response, sent) =
            rest_read_with_retry(&self.rest, &self.rate_limiter, RequestKind::Query, |rest| {
                Box::pin(async move {
                    let params = GetAccountParams::builder().build()?;
                    rest.get_account(params).await
                })
            })
            .await
            .map_err(|e| classify_rest_query_error(&e, None))?;

        let account = response.data().await.map_err(response_decode_error)?;

        // Convert balances, filtering to requested assets
        let balances = filter_and_convert_balances(
            account.balances.unwrap_or_default(),
            assets,
            self.rate_limiter.balance_read_time(sent),
        );

        // Fetch open orders for all instruments concurrently (with retry)
        // limit concurrency to avoid bursting Binance's request weight limits
        // (each GET /api/v3/openOrders for one symbol costs 6 weight; 8 concurrent = 48 weight).
        // account_snapshot wraps Open orders in OrderState::active(); fetch_open_orders
        // returns them without the wrapper — both use fetch_open_orders_for_instrument.
        use futures::{StreamExt as _, TryStreamExt};
        let instrument_snapshots: Vec<_> =
            futures::stream::iter(instruments.iter().cloned().map(|instrument| {
                fetch_open_orders_for_instrument(
                    self.rest.clone(),
                    self.rate_limiter.clone(),
                    instrument,
                    RequestKind::Query,
                )
            }))
            .buffer_unordered(8)
            .map(|result| {
                let (inst, listing) = result?;
                self.remember_live(&listing.orders);
                let wrapped = listing
                    .orders
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|o| Order {
                        key: o.key,
                        side: o.side,
                        price: o.price,
                        quantity: o.quantity,
                        kind: o.kind,
                        time_in_force: o.time_in_force,
                        state: OrderState::active(o.state),
                    })
                    .collect();
                Ok::<_, UnindexedClientError>(InstrumentAccountSnapshot::new(
                    inst,
                    wrapped,
                    listing.complete,
                    PositionReport::Unreported,
                    None,
                ))
            })
            .try_collect()
            .await?;

        Ok(AccountSnapshot::new(
            ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
            balances,
            instrument_snapshots,
        ))
    }

    /// Returns a live stream of account events (fills, order updates, balance changes).
    ///
    /// # Reconnection
    ///
    /// The stream reconnects by itself, and ends once 10 reconnects in a row have failed or a
    /// rate-limit cooldown outlasts what it waits through. See the
    /// [module docs](super#account-stream-reconnection). After each reconnect it restates the
    /// account's balances: see [there](super#balance-restatement-after-a-reconnect).
    ///
    /// # Startup Race Window
    ///
    /// There is a brief window between the initial WS subscribe response and the
    /// internal event listener being registered inside the spawned connection manager.
    /// TRADE fills arriving in this gap are silently dropped. Callers that require fill
    /// completeness at startup MUST call [`ExecutionClient::fetch_trades`] with a
    /// 1–2 second lookback **unconditionally after `account_stream` returns**, before
    /// processing any events. Do not use the first event's arrival as a readiness
    /// signal — the first event may be a recovered fill sent before live WS events
    /// start. The dedup cache absorbs any duplicates from the overlapping time window.
    ///
    /// # A recovery that does not finish
    ///
    /// Recovery after a reconnect is bounded by a 30 s timeout, and an instrument's query can
    /// fail. Each instrument's gap, from the disconnect to just after the recovery began, is kept
    /// until its fills are forwarded. A gap not read is retried after 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 minutes,
    /// whether the stream stays connected or reconnects in between. A retry reads only the gap,
    /// not fills the stream delivered live after it; the few seconds at its end that overlap live
    /// delivery are deduplicated. Each failed read is logged at `warn` with the instrument and the
    /// gap. After five failed retries the gap is given up, logged at `error`, and its fills are not
    /// delivered. The stream says so with an
    /// [`AccountEventKind::FillRecoveryGaveUp`] naming the instrument and the gap: read its fills
    /// with [`ExecutionClient::fetch_trades`].
    ///
    /// A recovered gap counts as read even when a fill in it could not be converted, which is
    /// logged, or its order's cumulative could not be looked up (see below).
    ///
    /// # A recovered fill advances the order too
    ///
    /// A fill that arrives live over the WebSocket carries the order's cumulative filled
    /// quantity in [`Trade::order_filled_quantity`] (`executionReport`'s `z`), so it advances
    /// the order by itself. A fill recovered after a disconnect comes from REST `myTrades`,
    /// which reports executions only, so recovery rebuilds the same figure by reading each
    /// recovered order's executions from its first: one extra request per order (another per
    /// further 1,000 executions), up to four orders at a time per instrument.
    ///
    /// Those lookups have their own time budget inside the recovery timeout, so they can never
    /// cost a fill. A fill whose order was not looked up in time, or whose lookup failed, goes
    /// out with `order_filled_quantity: None`, logged at `warn`. It then advances the position
    /// but not the order, which keeps whatever `filled_quantity` it held before the gap until
    /// the order's state is learned some other way.
    ///
    /// # Orders that ended while disconnected
    ///
    /// A reconnect also reports how each order the client holds as live on one of `instruments`
    /// ended, where it did, as an [`AccountEventKind::OrderSnapshot`] of its inactive state:
    /// filled, cancelled with what filled before, expired, or rejected. Like fill recovery, it
    /// covers only the instruments the stream was opened with. Binance's order history filters on when an
    /// order was created, so such an order is found by asking about it, not by time.
    ///
    /// - **Which orders.** The client holds an order as live from the response to placing it,
    ///   from a listing of open orders ([`account_snapshot`](ExecutionClient::account_snapshot),
    ///   [`fetch_open_orders`](ExecutionClient::fetch_open_orders)), and from its live reports on
    ///   any of its account streams, until it sees the order end. It holds up to 4,096 orders and
    ///   forgets the oldest past that, logged at `warn`. An order placed outside this client and
    ///   never listed or reported to it is not covered.
    /// - **Cost.** One `openOrders` request per instrument with an order held (weight 6), then one
    ///   `GET /api/v3/order` (weight 4) for each held order the listing no longer shows.
    /// - **Fills first.** An instrument is checked only once its fill gap is recovered or given up,
    ///   so an order's recovered fills arrive before how it ended. A fill that brings an order to
    ///   its full quantity ends it, and that order is not reported again.
    /// - **Keys.** Each snapshot carries [`StrategyId::unknown`], since Binance records no
    ///   strategy. The engine matches it to the order it tracks by client order id.
    /// - **Failures.** Each order's lookup is settled as it ends, and each instrument as soon as its
    ///   check ends. One whose listing or any lookup fails, or whose check is still running when a
    ///   pass reaches 30 s, is retried on the fill gaps' schedule (1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 minutes),
    ///   asking only about the orders still held, then given up, logged at `error`. Its orders are
    ///   asked about again at the next reconnect. An order Binance does not know (`-2013`) stops being held, logged
    ///   at `warn`; one it still reports live, or in a state this version cannot read, stays held.
    ///
    /// The same lookup is public as [`OrderStatusClient::fetch_ended_orders`].
    async fn account_stream(
        &self,
        // Only a reconnect's balance restatement uses `assets`: Binance pushes
        // outboundAccountPosition for every asset of the account, whatever is asked for, and
        // filtering it would hide balance updates for assets not in the initial list.
        assets: &[AssetNameExchange],
        instruments: &[InstrumentNameExchange],
    ) -> Result<Self::AccountStream, UnindexedClientError> {
        // Resilient account stream with auto-reconnection, heartbeat monitoring,
        // fill recovery, and event deduplication.
        //
        // Architecture: a persistent unbounded mpsc channel bridges events to the
        // consumer. A "connection manager" task owns the reconnection loop — on WS
        // disconnect or heartbeat timeout it tears down the old connection, backs off,
        // reconnects, recovers missed fills via REST, and re-subscribes. The consumer
        // sees a seamless BoxStream that only terminates when the consumer drops it or
        // max reconnect attempts are exhausted.

        // unbounded channel — memory grows if the consumer is slow, but events
        // are never silently dropped. Silent data loss (corrupted position state) is a
        // worse failure mode than observable memory pressure. The WS callback uses
        // the synchronous send() which only fails if the receiver is dropped.
        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel::<UnindexedAccountEvent>();
        let dedup = new_dedup_cache();
        let ws_handle = self.ws_handle.clone();
        let rest = self.rest.clone();
        let rate_limiter = self.rate_limiter.clone();
        let known_live = self.known_live.clone();
        let instruments = instruments.to_vec();
        // all current Binance Spot symbols are ≤22 bytes (within SmolStr's 23-byte
        // inline limit), making clone() a stack memcpy with no heap allocation. Guard
        // this implicit invariant so future symbols that exceed the limit are caught early.
        debug_assert!(
            instruments.iter().all(|i| i.name().len() <= 23),
            "instrument name exceeds SmolStr inline capacity: {:?}",
            instruments.iter().find(|i| i.name().len() > 23)
        );

        // Not during a rate-limit cooldown: connecting would be refused, and could lengthen a ban.
        self.rate_limiter.before_stream_open().await?;

        // Verify initial connection succeeds before returning the stream.
        // This lets the caller distinguish "can't connect at all" from "connected
        // but later disconnected" (the latter is handled by auto-reconnect).
        let initial_ws = ws_handle.connect().await.map_err(|e| {
            self.rate_limiter.stream_open_error(&e, |e| {
                UnindexedClientError::Connectivity(ConnectivityError::Socket(e.to_string()))
            })
        })?;
        // Closed if this future is dropped before the manager takes it over.
        let initial_ws = DisconnectOnDrop::new(initial_ws, ACCOUNT_STREAM_WS);

        #[allow(clippy::expect_used)] // Builder has no required fields; infallible
        let params = UserDataStreamSubscribeSignatureParams::builder()
            .build()
            .expect("UserDataStreamSubscribeSignatureParams has no required fields");

        match initial_ws
            .user_data_stream_subscribe_signature(params)
            .await
        {
            Ok(_) => {}
            Err(e) => {
                // Awaiting the disconnect inline (rather than leaving it to the guard's drop)
                // ensures the socket is cleaned up before returning Err, matching the pattern
                // used in clear_ws_api.
                match tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), initial_ws.disconnect()).await {
                    Ok(Err(de)) => {
                        warn!(%de, "BinanceSpot failed to disconnect WS after subscribe failure")
                    }
                    Err(_) => {
                        warn!("BinanceSpot WS disconnect timed out (5s) after subscribe failure")
                    }
                    Ok(Ok(())) => {}
                }
                self.rate_limiter.after_failure(&e).await;
                return Err(self
                    .rate_limiter
                    .stream_open_error(&e, |e| UnindexedClientError::Internal(e.to_string())));
            }
        }

        // race window — events arriving between the subscribe response above
        // and subscribe_on_ws_events() being called inside connection_manager are
        // silently dropped. The gap is bounded by Tokio scheduler latency; typically
        // milliseconds under load (no sub-millisecond guarantee).
        // account_snapshot reconciles open-order state, but TRADE fills in this window
        // are not recoverable without an explicit fetch_trades lookback. Callers that
        // require fill completeness at startup should call fetch_trades with a ~1s
        // lookback after account_stream returns.

        // Spawn the connection manager task.
        // `initial_ws` is passed in so the first iteration skips the connect step.
        let cm_handle = tokio::spawn(connection_manager(
            tx,
            dedup,
            ws_handle,
            rest,
            rate_limiter,
            known_live,
            instruments,
            assets.to_vec(),
            Some(initial_ws),
        ));

        // wrap the stream to abort connection_manager on drop, ensuring the
        // WS subscription and TCP connection are cleaned up even if the consumer
        // drops the stream without waiting for graceful shutdown.
        let rx_stream = tokio_stream::wrappers::UnboundedReceiverStream::new(rx);
        let guarded_stream = AbortOnDropStream::new(rx_stream, cm_handle);
        Ok(futures::StreamExt::boxed(guarded_stream))
    }

    async fn cancel_order(
        &self,
        request: OrderRequestCancel<ExchangeId, &InstrumentNameExchange>,
    ) -> UnindexedOrderResponseCancel {
        let instrument = request.key.instrument.clone();
        let key = OrderKey {
            exchange: request.key.exchange,
            instrument: instrument.clone(),
            strategy: request.key.strategy.clone(),
            cid: request.key.cid.clone(),
        };

        let ws = match self.get_ws_api().await {
            Ok(ws) => ws,
            Err(unavailable) => {
                return UnindexedOrderResponseCancel {
                    key,
                    state: Err(unavailable.into_order_error()),
                };
            }
        };

        // SDK constraint — OrderCancelParams::builder takes String, not &str.
        // Allocates one String for the symbol; unavoidable without SDK changes.
        let mut params_builder =
            OrderCancelParams::builder(request.key.instrument.name().to_string());

        // Use exchange order ID if available and parseable, otherwise use client order ID
        if let Some(order_id) = request.state.id.as_ref().and_then(VenueOrderId::assigned) {
            if let Ok(id) = order_id.0.parse::<i64>() {
                params_builder = params_builder.order_id(id);
            } else {
                // exchange order ID exists but isn't a valid i64 — fall back to cid.
                // This is unexpected; Binance orderId should always be numeric.
                // error! not warn!: corrupted order state may result in cancelling the wrong
                // order (if the clientOrderId doesn't match) or a silent no-op cancel.
                error!(
                    order_id = %order_id.0,
                    "BinanceSpot cancel: exchange orderId not parseable as i64, falling back to clientOrderId"
                );
                params_builder = params_builder.orig_client_order_id(request.key.cid.0.to_string());
            }
        } else {
            params_builder = params_builder.orig_client_order_id(request.key.cid.0.to_string());
        }

        let params = match params_builder.build() {
            Ok(p) => p,
            Err(e) => {
                error!(%e, "BinanceSpot failed to build cancel order params");
                return UnindexedOrderResponseCancel {
                    key,
                    state: Err(UnindexedOrderError::Rejected(ApiError::OrderRejected(
                        e.to_string(),
                    ))),
                };
            }
        };

        let sent_ms = unix_ms();
        let result = ws.order_cancel(params).await;
        // A WS-API response reports the shared spot pool's weight limit and usage.
        if let Ok(response) = &result {
            self.rate_limiter
                .observe_ws_api(response.rate_limits.as_deref(), sent_ms);
        }
        match result {
            Ok(response) => match response.data() {
                Ok(data) => {
                    let time_exchange = answer_time(
                        ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
                        &instrument,
                        "cancel_order",
                        data.transact_time,
                    );

                    let exchange_order_id = match data.order_id {
                        Some(id) => OrderId(format_smolstr!("{id}")),
                        None => {
                            return UnindexedOrderResponseCancel {
                                key,
                                state: Err(unreadable_answer(
                                    ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
                                    "cancel answer has no orderId",
                                )),
                            };
                        }
                    };

                    let filled_qty = binance_filled_qty(
                        ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
                        &exchange_order_id,
                        data.executed_qty.as_deref(),
                    );

                    self.known_live.lock().ended(&key.cid);
                    UnindexedOrderResponseCancel {
                        key,
                        state: Ok(Cancelled::new(exchange_order_id, time_exchange, filled_qty)),
                    }
                }
                Err(e) => UnindexedOrderResponseCancel {
                    key,
                    state: Err(unreadable_answer(ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, &e.to_string())),
                },
            },
            Err(e) => {
                // binance-sdk routes both transport failures and venue responses with status
                // >= 400 (ResponseError) through this outer Err path. Distinguish them so a
                // venue response (-2010, -1121, etc.) doesn't tear down a healthy WS session.
                // A venue response is mostly a rejection, but one that leaves the order's
                // status unknown (a venue-failure code, a 5xx) surfaces as Connectivity.
                // Check the venue response first (zero-alloc downcast) — order rejections are
                // the common case; rate limits during placement are rare.
                if let Some(order_err) = classify_ws_order_error(&e, &instrument) {
                    // A refused timestamp reads Binance's time before the caller can retry.
                    self.rate_limiter.after_failure(&e).await;
                    // Venue response — WS session is healthy, don't tear it down. A throttle
                    // (429, -1003, a WAF 403) backs off the shared limiter for the wait Binance
                    // sent, so REST calls and later orders back off too.
                    if let OrderError::Rejected(api @ ApiError::RateLimit { .. }) = &order_err {
                        self.rate_limiter.on_rate_limited(api.retry_after());
                    }
                    UnindexedOrderResponseCancel {
                        key,
                        state: Err(order_err),
                    }
                } else {
                    // Transport-level error — clear cached session so next call reconnects.
                    // Order status is unknown (may or may not have reached the matching engine).
                    self.clear_ws_api().await;
                    UnindexedOrderResponseCancel {
                        key,
                        state: Err(UnindexedOrderError::Connectivity(
                            ConnectivityError::Socket(format!("{e:#}")),
                        )),
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    async fn open_order(
        &self,
        request: OrderRequestOpen<ExchangeId, &InstrumentNameExchange>,
    ) -> Order<ExchangeId, InstrumentNameExchange, UnindexedOrderState> {
        let instrument = request.key.instrument.clone();
        let side = request.state.side;
        let price = request.state.price;
        let quantity = request.state.quantity;
        let kind = request.state.kind;
        let time_in_force = request.state.time_in_force;
        let cid = request.key.cid.clone();

        let order_key = OrderKey::new(
            ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
            instrument.clone(),
            request.key.strategy.clone(),
            cid.clone(),
        );

        // A spot account never borrows, so `NoSideEffect` is the one effect it honours.
        if let Some(effect) = request
            .state
            .margin_effect
            .filter(|effect| *effect != MarginEffect::NoSideEffect)
        {
            return Order {
                key: order_key,
                side,
                price,
                quantity,
                kind,
                time_in_force,
                state: OrderState::inactive(OrderError::UnsupportedMarginEffect(effect)),
            };
        }

        if let Err(refused) = self
            .rules
            .check(instrument.name(), side, kind, price, quantity)
            .await
        {
            return Order {
                key: order_key,
                side,
                price,
                quantity,
                kind,
                time_in_force,
                state: OrderState::inactive(refused),
            };
        }

        let ws = match self.get_ws_api().await {
            Ok(ws) => ws,
            Err(unavailable) => {
                return Order {
                    key: order_key,
                    side,
                    price,
                    quantity,
                    kind,
                    time_in_force,
                    state: OrderState::inactive(unavailable.into_open_error()),
                };
            }
        };

        let binance_side = match side {
            Side::Buy => OrderPlaceSideEnum::Buy,
            Side::Sell => OrderPlaceSideEnum::Sell,
        };

        let (binance_type, binance_tif) = match convert_order_kind_tif(kind, time_in_force) {
            Some(converted) => converted,
            None => {
                return Order {
                    key: order_key,
                    side,
                    price,
                    quantity,
                    kind,
                    time_in_force,
                    state: OrderState::inactive(OrderError::UnsupportedOrderType(format!(
                        "Binance Spot does not yet support OrderKind::{kind:?}"
                    ))),
                };
            }
        };

        // market BUY sends base quantity, not quoteOrderQty. Callers must
        // specify how much of the base asset they want, not how much quote to spend.
        // The trait's OrderRequestOpen has a single `quantity` field so we can't
        // distinguish — this is a known semantic difference from Binance convention.
        // SDK constraint — OrderPlaceParams::builder takes String, not &str.
        // Allocates two Strings (symbol + client_order_id); unavoidable without SDK changes.
        let mut params_builder =
            OrderPlaceParams::builder(instrument.name().to_string(), binance_side, binance_type)
                .quantity(quantity)
                .new_client_order_id(cid.0.to_string());

        // A trailing order's trailingDelta, fixed limit and activation price.
        match trailing_params(&kind, price) {
            Ok(Some(trailing)) => {
                params_builder = params_builder.trailing_delta(trailing.trailing_delta);
                if let Some(limit) = trailing.price {
                    params_builder = params_builder.price(limit);
                }
                if let Some(activation_price) = trailing.stop_price {
                    // Binance's activation price for a trailing order is its stopPrice.
                    params_builder = params_builder.stop_price(activation_price);
                }
            }
            Err(refused) => {
                return Order {
                    key: order_key,
                    side,
                    price,
                    quantity,
                    kind,
                    time_in_force,
                    state: OrderState::inactive(refused.into_order_error()),
                };
            }
            Ok(None) => {}
        }

        // The other kinds' price and stopPrice, in a match with no wildcard, so that a new
        // OrderKind fails to compile until it is handled here.
        match kind {
            OrderKind::Limit => {
                params_builder = params_builder.price(price);
            }
            OrderKind::Stop { trigger_price } | OrderKind::TakeProfit { trigger_price } => {
                params_builder = params_builder.stop_price(trigger_price);
            }
            OrderKind::StopLimit { trigger_price }
            | OrderKind::TakeProfitLimit { trigger_price } => {
                params_builder = params_builder.price(price).stop_price(trigger_price);
            }
            // Trailing orders are set above. Market sends no price, and TrailingStopLimit and
            // ConditionalUnresolved are rejected by convert_order_kind_tif before this.
            OrderKind::TrailingStop { .. }
            | OrderKind::TrailingStopFixedLimit { .. }
            | OrderKind::Market
            | OrderKind::TrailingStopLimit { .. }
            | OrderKind::ConditionalUnresolved { .. } => {}
        }

        if let Some(tif) = binance_tif {
            params_builder = params_builder.time_in_force(tif);
        }

        let params = match params_builder.build() {
            Ok(p) => p,
            Err(e) => {
                error!(%e, "BinanceSpot failed to build new order params");
                return Order {
                    key: order_key,
                    side,
                    price,
                    quantity,
                    kind,
                    time_in_force,
                    state: OrderState::inactive(OrderError::Rejected(ApiError::OrderRejected(
                        e.to_string(),
                    ))),
                };
            }
        };

        let sent_ms = unix_ms();
        let result = ws.order_place(params).await;
        // A WS-API response reports the shared spot pool's weight limit and usage.
        if let Ok(response) = &result {
            self.rate_limiter
                .observe_ws_api(response.rate_limits.as_deref(), sent_ms);
        }
        match result {
            Ok(response) => match response.data() {
                Ok(data) => {
                    let time_exchange = answer_time(
                        ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
                        &instrument,
                        "open_order",
                        data.transact_time,
                    );

                    let exchange_order_id = match data.order_id {
                        Some(id) => OrderId(format_smolstr!("{id}")),
                        None => {
                            return Order {
                                key: order_key,
                                side,
                                price,
                                quantity,
                                kind,
                                time_in_force,
                                state: OrderState::inactive(unreadable_answer(
                                    ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
                                    "open_order answer has no orderId",
                                )),
                            };
                        }
                    };

                    // Read from the response's status, so an order that ended in it (an IOC or
                    // FOK order that expired) is not reported, or held, as live. An `ACK`
                    // response, the default for order types other than MARKET and LIMIT, carries
                    // no status and reads as open.
                    let state = placed_order_state(
                        ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
                        &instrument,
                        quantity,
                        PlacementResponse {
                            status: data.status.as_deref(),
                            order_id: exchange_order_id,
                            time_exchange,
                            executed_qty: data.executed_qty.as_deref(),
                            cumulative_quote_qty: data.cummulative_quote_qty.as_deref(),
                        },
                    );
                    self.known_live
                        .lock()
                        .placed(&order_key, quantity, kind, &state);

                    Order {
                        key: order_key,
                        side,
                        price,
                        quantity,
                        kind,
                        time_in_force,
                        state,
                    }
                }
                Err(e) => Order {
                    key: order_key,
                    side,
                    price,
                    quantity,
                    kind,
                    time_in_force,
                    state: OrderState::inactive(unreadable_answer(
                        ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
                        &e.to_string(),
                    )),
                },
            },
            Err(e) => {
                // binance-sdk routes both transport failures and venue responses with status
                // >= 400 (ResponseError) through this outer Err path. Distinguish them so a
                // venue response (-2010, -1121, etc.) doesn't tear down a healthy WS session.
                // A venue response is mostly a rejection, but one that leaves the order's
                // status unknown (a venue-failure code, a 5xx) surfaces as Connectivity.
                // Check the venue response first (zero-alloc downcast) — order rejections are
                // the common case; rate limits during placement are rare.
                if let Some(order_err) = classify_ws_order_error(&e, &instrument) {
                    // A refused timestamp reads Binance's time before the caller can retry.
                    self.rate_limiter.after_failure(&e).await;
                    // Venue response — WS session is healthy, don't tear it down. A throttle
                    // (429, -1003, a WAF 403) backs off the shared limiter for the wait Binance
                    // sent, so REST calls and later orders back off too.
                    if let OrderError::Rejected(api @ ApiError::RateLimit { .. }) = &order_err {
                        self.rate_limiter.on_rate_limited(api.retry_after());
                    }
                    Order {
                        key: order_key,
                        side,
                        price,
                        quantity,
                        kind,
                        time_in_force,
                        state: OrderState::inactive(order_err),
                    }
                } else {
                    // Transport-level error — clear cached session so next call reconnects.
                    // Order status is unknown (may or may not have reached the matching engine).
                    self.clear_ws_api().await;
                    Order {
                        key: order_key,
                        side,
                        price,
                        quantity,
                        kind,
                        time_in_force,
                        state: OrderState::inactive(OrderError::Connectivity(
                            ConnectivityError::Socket(format!("{e:#}")),
                        )),
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Each balance is stamped 5 s before its request was sent, as is each in
    /// [`account_snapshot`](Self::account_snapshot): Binance's REST account view can trail its
    /// account stream, and a stream balance event the read may not yet show must still be more
    /// recent than the read. The send is timed on Binance's clock when this host's is ahead of it
    /// (see the [module docs](super#signed-requests-are-stamped-on-binances-clock)).
    async fn fetch_balances(
        &self,
        assets: &[AssetNameExchange],
    ) -> Result<Vec<AssetBalance<AssetNameExchange>>, UnindexedClientError> {
        let (response, sent) =
            rest_read_with_retry(&self.rest, &self.rate_limiter, RequestKind::Query, |rest| {
                Box::pin(async move {
                    let params = GetAccountParams::builder().build()?;
                    rest.get_account(params).await
                })
            })
            .await
            .map_err(|e| classify_rest_query_error(&e, None))?;

        let account = response.data().await.map_err(response_decode_error)?;

        Ok(filter_and_convert_balances(
            account.balances.unwrap_or_default(),
            assets,
            self.rate_limiter.balance_read_time(sent),
        ))
    }

    /// An empty `instruments` slice is the [`ExecutionClient`] "return all" sentinel: a single
    /// no-symbol `GET /api/v3/openOrders` call returns open orders across every instrument (each
    /// order's instrument is recovered from its own `symbol` field). A non-empty slice fetches the
    /// listed instruments concurrently, per-symbol.
    async fn fetch_open_orders(
        &self,
        instruments: &[InstrumentNameExchange],
    ) -> Result<Vec<Order<ExchangeId, InstrumentNameExchange, Open>>, UnindexedClientError> {
        // Empty slice = "return all" sentinel: a single no-symbol query is both correct (the
        // contract requires all instruments) and far cheaper than enumerating every symbol.
        if instruments.is_empty() {
            let orders =
                fetch_all_open_orders(self.rest.clone(), self.rate_limiter.clone()).await?;
            self.remember_live(&orders);
            return Ok(orders);
        }
        // limit concurrency to avoid bursting Binance's request weight limits
        // (each GET /api/v3/openOrders for one symbol costs 6 weight; 8 concurrent = 48 weight).
        // try_fold into a flat Vec avoids the intermediate Vec<Vec<_>> that
        // try_collect().flatten() would allocate.
        use futures::{StreamExt as _, TryStreamExt as _};
        futures::stream::iter(instruments.iter().cloned().map(|instrument| {
            fetch_open_orders_for_instrument(
                self.rest.clone(),
                self.rate_limiter.clone(),
                instrument,
                RequestKind::Query,
            )
        }))
            .buffer_unordered(8)
            .try_fold(Vec::with_capacity(instruments.len()), |mut acc: Vec<Order<ExchangeId, InstrumentNameExchange, Open>>, (_, listing)| async move {
                acc.extend(listing.orders);
                Ok(acc)
            })
            .await
            .inspect(|orders| self.remember_live(orders))
    }

    /// **Documented deviation from the `ExecutionClient::fetch_trades` "return all" contract:**
    /// Binance's `myTrades` endpoint requires a symbol — there is no no-symbol "all trades" query
    /// (unlike open orders). An empty `instruments` slice therefore has nothing to query and
    /// reads nothing; callers wanting all trades must enumerate instruments explicitly.
    ///
    /// Each instrument is paged by trade id to the span's end within the call, with no page cap,
    /// so the read is always complete (`resume: None`).
    // `.iter().cloned()` is required: Rust async closures cannot satisfy the HRTB
    // `for<'a> FnMut(&'a InstrumentNameExchange) -> impl Future + 'static` needed by
    // the iterator machinery, even when the clone is moved inside the closure body.
    #[allow(clippy::redundant_iter_cloned)]
    async fn fetch_trades(
        &self,
        start: DateTime<Utc>,
        end: DateTime<Utc>,
        instruments: &[InstrumentNameExchange],
    ) -> Result<TradesRead<AssetNameExchange, InstrumentNameExchange>, UnindexedClientError> {
        use futures::StreamExt;

        if instruments.is_empty() {
            debug!(
                "BinanceSpot fetch_trades called with empty instruments slice — returning empty result"
            );
            return Ok(TradesRead::complete(Vec::new()));
        }
        if start > end {
            return Ok(TradesRead::complete(Vec::new()));
        }
        // Binance stamps trades in whole milliseconds; the exact span is applied after the read.
        let span = MyTradesFrom::Span {
            start: start.timestamp_millis(),
            end: end.timestamp_millis(),
        };
        // Vec::new() — capacity(instruments.len()) would be misleading since this accumulates
        // up to BINANCE_MAX_TRADES * instruments.len() trades total.
        let mut all_trades = Vec::new();

        // Binance requires per-symbol queries for trade history.
        // Limit concurrency to avoid bursting Binance's request weight limits
        // (each GET /api/v3/myTrades costs 20 weight; 8 concurrent = 160 weight).
        let mut stream = futures::stream::iter(instruments.iter().cloned().map(|inst| {
            let rest = self.rest.clone();
            let rate_limiter = self.rate_limiter.clone();
            async move {
                let pages =
                    paginate_my_trades(&rest, &rate_limiter, &inst, span, RequestKind::Query)
                        .await?;
                Ok::<_, UnindexedClientError>((inst, pages))
            }
        }))
        .buffer_unordered(8);
        while let Some(result) = stream.next().await {
            let (instrument, trades_data) = result?;
            for t in trades_data {
                if let Some(trade) = convert_my_trade(&t, &instrument)
                    && (start..=end).contains(&trade.time_exchange)
                {
                    all_trades.push(trade);
                }
            }
        }

        Ok(TradesRead::complete(all_trades))
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Connection manager (reconnection, heartbeat, fill recovery)
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Looks each order up with `GET /api/v3/order` by symbol and client order id, weight 4 each, up
/// to eight at a time. Binance's `FILLED` is reported with its average price, `CANCELED` with
/// what filled before it, `EXPIRED` and `EXPIRED_IN_MATCH` (self-trade prevention) as expired, and
/// `REJECTED` as [`OpenFailed`](crate::order::state::InactiveOrderState::OpenFailed). An order
/// Binance does not know under the key's symbol (`-2013`, or `-1121` for a symbol that does not
/// exist) is omitted. A row whose status this version does not know is omitted too, with a
/// warning, as is a `PENDING_CANCEL` one, which Binance does not use.
///
/// The account stream runs the same lookup itself after a reconnect; see
/// [`account_stream`](ExecutionClient::account_stream).
impl OrderStatusClient for BinanceSpot {
    async fn fetch_ended_orders(
        &self,
        orders: &[UnindexedOrderKey],
    ) -> Result<Vec<UnindexedInactiveOrder>, UnindexedClientError> {
        fetch_ended_by_key(orders, |key| {
            fetch_order_lookup(
                self.rest.clone(),
                self.rate_limiter.clone(),
                key,
                RequestKind::Query,
            )
        })
        .await
    }
}

/// Names the account stream's connection in [`DisconnectOnDrop`]'s logs.
const ACCOUNT_STREAM_WS: &str = "BinanceSpot account stream";

/// Connect to Binance WS and subscribe to the user data stream.
/// On a subscribe failure, the dropped guard disconnects the WS so the TCP connection is not
/// leaked.
async fn connect_and_subscribe(
    ws_handle: &WebsocketApiHandle,
) -> anyhow::Result<DisconnectOnDrop<WebsocketApi>> {
    let ws = DisconnectOnDrop::new(ws_handle.connect().await?, ACCOUNT_STREAM_WS);
    #[allow(clippy::expect_used)] // Builder has no required fields; infallible
    let params = UserDataStreamSubscribeSignatureParams::builder()
        .build()
        .expect("UserDataStreamSubscribeSignatureParams has no required fields");
    match ws.user_data_stream_subscribe_signature(params).await {
        Ok(_) => Ok(ws),
        Err(e) => {
            // The disconnect runs in the background: the reconnect loop backs off and retries
            // without waiting for it.
            warn!(%e, "BinanceSpot WS subscribe failed, cleaning up connection");
            Err(e)
        }
    }
}

/// Long-running task that manages the WebSocket lifecycle for account_stream.
///
/// Drives the reconnection loop: connect → subscribe → stream events → on disconnect
/// → backoff → fill recovery → reconnect. The `tx` channel persists across reconnections
/// so the consumer sees a seamless event stream.
///
/// Terminates when:
/// - The consumer drops the stream (receiver side of `tx` is closed)
/// - Max reconnect attempts are exhausted
/// - A reconnect faces a rate-limit cooldown longer than it waits through
///
/// # Panics
///
/// This function is spawned via `tokio::spawn`. If it panics, Tokio surfaces the panic
/// via the `JoinHandle`. Because the handle is transferred to `AbortOnDropStream` and
/// dropped, the panic is discarded at drop — the consumer will observe the
/// `UnboundedReceiverStream` ending (yielding `None`), indistinguishable from normal
/// max-reconnect exhaustion. The cleanup at the end of the loop body is skipped on a panic or an
/// abort, but the connection is still closed by its [`DisconnectOnDrop`] guard, and the
/// subscription unsubscribed by its [`UnsubscribeOnDrop`]. If you change this to `.await`
/// the handle, check `JoinError::is_panic()`.
// inherent complexity from reconnection loop (connect → subscribe → callback →
// fill recovery → heartbeat monitor → cleanup → backoff). Not worth splitting further.
#[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
async fn connection_manager(
    tx: mpsc::UnboundedSender<UnindexedAccountEvent>,
    dedup: SharedDedupCache,
    ws_handle: WebsocketApiHandle,
    rest: Arc<RestApi>,
    rate_limiter: Arc<RateLimitTracker>,
    known: SharedKnownLiveOrders,
    instruments: Vec<InstrumentNameExchange>,
    // The assets whose balances a reconnect restates; empty for all of them.
    assets: Vec<AssetNameExchange>,
    initial_ws: Option<DisconnectOnDrop<WebsocketApi>>,
) {
    let mut budget = ReconnectBudget::new("Binance", BackoffLimits::ACCOUNT_STREAM);
    let mut disconnect: Option<Disconnect> = None;
    // Gaps not yet recovered: read at reconnect, and retried on a timer while connected, once due.
    let mut unrecovered = UnrecoveredFills::default();
    // Instruments whose known-live orders a reconnect has yet to check, likewise.
    let mut unchecked = UncheckedOrders::default();
    // The balances a reconnect has yet to restate, read once its fills have been recovered.
    let mut restatement = BalanceRestatement::default();
    // The venue's clock and the latest balance time, from the events the stream delivers.
    let clock = StreamClock::shared(rate_limiter.signing_clock());
    let mut current_ws = initial_ws;

    loop {
        // --- Connect (skip on first iteration if initial_ws was provided) ---
        let ws = match current_ws.take() {
            Some(ws) => ws,
            None => {
                // Not during a rate-limit cooldown: a short one is waited out without spending an
                // attempt, and a longer one ends the stream, since a connect would be refused.
                if let Err(reason) = rate_limiter.before_stream_connect().await {
                    emit_stream_terminated(&tx, ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, reason);
                    break;
                }
                match connect_and_subscribe(&ws_handle).await {
                    // the budget is NOT reset here — resetting on TCP-connect success
                    // would lock retry intervals at the first backoff wait forever when the
                    // server closes within the first heartbeat window (auth rejection,
                    // server-side close). Reset is deferred to the monitor loop after the
                    // first heartbeat interval survives (proven-stable connection).
                    Ok(ws) => ws,
                    Err(e) => {
                        error!(%e, "BinanceSpot WS connect/subscribe failed");
                        // A rate-limit refusal starts a cooldown, so REST and orders back off too.
                        rate_limiter.on_stream_refused(&e);
                        // A refused subscribe timestamp reads Binance's time before the retry.
                        rate_limiter.after_failure(&e).await;
                        if let Err(reason) =
                            retry_or_end(&mut budget, &rate_limiter, || e.to_string()).await
                        {
                            // Signal terminal stream death in-band before tx drops.
                            emit_stream_terminated(&tx, ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, reason);
                            break;
                        }
                        continue;
                    }
                }
            }
        };
        info!("BinanceSpot account_stream connected and subscribed");

        // --- Set up WS event callback BEFORE fill recovery ---
        // binance-sdk silently drops WS messages with no registered subscriber.
        // Register the callback first so events arriving during fill recovery (REST)
        // are captured. The dedup cache prevents duplicates between live events and
        // recovered fills.
        let (signal_tx, signal_rx) = oneshot::channel::<()>();
        let mut signal_tx_opt = Some(signal_tx);
        // Set by every frame and ping. Starts false: only one of those proves the connection
        // stable. The monitor loop grants the first window a grace instead, so a slow first
        // ping from Binance does not trigger a false-positive timeout.
        let heartbeat_flag = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
        let hb_callback = heartbeat_flag.clone();
        let dedup_callback = dedup.clone();
        let known_callback = known.clone();
        let clock_callback = clock.clone();
        // tx: used directly by recover_fills and the heartbeat/consumer-drop monitor.
        // event_tx: cloned into the WS callback closure (taken on first send failure or
        // stream termination so the callback becomes a no-op after disconnect).
        let mut event_tx = Some(tx.clone());
        // 32: covers typical multi-asset accounts without excessive over-allocation;
        // outboundAccountPosition emits one entry per asset, so 8 would reallocate
        // for accounts with more than 8 assets.
        let mut event_buf = Vec::with_capacity(32);

        // Safety — `signal_tx_opt.take()` and `event_tx.take()` are non-atomic,
        // which is safe because binance-sdk spawns one tokio::spawn'd task per
        // subscription; that task processes events sequentially from an internal channel,
        // so FnMut callbacks are never invoked concurrently per subscription. If the SDK
        // changes to concurrent callbacks, these `Option::take()` calls would need a Mutex.
        // verified against binance-sdk =77.2.0. Re-verify on SDK upgrade.
        let subscription = ws.subscribe_on_ws_events(move |event| {
            let Some(ref sender) = event_tx else { return };
            match event {
                WebsocketEvent::Message(json_str) => {
                    // Release: pairs with Acquire swap in monitor task so the stored
                    // `true` is visible before the monitor swaps in `false`.
                    hb_callback.store(true, Ordering::Release);
                    // Borrowed discriminator + matched-variant parse (no full Value DOM).
                    // RPC responses (the subscribe ack) are ignored inside the converter, and
                    // unrecognised frames are logged there (throttled warn).
                    let outcome = convert_user_data_events(&json_str, &mut event_buf);
                    StreamClock::observe_frame(
                        &clock_callback,
                        outcome.event_time,
                        &event_buf,
                        tokio::time::Instant::now(),
                    );
                    let stream_terminated = outcome.terminated;
                    for ev in event_buf.drain(..) {
                        // Dedup check
                        if let Some(key) = dedup_key_from_event(&ev)
                            && is_duplicate(&dedup_callback, key)
                        {
                            trace!("BinanceSpot dedup: skipping duplicate event");
                            continue;
                        }
                        // Held across the send, so an order this reports ending and a reconnect's
                        // check of it reach the stream in the order they were decided, and the
                        // check reports only an order not already reported.
                        let known = KnownLiveOrders::observes(&ev.kind).then(|| {
                            let mut known = known_callback.lock();
                            known.observe(&ev);
                            known
                        });
                        if sender.send(ev).is_err() {
                            drop(known);
                            warn!("BinanceSpot account_stream receiver dropped, suppressing further sends");
                            event_tx.take();
                            if let Some(s) = signal_tx_opt.take() {
                                let _ = s.send(());
                            }
                            return;
                        }
                    }
                    // eventStreamTerminated arrives as a JSON message,
                    // not a WS close frame — signal reconnect explicitly.
                    if stream_terminated {
                        event_tx.take();
                        if let Some(s) = signal_tx_opt.take() {
                            let _ = s.send(());
                        }
                    }
                }
                WebsocketEvent::Ping | WebsocketEvent::Pong => {
                    // SDK handles ping/pong at protocol level; we just track activity.
                    // Release: pairs with Acquire swap in monitor task (same as Message handler).
                    hb_callback.store(true, Ordering::Release);
                }
                WebsocketEvent::Error(e) => {
                    // warn! not error! — a transient WS error that triggers
                    // auto-reconnect is recoverable. error! is reserved for failures
                    // that exhaust reconnect attempts (logged in connection_manager).
                    warn!(%e, "BinanceSpot WebSocket error, will attempt reconnect");
                    event_tx.take();
                    if let Some(s) = signal_tx_opt.take() {
                        let _ = s.send(());
                    }
                }
                WebsocketEvent::Close(code, reason) => {
                    warn!(code, %reason, "BinanceSpot WebSocket closed");
                    event_tx.take();
                    if let Some(s) = signal_tx_opt.take() {
                        let _ = s.send(());
                    }
                }
                _ => {}
            }
        });
        // Unsubscribed on drop too, so an abort does not leak the callback task.
        let subscription = UnsubscribeOnDrop::new(subscription);

        // --- Recovery after reconnect (each with a timeout to avoid blocking forever) ---
        // Runs after subscribe_on_ws_events so live events during recovery are captured.
        //
        // Fills first, then how the orders held as live ended: an order whose fills are not all
        // recovered is not checked yet. Each gap and check is opened before it is read, so one
        // that fails or times out is kept for a retry.
        if let Some(disconnect) = disconnect.take() {
            let end = disconnect.end(&clock.lock().venue(), HostMoment::now());
            unrecovered.open(&instruments, disconnect.start, end);
            // Only the instruments this stream recovers fills for, so fills-first holds for each.
            let held = known.lock().instruments_among(&instruments);
            unchecked.open(held);
            restatement.open();
        }
        recover_fills(&rest, &rate_limiter, &mut unrecovered, &tx, &dedup, &known).await;
        recover_spot_ended_orders(
            &rest,
            &rate_limiter,
            &known,
            &mut unchecked,
            &unrecovered,
            &tx,
        )
        .await;
        // The balances are restated beside the monitor below, which reads them at once: after the
        // fills just recovered, without holding back the heartbeat. A gap whose read failed does
        // not hold them back either.

        // --- Monitor: wait for disconnect, heartbeat timeout, or consumer drop ---
        enum DisconnectReason {
            Signal,
            HeartbeatTimeout,
            ConsumerDropped,
        }
        let reason = {
            let mut signal_rx = signal_rx;
            // Gaps, order checks and a restatement a recovery did not finish are retried as they
            // fall due, alongside the monitor, so a disconnect is still seen at once. An order
            // check waiting on a gap runs right after the gap's retry. It never completes; dropping
            // it when the monitor ends loses nothing, since each gap, each instrument's order
            // check, and the restatement is settled in one step as soon as its read ends.
            let retry_gaps = async {
                loop {
                    // First, the restatement a reconnect has just opened, due at once.
                    restate("BinanceSpot", &clock, &mut restatement, &tx, |floor| {
                        read_spot_restatement(&rest, &rate_limiter, &assets, &clock, floor)
                    })
                    .await;
                    let next_check = unchecked.next_due(&unrecovered);
                    match unrecovered
                        .next_due()
                        .into_iter()
                        .chain(next_check)
                        .chain(restatement.next_due())
                        .min()
                    {
                        Some(due) => tokio::time::sleep_until(due).await,
                        None => std::future::pending::<()>().await,
                    }
                    recover_fills(&rest, &rate_limiter, &mut unrecovered, &tx, &dedup, &known)
                        .await;
                    recover_spot_ended_orders(
                        &rest,
                        &rate_limiter,
                        &known,
                        &mut unchecked,
                        &unrecovered,
                        &tx,
                    )
                    .await;
                }
            };
            tokio::pin!(retry_gaps);
            // The first window is a grace: a slow first ping is not a heartbeat timeout.
            let mut grace = true;
            loop {
                tokio::select! {
                    // Biased: a consumer drop is terminal and wins; the gap retry is polled last.
                    biased;
                    _ = tx.closed() => {
                        debug!("BinanceSpot account_stream consumer dropped, terminating");
                        break DisconnectReason::ConsumerDropped;
                    }
                    _ = &mut signal_rx => {
                        warn!("BinanceSpot WS disconnected, will attempt reconnect");
                        break DisconnectReason::Signal;
                    }
                    _ = tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(HEARTBEAT_TIMEOUT_SECS)) => {
                        // AcqRel on the swap: the Acquire half synchronizes with the
                        // callback's Release store of `true`, so if we read `true` we
                        // know the callback's side effects are visible. The Release half
                        // is a no-op here since no other thread reads the `false` we
                        // write back — but AcqRel is the semantically correct ordering
                        // for a read-modify-write and protects against future readers.
                        let in_grace = std::mem::take(&mut grace);
                        if heartbeat_flag.swap(false, Ordering::AcqRel) {
                            // Activity detected: connection is proven stable for one full
                            // heartbeat window — safe to reset the reconnect budget so a
                            // stable connection doesn't carry over prior failure counts.
                            budget.reset();
                            continue;
                        }
                        if in_grace {
                            // Not a timeout yet, but no reset either: a venue that accepts the
                            // connection and stays silent spends the budget.
                            continue;
                        }
                        warn!("BinanceSpot heartbeat timeout ({}s), will attempt reconnect", HEARTBEAT_TIMEOUT_SECS);
                        break DisconnectReason::HeartbeatTimeout;
                    }
                    // Last: the arms above end the monitor and win when ready together.
                    () = &mut retry_gaps => {}
                }
            }
        };
        let should_reconnect = !matches!(reason, DisconnectReason::ConsumerDropped);

        // record the disconnect BEFORE cleanup so fill recovery covers
        // the full gap. For heartbeat timeouts the connection may have died up to two
        // heartbeat windows ago, so look back that far (see `disconnect_lookback`).
        // For signal-based disconnects (WS close/error/stream terminated), look back a
        // small margin to cover Tokio scheduling jitter between the WS close event and
        // the monitor task seeing it. Dedup cache handles any resulting duplicates.
        if should_reconnect {
            let heartbeat_timed_out = matches!(reason, DisconnectReason::HeartbeatTimeout);
            disconnect = Some(Disconnect::seen(
                &clock.lock().venue(),
                HostMoment::now(),
                disconnect_lookback(heartbeat_timed_out),
            ));
        }

        // --- Cleanup current connection ---
        // must explicitly unsubscribe — Subscription::drop only detaches the
        // internal JoinHandle, it doesn't abort it.
        // unsubscribe() aborts the callback task without waiting for it (verified against
        // binance-sdk =77.2.0): a callback already running finishes, and none starts once the
        // task sees the abort. That is benign: the callback holds its own clone of the
        // `heartbeat_flag` Arc, so dropping ours here is safe, and an event it still forwards
        // reaches the consumer through the dedup cache like any other from this connection.
        // Re-verify on SDK upgrade if the callback invocation model changes.
        subscription.unsubscribe();
        // binance-sdk WebsocketApi has no Drop impl that closes the TCP connection. Disconnect
        // explicitly to report the result; the guard's drop is the fallback.
        if let Err(e) = ws.disconnect().await {
            warn!(%e, "BinanceSpot failed to disconnect WebSocket");
        }

        if !should_reconnect || tx.is_closed() {
            // Consumer dropped the receiver — no StreamTerminated emit (the channel is already
            // closed, so it would be a no-op; see emit_stream_terminated docs).
            debug!("BinanceSpot connection manager exiting");
            break;
        }
        // Surrender after repeated reconnects: the most recent failure is the disconnect that
        // triggered this round (ConsumerDropped already broke out above).
        let heartbeat_timed_out = matches!(reason, DisconnectReason::HeartbeatTimeout);
        let last_error = || disconnect_error(heartbeat_timed_out);
        if let Err(reason) = retry_or_end(&mut budget, &rate_limiter, last_error).await {
            emit_stream_terminated(&tx, ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, reason);
            break;
        }
    }
}

/// Read the spot account's balances to restate after a reconnect, as a
/// [`BalanceSnapshot`](AccountEventKind::BalanceSnapshot) for each of `assets` (all of them when
/// empty), stamped by [`restatement_time`] for a read started with `floor` (see [`restate`]).
async fn read_spot_restatement(
    rest: &Arc<RestApi>,
    rate_limiter: &Arc<RateLimitTracker>,
    assets: &[AssetNameExchange],
    clock: &SharedStreamClock,
    floor: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
) -> Result<Vec<UnindexedAccountEvent>, UnindexedClientError> {
    let (response, sent) = rest_read_with_retry(rest, rate_limiter, RequestKind::Query, |rest| {
        Box::pin(async move {
            let params = GetAccountParams::builder().build()?;
            rest.get_account(params).await
        })
    })
    .await
    .map_err(|e| classify_rest_query_error(&e, None))?;
    let account = response.data().await.map_err(response_decode_error)?;
    let time = restatement_time(&clock.lock(), sent, floor);
    Ok(
        filter_and_convert_balances(account.balances.unwrap_or_default(), assets, time)
            .into_iter()
            .map(|balance| {
                UnindexedAccountEvent::new(
                    ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
                    AccountEventKind::BalanceSnapshot(
                        rustrade_integration::collection::snapshot::Snapshot(balance),
                    ),
                )
            })
            .collect(),
    )
}

/// Recover the fills of every gap in `unrecovered` that is due: the fills missed while the stream
/// was disconnected.
///
/// Reads each gap's span by REST and sends its trades through the dedup cache, so a trade already
/// delivered is not sent again. A gap whose fills are all forwarded leaves `unrecovered`; one whose
/// read fails or does not finish is retried later, until it is given up (see
/// [`UnrecoveredFills`]). Each gap is settled as soon as its read ends, so dropping this future
/// part-way, as a disconnect during a retry does, loses nothing.
///
/// `myTrades` reports executions only, with no cumulative, so each recovered trade's
/// `order_filled_quantity` is rebuilt from its order's executions by
/// [`recovered_order_totals`]. Nor does it carry a client order id, so each recovered trade's
/// `client_order_id` is then read from its order by [`recovered_order_cids`], with whatever time
/// the walks left. A trade whose order could not be looked up keeps `None` in either.
///
/// The whole recovery is bounded by [`FILL_RECOVERY_TIMEOUT_SECS`]. Fills forwarded before the
/// deadline stay delivered. Its reads are [`RequestKind::Essential`]: they wait out a rate-limit
/// cooldown but not the pause near the weight limit, which could outlast the budget.
async fn recover_fills(
    rest: &Arc<RestApi>,
    rate_limiter: &Arc<RateLimitTracker>,
    unrecovered: &mut UnrecoveredFills,
    tx: &mpsc::UnboundedSender<UnindexedAccountEvent>,
    dedup: &SharedDedupCache,
    known: &SharedKnownLiveOrders,
) {
    use futures::StreamExt;

    let due = unrecovered.due(tokio::time::Instant::now());
    let Some(oldest) = due.iter().map(|(_, gap)| gap.start_ms).min() else {
        return;
    };
    info!(
        gaps = due.len(),
        oldest = %gap_time(oldest),
        "BinanceSpot recovering fills missed while disconnected"
    );

    // Which gaps of `due` have been settled, recovered or failed, and how many have started: the
    // stream starts them in order, eight at a time, so those from `started` on were never read.
    let mut settled = vec![false; due.len()];
    let started = AtomicUsize::new(0);
    let recovery = async {
        let order_executions_deadline = tokio::time::Instant::now() + ORDER_EXECUTIONS_BUDGET;
        let mut recovered = 0u32;
        let mut duplicates = 0u32;

        // limit concurrency to avoid bursting Binance's request weight limits
        // (each GET /api/v3/myTrades costs 20 weight; 8 concurrent = 160 weight).
        // pagination is critical for fill recovery — a missed page means a gap read short.
        // paginate_my_trades handles the full cursor-based pagination loop shared with
        // fetch_trades.
        let mut stream =
            futures::stream::iter(due.iter().cloned().enumerate().map(|(index, (inst, gap))| {
                started.store(index + 1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                let rest = rest.clone();
                let rl = rate_limiter.clone();
                async move {
                    let span = MyTradesFrom::Span {
                        start: gap.start_ms,
                        end: gap.end_ms,
                    };
                    let raw =
                        match paginate_my_trades(&rest, &rl, &inst, span, RequestKind::Essential)
                            .await
                        {
                            Ok(pages) => pages,
                            Err(e) => return (index, Err(e)),
                        };
                    // `myTrades` carries no cumulative, so each recovered fill's is rebuilt from
                    // its order's executions; without it the fill advances the position but not
                    // the order.
                    let totals = recovered_order_totals(
                        ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
                        &inst,
                        &raw,
                        order_executions_deadline,
                        |order_id| {
                            paginate_my_trades(
                                &rest,
                                &rl,
                                &inst,
                                MyTradesFrom::Order(order_id),
                                RequestKind::Essential,
                            )
                        },
                    )
                    .await;
                    // After the walks, so these reads only use time the walks left: the walks
                    // matter more, since a fill without a cumulative leaves its order behind.
                    let cids = recovered_order_cids(
                        ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
                        &inst,
                        &raw,
                        order_executions_deadline,
                        |order_id| fetch_order_cid(&rest, &rl, &inst, order_id),
                    )
                    .await;
                    let trades: Vec<_> = raw
                        .iter()
                        .filter_map(|t| {
                            let mut trade = convert_my_trade(t, &inst)?;
                            trade.order_filled_quantity =
                                t.id.and_then(|id| totals.get(&id).copied());
                            trade.client_order_id =
                                t.order_id.and_then(|id| cids.get(&id).cloned());
                            Some(trade)
                        })
                        .collect();
                    (index, Ok(trades))
                }
            }))
            .buffer_unordered(8);
        while let Some((index, result)) = stream.next().await {
            let (inst, gap) = &due[index];
            settled[index] = true;
            let trades = match result {
                Ok(trades) => trades,
                Err(e) => {
                    gap_failed(
                        unrecovered,
                        tx,
                        ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
                        inst,
                        gap,
                        FillRecoveryFailure::Request(e.to_string()),
                    );
                    continue;
                }
            };
            for trade in trades {
                // Construct the event first so dedup_key_from_event can be reused,
                // keeping key construction in one place.
                let event = UnindexedAccountEvent::new(
                    ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
                    AccountEventKind::Trade(trade),
                );
                // Only Trade events are deduped during recovery — we don't recover NEW/CANCELLED
                // lifecycle events here (those require fetch_open_orders reconciliation).
                if let Some(key) = dedup_key_from_event(&event)
                    && is_duplicate(dedup, key)
                {
                    duplicates += 1;
                    continue;
                }
                // A recovered fill that completes its order ends it, so a later check of how the
                // orders held as live ended does not report it again.
                let sent = {
                    let mut known = known.lock();
                    known.observe(&event);
                    tx.send(event)
                };
                if sent.is_err() {
                    // early return on consumer drop — no point recovering remaining
                    // gaps if the receiver is gone.
                    debug!("BinanceSpot fill recovery: consumer dropped during recovery");
                    return;
                }
                recovered += 1;
            }
            unrecovered.recovered(inst, gap);
        }
        info!(recovered, duplicates, "BinanceSpot fill recovery complete");
    };
    // A timeout drops `recovery` at an await, between gaps: one gap's fills are sent without
    // awaiting, so each is either fully forwarded and settled, or not forwarded at all. A gap
    // whose read started and did not finish has failed; one never started stays due as it was.
    if tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(FILL_RECOVERY_TIMEOUT_SECS), recovery)
        .await
        .is_err()
    {
        let started = started.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
        for ((inst, gap), _) in due[..started]
            .iter()
            .zip(&settled)
            .filter(|(_, settled)| !**settled)
        {
            gap_failed(
                unrecovered,
                tx,
                ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
                inst,
                gap,
                FillRecoveryFailure::TimedOut {
                    timeout_secs: FILL_RECOVERY_TIMEOUT_SECS,
                },
            );
        }
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Type conversion helpers
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Filter Binance account balances to the requested assets and convert to rustrade types.
///
/// If `assets` is empty, **all** balances are returned (no filter applied). This matches
/// the `ExecutionClient::account_snapshot` contract where an empty slice means "all assets."
///
/// Zero-balance entries (`free == 0` and `locked == 0`) are **intentionally included**.
/// Binance's `GET /api/v3/account` returns every asset the account has ever touched,
/// including those with zero balance. The engine or caller is responsible for filtering
/// if zero-balance assets are not desired.
fn convert_balance_entry(
    b: binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::GetAccountResponseBalancesInner,
    now: chrono::DateTime<Utc>,
) -> Option<AssetBalance<AssetNameExchange>> {
    let asset_name = AssetNameExchange::new(b.asset.as_deref()?);
    let free = match b.free.as_deref().and_then(|s| Decimal::from_str(s).ok()) {
        Some(v) => v,
        None => {
            warn!(%asset_name, "BinanceSpot balance missing/unparseable 'free' field");
            return None;
        }
    };
    let locked = match b.locked.as_deref().and_then(|s| Decimal::from_str(s).ok()) {
        Some(v) => v,
        None => {
            warn!(%asset_name, "BinanceSpot balance missing/unparseable 'locked' field");
            return None;
        }
    };
    Some(AssetBalance::new(
        asset_name,
        Balance::new(free + locked, free),
        now,
    ))
}

/// Filter `balances` to `assets` (all of them when `assets` is empty) and convert them, each
/// stamped `time`.
fn filter_and_convert_balances(
    balances: Vec<binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::GetAccountResponseBalancesInner>,
    assets: &[AssetNameExchange],
    time: chrono::DateTime<Utc>,
) -> Vec<AssetBalance<AssetNameExchange>> {
    // Empty assets slice means "return all" — skip building the set entirely.
    if assets.is_empty() {
        return balances
            .into_iter()
            .filter_map(|b| convert_balance_entry(b, time))
            .collect();
    }
    // For small slices (≤16 assets), linear scan avoids allocation and hashing overhead.
    // For larger slices, HashSet O(1) lookup amortizes the construction cost.
    if assets.len() <= 16 {
        return balances
            .into_iter()
            .filter_map(|b| {
                let asset_name_str = b.asset.as_deref()?;
                if !assets.iter().any(|a| a.name().as_str() == asset_name_str) {
                    return None;
                }
                convert_balance_entry(b, time)
            })
            .collect();
    }
    use std::collections::HashSet;
    let asset_set: HashSet<&str> = assets.iter().map(|a| a.name().as_str()).collect();
    balances
        .into_iter()
        .filter_map(|b| {
            let asset_name_str = b.asset.as_deref()?;
            if !asset_set.contains(asset_name_str) {
                return None;
            }
            convert_balance_entry(b, time)
        })
        .collect()
}

/// Convert a Binance myTrades REST response into a rustrade Trade.
fn convert_my_trade(
    t: &binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::MyTradesResponseInner,
    instrument: &InstrumentNameExchange,
) -> Option<Trade<AssetNameExchange, InstrumentNameExchange>> {
    let trade_id_raw = match t.id {
        Some(id) => id,
        None => {
            warn!(%instrument, "BinanceSpot trade missing id");
            return None;
        }
    };
    let trade_id = TradeId(format_smolstr!("{}", trade_id_raw));
    let order_id = match t.order_id {
        Some(id) => OrderId(format_smolstr!("{}", id)),
        None => {
            warn!(%instrument, trade_id = %trade_id_raw, "BinanceSpot trade missing orderId");
            return None;
        }
    };
    let side = match t.is_buyer {
        Some(is_buyer) => {
            if is_buyer {
                Side::Buy
            } else {
                Side::Sell
            }
        }
        None => {
            warn!(%instrument, trade_id = %trade_id_raw, "BinanceSpot trade missing isBuyer");
            return None;
        }
    };
    let price = match t.price.as_deref().and_then(|s| Decimal::from_str(s).ok()) {
        Some(v) => v,
        None => {
            warn!(%instrument, trade_id = %trade_id_raw, "BinanceSpot trade missing/unparseable price");
            return None;
        }
    };
    let quantity = match t.qty.as_deref().and_then(|s| Decimal::from_str(s).ok()) {
        Some(v) => v,
        None => {
            warn!(%instrument, trade_id = %trade_id_raw, "BinanceSpot trade missing/unparseable qty");
            return None;
        }
    };
    let commission = t
        .commission
        .as_deref()
        .and_then(|s| Decimal::from_str(s).ok())
        .unwrap_or(Decimal::ZERO);
    // The trade carries no other time, so without `time` it is kept, stamped with this host's
    // clock and marked so.
    let (time_exchange, time_source) = match t
        .time
        .and_then(|ms| Utc.timestamp_millis_opt(ms).single())
    {
        Some(ts) => (ts, TimeSource::Venue),
        None => {
            warn!(%instrument, trade_id = %trade_id_raw, "BinanceSpot trade missing/unparseable time, using now");
            (Utc::now(), TimeSource::Host)
        }
    };

    // Use actual commission asset from Binance (e.g., BNB, USDT, BTC).
    // fees_quote is set to None here; the indexer will compute it if fee is in
    // quote or base asset. For third-party assets (BNB), downstream must convert.
    // "UNKNOWN" fallback (rare: API omits commission_asset): the indexer keeps the trade with
    // its fee zeroed, and warns.
    let fee_asset = t
        .commission_asset
        .as_deref()
        .map(AssetNameExchange::from)
        .unwrap_or_else(|| AssetNameExchange::from("UNKNOWN"));

    Some(
        Trade::new(
            trade_id,
            order_id,
            instrument.clone(),
            StrategyId::unknown(), // Binance doesn't carry strategy IDs
            time_exchange,
            side,
            price,
            quantity,
            // `myTrades` reports executions only -- no cumulative, no order status.
            None,
            AssetFees::new(fee_asset, commission, None),
        )
        .with_time_source(time_source),
    )
}

/// Convert a raw BinanceSpot user-data WS frame to rustrade AccountEvents.
///
/// Pushes into the provided buffer to avoid per-message heap allocation.
/// A single Binance event (e.g., outboundAccountPosition) may map to multiple
/// rustrade events (one per asset balance).
///
/// Returns whether the stream should be considered terminated (requires reconnect), and the
/// event's time `E`, when Binance sent it, to sample the stream's clock with.
///
/// # Frame shape
///
/// The subscription is WS-API `userDataStream.subscribe.signature`, so each pushed event arrives
/// wrapped as `{ "subscriptionId", "event": { "e", .. } }`, and binance-sdk passes the frame on
/// unchanged; [`parse_user_data_frame`] unwraps it, as for margin. RPC responses (the subscribe
/// acknowledgement) are ignored. A frame of any other shape, including an event without a
/// readable `e` tag, is ignored and logged by [`log_unrecognised_frame`] (throttled `warn`), so a
/// change in delivery cannot drop events silently. Unknown event types inside the envelope are
/// ignored at `trace`.
///
/// # Hot path
///
/// Reads the `e` discriminator from a borrowed view of the frame, then deserializes **only**
/// the matched variant straight from the inner event slice — avoiding the full
/// `serde_json::Value` DOM that `UserDataStreamEventsResponse`'s `#[serde(try_from = "Value")]`
/// would build for every inbound frame.
fn convert_user_data_events(frame: &str, buf: &mut Vec<UnindexedAccountEvent>) -> UserDataOutcome {
    let (event_type, event, event_time) = match parse_user_data_frame(frame) {
        UserDataFrame::Response => return UserDataOutcome::default(),
        UserDataFrame::Event {
            event_type,
            event,
            event_time,
            ..
        } => (event_type, event, event_time),
        UserDataFrame::Unrecognised => {
            static SEEN: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
            log_unrecognised_frame("BinanceSpot", &SEEN, frame);
            return UserDataOutcome::default();
        }
    };
    UserDataOutcome {
        terminated: convert_user_data_event(event_type, event, buf),
        event_time,
    }
}

/// What [`convert_user_data_events`] found in a frame.
#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
struct UserDataOutcome {
    /// The venue ended the stream: reconnect.
    terminated: bool,
    /// The event's time `E`, by Binance's clock.
    event_time: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
}

/// Convert one user-data event of type `event_type`, appending its events to `buf`. Returns `true`
/// if the stream should be considered terminated.
fn convert_user_data_event(
    event_type: &str,
    event: &str,
    buf: &mut Vec<UnindexedAccountEvent>,
) -> bool {
    // Tag values match `UserDataStreamEventsResponse`'s `try_from = "Value"` arms (binance-sdk).
    match event_type {
        "executionReport" => {
            // Single typed pass straight from the inner event — no intermediate DOM, and only the
            // matched branch deserializes its payload. `ExecutionReport` ignores the unknown `e` tag.
            match serde_json::from_str::<ExecutionReport>(event) {
                Ok(report) => {
                    convert_execution_report(&report, ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, buf);
                }
                Err(e) => {
                    warn!(error = %e, frame = frame_excerpt(event), "BinanceSpot: undeserializable executionReport, dropping")
                }
            }
            false
        }
        "outboundAccountPosition" => {
            match serde_json::from_str::<binance_sdk::spot::websocket_api::OutboundAccountPosition>(
                event,
            ) {
                Ok(position) => convert_account_position(position, buf),
                Err(e) => {
                    warn!(error = %e, frame = frame_excerpt(event), "BinanceSpot: undeserializable outboundAccountPosition, dropping")
                }
            }
            false
        }
        "balanceUpdate" => {
            // balanceUpdate events are for deposits/withdrawals;
            // outboundAccountPosition covers balance changes from trades.
            // deposit/withdrawal balance changes are not forwarded to the consumer.
            // A caller should call fetch_balances or account_snapshot periodically to
            // reconcile balances after external transfers.
            // No log here: this is the per-frame receive hot path.
            false
        }
        "eventStreamTerminated" => {
            // Binance sends eventStreamTerminated as a JSON message, not a WS
            // close frame. Without signalling reconnect here, the stream silently dies
            // while heartbeat ping/pong keeps the connection alive.
            warn!("BinanceSpot user data stream terminated by exchange, signalling reconnect");
            true
        }
        "listStatus" | "externalLockUpdate" => {
            // OCO/OTO list status (each leg's own executionReport carries the order state) and
            // balance locked or unlocked by an external system (e.g. as collateral elsewhere):
            // ignored knowingly, never tear down the stream.
            trace!(event_type, "BinanceSpot ignoring unhandled user data event");
            false
        }
        _ => {
            static SEEN: UnhandledEvents = UnhandledEvents::new();
            log_unhandled_event("BinanceSpot", &SEEN, event_type, event);
            false
        }
    }
}

/// Convert a Binance outboundAccountPosition to balance stream-update events.
///
/// Emits one `BalanceStreamUpdate` event per asset (the WS message is a `free`/`locked` partial,
/// not a full snapshot). Pushes into the provided buffer to avoid per-message allocation.
fn convert_account_position(
    position: binance_sdk::spot::websocket_api::OutboundAccountPosition,
    buf: &mut Vec<UnindexedAccountEvent>,
) {
    // `u` (last account update time) rather than `E` (event time), for more accurate balance
    // timestamps.
    let Some(time_exchange) =
        account_position_time(ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, position.u, position.e_uppercase)
    else {
        return;
    };

    for b in position.b_uppercase.unwrap_or_default() {
        let asset = match b.a {
            Some(a) => AssetNameExchange::new(a),
            None => {
                warn!("BinanceSpot account position entry missing asset name");
                continue;
            }
        };
        let free = match b.f.as_deref().and_then(|s| Decimal::from_str(s).ok()) {
            Some(v) => v,
            None => {
                warn!(%asset, "BinanceSpot account position missing/unparseable 'free' field");
                continue;
            }
        };
        let locked = match b.l.as_deref().and_then(|s| Decimal::from_str(s).ok()) {
            Some(v) => v,
            None => {
                warn!(%asset, "BinanceSpot account position missing/unparseable 'locked' field");
                continue;
            }
        };
        // WS `outboundAccountPosition` is a free/locked partial (no debt), so emit a
        // `BalanceStreamUpdate` rather than a full `BalanceSnapshot`. Spot carries no margin debt,
        // so nothing is preserved here — but routing it through the update path keeps one
        // consistent model (REST → snapshot, WS → update) and protects margin debt downstream.
        let update =
            AssetBalanceUpdate::new(asset, BalanceUpdate::new(free, locked), time_exchange);
        buf.push(UnindexedAccountEvent::new(
            ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
            AccountEventKind::BalanceStreamUpdate(
                rustrade_integration::collection::snapshot::Snapshot::new(update),
            ),
        ));
    }
}

/// Convert rustrade OrderKind + TimeInForce to Binance SDK order type and TIF.
///
/// Returns `None` for unsupported combinations, which `open_order` converts to
/// `UnsupportedOrderType` rejection.
///
/// # Conditional Orders
///
/// - `Stop` → `STOP_LOSS` (market order triggered at stop price)
/// - `StopLimit` → `STOP_LOSS_LIMIT` (limit order triggered at stop price)
/// - `TakeProfit` → `TAKE_PROFIT` (market order triggered at take-profit price)
/// - `TakeProfitLimit` → `TAKE_PROFIT_LIMIT` (limit order triggered at take-profit price)
///
/// # Trailing Stop Orders
///
/// Binance implements trailing stops via `STOP_LOSS` with `trailingDelta` parameter.
///
/// **Supported offset types** (`open_order` refuses an offset that does not come to a positive
/// whole number of basis points with `InvalidPrecision`; see the shared
/// `trailing_delta_basis_points`):
/// - `BasisPoints`: used directly (1 basis point = 0.01%)
/// - `Percentage`: converted to basis points (multiplied by 100)
///
/// **Unsupported:**
/// - `Absolute`: returns `None` → `UnsupportedOrderType`. The caller (`open_order`)
///   must surface this so end users can convert absolute offsets to basis points
///   themselves: `basis_points = (absolute / price) * 10000`
/// - `TrailingStopLimit`: Binance's trailing `STOP_LOSS_LIMIT` keeps its limit price fixed while
///   the stop trails, where `TrailingStopLimit`'s limit follows the stop. That order is
///   `TrailingStopFixedLimit`, which converts to `STOP_LOSS_LIMIT`.
///
fn convert_order_kind_tif(
    kind: OrderKind,
    tif: TimeInForce,
) -> Option<(OrderPlaceTypeEnum, Option<OrderPlaceTimeInForceEnum>)> {
    // The decision logic (which kind/TIF combinations Binance supports, GTD coercion,
    // trailing-offset handling) lives in the shared classifier so spot and margin share it;
    // this adapter only maps the venue-neutral result onto spot's WS-API enum types.
    let (binance_type, binance_tif) = classify_order_kind_tif(kind, tif)?;
    let type_enum = match binance_type {
        BinanceOrderType::Market => OrderPlaceTypeEnum::Market,
        BinanceOrderType::Limit => OrderPlaceTypeEnum::Limit,
        BinanceOrderType::LimitMaker => OrderPlaceTypeEnum::LimitMaker,
        BinanceOrderType::StopLoss => OrderPlaceTypeEnum::StopLoss,
        BinanceOrderType::StopLossLimit => OrderPlaceTypeEnum::StopLossLimit,
        BinanceOrderType::TakeProfit => OrderPlaceTypeEnum::TakeProfit,
        BinanceOrderType::TakeProfitLimit => OrderPlaceTypeEnum::TakeProfitLimit,
    };
    let tif_enum = binance_tif.map(|t| match t {
        BinanceTimeInForce::Gtc => OrderPlaceTimeInForceEnum::Gtc,
        BinanceTimeInForce::Ioc => OrderPlaceTimeInForceEnum::Ioc,
        BinanceTimeInForce::Fok => OrderPlaceTimeInForceEnum::Fok,
    });
    Some((type_enum, tif_enum))
}

#[cfg(test)]
#[allow(clippy::unwrap_used, clippy::expect_used)] // Test code: panics on bad input are acceptable
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::client::binance::shared::*;
    use crate::client::dedup::{DedupEventKind, DedupKey};
    use crate::error::StreamTerminationReason;
    use crate::order::{TrailingOffsetType, id::ClientOrderId};
    use binance_sdk::common::errors::WebsocketError;
    use smol_str::SmolStr;

    /// No WS-API session could be connected, so an open was never sent: the order was not
    /// placed. A cancel keeps the connectivity error, and a rate limit is a rejection for both.
    #[test]
    fn an_unconnected_session_fails_an_open_as_not_placed() {
        let open = WsApiUnavailable::Connect("refused".into()).into_open_error();
        assert!(matches!(
            &open,
            OrderError::NotPlaced(NotPlacedReason::NotSent(ConnectivityError::Socket(m))) if m == "refused"
        ));
        assert!(!open.is_outcome_unknown());

        let cancel = WsApiUnavailable::Connect("refused".into()).into_order_error();
        assert!(matches!(cancel, OrderError::Connectivity(_)));

        let limited = || WsApiUnavailable::RateLimited {
            msg: "banned".into(),
            retry_after: None,
        };
        assert_eq!(limited().into_open_error(), limited().into_order_error());
        assert!(matches!(
            limited().into_open_error(),
            OrderError::Rejected(ApiError::RateLimit { .. })
        ));
    }

    /// A spot account never borrows, so it honours `NoSideEffect` alone, and refuses a borrow or
    /// a repay before it opens a connection.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn open_order_refuses_a_borrow_or_repay_effect_unsent() {
        use crate::{
            client::ExecutionClient,
            margin::MarginEffect,
            order::{request::RequestOpen, state::InactiveOrderState},
        };

        let client = BinanceSpot::new(
            BinanceSpotConfig::testnet("key".into(), "secret".into()).with_server_time_sync(false),
        );
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");

        for effect in [MarginEffect::Borrow, MarginEffect::Repay] {
            let order = client
                .open_order(OrderRequestOpen {
                    key: OrderKey::new(
                        ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
                        &instrument,
                        StrategyId::new("strategy"),
                        ClientOrderId::new("cid"),
                    ),
                    state: RequestOpen::new(
                        Side::Buy,
                        Some(Decimal::from(50_000)),
                        Decimal::ONE,
                        OrderKind::Limit,
                        TimeInForce::GoodUntilCancelled { post_only: false },
                    )
                    .with_margin_effect(effect),
                })
                .await;

            assert!(
                matches!(
                    order.state,
                    OrderState::Inactive(InactiveOrderState::OpenFailed(
                        OrderError::UnsupportedMarginEffect(refused)
                    )) if refused == effect
                ),
                "{order:?}"
            );
        }
    }

    /// `load_rules` returns the rules it read.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn load_rules_returns_the_rules_it_read() {
        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/exchangeInfo"))
            .respond_with(wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(
                serde_json::json!({"symbols": [{
                    "symbol": "BTCUSDT", "status": "TRADING",
                    "filters": [
                        {"filterType": "LOT_SIZE", "minQty": "0.001", "maxQty": "100", "stepSize": "0.001"},
                    ],
                }]}),
            ))
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        let mut client = BinanceSpot::new(
            BinanceSpotConfig::testnet("key".into(), "secret".into()).with_server_time_sync(false),
        );
        client.rules = Arc::new(RulesLoader::new(
            PreSendRules::Enforce,
            Arc::new(SpotRestApi::from_config(
                ConfigurationRestApi::builder()
                    .api_key("key")
                    .api_secret("secret")
                    .base_path(server.uri())
                    .build()
                    .unwrap(),
            )),
            Arc::new(RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot)),
        ));
        let btcusdt = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");

        let loaded = client.load_rules(std::slice::from_ref(&btcusdt)).await;
        let rules = loaded.ok().and_then(|mut loaded| loaded.remove(&btcusdt));
        assert_eq!(
            rules.map(|rules| rules.quantity.step),
            Some(Some(Decimal::new(1, 3)))
        );
    }

    /// An order that breaks the symbol's rules is refused before a connection opens, with the
    /// limit it broke; a refusal costs no order request.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn open_order_refuses_an_order_breaking_the_symbols_rules_unsent() {
        use crate::{
            client::ExecutionClient,
            error::{Bound, BoundsViolation, OrderField},
            order::{request::RequestOpen, state::InactiveOrderState},
        };

        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/exchangeInfo"))
            .respond_with(wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(
                serde_json::json!({"symbols": [{
                    "symbol": "BTCUSDT", "status": "TRADING",
                    "filters": [
                        {"filterType": "LOT_SIZE", "minQty": "0.001", "maxQty": "100", "stepSize": "0.001"},
                    ],
                }]}),
            ))
            .expect(1)
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        let mut client = BinanceSpot::new(
            BinanceSpotConfig::testnet("key".into(), "secret".into()).with_server_time_sync(false),
        );
        client.rules = Arc::new(RulesLoader::new(
            PreSendRules::Enforce,
            Arc::new(SpotRestApi::from_config(
                ConfigurationRestApi::builder()
                    .api_key("key")
                    .api_secret("secret")
                    .base_path(server.uri())
                    .build()
                    .unwrap(),
            )),
            Arc::new(RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot)),
        ));
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");

        let order = client
            .open_order(OrderRequestOpen {
                key: OrderKey::new(
                    ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
                    &instrument,
                    StrategyId::new("strategy"),
                    ClientOrderId::new("cid"),
                ),
                state: RequestOpen::new(
                    Side::Buy,
                    Some(Decimal::from(50_000)),
                    Decimal::from(101),
                    OrderKind::Limit,
                    TimeInForce::GoodUntilCancelled { post_only: false },
                ),
            })
            .await;

        assert!(
            matches!(
                order.state,
                OrderState::Inactive(InactiveOrderState::OpenFailed(
                    OrderError::OutOfBounds(violation)
                )) if violation == BoundsViolation::new(
                    OrderField::Quantity,
                    Bound::Max,
                    Decimal::from(100),
                    Decimal::from(101),
                )
            ),
            "{order:?}"
        );
    }

    /// A trailing stop's offset is held to `TRAILING_DELTA`'s range for its side, the range above
    /// for a buy and below for a sell, and refused unsent.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn open_order_refuses_a_trailing_offset_outside_its_sides_range_unsent() {
        use crate::{
            client::ExecutionClient,
            error::{Bound, BoundsViolation, OrderField},
            order::{TrailingOffsetType, request::RequestOpen, state::InactiveOrderState},
        };

        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/exchangeInfo"))
            .respond_with(wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(
                serde_json::json!({"symbols": [{
                    "symbol": "BTCUSDT", "status": "TRADING",
                    "filters": [
                        {"filterType": "TRAILING_DELTA", "minTrailingAboveDelta": 10,
                         "maxTrailingAboveDelta": 2000, "minTrailingBelowDelta": 10,
                         "maxTrailingBelowDelta": 1000},
                    ],
                }]}),
            ))
            .expect(1)
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        let mut client = BinanceSpot::new(
            BinanceSpotConfig::testnet("key".into(), "secret".into()).with_server_time_sync(false),
        );
        client.rules = Arc::new(RulesLoader::new(
            PreSendRules::Enforce,
            Arc::new(SpotRestApi::from_config(
                ConfigurationRestApi::builder()
                    .api_key("key")
                    .api_secret("secret")
                    .base_path(server.uri())
                    .build()
                    .unwrap(),
            )),
            Arc::new(RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot)),
        ));
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let order = |cid: &str, side: Side, offset: Decimal| OrderRequestOpen {
            key: OrderKey::new(
                ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
                &instrument,
                StrategyId::new("strategy"),
                ClientOrderId::new(cid),
            ),
            state: RequestOpen::new(
                side,
                None,
                Decimal::ONE,
                OrderKind::TrailingStop {
                    offset,
                    offset_type: TrailingOffsetType::BasisPoints,
                    activation_price: None,
                },
                TimeInForce::GoodUntilCancelled { post_only: false },
            ),
        };
        let refused_at = |order: Order<_, _, _>| match order.state {
            OrderState::Inactive(InactiveOrderState::OpenFailed(OrderError::OutOfBounds(
                violation,
            ))) => Some(violation),
            _ => None,
        };

        let buy = client
            .open_order(order("a", Side::Buy, Decimal::from(2500)))
            .await;
        assert_eq!(
            refused_at(buy),
            Some(BoundsViolation::new(
                OrderField::TrailingOffset,
                Bound::Max,
                Decimal::from(2000),
                Decimal::from(2500),
            ))
        );
        let sell = client
            .open_order(order("b", Side::Sell, Decimal::from(1500)))
            .await;
        assert_eq!(
            refused_at(sell),
            Some(BoundsViolation::new(
                OrderField::TrailingOffset,
                Bound::Max,
                Decimal::from(1000),
                Decimal::from(1500),
            ))
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_binance_spot_config_new_uses_testnet_by_default() {
        let cfg = BinanceSpotConfig::new("my_key".into(), "my_secret".into());
        assert!(cfg.testnet);
        assert_eq!(cfg.api_key(), "my_key");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_binance_spot_config_production_is_explicit() {
        let cfg = BinanceSpotConfig::production("my_key".into(), "my_secret".into());
        assert!(!cfg.testnet);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_binance_spot_config_debug_redacts_credentials() {
        let cfg = BinanceSpotConfig::new("my_key".into(), "my_secret".into());
        let debug = format!("{cfg:?}");

        assert!(!debug.contains("my_key"), "api_key should be redacted");
        assert!(
            !debug.contains("my_secret"),
            "secret_key should be redacted"
        );
        assert!(debug.contains("testnet: true"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_binance_spot_config_deserialize_omitted_testnet_defaults_to_testnet() {
        let cfg: BinanceSpotConfig = serde_json::from_str(
            r#"{
        "api_key": "my_key",
        "secret_key": "my_secret"
    }"#,
        )
        .unwrap();

        assert!(cfg.testnet);
        assert_eq!(cfg.api_key(), "my_key");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_binance_spot_config_deserialize_testnet_true() {
        let cfg: BinanceSpotConfig = serde_json::from_str(
            r#"{
        "api_key": "my_key",
        "secret_key": "my_secret",
        "testnet": true
    }"#,
        )
        .unwrap();

        assert!(cfg.testnet);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_binance_spot_config_deserialize_testnet_false() {
        let cfg: BinanceSpotConfig = serde_json::from_str(
            r#"{
        "api_key": "my_key",
        "secret_key": "my_secret",
        "testnet": false
    }"#,
        )
        .unwrap();

        assert!(!cfg.testnet);
    }

    #[test]
    #[serial_test::serial]
    fn test_binance_spot_config_from_env_defaults_to_testnet() {
        temp_env::with_vars(
            [
                ("BINANCE_API_KEY", Some("my_key")),
                ("BINANCE_SECRET_KEY", Some("my_secret")),
                ("BINANCE_TESTNET", None),
            ],
            || {
                let cfg = BinanceSpotConfig::from_env().unwrap();
                assert!(cfg.testnet);
                assert_eq!(cfg.api_key(), "my_key");
            },
        );
    }

    #[test]
    #[serial_test::serial]
    fn test_binance_spot_config_from_env_accepts_explicit_production() {
        temp_env::with_vars(
            [
                ("BINANCE_API_KEY", Some("my_key")),
                ("BINANCE_SECRET_KEY", Some("my_secret")),
                ("BINANCE_TESTNET", Some("false")),
            ],
            || {
                let cfg = BinanceSpotConfig::from_env().unwrap();
                assert!(!cfg.testnet);
            },
        );
    }

    #[test]
    #[serial_test::serial]
    fn test_binance_spot_config_from_env_rejects_invalid_testnet() {
        temp_env::with_vars(
            [
                ("BINANCE_API_KEY", Some("my_key")),
                ("BINANCE_SECRET_KEY", Some("my_secret")),
                ("BINANCE_TESTNET", Some("maybe")),
            ],
            || {
                let err = BinanceSpotConfig::from_env().unwrap_err();
                assert!(
                    matches!(err, BinanceSpotConfigError::InvalidTestnet(value) if value == "maybe")
                );
            },
        );
    }

    #[test]
    #[serial_test::serial]
    fn test_binance_spot_config_from_env_requires_credentials() {
        temp_env::with_vars(
            [
                ("BINANCE_API_KEY", None),
                ("BINANCE_SECRET_KEY", Some("my_secret")),
                ("BINANCE_TESTNET", None),
            ],
            || {
                let err = BinanceSpotConfig::from_env().unwrap_err();
                assert!(matches!(err, BinanceSpotConfigError::MissingApiKey));
            },
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_side() {
        assert_eq!(parse_side("BUY"), Some(Side::Buy));
        assert_eq!(parse_side("SELL"), Some(Side::Sell));
        assert_eq!(parse_side("buy"), None);
        assert_eq!(parse_side("UNKNOWN"), None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_time_in_force() {
        assert_eq!(
            parse_time_in_force("GTC"),
            TimeInForce::GoodUntilCancelled { post_only: false }
        );
        assert_eq!(
            parse_time_in_force("GTX"),
            TimeInForce::GoodUntilCancelled { post_only: true }
        );
        assert_eq!(parse_time_in_force("IOC"), TimeInForce::ImmediateOrCancel);
        assert_eq!(parse_time_in_force("FOK"), TimeInForce::FillOrKill);
        assert_eq!(parse_time_in_force("GTD"), TimeInForce::GoodUntilEndOfDay);
        // Unknown defaults to GTC
        assert_eq!(
            parse_time_in_force("UNKNOWN"),
            TimeInForce::GoodUntilCancelled { post_only: false }
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_order_kind_tif() {
        // binance-sdk enums don't derive PartialEq, so use matches!
        assert!(matches!(
            convert_order_kind_tif(OrderKind::Market, TimeInForce::ImmediateOrCancel),
            Some((OrderPlaceTypeEnum::Market, None))
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            convert_order_kind_tif(
                OrderKind::Limit,
                TimeInForce::GoodUntilCancelled { post_only: false }
            ),
            Some((
                OrderPlaceTypeEnum::Limit,
                Some(OrderPlaceTimeInForceEnum::Gtc)
            ))
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            convert_order_kind_tif(
                OrderKind::Limit,
                TimeInForce::GoodUntilCancelled { post_only: true }
            ),
            Some((OrderPlaceTypeEnum::LimitMaker, None))
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            convert_order_kind_tif(OrderKind::Limit, TimeInForce::FillOrKill),
            Some((
                OrderPlaceTypeEnum::Limit,
                Some(OrderPlaceTimeInForceEnum::Fok)
            ))
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            convert_order_kind_tif(OrderKind::Limit, TimeInForce::ImmediateOrCancel),
            Some((
                OrderPlaceTypeEnum::Limit,
                Some(OrderPlaceTimeInForceEnum::Ioc)
            ))
        ));
        // GoodUntilEndOfDay is unsupported on Binance (no native EOD order) — surfaced as
        // unsupported rather than silently coerced to GTC, which would drop the EOD semantics.
        assert!(convert_order_kind_tif(OrderKind::Limit, TimeInForce::GoodUntilEndOfDay).is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_order_kind_tif_conditional() {
        use rust_decimal::Decimal;

        assert!(matches!(
            convert_order_kind_tif(
                OrderKind::Stop {
                    trigger_price: Decimal::from(100)
                },
                TimeInForce::GoodUntilCancelled { post_only: false }
            ),
            Some((OrderPlaceTypeEnum::StopLoss, None))
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            convert_order_kind_tif(
                OrderKind::StopLimit {
                    trigger_price: Decimal::from(100)
                },
                TimeInForce::GoodUntilCancelled { post_only: false }
            ),
            Some((
                OrderPlaceTypeEnum::StopLossLimit,
                Some(OrderPlaceTimeInForceEnum::Gtc)
            ))
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            convert_order_kind_tif(
                OrderKind::TakeProfit {
                    trigger_price: Decimal::from(150)
                },
                TimeInForce::ImmediateOrCancel
            ),
            Some((OrderPlaceTypeEnum::TakeProfit, None))
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            convert_order_kind_tif(
                OrderKind::TakeProfitLimit {
                    trigger_price: Decimal::from(150)
                },
                TimeInForce::FillOrKill
            ),
            Some((
                OrderPlaceTypeEnum::TakeProfitLimit,
                Some(OrderPlaceTimeInForceEnum::Fok)
            ))
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_order_kind_tif_trailing() {
        use rust_decimal::Decimal;

        // TrailingStop with BasisPoints/Percentage → StopLoss (trailingDelta set separately)
        assert!(matches!(
            convert_order_kind_tif(
                OrderKind::TrailingStop {
                    offset: Decimal::from(100),
                    offset_type: TrailingOffsetType::BasisPoints,
                    activation_price: None,
                },
                TimeInForce::GoodUntilCancelled { post_only: false }
            ),
            Some((OrderPlaceTypeEnum::StopLoss, None))
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            convert_order_kind_tif(
                OrderKind::TrailingStop {
                    offset: Decimal::from(5),
                    offset_type: TrailingOffsetType::Percentage,
                    activation_price: None,
                },
                TimeInForce::GoodUntilCancelled { post_only: false }
            ),
            Some((OrderPlaceTypeEnum::StopLoss, None))
        ));

        // TrailingStop with Absolute → unsupported (returns None)
        assert!(
            convert_order_kind_tif(
                OrderKind::TrailingStop {
                    offset: Decimal::from(10),
                    offset_type: TrailingOffsetType::Absolute,
                    activation_price: None,
                },
                TimeInForce::GoodUntilCancelled { post_only: false }
            )
            .is_none()
        );

        // TrailingStopLimit → unsupported (Binance's trailing limit is fixed, not offset)
        assert!(
            convert_order_kind_tif(
                OrderKind::TrailingStopLimit {
                    offset: Decimal::from(100),
                    offset_type: TrailingOffsetType::BasisPoints,
                    stop_price: Decimal::from(95),
                    limit_offset: Decimal::from(10),
                },
                TimeInForce::GoodUntilCancelled { post_only: false }
            )
            .is_none()
        );
    }

    /// A fixed-limit trailing stop is a STOP_LOSS_LIMIT, timed as a stop-limit order is; an
    /// Absolute offset cannot be sent.
    #[test]
    fn a_fixed_limit_trailing_stop_converts_to_stop_loss_limit() {
        let fixed_limit = |offset_type| OrderKind::TrailingStopFixedLimit {
            offset: Decimal::from(100),
            offset_type,
            activation_price: Some(Decimal::from(50_000)),
        };
        assert!(matches!(
            convert_order_kind_tif(
                fixed_limit(TrailingOffsetType::BasisPoints),
                TimeInForce::GoodUntilCancelled { post_only: false }
            ),
            Some((
                OrderPlaceTypeEnum::StopLossLimit,
                Some(OrderPlaceTimeInForceEnum::Gtc)
            ))
        ));
        assert!(
            convert_order_kind_tif(
                fixed_limit(TrailingOffsetType::Absolute),
                TimeInForce::GoodUntilCancelled { post_only: false }
            )
            .is_none()
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_binance_api_error() {
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");

        assert!(matches!(
            parse_binance_api_error("Insufficient balance".into(), &instrument),
            ApiError::BalanceInsufficient(None, _)
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_binance_api_error("Not enough funds".into(), &instrument),
            ApiError::BalanceInsufficient(None, _)
        ));
        assert_eq!(
            parse_binance_api_error("Rate limit exceeded".into(), &instrument),
            ApiError::rate_limited(None)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            parse_binance_api_error("Error code -1015".into(), &instrument),
            ApiError::rate_limited(None)
        );
        // -1003: too many requests — must also map to RateLimit (not OrderRejected)
        assert_eq!(
            parse_binance_api_error("Error -1003: too many requests".into(), &instrument),
            ApiError::rate_limited(None)
        );
        // -2011 maps to OrderAlreadyCancelled
        assert_eq!(
            parse_binance_api_error("Error code -2011".into(), &instrument),
            ApiError::OrderAlreadyCancelled
        );
        // -2013 maps to OrderAlreadyCancelled (benign race condition on cancel)
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_binance_api_error("Unknown order sent -2013".into(), &instrument),
            ApiError::OrderAlreadyCancelled
        ));
        // -2013 without "unknown order" text still matches via code
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_binance_api_error("Order does not exist -2013".into(), &instrument),
            ApiError::OrderAlreadyCancelled
        ));
        // "Unknown order" text without a code falls through to text heuristic
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_binance_api_error("Unknown order encountered".into(), &instrument),
            ApiError::OrderRejected(_)
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_binance_api_error("Invalid symbol -1121".into(), &instrument),
            ApiError::InstrumentInvalid(_, _)
        ));
        // -2010 is read by its text: Binance gives it for many reasons besides balance
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_binance_api_error(
                "Server-side response error (code -2010): Account has insufficient balance".into(),
                &instrument
            ),
            ApiError::BalanceInsufficient(None, _)
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_binance_api_error(
                "Server-side response error (code -2010): Order would trigger immediately.".into(),
                &instrument
            ),
            ApiError::OrderRejected(_)
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            parse_binance_api_error("Some other error".into(), &instrument),
            ApiError::OrderRejected(_)
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_contains_error_code_suffix_guard() {
        // Suffix digit guard: "-2013" must not match "-20130" or "-20131"
        assert!(
            !contains_error_code("-20130", "-2013"),
            "-20130 should not match -2013"
        );
        assert!(
            !contains_error_code("-20131", "-2013"),
            "-20131 should not match -2013"
        );
        // Exact match and match with trailing text should succeed
        assert!(contains_error_code("-2013", "-2013"), "exact match");
        assert!(
            contains_error_code("Error -2013: text", "-2013"),
            "match with trailing text"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_contains_error_code_prefix_guard() {
        // Prefix digit guard: "-2013" must not match a string where the code
        // is immediately preceded by a digit (e.g. "1-2013" in some error context).
        assert!(
            !contains_error_code("1-2013", "-2013"),
            "1-2013 should not match -2013"
        );
        assert!(
            !contains_error_code("error 1-2013 text", "-2013"),
            "embedded 1-2013 should not match"
        );
        // Non-digit prefix should still match
        assert!(
            contains_error_code("code=-2013,", "-2013"),
            "=-2013 prefix should match"
        );
        assert!(
            contains_error_code(" -2013 ", "-2013"),
            "space prefix should match"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_contains_error_code_second_occurrence_valid() {
        // When the first occurrence fails the suffix digit guard (e.g. "-2013" inside
        // "-20130"), the function must continue scanning and find the later valid occurrence.
        assert!(
            contains_error_code("response code -20130 or -2013: rate limit", "-2013"),
            "second valid occurrence must match when first fails digit guard"
        );
        // Symmetric: first valid, second is a longer code — first must still match
        assert!(
            contains_error_code("-2013 or -20130", "-2013"),
            "first valid occurrence must match when second is a longer code"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_dedup_cache() {
        let cache = new_dedup_cache();
        let key = DedupKey {
            instrument: SmolStr::from("BTCUSDT"),
            id: SmolStr::from("12345"),
            kind: DedupEventKind::Trade,
        };

        // First time: not a duplicate
        assert!(!is_duplicate(&cache, key));
        // Second time: is a duplicate
        let key = DedupKey {
            instrument: SmolStr::from("BTCUSDT"),
            id: SmolStr::from("12345"),
            kind: DedupEventKind::Trade,
        };
        assert!(is_duplicate(&cache, key));

        // Different key (same id, different kind): not a duplicate
        let key2 = DedupKey {
            instrument: SmolStr::from("BTCUSDT"),
            id: SmolStr::from("12345"),
            kind: DedupEventKind::OrderState {
                filled_quantity: Decimal::ZERO,
            },
        };
        assert!(!is_duplicate(&cache, key2));
    }

    /// Two order-state snapshots for one order differ only by cumulative filled quantity, and
    /// must not be deduplicated against each other -- otherwise the acknowledgement (`z = 0`)
    /// swallows every fill snapshot that follows it.
    #[test]
    fn dedup_distinguishes_order_states_and_still_collapses_a_replay() {
        let cache = new_dedup_cache();
        let state = |filled: &str| DedupKey {
            instrument: SmolStr::from("BTCUSDT"),
            id: SmolStr::from("12345"),
            kind: DedupEventKind::OrderState {
                filled_quantity: Decimal::from_str(filled).unwrap(),
            },
        };

        // Acknowledgement, then two fills on the same order: three distinct states.
        assert!(!is_duplicate(&cache, state("0")), "ack is new");
        assert!(
            !is_duplicate(&cache, state("1")),
            "first fill is not the ack"
        );
        assert!(
            !is_duplicate(&cache, state("2")),
            "second fill is not the first"
        );

        // A re-delivered snapshot still collides, which is what keeps a replayed
        // acknowledgement from resurrecting an order that has since retired.
        assert!(
            is_duplicate(&cache, state("0")),
            "replayed ack is a duplicate"
        );
        assert!(
            is_duplicate(&cache, state("2")),
            "replayed fill is a duplicate"
        );

        // Decimal hashes normalised, so the venue's chosen representation does not split a key.
        assert!(
            is_duplicate(&cache, state("2.00")),
            "2.00 must be the same key as 2"
        );
    }

    /// Drive frames through the same two stages the live WebSocket callback does: convert, then
    /// apply the dedup gate. Returns what a consumer would actually receive.
    ///
    /// Every other test in this file calls `convert_execution_report` directly. That is the wrong
    /// altitude to prove a fill reaches anyone: the converter can be perfectly correct while the
    /// gate downstream of it discards what the converter produced.
    fn drive_ws_pipeline(frames: &[&str]) -> Vec<UnindexedAccountEvent> {
        use crate::client::dedup::dedup_key_from_event;

        let cache = new_dedup_cache();
        let mut delivered = Vec::new();
        let mut buf = Vec::new();
        for frame in frames {
            let _ = convert_user_data_events(frame, &mut buf);
            for ev in buf.drain(..) {
                if let Some(key) = dedup_key_from_event(&ev)
                    && is_duplicate(&cache, key)
                {
                    continue;
                }
                delivered.push(ev);
            }
        }
        delivered
    }

    // Wrapped as the WS-API subscription delivers them: `{ subscriptionId, event }`.
    const WS_NEW: &str = r#"{"subscriptionId":0,"event":{"e":"executionReport","s":"BTCUSDT",
        "i":12345,"c":"client-1","x":"NEW","X":"NEW","S":"BUY","o":"LIMIT","f":"GTC","q":"2",
        "p":"100","z":"0","T":1700000000000}}"#;

    const WS_PARTIAL_FILL: &str = r#"{"subscriptionId":0,"event":{"e":"executionReport",
        "s":"BTCUSDT","i":12345,"c":"client-1","x":"TRADE","X":"PARTIALLY_FILLED","S":"BUY",
        "o":"LIMIT","f":"GTC","q":"2","p":"100","z":"1","l":"1","L":"100","t":555,"n":"0.1",
        "N":"USDT","T":1700000001000}}"#;

    /// A fill's order snapshot must survive the dedup gate that sits between the converter and the
    /// consumer.
    ///
    /// The acknowledgement and the fill describe one order id, so a key built from the id alone
    /// makes the second look like a replay of the first. `Open::filled_quantity` then never leaves
    /// the `0` the acknowledgement carried, which is the defect the converter change was meant to
    /// fix -- fixed in the converter, undone one stage later.
    #[test]
    fn ws_fill_snapshot_survives_the_dedup_gate() {
        use crate::order::state::ActiveOrderState;

        let delivered = drive_ws_pipeline(&[WS_NEW, WS_PARTIAL_FILL]);

        assert_eq!(
            delivered.len(),
            3,
            "expected the ack snapshot, then the fill's execution and its snapshot, got: {delivered:?}"
        );

        let snapshots: Vec<Decimal> = delivered
            .iter()
            .filter_map(|ev| match &ev.kind {
                AccountEventKind::OrderSnapshot(snap) => match &snap.0.state {
                    OrderState::Active(ActiveOrderState::Open(open)) => Some(open.filled_quantity),
                    _ => None,
                },
                _ => None,
            })
            .collect();

        assert_eq!(
            snapshots,
            vec![Decimal::ZERO, Decimal::ONE],
            "the fill's snapshot must reach the consumer carrying the advanced filled quantity"
        );
    }

    /// The gate must still collapse a genuinely re-delivered frame, because a replayed
    /// acknowledgement for a retired order is re-inserted as a live resting order by the engine.
    #[test]
    fn ws_replayed_frame_is_still_deduplicated() {
        let delivered = drive_ws_pipeline(&[WS_NEW, WS_PARTIAL_FILL, WS_NEW, WS_PARTIAL_FILL]);

        assert_eq!(
            delivered.len(),
            3,
            "re-delivering both frames must add nothing, got: {delivered:?}"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_rate_limit_error() {
        // Matches actual binance-sdk TooManyRequestsError Display output
        assert!(is_rate_limit_error(&anyhow::anyhow!(
            "Too many requests. You are being rate-limited. Please slow down."
        )));
        // Matches actual binance-sdk RateLimitBanError Display output
        assert!(is_rate_limit_error(&anyhow::anyhow!(
            "The IP address has been banned for exceeding rate limits. Contact support."
        )));
        // Binance error codes in the msg body
        assert!(is_rate_limit_error(&anyhow::anyhow!(
            "Error -1015: too many new orders"
        )));
        assert!(is_rate_limit_error(&anyhow::anyhow!(
            "Error -1003: too many requests"
        )));
        // Non-rate-limit errors
        assert!(!is_rate_limit_error(&anyhow::anyhow!("order 4290 failed")));
        assert!(!is_rate_limit_error(&anyhow::anyhow!("connection timeout")));
        assert!(!is_rate_limit_error(&anyhow::anyhow!("unknown error")));
        // Digit-boundary false-positive guard: longer codes must NOT match
        assert!(
            !is_rate_limit_error(&anyhow::anyhow!("Error -10150: some other error")),
            "-10150 should not match -1015"
        );
        assert!(
            !is_rate_limit_error(&anyhow::anyhow!("Error -10030: some other error")),
            "-10030 should not match -1003"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_classify_ws_order_error_recognises_venue_responses_only() {
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");

        // A ResponseError from binance-sdk (the venue answered with status >= 400) is classified
        let rejection = anyhow::anyhow!(WebsocketError::ResponseError {
            code: -2010,
            message: "Account has insufficient balance for requested action.".into(),
            retry_after: None,
        });
        assert!(
            matches!(
                classify_ws_order_error(&rejection, &instrument),
                Some(OrderError::Rejected(ApiError::BalanceInsufficient(None, _)))
            ),
            "ResponseError should be classified as a venue response"
        );

        // A transport error (e.g. connection reset) is NOT a venue response
        let transport = anyhow::anyhow!("connection reset by peer");
        assert!(
            classify_ws_order_error(&transport, &instrument).is_none(),
            "plain transport error should not be classified as a venue response"
        );

        // A rate-limit error string (not a WebsocketError) is NOT a venue response
        let rate_limit = anyhow::anyhow!("Too many requests. You are being rate-limited.");
        assert!(
            classify_ws_order_error(&rate_limit, &instrument).is_none(),
            "rate-limit string error should not be classified as a venue response"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_dedup_key_from_event_trade_includes_instrument() {
        use crate::order::id::{OrderId, StrategyId};
        use crate::trade::{AssetFees, Trade, TradeId};
        use chrono::Utc;
        use rust_decimal::Decimal;
        use rustrade_instrument::Side;

        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let trade = Trade::<AssetNameExchange, InstrumentNameExchange>::new(
            TradeId::new("9001"),
            OrderId::new("4242"),
            instrument.clone(),
            StrategyId::unknown(),
            Utc::now(),
            Side::Buy,
            Decimal::ZERO,
            Decimal::ZERO,
            None,
            AssetFees::new(
                AssetNameExchange::from("USDT"),
                Decimal::ZERO,
                Some(Decimal::ZERO),
            ),
        );
        let event =
            UnindexedAccountEvent::new(ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, AccountEventKind::Trade(trade));

        let key = dedup_key_from_event(&event).expect("Trade should produce a DedupKey");
        assert_eq!(key.kind, DedupEventKind::Trade);
        assert_eq!(key.id.as_str(), "9001", "key.id should be the trade ID");
        assert_eq!(
            key.instrument.as_str(),
            "BTCUSDT",
            "key.instrument should be the symbol"
        );

        // Same trade ID on a different instrument must produce a different key (cross-symbol collision prevention)
        let instrument2 = InstrumentNameExchange::new("ETHUSDT");
        let trade2 = Trade::<AssetNameExchange, InstrumentNameExchange>::new(
            TradeId::new("9001"),
            OrderId::new("7777"),
            instrument2,
            StrategyId::unknown(),
            Utc::now(),
            Side::Buy,
            Decimal::ZERO,
            Decimal::ZERO,
            None,
            AssetFees::new(
                AssetNameExchange::from("USDT"),
                Decimal::ZERO,
                Some(Decimal::ZERO),
            ),
        );
        let event2 =
            UnindexedAccountEvent::new(ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, AccountEventKind::Trade(trade2));
        let key2 = dedup_key_from_event(&event2).expect("Trade should produce a DedupKey");
        assert_ne!(
            key, key2,
            "same trade ID on different symbols must produce distinct keys"
        );
    }

    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // convert_account_position tests
    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    fn make_balance_inner(
        asset: &str,
        free: &str,
        locked: &str,
    ) -> binance_sdk::spot::websocket_api::OutboundAccountPositionBInner {
        binance_sdk::spot::websocket_api::OutboundAccountPositionBInner {
            a: Some(asset.to_string()),
            f: Some(free.to_string()),
            l: Some(locked.to_string()),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_account_position_happy_path() {
        let position = binance_sdk::spot::websocket_api::OutboundAccountPosition {
            u: Some(1_700_000_000_000),
            b_uppercase: Some(vec![make_balance_inner("BTC", "1.5", "0.5")]),
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let mut buf = Vec::new();
        convert_account_position(position, &mut buf);

        assert_eq!(buf.len(), 1);
        match &buf[0].kind {
            AccountEventKind::BalanceStreamUpdate(snap) => {
                let update = &snap.0;
                assert_eq!(update.asset.as_ref(), "BTC");
                // free = 1.5, locked = 0.5; total = free + locked = 2.0
                let expected_free = Decimal::from_str("1.5").unwrap();
                let expected_locked = Decimal::from_str("0.5").unwrap();
                assert_eq!(update.update.free, expected_free);
                assert_eq!(update.update.locked, expected_locked);
                assert_eq!(update.update.total(), Decimal::from_str("2.0").unwrap());
            }
            other => panic!("expected BalanceStreamUpdate, got {:?}", other),
        }
    }

    /// A position is at its update time `u`, or at its event time `E` when it has no `u`.
    #[test]
    fn test_convert_account_position_is_at_u_else_at_e() {
        let time_of = |u, e| {
            let position = binance_sdk::spot::websocket_api::OutboundAccountPosition {
                u,
                e_uppercase: e,
                b_uppercase: Some(vec![make_balance_inner("ETH", "2.0", "0.0")]),
            };
            let mut buf = Vec::new();
            convert_account_position(position, &mut buf);
            match &buf[..] {
                [event] => match &event.kind {
                    AccountEventKind::BalanceStreamUpdate(snap) => snap.0.time_exchange,
                    other => panic!("expected BalanceStreamUpdate, got {other:?}"),
                },
                other => panic!("expected one event, got {other:?}"),
            }
        };
        let at = |ms| Utc.timestamp_millis_opt(ms).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(time_of(Some(2_000), Some(3_000)), at(2_000));
        assert_eq!(time_of(None, Some(3_000)), at(3_000));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_account_position_missing_asset_name_skipped() {
        let position = binance_sdk::spot::websocket_api::OutboundAccountPosition {
            u: Some(1_700_000_000_000),
            b_uppercase: Some(vec![
                binance_sdk::spot::websocket_api::OutboundAccountPositionBInner {
                    a: None, // missing asset name
                    f: Some("1.0".to_string()),
                    l: Some("0.0".to_string()),
                },
                make_balance_inner("USDT", "100.0", "0.0"), // valid
            ]),
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let mut buf = Vec::new();
        convert_account_position(position, &mut buf);
        // The entry with missing asset name is skipped; USDT entry is kept
        assert_eq!(buf.len(), 1);
        match &buf[0].kind {
            AccountEventKind::BalanceStreamUpdate(snap) => {
                assert_eq!(snap.0.asset.as_ref(), "USDT");
            }
            other => panic!("expected BalanceStreamUpdate, got {:?}", other),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_account_position_unparseable_free_skipped() {
        let position = binance_sdk::spot::websocket_api::OutboundAccountPosition {
            u: Some(1_700_000_000_000),
            b_uppercase: Some(vec![
                binance_sdk::spot::websocket_api::OutboundAccountPositionBInner {
                    a: Some("BTC".to_string()),
                    f: Some("not-a-number".to_string()),
                    l: Some("0.0".to_string()),
                },
                make_balance_inner("ETH", "1.0", "0.0"), // valid
            ]),
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let mut buf = Vec::new();
        convert_account_position(position, &mut buf);
        // BTC skipped due to unparseable free; ETH kept
        assert_eq!(buf.len(), 1);
        match &buf[0].kind {
            AccountEventKind::BalanceStreamUpdate(snap) => {
                assert_eq!(snap.0.asset.as_ref(), "ETH");
            }
            other => panic!("expected BalanceStreamUpdate, got {:?}", other),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_account_position_empty_balances() {
        let position = binance_sdk::spot::websocket_api::OutboundAccountPosition {
            u: Some(1_700_000_000_000),
            b_uppercase: Some(vec![]),
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let mut buf = Vec::new();
        convert_account_position(position, &mut buf);
        assert!(
            buf.is_empty(),
            "empty balance list should produce no events"
        );
    }

    /// A frame with neither an update time `u` nor an event time `E` is dropped, rather than
    /// stamped with this host's time; one with either is delivered.
    #[test]
    fn an_account_position_without_a_venue_time_is_dropped() {
        let converted = |u, e_uppercase| {
            let position = binance_sdk::spot::websocket_api::OutboundAccountPosition {
                u,
                e_uppercase,
                b_uppercase: Some(vec![make_balance_inner("USDT", "100.0", "0.0")]),
            };
            let mut buf = Vec::new();
            convert_account_position(position, &mut buf);
            buf.len()
        };
        assert_eq!(converted(None, None), 0);
        assert_eq!(converted(Some(i64::MAX), None), 0);
        assert_eq!(converted(Some(1_700_000_000_000), None), 1);
        assert_eq!(converted(None, Some(1_700_000_000_000)), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_account_position_b_field_none() {
        let position = binance_sdk::spot::websocket_api::OutboundAccountPosition {
            u: Some(1_700_000_000_000),
            b_uppercase: None, // no B field at all
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let mut buf = Vec::new();
        convert_account_position(position, &mut buf);
        assert!(buf.is_empty(), "None B field should produce no events");
    }

    // 7b: convert_execution_report round-trip tests
    // ExecutionReport derives Default with all-Option fields, making it easy to
    // construct targeted test cases.
    fn make_base_report() -> ExecutionReport {
        ExecutionReport {
            symbol: Some("BTCUSDT".to_string()),
            order_id: Some(12345),
            client_order_id: Some("client-1".to_string()),
            transaction_time: Some(1_700_000_000_000),
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }

    /// Run the shared converter over one report and collect what it appends.
    fn convert(report: ExecutionReport) -> Vec<UnindexedAccountEvent> {
        let mut buf = Vec::new();
        convert_execution_report(&report, ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, &mut buf);
        buf
    }

    /// The one event produced by a report that maps to a single `AccountEvent`.
    ///
    /// Asserts nothing followed it, so a test written for a single-event report fails loudly if
    /// that report ever starts producing two.
    fn sole_event(mut events: Vec<UnindexedAccountEvent>) -> Option<UnindexedAccountEvent> {
        assert!(
            events.len() <= 1,
            "expected at most a single event, got: {events:?}"
        );
        events.pop()
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_execution_report_new() {
        let report = ExecutionReport {
            execution_type: Some("NEW".to_string()),
            side: Some("BUY".to_string()),
            order_type: Some("LIMIT".to_string()),
            price: Some("50000.00".to_string()),
            order_quantity: Some("0.01".to_string()),
            time_in_force: Some("GTC".to_string()),
            cumulative_filled_quantity: Some("0".to_string()),
            ..make_base_report()
        };

        let event = sole_event(convert(report)).expect("NEW event should produce Some");
        assert_eq!(event.exchange, ExchangeId::BinanceSpot);
        match &event.kind {
            AccountEventKind::OrderSnapshot(snap) => {
                let order = &snap.0;
                assert_eq!(order.side, Side::Buy);
                assert_eq!(order.kind, OrderKind::Limit);
                assert_eq!(order.price, Some(Decimal::from_str("50000.00").unwrap()));
                assert_eq!(order.quantity, Decimal::from_str("0.01").unwrap());
                assert_eq!(order.key.cid.0.as_str(), "client-1");
                assert_eq!(order.key.instrument.name().as_str(), "BTCUSDT");
            }
            other => panic!("NEW should yield OrderSnapshot, got {other:?}"),
        }
    }

    /// A trailing STOP_LOSS_LIMIT reported on the stream is a fixed-limit trailing stop, with its
    /// limit price and its stopPrice as the activation price.
    #[test]
    fn a_trailing_stop_loss_limit_report_keeps_its_limit_and_activation_price() {
        let report = ExecutionReport {
            execution_type: Some("NEW".to_string()),
            side: Some("SELL".to_string()),
            order_type: Some("STOP_LOSS_LIMIT".to_string()),
            price: Some("49000.00".to_string()),
            stop_price: Some("50000.00".to_string()),
            trailing_delta: Some(WireInt::Int(25)),
            order_quantity: Some("0.01".to_string()),
            time_in_force: Some("GTC".to_string()),
            cumulative_filled_quantity: Some("0".to_string()),
            ..make_base_report()
        };

        let event = sole_event(convert(report)).expect("NEW event should produce Some");
        let AccountEventKind::OrderSnapshot(snap) = &event.kind else {
            panic!("NEW should yield OrderSnapshot, got {:?}", event.kind);
        };
        assert_eq!(
            snap.0.kind,
            OrderKind::TrailingStopFixedLimit {
                offset: Decimal::from(25),
                offset_type: TrailingOffsetType::BasisPoints,
                activation_price: Some(Decimal::from(50_000)),
            }
        );
        assert_eq!(snap.0.price, Some(Decimal::from(49_000)));
    }

    /// A report without its order type (`o`) cannot say what kind the order is, so its snapshot
    /// is dropped, as a REST row without one is, rather than read as a `Limit`. A fill it reports
    /// is still emitted.
    #[test]
    fn a_report_without_an_order_type_has_no_order_snapshot() {
        let new = ExecutionReport {
            execution_type: Some("NEW".to_string()),
            side: Some("BUY".to_string()),
            price: Some("50000.00".to_string()),
            order_quantity: Some("0.01".to_string()),
            ..make_base_report()
        };
        assert!(convert(new).is_empty());

        let fill = ExecutionReport {
            execution_type: Some("TRADE".to_string()),
            order_status: Some("PARTIALLY_FILLED".to_string()),
            side: Some("BUY".to_string()),
            trade_id: Some(9999),
            last_executed_price: Some("50000.00".to_string()),
            last_executed_quantity: Some("0.005".to_string()),
            commission_amount: Some("0".to_string()),
            cumulative_filled_quantity: Some("0.005".to_string()),
            order_type: Some("LIMIT".to_string()),
            price: Some("50000.00".to_string()),
            order_quantity: Some("0.01".to_string()),
            ..make_base_report()
        };
        let kinds = |report| {
            convert(report)
                .into_iter()
                .map(|event| match event.kind {
                    AccountEventKind::Trade(_) => "trade",
                    AccountEventKind::OrderSnapshot(_) => "snapshot",
                    _ => "other",
                })
                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
        };
        assert_eq!(kinds(fill.clone()), ["trade", "snapshot"]);
        let untyped = ExecutionReport {
            order_type: None,
            ..fill
        };
        assert_eq!(kinds(untyped), ["trade"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_execution_report_trade() {
        // No `X` (order status): the report says nothing about whether the order is still
        // working, so only the execution is emitted.
        let report = ExecutionReport {
            execution_type: Some("TRADE".to_string()),
            side: Some("BUY".to_string()),
            trade_id: Some(9999),
            last_executed_price: Some("50000.00".to_string()),
            last_executed_quantity: Some("0.01".to_string()),
            commission_amount: Some("0.000001".to_string()),
            ..make_base_report()
        };

        let event = sole_event(convert(report)).expect("TRADE event should produce Some");
        assert_eq!(event.exchange, ExchangeId::BinanceSpot);
        match &event.kind {
            AccountEventKind::Trade(trade) => {
                assert_eq!(trade.side, Side::Buy);
                assert_eq!(trade.price, Decimal::from_str("50000.00").unwrap());
                assert_eq!(trade.quantity, Decimal::from_str("0.01").unwrap());
                assert_eq!(trade.id.0.as_str(), "9999");
                assert_eq!(trade.order_id.0.as_str(), "12345");
                assert_eq!(trade.instrument.name().as_str(), "BTCUSDT");
            }
            other => panic!("TRADE should yield Trade, got {other:?}"),
        }
    }

    /// A fill is at its transaction time `T`, else at its report's event time `E`, both the
    /// venue's; with neither it is at this host's time, and says so.
    #[test]
    fn a_fills_time_is_its_transaction_time_then_its_event_time_then_this_hosts() {
        let trade = |transaction_time, event_time| {
            let report = ExecutionReport {
                execution_type: Some("TRADE".to_string()),
                side: Some("BUY".to_string()),
                trade_id: Some(9999),
                last_executed_price: Some("50000.00".to_string()),
                last_executed_quantity: Some("0.01".to_string()),
                transaction_time,
                event_time,
                ..make_base_report()
            };
            match sole_event(convert(report)).map(|event| event.kind) {
                Some(AccountEventKind::Trade(trade)) => trade,
                other => panic!("TRADE should yield Trade, got {other:?}"),
            }
        };
        let at = |ms| Utc.timestamp_millis_opt(ms).unwrap();

        let fill = trade(Some(1_700_000_000_000), Some(1_700_000_000_005));
        assert_eq!(
            (fill.time_exchange, fill.time_source),
            (at(1_700_000_000_000), crate::trade::TimeSource::Venue)
        );
        for transaction_time in [None, Some(i64::MAX)] {
            let fill = trade(transaction_time, Some(1_700_000_000_005));
            assert_eq!(
                (fill.time_exchange, fill.time_source),
                (at(1_700_000_000_005), crate::trade::TimeSource::Venue),
                "{transaction_time:?}"
            );
        }
        let before = Utc::now();
        let fill = trade(None, None);
        assert_eq!(fill.time_source, crate::trade::TimeSource::Host);
        assert!((before..=Utc::now()).contains(&fill.time_exchange));
    }

    /// The `(Trade, OrderSnapshot)` pair a fill report must produce, in that order.
    fn trade_events(
        events: Vec<UnindexedAccountEvent>,
    ) -> (
        Trade<AssetNameExchange, InstrumentNameExchange>,
        crate::order::Order<
            ExchangeId,
            InstrumentNameExchange,
            OrderState<AssetNameExchange, InstrumentNameExchange>,
        >,
    ) {
        let [first, second]: [UnindexedAccountEvent; 2] = events
            .try_into()
            .expect("a fill report must produce an execution and an order snapshot");
        let AccountEventKind::Trade(trade) = first.kind else {
            panic!("first event must be the Trade, got {:?}", first.kind);
        };
        let AccountEventKind::OrderSnapshot(snap) = second.kind else {
            panic!(
                "second event must be the OrderSnapshot, got {:?}",
                second.kind
            );
        };
        (trade, snap.0)
    }

    /// A `PARTIALLY_FILLED` report carries the order's cumulative filled quantity in `z`. The
    /// execution alone never reaches `Open::filled_quantity`, so without the snapshot a half-done
    /// order reads as having nothing filled until REST reconciliation refreshes it.
    #[test]
    fn a_partially_filled_report_carries_the_cumulative_filled_quantity() {
        let report = ExecutionReport {
            execution_type: Some("TRADE".to_string()),
            order_status: Some("PARTIALLY_FILLED".to_string()),
            side: Some("BUY".to_string()),
            order_type: Some("LIMIT".to_string()),
            price: Some("50000.00".to_string()),
            order_quantity: Some("0.01".to_string()),
            time_in_force: Some("GTC".to_string()),
            trade_id: Some(9999),
            last_executed_price: Some("50000.00".to_string()),
            last_executed_quantity: Some("0.004".to_string()),
            cumulative_filled_quantity: Some("0.004".to_string()),
            ..make_base_report()
        };

        let (trade, order) = trade_events(convert(report));
        assert_eq!(trade.quantity, Decimal::from_str("0.004").unwrap());

        let OrderState::Active(crate::order::state::ActiveOrderState::Open(open)) = order.state
        else {
            panic!("expected an Open snapshot, got {:?}", order.state);
        };
        assert_eq!(open.filled_quantity, Decimal::from_str("0.004").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(
            open.quantity_remaining(order.quantity),
            Decimal::from_str("0.006").unwrap()
        );
    }

    /// A `FILLED` report reports nothing left to fill, which is how the engine learns the order
    /// is done rather than leaving it as a resting order that no longer exists at the venue.
    #[test]
    fn a_filled_report_reports_nothing_left_to_fill() {
        let report = ExecutionReport {
            execution_type: Some("TRADE".to_string()),
            order_status: Some("FILLED".to_string()),
            side: Some("BUY".to_string()),
            order_type: Some("LIMIT".to_string()),
            price: Some("50000.00".to_string()),
            order_quantity: Some("0.01".to_string()),
            time_in_force: Some("GTC".to_string()),
            trade_id: Some(10_000),
            last_executed_price: Some("50000.00".to_string()),
            last_executed_quantity: Some("0.006".to_string()),
            cumulative_filled_quantity: Some("0.01".to_string()),
            ..make_base_report()
        };

        let (_trade, order) = trade_events(convert(report));
        let OrderState::Active(crate::order::state::ActiveOrderState::Open(open)) = order.state
        else {
            panic!("expected an Open snapshot, got {:?}", order.state);
        };
        assert!(
            open.quantity_remaining(order.quantity).is_zero(),
            "a completed order must report nothing left to fill so the engine retires it"
        );
    }

    /// A fill whose order the exchange no longer reports as working must not be written back into
    /// engine state as an `Open` order. The execution still counts -- it moved the position --
    /// but resurrecting the order would leave a resting order that does not exist at the venue.
    #[test]
    fn a_trade_for_an_order_no_longer_working_emits_the_execution_without_a_snapshot() {
        for status in ["CANCELED", "EXPIRED", "REJECTED", "PENDING_CANCEL", "NEW"] {
            let report = ExecutionReport {
                execution_type: Some("TRADE".to_string()),
                order_status: Some(status.to_string()),
                side: Some("BUY".to_string()),
                order_type: Some("LIMIT".to_string()),
                price: Some("50000.00".to_string()),
                order_quantity: Some("0.01".to_string()),
                time_in_force: Some("GTC".to_string()),
                trade_id: Some(9999),
                last_executed_price: Some("50000.00".to_string()),
                last_executed_quantity: Some("0.004".to_string()),
                cumulative_filled_quantity: Some("0.004".to_string()),
                ..make_base_report()
            };
            let events = convert(report);
            assert_eq!(
                events.len(),
                1,
                "status {status} must produce the execution alone, got: {events:?}"
            );
            assert!(
                matches!(events[0].kind, AccountEventKind::Trade(_)),
                "the execution must still be reported for status {status}"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_execution_report_trade_missing_last_price() {
        // l_uppercase (L = last filled price) missing: must drop the fill
        let report = ExecutionReport {
            execution_type: Some("TRADE".to_string()),
            side: Some("BUY".to_string()),
            trade_id: Some(9999),
            last_executed_price: None, // missing L field
            last_executed_quantity: Some("0.01".to_string()),
            ..make_base_report()
        };
        assert!(
            sole_event(convert(report)).is_none(),
            "missing last price (L) should return None"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_execution_report_trade_missing_last_qty() {
        // l (last filled qty) missing: must drop the fill
        let report = ExecutionReport {
            execution_type: Some("TRADE".to_string()),
            side: Some("BUY".to_string()),
            trade_id: Some(9999),
            last_executed_price: Some("50000.00".to_string()),
            last_executed_quantity: None, // missing l field
            ..make_base_report()
        };
        assert!(
            sole_event(convert(report)).is_none(),
            "missing last qty (l) should return None"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_execution_report_canceled() {
        let report = ExecutionReport {
            execution_type: Some("CANCELED".to_string()),
            ..make_base_report()
        };

        let event = sole_event(convert(report)).expect("CANCELED should produce Some");
        assert!(
            matches!(event.kind, AccountEventKind::OrderCancelled(ref r) if r.state.is_ok()),
            "CANCELED should yield OrderCancelled with Ok state"
        );
    }

    /// A cancel report's `c` is the cancel request's id, so the cancel is keyed by the order's own
    /// id in `C`, and by `c` only when `C` is empty or absent.
    #[test]
    fn a_cancel_report_is_keyed_by_the_cancelled_orders_id() {
        let cancelled_cid = |orig: Option<&str>| {
            let report = ExecutionReport {
                execution_type: Some("CANCELED".to_string()),
                client_order_id: Some("cancel-request".to_string()),
                orig_client_order_id: orig.map(str::to_string),
                ..make_base_report()
            };
            let event = sole_event(convert(report)).expect("CANCELED should produce Some");
            let AccountEventKind::OrderCancelled(response) = event.kind else {
                panic!("expected OrderCancelled, got {:?}", event.kind);
            };
            response.key.cid
        };

        assert_eq!(
            cancelled_cid(Some("client-1")),
            ClientOrderId::new("client-1")
        );
        assert_eq!(
            cancelled_cid(Some("")),
            ClientOrderId::new("cancel-request")
        );
        assert_eq!(cancelled_cid(None), ClientOrderId::new("cancel-request"));
    }

    /// Only a cancel report names the order in `C`: every other report names it in `c`, an amend
    /// by the id the amend gave it.
    #[test]
    fn only_a_cancel_report_reads_the_orders_id_from_c_upper() {
        for exec_type in ["NEW", "TRADE", "EXPIRED", "TRADE_PREVENTION", "REPLACED"] {
            let report = ExecutionReport {
                execution_type: Some(exec_type.to_string()),
                orig_client_order_id: Some("client-0".to_string()),
                ..make_base_report()
            };
            assert_eq!(report.order_client_id(), Some("client-1"), "{exec_type}");
        }
    }

    /// A cancel report carries what filled (`z`), and an unknown one stays unknown, not zero.
    #[test]
    fn a_cancel_report_carries_its_fill_or_none() {
        let cancelled = |z: Option<&str>| {
            let report = ExecutionReport {
                execution_type: Some("CANCELED".to_string()),
                cumulative_filled_quantity: z.map(str::to_string),
                ..make_base_report()
            };
            let event = sole_event(convert(report)).expect("CANCELED should produce Some");
            let AccountEventKind::OrderCancelled(response) = event.kind else {
                panic!("expected OrderCancelled, got {:?}", event.kind);
            };
            let Ok(cancelled) = response.state else {
                panic!("expected Ok, got {:?}", response.state);
            };
            cancelled.filled_quantity
        };

        assert_eq!(cancelled(Some("0.5")), Some(Decimal::new(5, 1)));
        assert_eq!(cancelled(Some("0")), Some(Decimal::ZERO));
        assert_eq!(cancelled(None), None);
        assert_eq!(cancelled(Some("not a number")), None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_execution_report_expired() {
        let report = ExecutionReport {
            execution_type: Some("EXPIRED".to_string()),
            ..make_base_report()
        };
        let event = sole_event(convert(report)).expect("EXPIRED should produce Some");
        assert!(
            matches!(event.kind, AccountEventKind::OrderCancelled(ref r) if r.state.is_ok()),
            "EXPIRED should yield OrderCancelled with Ok state"
        );
    }

    /// Self-trade prevention that ends an order removes it; one that leaves it live (the
    /// `DECREMENT` mode), or names no status or an unknown one, produces nothing.
    #[test]
    fn a_trade_prevention_report_removes_the_order_only_once_it_has_ended() {
        let prevented = |status: Option<&str>| {
            convert(ExecutionReport {
                execution_type: Some("TRADE_PREVENTION".to_string()),
                order_status: status.map(str::to_string),
                ..make_base_report()
            })
        };

        for ended in ["EXPIRED_IN_MATCH", "EXPIRED", "FILLED"] {
            let event = sole_event(prevented(Some(ended))).expect(ended);
            let AccountEventKind::OrderCancelled(response) = event.kind else {
                panic!("{ended}: expected OrderCancelled, got {:?}", event.kind);
            };
            assert_eq!(response.key.cid, ClientOrderId::new("client-1"), "{ended}");
            let Ok(cancelled) = response.state else {
                panic!("{ended}: expected Ok, got {:?}", response.state);
            };
            assert_eq!(cancelled.id, OrderId::new("12345"), "{ended}");
        }
        for not_ended in [
            Some("NEW"),
            Some("PARTIALLY_FILLED"),
            Some("SOME_FUTURE_STATUS"),
            None,
        ] {
            assert!(prevented(not_ended).is_empty(), "{not_ended:?}");
        }
    }

    /// `EXPIRED_IN_MATCH` is an order status, never an execution type.
    #[test]
    fn expired_in_match_as_an_execution_type_produces_nothing() {
        let report = ExecutionReport {
            execution_type: Some("EXPIRED_IN_MATCH".to_string()),
            ..make_base_report()
        };
        assert!(convert(report).is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_execution_report_rejected() {
        let report = ExecutionReport {
            execution_type: Some("REJECTED".to_string()),
            reject_reason: Some("INSUFFICIENT_FUNDS".to_string()),
            ..make_base_report()
        };

        let event = sole_event(convert(report)).expect("REJECTED should produce Some");
        assert!(
            matches!(
                event.kind,
                AccountEventKind::OrderCancelled(ref r) if matches!(
                    &r.state,
                    Err(OrderError::Rejected(ApiError::BalanceInsufficient(None, reason)))
                        if reason == "INSUFFICIENT_FUNDS"
                )
            ),
            "a REJECTED shortfall should go through the classifier, got {:?}",
            event.kind
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_execution_report_rejected_for_another_reason() {
        let report = ExecutionReport {
            execution_type: Some("REJECTED".to_string()),
            reject_reason: Some("WOULD_MATCH_IMMEDIATELY".to_string()),
            ..make_base_report()
        };

        let event = sole_event(convert(report)).expect("REJECTED should produce Some");
        assert!(
            matches!(
                event.kind,
                AccountEventKind::OrderCancelled(ref r) if matches!(
                    &r.state,
                    Err(OrderError::Rejected(ApiError::OrderRejected(reason)))
                        if reason == "WOULD_MATCH_IMMEDIATELY"
                )
            ),
            "an unrecognised REJECTED reason should stay OrderRejected, got {:?}",
            event.kind
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_execution_report_missing_exec_type() {
        // Missing x field: must drop the event
        let report = ExecutionReport {
            symbol: Some("BTCUSDT".to_string()),
            ..Default::default()
        };
        assert!(
            sole_event(convert(report)).is_none(),
            "missing execution type should return None"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_execution_report_missing_symbol() {
        // Missing s field with valid x: must drop the event
        let report = ExecutionReport {
            execution_type: Some("NEW".to_string()),
            ..Default::default()
        };
        assert!(
            sole_event(convert(report)).is_none(),
            "missing symbol should return None"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_execution_report_missing_order_id() {
        // Missing i field (orderId): shared early-exit path for all exec types
        let report = ExecutionReport {
            execution_type: Some("NEW".to_string()),
            symbol: Some("BTCUSDT".to_string()),
            order_id: None,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        assert!(
            sole_event(convert(report)).is_none(),
            "missing orderId should return None"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_execution_report_trade_missing_trade_id() {
        // Missing t field (tradeId) on a TRADE event: must drop the fill
        let report = ExecutionReport {
            execution_type: Some("TRADE".to_string()),
            trade_id: None,
            ..make_base_report()
        };
        assert!(
            sole_event(convert(report)).is_none(),
            "TRADE event missing tradeId should return None"
        );
    }

    /// An amended order is still live, so an amend report must not retire it.
    #[test]
    fn an_amend_report_produces_nothing() {
        for exec_type in ["REPLACED", "REPLACE"] {
            let report = ExecutionReport {
                execution_type: Some(exec_type.to_string()),
                order_status: Some("NEW".to_string()),
                orig_client_order_id: Some("client-0".to_string()),
                ..make_base_report()
            };
            assert!(convert(report).is_empty(), "{exec_type}");
        }
    }

    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // filter_and_convert_balances tests
    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    fn make_balance(
        asset: &str,
        free: &str,
        locked: &str,
    ) -> binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::GetAccountResponseBalancesInner {
        binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::GetAccountResponseBalancesInner {
            asset: Some(asset.to_string()),
            free: Some(free.to_string()),
            locked: Some(locked.to_string()),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_filter_balances_empty_assets_returns_all() {
        let balances = vec![
            make_balance("BTC", "1.0", "0.0"),
            make_balance("USDT", "500.0", "50.0"),
        ];
        let result = filter_and_convert_balances(balances, &[], Utc::now());
        assert_eq!(result.len(), 2, "empty filter should return all balances");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_filter_balances_matching_asset_returned() {
        let balances = vec![
            make_balance("BTC", "1.5", "0.5"),
            make_balance("ETH", "10.0", "0.0"),
        ];
        let assets = vec![AssetNameExchange::new("BTC")];
        let result = filter_and_convert_balances(balances, &assets, Utc::now());
        assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(result[0].asset, AssetNameExchange::new("BTC"));
        // total = free + locked = 1.5 + 0.5
        assert_eq!(result[0].balance.total, Decimal::from_str("2.0").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(result[0].balance.free, Decimal::from_str("1.5").unwrap());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_filter_balances_non_matching_asset_filtered_out() {
        let balances = vec![
            make_balance("BTC", "1.0", "0.0"),
            make_balance("ETH", "2.0", "0.0"),
        ];
        let assets = vec![AssetNameExchange::new("USDT")];
        let result = filter_and_convert_balances(balances, &assets, Utc::now());
        assert!(
            result.is_empty(),
            "non-matching asset should be filtered out"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_filter_balances_missing_asset_field_skipped() {
        let balances = vec![
            binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::GetAccountResponseBalancesInner {
                asset: None,
                free: Some("1.0".to_string()),
                locked: Some("0.0".to_string()),
            },
            make_balance("USDT", "100.0", "0.0"),
        ];
        let result = filter_and_convert_balances(balances, &[], Utc::now());
        assert_eq!(
            result.len(),
            1,
            "entry with missing asset should be skipped"
        );
        assert_eq!(result[0].asset, AssetNameExchange::new("USDT"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_filter_balances_unparseable_free_skipped() {
        let balances = vec![
            binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::GetAccountResponseBalancesInner {
                asset: Some("BTC".to_string()),
                free: Some("not-a-number".to_string()),
                locked: Some("0.0".to_string()),
            },
        ];
        let result = filter_and_convert_balances(balances, &[], Utc::now());
        assert!(
            result.is_empty(),
            "unparseable free field should be skipped"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_filter_balances_zero_balance_included() {
        // Zero-balance entries are intentionally passed through — the caller decides
        // whether to filter them. Binance returns all ever-touched assets including zeroes.
        let balances = vec![
            make_balance("BTC", "0.00000000", "0.00000000"),
            make_balance("USDT", "100.0", "0.0"),
        ];
        let result = filter_and_convert_balances(balances, &[], Utc::now());
        assert_eq!(result.len(), 2, "zero-balance entries must be included");
        let btc = result
            .iter()
            .find(|b| b.asset == AssetNameExchange::new("BTC"))
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(btc.balance.total, Decimal::ZERO);
        assert_eq!(btc.balance.free, Decimal::ZERO);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_filter_balances_duplicate_assets_in_response() {
        // if the API response contains two entries for the same asset,
        // filter_and_convert_balances emits two AssetBalance entries. Callers
        // are responsible for deduplication if this matters for their use case.
        let balances = vec![
            make_balance("BTC", "1.0", "0.0"),
            make_balance("BTC", "2.0", "0.0"),
        ];
        let result = filter_and_convert_balances(balances, &[], Utc::now());
        assert_eq!(
            result.len(),
            2,
            "duplicate asset entries produce two AssetBalance entries"
        );
    }

    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // convert_my_trade tests
    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    fn make_base_trade() -> binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::MyTradesResponseInner {
        binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::MyTradesResponseInner {
            id: Some(9001),
            order_id: Some(4242),
            price: Some("50000.00".to_string()),
            qty: Some("0.01".to_string()),
            commission: Some("0.05".to_string()),
            time: Some(1_700_000_000_000),
            is_buyer: Some(true),
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_my_trade_happy_path() {
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let trade =
            convert_my_trade(&make_base_trade(), &instrument).expect("valid trade should convert");
        assert_eq!(trade.instrument, instrument);
        assert_eq!(trade.side, Side::Buy);
        assert_eq!(trade.price, Decimal::from_str("50000.00").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(trade.quantity, Decimal::from_str("0.01").unwrap());
    }

    /// A trade is at its `time`, the venue's; without one it is kept, at this host's time, and
    /// says so.
    #[test]
    fn a_rest_trade_without_a_time_is_at_this_hosts_time() {
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let trade = convert_my_trade(&make_base_trade(), &instrument).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            (trade.time_exchange, trade.time_source),
            (
                Utc.timestamp_millis_opt(1_700_000_000_000).unwrap(),
                TimeSource::Venue
            )
        );
        let before = Utc::now();
        let t = binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::MyTradesResponseInner {
            time: None,
            ..make_base_trade()
        };
        let trade = convert_my_trade(&t, &instrument).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(trade.time_source, TimeSource::Host);
        assert!((before..=Utc::now()).contains(&trade.time_exchange));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_my_trade_sell_side() {
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let t = binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::MyTradesResponseInner {
            is_buyer: Some(false),
            ..make_base_trade()
        };
        let trade = convert_my_trade(&t, &instrument).expect("sell-side trade should convert");
        assert_eq!(trade.side, Side::Sell);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_my_trade_missing_id_returns_none() {
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let t = binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::MyTradesResponseInner {
            id: None,
            ..make_base_trade()
        };
        assert!(
            convert_my_trade(&t, &instrument).is_none(),
            "missing id should return None"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_my_trade_missing_order_id_returns_none() {
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let t = binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::MyTradesResponseInner {
            order_id: None,
            ..make_base_trade()
        };
        assert!(
            convert_my_trade(&t, &instrument).is_none(),
            "missing orderId should return None"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_my_trade_missing_is_buyer_returns_none() {
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let t = binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::MyTradesResponseInner {
            is_buyer: None,
            ..make_base_trade()
        };
        assert!(
            convert_my_trade(&t, &instrument).is_none(),
            "missing isBuyer should return None"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_my_trade_commission_none_defaults_to_zero() {
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let t = binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::MyTradesResponseInner {
            commission: None,
            ..make_base_trade()
        };
        let trade =
            convert_my_trade(&t, &instrument).expect("None commission should still convert");
        assert_eq!(trade.fees.fees, Decimal::ZERO);
    }

    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // convert_open_order tests
    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    fn make_base_open_order() -> binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::GetOpenOrdersResponseInner {
        binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::GetOpenOrdersResponseInner {
            order_id: Some(12345),
            client_order_id: Some("cid-abc".to_string()),
            side: Some("BUY".to_string()),
            r#type: Some("LIMIT".to_string()),
            price: Some("50000.00".to_string()),
            orig_qty: Some("0.01".to_string()),
            executed_qty: Some("0.0".to_string()),
            time_in_force: Some("GTC".to_string()),
            time: Some(1_700_000_000_000),
            status: Some("NEW".to_string()),
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_open_order_all_orders_response_converts_identically() {
        // `convert_open_order` is generic over `BinanceOrderFields`; the live open-orders path feeds
        // it `GetOpenOrdersResponseInner` (what every other test here uses) while `allOrders`
        // would feed it `AllOrdersResponseInner`. Pin that the second impl reads the same fields,
        // so the two endpoint structs cannot drift apart unnoticed. This guards field drift only:
        // an `allOrders` row for a finished order must not convert, which
        // `test_convert_open_order_refuses_an_all_orders_row_that_is_not_live` pins.
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let all_orders = binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::AllOrdersResponseInner {
            order_id: Some(12345),
            client_order_id: Some("cid-abc".to_string()),
            side: Some("BUY".to_string()),
            r#type: Some("LIMIT".to_string()),
            price: Some("50000.00".to_string()),
            orig_qty: Some("0.01".to_string()),
            executed_qty: Some("0.0".to_string()),
            time_in_force: Some("GTC".to_string()),
            time: Some(1_700_000_000_000),
            status: Some("NEW".to_string()),
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let from_all_orders =
            convert_open_order(&all_orders, ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, &instrument, &|_| None)
                .expect("valid order should convert");
        let from_open_orders = convert_open_order(
            &make_base_open_order(),
            ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
            &instrument,
            &|_| None,
        )
        .expect("valid order should convert");
        assert_eq!(from_all_orders, from_open_orders);
    }

    /// An `allOrders` row for an order that is no longer live must not become an `Open` order.
    ///
    /// The case that matters is a cancelled order that had partly filled: as `Open` it would rest
    /// in engine state with quantity remaining, and nothing at the exchange would ever fill or
    /// cancel it.
    #[test]
    fn test_convert_open_order_refuses_an_all_orders_row_that_is_not_live() {
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        for status in [
            "CANCELED",
            "FILLED",
            "EXPIRED",
            "EXPIRED_IN_MATCH",
            "REJECTED",
            "PENDING_CANCEL",
            "SOME_FUTURE_STATUS",
        ] {
            let row = binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::AllOrdersResponseInner {
                order_id: Some(12345),
                client_order_id: Some("cid-abc".to_string()),
                side: Some("BUY".to_string()),
                r#type: Some("LIMIT".to_string()),
                price: Some("50000.00".to_string()),
                orig_qty: Some("0.01".to_string()),
                executed_qty: Some("0.004".to_string()),
                time_in_force: Some("GTC".to_string()),
                time: Some(1_700_000_000_000),
                status: Some(status.to_string()),
                ..Default::default()
            };
            assert_eq!(
                convert_open_order(&row, ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, &instrument, &|_| None),
                None,
                "{status}"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_open_order_admits_every_live_status() {
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        for status in ["NEW", "PARTIALLY_FILLED", "PENDING_NEW"] {
            let o = binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::GetOpenOrdersResponseInner {
                status: Some(status.to_string()),
                ..make_base_open_order()
            };
            assert!(
                convert_open_order(&o, ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, &instrument, &|_| None).is_some(),
                "{status}"
            );
        }
    }

    /// A listing is complete only while it shows every row under the id its order was placed with.
    ///
    /// The engine retires an order a complete snapshot leaves out, so a row that is dropped, or kept
    /// under its `orderId` alone, must make the listing incomplete: either can hide a live order.
    #[test]
    fn test_convert_open_order_listing_is_complete_only_when_every_row_survives_under_its_cid() {
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let second = || binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::GetOpenOrdersResponseInner {
            order_id: Some(67890),
            client_order_id: Some("cid-def".to_string()),
            ..make_base_open_order()
        };

        let listing = convert_open_order_listing(
            &[make_base_open_order(), second()],
            ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
            &instrument,
            &|_| None,
        );
        assert_eq!(listing.orders.len(), 2);
        assert!(listing.complete);

        let empty = convert_open_order_listing::<
            binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::GetOpenOrdersResponseInner,
        >(&[], ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, &instrument, &|_| None);
        assert!(empty.orders.is_empty());
        assert!(empty.complete, "no open orders is a complete answer");

        let dropped = binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::GetOpenOrdersResponseInner {
            side: None,
            ..second()
        };
        let listing = convert_open_order_listing(
            &[make_base_open_order(), dropped],
            ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
            &instrument,
            &|_| None,
        );
        assert_eq!(listing.orders.len(), 1);
        assert!(!listing.complete, "a dropped row may be a live order");

        let without_cid = binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::GetOpenOrdersResponseInner {
            client_order_id: None,
            ..second()
        };
        let listing = convert_open_order_listing(
            &[make_base_open_order(), without_cid],
            ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
            &instrument,
            &|_| None,
        );
        assert_eq!(listing.orders.len(), 2, "the row is still converted");
        assert!(
            !listing.complete,
            "an order kept under its orderId cannot be found under the cid it was placed with"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_open_order_missing_status_returns_none() {
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let o = binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::GetOpenOrdersResponseInner {
            status: None,
            ..make_base_open_order()
        };
        assert!(convert_open_order(&o, ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, &instrument, &|_| None).is_none());
    }

    /// A REST order snapshot is stamped with when the order last changed, not when it was created.
    ///
    /// The engine discards an `Open` snapshot older than the state it already tracks, so a
    /// snapshot carrying `time` is thrown away as soon as a WebSocket fill has advanced the
    /// tracked order past creation -- the exact order a reconciliation fetch is meant to repair.
    #[test]
    fn test_convert_open_order_prefers_update_time_over_creation_time() {
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");

        let updated = binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::GetOpenOrdersResponseInner {
            update_time: Some(1_700_000_005_000),
            ..make_base_open_order()
        };
        let order = convert_open_order(&updated, ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, &instrument, &|_| None)
            .expect("valid order should convert");
        assert_eq!(
            order.state.time_exchange,
            Utc.timestamp_millis_opt(1_700_000_005_000)
                .single()
                .unwrap(),
            "update_time must win over time"
        );

        // Falls back to `time` when the venue omits `update_time`, rather than to `now` -- which
        // would be worse than creation time, since it is not a venue-reported instant at all.
        let order = convert_open_order(
            &make_base_open_order(),
            ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
            &instrument,
            &|_| None,
        )
        .expect("valid order should convert");
        assert_eq!(
            order.state.time_exchange,
            Utc.timestamp_millis_opt(1_700_000_000_000)
                .single()
                .unwrap(),
            "absent update_time falls back to time"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_open_order_happy_path() {
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let order = convert_open_order(
            &make_base_open_order(),
            ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
            &instrument,
            &|_| None,
        )
        .expect("valid order should convert");
        assert_eq!(order.key.instrument, instrument);
        assert_eq!(order.side, Side::Buy);
        assert_eq!(order.kind, OrderKind::Limit);
        assert_eq!(order.price, Some(Decimal::from_str("50000.00").unwrap()));
        assert_eq!(order.quantity, Decimal::from_str("0.01").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(order.state.filled_quantity, Decimal::ZERO);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_open_order_owned_symbol_recovers_instrument() {
        // The no-symbol "return all" path derives the instrument from each order's own `symbol`.
        let o = binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::GetOpenOrdersResponseInner {
            symbol: Some("ETHUSDT".to_string()),
            ..make_base_open_order()
        };
        let order = convert_open_order_owned_symbol(&o, ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, &|_| None)
            .expect("valid order should convert");
        assert_eq!(order.key.instrument.name().as_str(), "ETHUSDT");
        assert_eq!(order.side, Side::Buy);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_open_order_owned_symbol_missing_symbol_returns_none() {
        // make_base_open_order() leaves `symbol` unset — drop rather than guess the instrument.
        let o = make_base_open_order();
        assert!(o.symbol.is_none());
        assert!(convert_open_order_owned_symbol(&o, ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, &|_| None).is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_open_order_missing_order_id_returns_none() {
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let o = binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::GetOpenOrdersResponseInner {
            order_id: None,
            ..make_base_open_order()
        };
        assert!(
            convert_open_order(&o, ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, &instrument, &|_| None).is_none(),
            "missing orderId should return None"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_open_order_missing_side_returns_none() {
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let o = binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::GetOpenOrdersResponseInner {
            side: None,
            ..make_base_open_order()
        };
        assert!(
            convert_open_order(&o, ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, &instrument, &|_| None).is_none(),
            "missing side should return None"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_open_order_missing_type_returns_none() {
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let o = binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::GetOpenOrdersResponseInner {
            r#type: None,
            ..make_base_open_order()
        };
        assert!(
            convert_open_order(&o, ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, &instrument, &|_| None).is_none(),
            "missing type should return None"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_open_order_executed_qty_none_defaults_to_zero() {
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let o = binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::GetOpenOrdersResponseInner {
            executed_qty: None,
            ..make_base_open_order()
        };
        let order = convert_open_order(&o, ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, &instrument, &|_| None)
            .expect("None executedQty should still convert");
        assert_eq!(
            order.state.filled_quantity,
            Decimal::ZERO,
            "None executedQty should default to zero"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_open_order_executed_qty_unparseable_defaults_to_zero() {
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let o = binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::GetOpenOrdersResponseInner {
            executed_qty: Some("bad-value".to_string()),
            ..make_base_open_order()
        };
        let order = convert_open_order(&o, ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, &instrument, &|_| None)
            .expect("unparseable executedQty should still convert");
        assert_eq!(
            order.state.filled_quantity,
            Decimal::ZERO,
            "unparseable executedQty should default to zero"
        );
    }

    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // dedup_key_from_event — non-Open active state paths
    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    #[test]
    fn test_dedup_key_from_event_non_open_states_return_none() {
        use crate::order::state::{
            ActiveOrderState, CancelInFlight, InactiveOrderState, OpenInFlight,
        };
        use rustrade_integration::collection::snapshot::Snapshot;

        let key = OrderKey::new(
            ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
            InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT"),
            StrategyId::unknown(),
            ClientOrderId::new("cid1"),
        );

        // OpenInFlight → None (order is not yet acknowledged by exchange)
        let event = UnindexedAccountEvent::new(
            ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
            AccountEventKind::OrderSnapshot(Snapshot(Order::new(
                key.clone(),
                Side::Buy,
                None, // Market orders have no limit price
                Decimal::ZERO,
                OrderKind::Market,
                TimeInForce::ImmediateOrCancel,
                OrderState::<AssetNameExchange, InstrumentNameExchange>::Active(
                    ActiveOrderState::OpenInFlight(OpenInFlight::new(Utc::now())),
                ),
            ))),
        );
        assert!(
            dedup_key_from_event(&event).is_none(),
            "OpenInFlight should return None — dedup not meaningful before exchange ack"
        );

        // CancelInFlight → None
        let event = UnindexedAccountEvent::new(
            ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
            AccountEventKind::OrderSnapshot(Snapshot(Order::new(
                key.clone(),
                Side::Buy,
                None, // Market orders have no limit price
                Decimal::ZERO,
                OrderKind::Market,
                TimeInForce::ImmediateOrCancel,
                OrderState::<AssetNameExchange, InstrumentNameExchange>::Active(
                    ActiveOrderState::CancelInFlight(CancelInFlight::new(None, Utc::now())),
                ),
            ))),
        );
        assert!(
            dedup_key_from_event(&event).is_none(),
            "CancelInFlight should return None"
        );

        // Inactive(FullyFilled) → None
        let event = UnindexedAccountEvent::new(
            ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
            AccountEventKind::OrderSnapshot(Snapshot(Order::new(
                key,
                Side::Buy,
                None, // Market orders have no limit price
                Decimal::ONE,
                OrderKind::Market,
                TimeInForce::ImmediateOrCancel,
                OrderState::<AssetNameExchange, InstrumentNameExchange>::Inactive(
                    InactiveOrderState::FullyFilled(crate::order::state::Filled::new(
                        OrderId::new("123"),
                        Utc::now(),
                        Decimal::ONE, // FullyFilled must have non-zero filled_quantity
                        None,
                    )),
                ),
            ))),
        );
        assert!(
            dedup_key_from_event(&event).is_none(),
            "Inactive state should return None"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_dedup_key_from_event_cancelled_error_returns_none() {
        // A REJECTED execution report produces OrderCancelled with Err state.
        // Verify that dedup_key_from_event returns None for such events (no dedup needed).
        let report = ExecutionReport {
            execution_type: Some("REJECTED".to_string()),
            reject_reason: Some("INSUFFICIENT_FUNDS".to_string()),
            ..make_base_report()
        };
        let event = sole_event(convert(report)).expect("REJECTED report should produce Some");
        assert!(
            matches!(&event.kind, AccountEventKind::OrderCancelled(r) if r.state.is_err()),
            "prerequisite: event is OrderCancelled with Err"
        );
        assert!(
            dedup_key_from_event(&event).is_none(),
            "OrderCancelled with Err state should return None"
        );
    }

    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // convert_user_data_events tests
    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /// Build a raw user-data wire frame from an SDK event struct.
    ///
    /// The SDK event structs carry only the `E` (event time) field, not the lowercase `e`
    /// discriminator, so the tag must be injected. The event is then wrapped as the WS-API
    /// subscription delivers it, `{ "subscriptionId": 0, "event": { "e": "<type>", .. } }`.
    fn user_data_frame<T: serde::Serialize>(event_type: &str, event: &T) -> String {
        let mut value = serde_json::to_value(event).expect("event serializes to Value");
        value
            .as_object_mut()
            .expect("event serializes to a JSON object")
            .insert(
                "e".to_string(),
                serde_json::Value::String(event_type.to_string()),
            );
        serde_json::json!({ "subscriptionId": 0, "event": value }).to_string()
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_user_data_events_execution_report_pushes_to_buf() {
        let report = ExecutionReport {
            execution_type: Some("NEW".to_string()),
            side: Some("BUY".to_string()),
            order_type: Some("LIMIT".to_string()),
            price: Some("50000.00".to_string()),
            order_quantity: Some("0.01".to_string()),
            time_in_force: Some("GTC".to_string()),
            cumulative_filled_quantity: Some("0".to_string()),
            ..make_base_report()
        };
        let frame = user_data_frame("executionReport", &report);
        let mut buf = Vec::new();
        let terminated = convert_user_data_events(&frame, &mut buf).terminated;
        assert!(
            !terminated,
            "ExecutionReport should not signal stream termination"
        );
        assert_eq!(buf.len(), 1, "ExecutionReport should push one event");
        assert!(matches!(buf[0].kind, AccountEventKind::OrderSnapshot(_)));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_user_data_events_account_position_pushes_to_buf() {
        let position = binance_sdk::spot::websocket_api::OutboundAccountPosition {
            u: Some(1_700_000_000_000),
            b_uppercase: Some(vec![make_balance_inner("BTC", "1.0", "0.0")]),
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let frame = user_data_frame("outboundAccountPosition", &position);
        let mut buf = Vec::new();
        let terminated = convert_user_data_events(&frame, &mut buf).terminated;
        assert!(
            !terminated,
            "OutboundAccountPosition should not signal stream termination"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            buf.len(),
            1,
            "OutboundAccountPosition should push one balance event"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_user_data_events_balance_update_ignored() {
        let update = binance_sdk::spot::websocket_api::BalanceUpdate {
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let frame = user_data_frame("balanceUpdate", &update);
        let mut buf = Vec::new();
        let terminated = convert_user_data_events(&frame, &mut buf).terminated;
        assert!(
            !terminated,
            "BalanceUpdate should not signal stream termination"
        );
        assert!(buf.is_empty(), "BalanceUpdate should push no events");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_user_data_events_stream_terminated_signals_reconnect() {
        // No payload struct — the terminal event is just the discriminator and its time.
        let frame =
            r#"{"subscriptionId":0,"event":{"e":"eventStreamTerminated","E":1700000000000}}"#;
        let mut buf = Vec::new();
        let terminated = convert_user_data_events(frame, &mut buf).terminated;
        assert!(
            terminated,
            "eventStreamTerminated must signal stream termination"
        );
        assert!(
            buf.is_empty(),
            "eventStreamTerminated should push no events"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_user_data_events_unknown_event_ignored() {
        // Knowingly ignored types (listStatus, externalLockUpdate) and types with no arm at all
        // (logged by log_unhandled_event): no events pushed, stream not terminated.
        for e in ["listStatus", "externalLockUpdate", "someFutureEvent"] {
            let frame = format!(
                r#"{{"subscriptionId":0,"event":{{"e":"{e}","E":1700000000000,"s":"BTCUSDT"}}}}"#
            );
            let mut buf = Vec::new();
            let terminated = convert_user_data_events(&frame, &mut buf).terminated;
            assert!(!terminated, "{e} must not signal termination");
            assert!(buf.is_empty(), "{e} should push no events");
        }
    }

    /// Regression: the WS-API subscription wraps every event, and binance-sdk passes the frame on
    /// unchanged. The converter used to read `e` from the top level, found none in the envelope,
    /// and dropped every event without a log. An enveloped fill must reach the buffer, and a frame
    /// that is not an envelope must not be read as one.
    #[test]
    fn test_convert_user_data_events_reads_the_ws_api_envelope() {
        let fill = r#"{"subscriptionId":3,"event":{"e":"executionReport","E":1700000001000,
            "s":"BTCUSDT","c":"client-1","S":"SELL","o":"MARKET","f":"GTC","q":"0.5","p":"0",
            "x":"TRADE","X":"FILLED","i":777,"l":"0.5","z":"0.5","L":"40000","n":"0.02",
            "N":"USDT","T":1700000001000,"t":888}}"#;
        let mut buf = Vec::new();
        assert!(!convert_user_data_events(fill, &mut buf).terminated);
        assert!(
            buf.iter()
                .any(|ev| matches!(ev.kind, AccountEventKind::Trade(_))),
            "the enveloped fill must produce its trade, got: {buf:?}"
        );

        // The pre-fix fixture shape: a bare event with no envelope is not an event frame.
        let bare = r#"{"e":"executionReport","s":"BTCUSDT","i":777,"x":"NEW","X":"NEW"}"#;
        buf.clear();
        assert!(!convert_user_data_events(bare, &mut buf).terminated);
        assert!(buf.is_empty());
    }

    /// Every pushed event's `E` is returned to sample the stream's clock, an order's as much as
    /// a fill's, so the clock has a sample before the stream's first fill.
    #[test]
    fn test_convert_user_data_events_returns_the_events_time() {
        let new_order = r#"{"subscriptionId":3,"event":{"e":"executionReport","E":1700000002000,
            "s":"BTCUSDT","c":"client-1","S":"BUY","o":"LIMIT","f":"GTC","q":"0.5","p":"40000",
            "x":"NEW","X":"NEW","i":777,"l":"0","z":"0","L":"0","n":"0","T":1700000001000}}"#;
        let mut buf = Vec::new();
        let outcome = convert_user_data_events(new_order, &mut buf);
        assert_eq!(
            outcome.event_time,
            DateTime::<Utc>::from_timestamp_millis(1_700_000_002_000)
        );

        let ack = r#"{"id":"abc","status":200,"result":[]}"#;
        assert_eq!(convert_user_data_events(ack, &mut buf).event_time, None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_user_data_events_non_user_data_frame_ignored() {
        // RPC responses such as the subscribe ack carry a top-level `id` — ignored, not mis-parsed.
        let frame = r#"{"id":"abc","status":200,"result":[]}"#;
        let mut buf = Vec::new();
        let terminated = convert_user_data_events(frame, &mut buf).terminated;
        assert!(
            !terminated,
            "non-user-data frame must not signal termination"
        );
        assert!(buf.is_empty(), "non-user-data frame should push no events");
    }

    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // RateLimitTracker tests
    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_rate_limit_tracker_not_blocked_initially() {
        tokio::time::pause();
        let tracker = RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot);
        // wait_if_blocked should return immediately (no cooldown set)
        tokio::time::timeout(
            std::time::Duration::from_millis(1),
            tracker.wait_if_blocked(RequestKind::Order),
        )
        .await
        .expect("wait_if_blocked should return immediately when not blocked")
        .expect("no cooldown too long to sleep through");
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_rate_limit_tracker_blocks_until_deadline() {
        tokio::time::pause();
        let tracker = RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot);
        let delay = Duration::from_secs(5);
        tracker.on_rate_limited(Some(delay));

        // Should not complete immediately
        assert!(
            tokio::time::timeout(
                Duration::from_millis(1),
                tracker.wait_if_blocked(RequestKind::Order)
            )
            .await
            .is_err(),
            "wait_if_blocked should block while cooldown is active"
        );

        // Advance past cooldown
        tokio::time::advance(delay + Duration::from_millis(1)).await;
        tokio::time::timeout(
            Duration::from_millis(1),
            tracker.wait_if_blocked(RequestKind::Order),
        )
        .await
        .expect("wait_if_blocked should return after cooldown expires")
        .expect("no cooldown too long to sleep through");
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_rate_limit_tracker_cooldown_extends_to_max() {
        tokio::time::pause();
        let tracker = RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot);

        // Set initial 5s cooldown
        tracker.on_rate_limited(Some(Duration::from_secs(5)));
        // Extend with a longer 10s cooldown — deadline should be pushed out
        tracker.on_rate_limited(Some(Duration::from_secs(10)));

        // Advance past the initial 5s — should still be blocked
        tokio::time::advance(Duration::from_secs(6)).await;
        assert!(
            tokio::time::timeout(
                Duration::from_millis(1),
                tracker.wait_if_blocked(RequestKind::Order)
            )
            .await
            .is_err(),
            "cooldown should have been extended to 10s"
        );

        // Advance past the extended 10s deadline
        tokio::time::advance(Duration::from_secs(5)).await;
        tokio::time::timeout(
            Duration::from_millis(1),
            tracker.wait_if_blocked(RequestKind::Order),
        )
        .await
        .expect("wait_if_blocked should return after extended cooldown expires")
        .expect("no cooldown too long to sleep through");
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_rate_limit_tracker_shorter_cooldown_does_not_shorten() {
        tokio::time::pause();
        let tracker = RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot);

        // Set 10s cooldown then try to shorten with 2s — deadline should stay at 10s
        tracker.on_rate_limited(Some(Duration::from_secs(10)));
        tracker.on_rate_limited(Some(Duration::from_secs(2)));

        // Advance past 2s — should still be blocked
        tokio::time::advance(Duration::from_secs(3)).await;
        assert!(
            tokio::time::timeout(
                Duration::from_millis(1),
                tracker.wait_if_blocked(RequestKind::Order)
            )
            .await
            .is_err(),
            "shorter on_rate_limited must not shorten existing cooldown"
        );
    }

    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // L1: classify_ws_order_error with a context-wrapped error chain
    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    #[test]
    fn test_classify_ws_order_error_with_wrapped_error_chain() {
        // `classify_ws_order_error` uses `anyhow::Error::downcast_ref`, which searches
        // the *entire* error chain (not just the root). This test verifies that a
        // ResponseError wrapped in anyhow context layers is still detected correctly,
        // so SDK-internal context wrapping does not break the rejection check.
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let raw = anyhow::anyhow!(WebsocketError::ResponseError {
            code: -2010,
            message: "insufficient balance".into(),
            retry_after: None,
        });
        // Unwrapped root: must be detected
        assert!(
            classify_ws_order_error(&raw, &instrument).is_some(),
            "unwrapped ResponseError at root must be detected"
        );
        // Context-wrapped: anyhow::downcast_ref searches the full chain, so this is also detected
        let wrapped = raw.context("outer context (e.g. SDK adds context layer)");
        assert!(
            classify_ws_order_error(&wrapped, &instrument).is_some(),
            "context-wrapped ResponseError must still be detected — anyhow::downcast_ref searches the full chain"
        );
    }

    /// A spot REST response reporting `x-mbx-used-weight-1m` at 90% of the default limit pauses
    /// later queries but not orders; under it, nothing pauses.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn rest_used_weight_near_the_limit_pauses_queries() {
        for (used, pauses) in [(5_399, false), (5_400, true)] {
            let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
            wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
                .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/openOrders"))
                .respond_with(
                    wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200)
                        .insert_header("x-mbx-used-weight-1m", used.to_string())
                        .set_body_json(serde_json::json!([])),
                )
                .mount(&server)
                .await;
            let rest = Arc::new(SpotRestApi::from_config(
                ConfigurationRestApi::builder()
                    .api_key("key")
                    .api_secret("secret")
                    .base_path(server.uri())
                    .build()
                    .unwrap(),
            ));
            let tracker = Arc::new(RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot));

            fetch_all_open_orders(rest, Arc::clone(&tracker))
                .await
                .unwrap();

            let query_waits = tokio::time::timeout(
                Duration::from_millis(50),
                tracker.wait_if_blocked(RequestKind::Query),
            )
            .await
            .is_err();
            assert_eq!(query_waits, pauses, "used weight {used}");
            tokio::time::timeout(
                Duration::from_millis(50),
                tracker.wait_if_blocked(RequestKind::Order),
            )
            .await
            .expect("orders never wait on the pause")
            .expect("no cooldown too long to sleep through");
        }
    }

    /// A spot client whose WS-API order session and account stream connect to `ws_url`, and which
    /// reaches no Binance REST API: its pre-send rules are off, so an open reads no
    /// `exchangeInfo`, and its REST calls go to a closed local port, so a stream's reconnect reads
    /// its fills and balances from nowhere unless a test points `rest` at a mock.
    fn client_with_ws_api(ws_url: String) -> BinanceSpot {
        let mut client = <BinanceSpot as ExecutionClient>::new(
            BinanceSpotConfig::new("key".into(), "secret".into())
                .with_server_time_sync(false)
                .with_pre_send_rules(PreSendRules::Off),
        );
        client.rest = Arc::new(SpotRestApi::from_config(
            ConfigurationRestApi::builder()
                .api_key("key")
                .api_secret("secret")
                .base_path("http://127.0.0.1:9")
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        ));
        client.ws_handle = SpotWsApi::from_config(
            ConfigurationWebsocketApi::builder()
                .api_key("key")
                .api_secret("secret")
                .ws_url(ws_url)
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        );
        client
    }

    /// A cancel by client order ID for `instrument`.
    fn cancel_request(
        instrument: &InstrumentNameExchange,
    ) -> OrderRequestCancel<ExchangeId, &InstrumentNameExchange> {
        crate::order::OrderEvent {
            key: OrderKey {
                exchange: ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
                instrument,
                strategy: StrategyId::new("strategy"),
                cid: ClientOrderId::new("cid"),
            },
            state: crate::order::request::RequestCancel { id: None },
        }
    }

    /// A local WebSocket server: every connection is handed to `serve`. Returns its `ws://` URL.
    async fn ws_server<F, Fut>(serve: F) -> String
    where
        F: Fn(tokio::net::TcpStream) -> Fut + Send + 'static,
        Fut: std::future::Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'static,
    {
        let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.unwrap();
        let url = format!("ws://{}", listener.local_addr().unwrap());
        tokio::spawn(async move {
            while let Ok((stream, _)) = listener.accept().await {
                tokio::spawn(serve(stream));
            }
        });
        url
    }

    /// During a rate-limit cooldown a cancel with no WS-API session is not sent: it fails as a
    /// rate-limit rejection, without a handshake.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn cancel_without_a_session_during_a_cooldown_is_rejected_unsent() {
        let client = <BinanceSpot as ExecutionClient>::new(
            BinanceSpotConfig::new("key".into(), "secret".into()).with_server_time_sync(false),
        );
        client
            .rate_limiter
            .on_rate_limited(Some(Duration::from_secs(60)));
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let response = client.cancel_order(cancel_request(&instrument)).await;

        assert_rate_limited_for(&response.state, Duration::from_secs(60));
        assert!(
            client.ws_api.read().await.is_none(),
            "no session was opened"
        );
    }

    /// Asserts `state` is a rate-limit rejection whose wait is at most `wait`, and no more than
    /// a few seconds under it (the time the test took).
    fn assert_rate_limited_for<T: std::fmt::Debug>(
        state: &Result<T, UnindexedOrderError>,
        wait: Duration,
    ) {
        let retry_after = match state {
            Err(UnindexedOrderError::Rejected(api @ ApiError::RateLimit { .. })) => {
                api.retry_after()
            }
            other => panic!("expected a rate-limit rejection, got {other:?}"),
        };
        assert!(
            retry_after.is_some_and(|got| got <= wait && got > wait - Duration::from_secs(5)),
            "expected a wait of about {wait:?}, got {retry_after:?}"
        );
    }

    /// A local WS-API server answering every request with `answer`, given the request's `id`.
    /// Returns its URL and the count of requests it has answered.
    async fn ws_api_answering(
        answer: fn(&serde_json::Value) -> serde_json::Value,
    ) -> (String, Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32>) {
        use futures::{SinkExt as _, StreamExt as _};
        use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::Message;

        let requests = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32::new(0));
        let url = ws_server({
            let requests = Arc::clone(&requests);
            move |stream| {
                let requests = Arc::clone(&requests);
                async move {
                    let Ok(mut ws) = tokio_tungstenite::accept_async(stream).await else {
                        return;
                    };
                    while let Some(Ok(message)) = ws.next().await {
                        let Message::Text(text) = message else {
                            continue;
                        };
                        requests.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
                        let request: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&text).unwrap();
                        let response = answer(&request);
                        if ws.send(Message::text(response.to_string())).await.is_err() {
                            return;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        })
        .await;
        (url, requests)
    }

    /// A WS-API answer accepting a cancel.
    fn cancel_accepted(request: &serde_json::Value) -> serde_json::Value {
        serde_json::json!({
            "id": request["id"],
            "status": 200,
            "result": {
                "symbol": "BTCUSDT",
                "origClientOrderId": "cid",
                "orderId": 7,
                "transactTime": 1_700_000_000_000_i64,
                "executedQty": "0",
            },
        })
    }

    /// A cancel on an open WS-API session honours a cooldown too: one too long to sleep through
    /// rejects it unsent, with the time left as its wait.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn cancel_on_an_open_session_during_a_long_cooldown_is_rejected_unsent() {
        let (url, requests) = ws_api_answering(cancel_accepted).await;
        let client = client_with_ws_api(url);
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let response = client.cancel_order(cancel_request(&instrument)).await;
        assert!(response.state.is_ok(), "{:?}", response.state);

        client
            .rate_limiter
            .on_rate_limited(Some(Duration::from_secs(60)));
        let response = client.cancel_order(cancel_request(&instrument)).await;

        assert_rate_limited_for(&response.state, Duration::from_secs(60));
        assert_eq!(
            requests.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
            1,
            "the second was not sent"
        );
        assert!(
            client.ws_api.read().await.is_some(),
            "the session stays open"
        );
    }

    /// A WS-API ban (`-1003` with `retryAfter`, a Unix-millisecond time) rejects the cancel with
    /// the wait until then, and holds back later requests, REST and WS API alike, without
    /// sending them.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_ws_api_ban_reports_its_wait_and_holds_back_later_requests() {
        let (url, requests) = ws_api_answering(banned_for_two_minutes).await;
        let client = client_with_ws_api(url);
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");

        let response = client.cancel_order(cancel_request(&instrument)).await;
        assert_rate_limited_for(&response.state, TWO_MINUTE_BAN);
        assert_cooldown_about(&client, TWO_MINUTE_BAN);

        let response = client.cancel_order(cancel_request(&instrument)).await;
        assert_rate_limited_for(&response.state, TWO_MINUTE_BAN);
        assert_eq!(
            requests.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
            1,
            "the second was not sent"
        );
    }

    /// The wait [`banned_for_two_minutes`] reports.
    const TWO_MINUTE_BAN: Duration = Duration::from_millis(120_000 + CLOCK_SKEW_SLACK_MS);

    /// A WS-API answer refusing any request with a ban that lifts two minutes from now.
    fn banned_for_two_minutes(request: &serde_json::Value) -> serde_json::Value {
        let until = unix_ms() + 120_000;
        serde_json::json!({
            "id": request["id"],
            "status": 418,
            "error": {
                "code": -1003,
                "msg": format!("Way too much request weight used; IP banned until {until}."),
                "data": { "serverTime": unix_ms(), "retryAfter": until },
            },
        })
    }

    /// Asserts `client`'s cooldown has at most `wait` left, and no more than a few seconds under
    /// it (the time the test took).
    fn assert_cooldown_about(client: &BinanceSpot, wait: Duration) {
        let left = client.rate_limiter.cooldown_remaining();
        assert!(
            left.is_some_and(|left| left <= wait && left > wait - Duration::from_secs(5)),
            "expected a cooldown of about {wait:?}, got {left:?}"
        );
    }

    /// An order the WS API refuses with a ban fails with the ban's wait, and holds every later
    /// request back for it.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_ws_api_ban_on_an_order_holds_back_later_requests() {
        let (url, requests) = ws_api_answering(banned_for_two_minutes).await;
        let client = client_with_ws_api(url);
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let request = crate::order::OrderEvent {
            key: OrderKey {
                exchange: ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
                instrument: &instrument,
                strategy: StrategyId::new("strategy"),
                cid: ClientOrderId::new("cid"),
            },
            state: crate::order::request::RequestOpen::new(
                Side::Buy,
                Some(Decimal::new(50_000, 0)),
                Decimal::new(1, 3),
                OrderKind::Limit,
                TimeInForce::GoodUntilCancelled { post_only: false },
            ),
        };

        let order = client.open_order(request).await;

        let state = match order.state {
            OrderState::Inactive(crate::order::state::InactiveOrderState::OpenFailed(error)) => {
                Err::<(), _>(error)
            }
            other => panic!("expected the open to fail, got {other:?}"),
        };
        assert_rate_limited_for(&state, TWO_MINUTE_BAN);
        assert_cooldown_about(&client, TWO_MINUTE_BAN);
        assert_eq!(requests.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
    }

    /// A WS-API answer refusing any request's timestamp (`-1021`).
    fn refused_timestamp(request: &serde_json::Value) -> serde_json::Value {
        serde_json::json!({
            "id": request["id"],
            "status": 400,
            "error": {
                "code": -1021,
                "msg": "Timestamp for this request was 1000ms ahead of the server's time.",
            },
        })
    }

    /// An order or cancel the WS API refuses with `-1021` reads Binance's server time again before
    /// its answer returns, so a retry is stamped on the new reading.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_ws_api_refused_timestamp_reads_the_server_time_again() {
        let (url, _) = ws_api_answering(refused_timestamp).await;
        let mut client = client_with_ws_api(url);
        let reads = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32::new(0));
        let read: crate::client::binance::server_time::ReadServerTime = {
            let reads = Arc::clone(&reads);
            Arc::new(move || {
                reads.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
                Box::pin(async { Ok(i64::try_from(unix_ms()).unwrap()) })
            })
        };
        client.rate_limiter = Arc::new(
            RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot)
                .with_server_time(Some(ServerTime::new(SigningClock::default(), read))),
        );
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let open = crate::order::OrderEvent {
            key: OrderKey {
                exchange: ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
                instrument: &instrument,
                strategy: StrategyId::new("strategy"),
                cid: ClientOrderId::new("cid"),
            },
            state: crate::order::request::RequestOpen::new(
                Side::Buy,
                Some(Decimal::new(50_000, 0)),
                Decimal::new(1, 3),
                OrderKind::Limit,
                TimeInForce::GoodUntilCancelled { post_only: false },
            ),
        };

        let order = client.open_order(open).await;
        assert!(
            matches!(order.state, OrderState::Inactive(_)),
            "{:?}",
            order.state
        );
        // The first request's read, and the read after the refusal.
        assert_eq!(reads.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 2);

        let cancel = client.cancel_order(cancel_request(&instrument)).await;
        assert!(cancel.state.is_err(), "{:?}", cancel.state);
        assert_eq!(reads.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 3);
    }

    /// A WS-API success whose result has no `orderId`.
    fn answered_without_an_order_id(request: &serde_json::Value) -> serde_json::Value {
        serde_json::json!({
            "id": request["id"],
            "status": 200,
            "result": { "symbol": "BTCUSDT", "clientOrderId": "cid" },
        })
    }

    /// A WS-API success whose result does not decode: its `orderId` is not a number.
    fn answered_undecodably(request: &serde_json::Value) -> serde_json::Value {
        serde_json::json!({
            "id": request["id"],
            "status": 200,
            "result": { "symbol": "BTCUSDT", "orderId": "not a number" },
        })
    }

    /// An open the WS API answered with a success it cannot read was acted on, so its outcome is
    /// unknown: `Connectivity`, not a refusal.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn an_open_answered_unreadably_is_an_unknown_outcome() {
        for answer in [answered_without_an_order_id, answered_undecodably] {
            let (url, _) = ws_api_answering(answer).await;
            let client = client_with_ws_api(url);
            let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
            let request = crate::order::OrderEvent {
                key: OrderKey {
                    exchange: ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
                    instrument: &instrument,
                    strategy: StrategyId::new("strategy"),
                    cid: ClientOrderId::new("cid"),
                },
                state: crate::order::request::RequestOpen::new(
                    Side::Buy,
                    Some(Decimal::new(50_000, 0)),
                    Decimal::new(1, 3),
                    OrderKind::Limit,
                    TimeInForce::GoodUntilCancelled { post_only: false },
                ),
            };

            let order = client.open_order(request).await;

            assert!(
                matches!(
                    order.state,
                    OrderState::Inactive(crate::order::state::InactiveOrderState::OpenFailed(
                        OrderError::Connectivity(_)
                    ))
                ),
                "{:?}",
                order.state
            );
        }
    }

    /// A cancel the WS API answered with a success it cannot read was acted on, so whether the
    /// order still works is unknown: `Connectivity`, not a refusal.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_cancel_answered_unreadably_is_an_unknown_outcome() {
        for answer in [answered_without_an_order_id, answered_undecodably] {
            let (url, _) = ws_api_answering(answer).await;
            let client = client_with_ws_api(url);
            let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");

            let response = client.cancel_order(cancel_request(&instrument)).await;

            assert!(
                matches!(response.state, Err(OrderError::Connectivity(_))),
                "{:?}",
                response.state
            );
        }
    }

    /// A WS-API answer accepting a user-data subscription.
    fn subscribed(request: &serde_json::Value) -> serde_json::Value {
        serde_json::json!({
            "id": request["id"],
            "status": 200,
            "result": { "subscriptionId": 0 },
        })
    }

    /// The error opening an account stream failed with, which must be a rate limit, and its wait.
    fn rate_limited_wait<T>(opened: Result<T, UnindexedClientError>) -> Option<Duration> {
        match opened {
            Err(UnindexedClientError::Api(api @ ApiError::RateLimit { .. })) => api.retry_after(),
            Err(other) => panic!("expected a rate limit, got {other:?}"),
            Ok(_) => panic!("expected the open to fail"),
        }
    }

    /// Opening the account stream during a cooldown too long to sleep through fails with the time
    /// left, and sends nothing.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn opening_the_account_stream_during_a_long_cooldown_fails_unsent() {
        let (url, requests) = ws_api_answering(subscribed).await;
        let client = client_with_ws_api(url);
        client
            .rate_limiter
            .on_rate_limited(Some(Duration::from_secs(60)));

        let wait = rate_limited_wait(client.account_stream(&[], &[]).await);

        assert!(
            wait.is_some_and(
                |wait| wait <= Duration::from_secs(60) && wait > Duration::from_secs(55)
            ),
            "{wait:?}"
        );
        assert_eq!(requests.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
    }

    /// A user-data subscribe the WS API refuses with a ban fails with the ban's wait, and holds
    /// every later request back for it.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_ban_on_the_account_stream_subscribe_starts_its_cooldown() {
        let (url, _) = ws_api_answering(banned_for_two_minutes).await;
        let client = client_with_ws_api(url);

        let wait = rate_limited_wait(client.account_stream(&[], &[]).await);

        assert!(
            wait.is_some_and(
                |wait| wait <= TWO_MINUTE_BAN && wait > TWO_MINUTE_BAN - Duration::from_secs(5)
            ),
            "{wait:?}"
        );
        assert_cooldown_about(&client, TWO_MINUTE_BAN);
    }

    /// An account-stream handshake Binance refuses with 418, an IP ban, starts a cooldown as long as
    /// Binance's shortest ban, and the open fails as a rate limit with that wait.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_refused_account_stream_handshake_starts_a_cooldown() {
        use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::http;

        let url = ws_server(|stream| async move {
            // tungstenite's handshake callback fixes the error type to a whole HTTP response.
            #[allow(clippy::result_large_err)]
            let refuse = |_: &http::Request<()>, _| {
                Err(http::Response::builder()
                    .status(http::StatusCode::IM_A_TEAPOT)
                    .body(None)
                    .unwrap())
            };
            let _ = tokio_tungstenite::accept_hdr_async(stream, refuse).await;
        })
        .await;
        let client = client_with_ws_api(url);

        let wait = rate_limited_wait(client.account_stream(&[], &[]).await);

        // A 418 is an IP ban: Binance's shortest, as the SDK drops its `Retry-After`.
        assert!(
            wait.is_some_and(
                |wait| wait <= MIN_IP_BAN && wait > MIN_IP_BAN - Duration::from_secs(5)
            ),
            "{wait:?}"
        );
        assert_cooldown_about(&client, MIN_IP_BAN);
    }

    /// A connection that drops while a long cooldown is active ends the stream at once with the
    /// time left, rather than reconnecting into the ban: no second subscribe is sent.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_drop_during_a_long_cooldown_ends_the_account_stream_rate_limited() {
        use futures::{SinkExt as _, StreamExt as _};
        use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::Message;

        let subscribes = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32::new(0));
        let url = ws_server({
            let subscribes = Arc::clone(&subscribes);
            move |stream| {
                let subscribes = Arc::clone(&subscribes);
                async move {
                    let Ok(mut ws) = tokio_tungstenite::accept_async(stream).await else {
                        return;
                    };
                    // Answer the subscribe, then drop the connection once the test has started
                    // the cooldown.
                    while let Some(Ok(message)) = ws.next().await {
                        let Message::Text(text) = message else {
                            continue;
                        };
                        subscribes.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
                        let request: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&text).unwrap();
                        let answer = subscribed(&request).to_string();
                        if ws.send(Message::text(answer)).await.is_err() {
                            return;
                        }
                        tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
                        let _ = ws.close(None).await;
                        return;
                    }
                }
            }
        })
        .await;
        let client = client_with_ws_api(url);
        let mut stream = client.account_stream(&[], &[]).await.unwrap();
        client
            .rate_limiter
            .on_rate_limited(Some(Duration::from_secs(60)));

        let event = tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), stream.next())
            .await
            .expect("the stream ends rate-limited within the timeout")
            .expect("it reports why before it ends");

        match event.kind {
            AccountEventKind::StreamTerminated(StreamTerminationReason::RateLimited {
                retry_after,
            }) => assert!(
                retry_after <= Duration::from_secs(60) && retry_after > Duration::from_secs(55),
                "{retry_after:?}"
            ),
            other => panic!("expected a rate-limited termination, got {other:?}"),
        }
        assert!(stream.next().await.is_none(), "the stream has ended");
        assert_eq!(subscribes.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
    }

    /// A reconnect facing a cooldown short enough to wait through waits it out, rather than
    /// connecting into it once its backoff has passed.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_reconnect_waits_out_a_short_cooldown() {
        use futures::{SinkExt as _, StreamExt as _};
        use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::Message;

        let subscribed_at = Arc::new(parking_lot::Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
        let url = ws_server({
            let subscribed_at = Arc::clone(&subscribed_at);
            move |stream| {
                let subscribed_at = Arc::clone(&subscribed_at);
                async move {
                    let Ok(mut ws) = tokio_tungstenite::accept_async(stream).await else {
                        return;
                    };
                    while let Some(Ok(message)) = ws.next().await {
                        let Message::Text(text) = message else {
                            continue;
                        };
                        subscribed_at.lock().push(tokio::time::Instant::now());
                        let request: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&text).unwrap();
                        if ws
                            .send(Message::text(subscribed(&request).to_string()))
                            .await
                            .is_err()
                        {
                            return;
                        }
                        // The first connection drops shortly after, once the test has started
                        // the cooldown; the second stays.
                        if subscribed_at.lock().len() == 1 {
                            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await;
                            let _ = ws.close(None).await;
                            return;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        })
        .await;
        let client = client_with_ws_api(url);
        let _stream = client.account_stream(&[], &[]).await.unwrap();
        let cooldown = Duration::from_secs(3);
        // Before the cooldown starts, so the bound cannot be later than its end.
        let cooled = tokio::time::Instant::now() + cooldown;
        client.rate_limiter.on_rate_limited(Some(cooldown));

        let deadline = tokio::time::Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(10);
        while subscribed_at.lock().len() < 2 {
            assert!(tokio::time::Instant::now() < deadline, "no reconnect");
            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(20)).await;
        }

        // The backoff's first wait is a second: the cooldown, not the backoff, set the time.
        assert!(subscribed_at.lock()[1] >= cooled);
    }

    /// The stream clears its reconnect failures only on a heartbeat tick that saw a frame or
    /// ping. A connection Binance accepts and drops at once is a failure like any other, and so is
    /// one that stays silent past the first tick, so a venue doing either to every connection
    /// exhausts the budget.
    #[tokio::test(start_paused = true)]
    async fn the_reconnect_budget_resets_only_once_a_connection_proves_stable() {
        async fn run(pinging: bool) {
            let lifetime = if pinging {
                test_ws_api::dropped_then_pinging
            } else {
                test_ws_api::dropped_then_silent
            };
            let (url, requests) = test_ws_api::serve(subscribed, lifetime).await;
            let client = client_with_ws_api(url);
            let _stream = client.account_stream(&[], &[]).await.unwrap();
            if pinging {
                test_ws_api::assert_reset_once_pinged(&requests, "spot").await;
            } else {
                test_ws_api::assert_no_reset_when_silent(&requests, "spot").await;
            }
        }

        tokio::join!(run(true), run(false));
    }

    /// After its connection drops and the stream reconnects by itself, it reads the account's
    /// balances and delivers each one it was opened for as a balance snapshot.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_reconnect_restates_the_balances() {
        fn dropped_once(n: usize) -> test_ws_api::Lifetime {
            match n {
                0 => test_ws_api::Lifetime::Silent(Duration::from_millis(100)),
                _ => test_ws_api::Lifetime::Open,
            }
        }
        let venue = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/account"))
            .respond_with(wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(
                serde_json::json!({ "balances": [
                    { "asset": "BTC", "free": "1", "locked": "0" },
                    { "asset": "ETH", "free": "2", "locked": "0" },
                ] }),
            ))
            .mount(&venue)
            .await;
        let (url, _) = test_ws_api::serve(subscribed, dropped_once).await;
        let mut client = client_with_ws_api(url);
        client.rest = rest_at(&venue);
        let btc = AssetNameExchange::new("BTC");
        let mut stream = client
            .account_stream(std::slice::from_ref(&btc), &[])
            .await
            .unwrap();

        let restated = tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(10), async {
            loop {
                let event = futures::StreamExt::next(&mut stream).await.unwrap();
                if let AccountEventKind::BalanceSnapshot(balance) = event.kind {
                    break balance.0;
                }
            }
        })
        .await
        .expect("the balances are restated after the reconnect");
        assert_eq!(restated.asset, btc);
        assert_eq!(restated.balance, Balance::new(Decimal::ONE, Decimal::ONE));
    }

    /// The latest balance event the stream delivered sets the floor of the restatement after the
    /// next reconnect. Here the venue's clock reads 60 s ahead of this host's: the read waits until
    /// the venue's clock is the REST lag past that event, and is stamped at its time, not this
    /// host's time less the lag, which the engine would judge older than the event and drop.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_restatement_is_stamped_no_earlier_than_the_last_balance_delivered() {
        use crate::client::binance::shared::REST_BALANCE_LAG;
        fn ahead_ms() -> i64 {
            (Utc::now() + chrono::Duration::seconds(60)).timestamp_millis()
        }
        fn position() -> String {
            let time = ahead_ms();
            serde_json::json!({
                "subscriptionId": 0,
                "event": {
                    "e": "outboundAccountPosition", "E": time, "u": time,
                    "B": [{ "a": "BTC", "f": "1", "l": "0" }],
                },
            })
            .to_string()
        }
        fn pushed_then_open(n: usize) -> test_ws_api::Lifetime {
            match n {
                0 => test_ws_api::Lifetime::Pushing(position, Duration::from_millis(300)),
                _ => test_ws_api::Lifetime::Open,
            }
        }
        let venue = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/account"))
            .respond_with(wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(
                serde_json::json!({ "balances": [{ "asset": "BTC", "free": "1", "locked": "0" }] }),
            ))
            .mount(&venue)
            .await;
        let (url, _) = test_ws_api::serve(subscribed, pushed_then_open).await;
        let mut client = client_with_ws_api(url);
        client.rest = rest_at(&venue);
        let mut stream = client.account_stream(&[], &[]).await.unwrap();

        let (pushed, restated) = tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(15), async {
            let mut pushed = None;
            loop {
                let event = futures::StreamExt::next(&mut stream).await.unwrap();
                match event.kind {
                    AccountEventKind::BalanceStreamUpdate(update) => {
                        pushed = Some((update.0.time_exchange, tokio::time::Instant::now()));
                    }
                    AccountEventKind::BalanceSnapshot(balance) => {
                        break (
                            pushed.expect("the pushed balance comes first"),
                            (balance.0.time_exchange, tokio::time::Instant::now()),
                        );
                    }
                    _ => {}
                }
            }
        })
        .await
        .expect("the balances are restated after the reconnect");

        assert_eq!(restated.0, pushed.0);
        // This test receives the balance event a little after the stream does, which is when the
        // wait starts. A second's allowance for that still tells the 5 s wait from none: without
        // it, the read would follow the reconnect, 300 ms after the event, at once.
        let allowance = Duration::from_secs(1);
        assert!(
            restated.1 + allowance >= pushed.1 + REST_BALANCE_LAG.to_std().unwrap(),
            "restated {:?} after the balance event, before the REST lag",
            restated.1 - pushed.1
        );
    }

    /// A cancel that waited on another's handshake, which Binance refused, is not sent and opens
    /// no second session: it reports the cooldown the refusal started.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_cancel_queued_behind_a_refused_handshake_reports_the_cooldown() {
        use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::http;

        let handshakes = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32::new(0));
        let url = ws_server({
            let handshakes = Arc::clone(&handshakes);
            move |stream| {
                let handshakes = Arc::clone(&handshakes);
                async move {
                    handshakes.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
                    // Hold the refusal back, so the second cancel queues behind the first.
                    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(200)).await;
                    // tungstenite's handshake callback fixes the error type to a whole HTTP
                    // response.
                    #[allow(clippy::result_large_err)]
                    let refuse = |_: &http::Request<()>, _| {
                        Err(http::Response::builder()
                            .status(http::StatusCode::TOO_MANY_REQUESTS)
                            .body(None)
                            .unwrap())
                    };
                    let _ = tokio_tungstenite::accept_hdr_async(stream, refuse).await;
                }
            }
        })
        .await;
        let client = client_with_ws_api(url);
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");

        let (first, second) = tokio::join!(
            client.cancel_order(cancel_request(&instrument)),
            client.cancel_order(cancel_request(&instrument)),
        );

        assert_eq!(handshakes.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
        let waits: Vec<_> = [&first.state, &second.state]
            .into_iter()
            .map(|state| match state {
                Err(UnindexedOrderError::Rejected(api @ ApiError::RateLimit { .. })) => {
                    api.retry_after()
                }
                other => panic!("expected a rate-limit rejection, got {other:?}"),
            })
            .collect();
        // The refused handshake carries no wait; the queued cancel reports the cooldown left.
        let default = Duration::from_secs(DEFAULT_RATE_LIMIT_DELAY_SECS);
        assert!(
            waits.contains(&None)
                && waits
                    .iter()
                    .flatten()
                    .any(|wait| { *wait <= default && *wait > default - Duration::from_secs(5) }),
            "{waits:?}"
        );
    }

    /// A spot REST client, and its rate limiter, whose requests go to `server`.
    fn rest_against(server: &wiremock::MockServer) -> (Arc<RestApi>, Arc<RateLimitTracker>) {
        let rest = Arc::new(SpotRestApi::from_config(
            ConfigurationRestApi::builder()
                .api_key("key")
                .api_secret("secret")
                .base_path(server.uri())
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        ));
        (rest, Arc::new(RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot)))
    }

    /// Mounts an `/api/v3/openOrders` refusal with `status`, and `Retry-After: <retry_after>`
    /// when given, answering at most `times` requests.
    async fn mount_refusal(
        server: &wiremock::MockServer,
        status: u16,
        retry_after: Option<&str>,
        times: u64,
    ) {
        let mut refusal = wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(status).set_body_json(
            serde_json::json!({ "code": -1003, "msg": "Too much request weight used." }),
        );
        if let Some(retry_after) = retry_after {
            refusal = refusal.insert_header("retry-after", retry_after);
        }
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/openOrders"))
            .respond_with(refusal)
            .up_to_n_times(times)
            .mount(server)
            .await;
    }

    /// The wait a query's rate-limit refusal reports. Panics on any other result.
    fn query_retry_after<T: std::fmt::Debug>(
        result: &Result<T, UnindexedClientError>,
    ) -> Option<Duration> {
        match result {
            Err(UnindexedClientError::Api(api @ ApiError::RateLimit { .. })) => api.retry_after(),
            other => panic!("expected a rate-limit refusal, got {other:?}"),
        }
    }

    /// A REST 418 is never retried in place. Its `Retry-After` is the wait reported and the
    /// cooldown set, and the next request, facing that cooldown, is not sent.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_rest_ban_is_not_retried_and_holds_back_later_requests() {
        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        mount_refusal(&server, 418, Some("120"), u64::MAX).await;
        let (rest, tracker) = rest_against(&server);

        let result = fetch_all_open_orders(Arc::clone(&rest), Arc::clone(&tracker)).await;
        assert_eq!(query_retry_after(&result), Some(Duration::from_secs(120)));
        assert!(
            tracker
                .cooldown_remaining()
                .is_some_and(|left| left > Duration::from_secs(115)),
            "{:?}",
            tracker.cooldown_remaining()
        );

        let result = fetch_all_open_orders(rest, tracker).await;
        assert!(
            query_retry_after(&result).is_some_and(
                |left| left > Duration::from_secs(115) && left <= Duration::from_secs(120)
            ),
            "{result:?}"
        );
        assert_eq!(server.received_requests().await.unwrap().len(), 1);
    }

    /// A 418 without `Retry-After` is not retried either; it reports no wait, and holds requests
    /// back for the default cooldown.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_rest_ban_without_retry_after_is_not_retried() {
        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        mount_refusal(&server, 418, None, u64::MAX).await;
        let (rest, tracker) = rest_against(&server);

        let result = fetch_all_open_orders(rest, Arc::clone(&tracker)).await;
        assert_eq!(query_retry_after(&result), None);
        assert_eq!(server.received_requests().await.unwrap().len(), 1);
        assert!(
            tracker
                .cooldown_remaining()
                .is_some_and(|left| left > Duration::from_secs(DEFAULT_RATE_LIMIT_DELAY_SECS - 5)),
            "{:?}",
            tracker.cooldown_remaining()
        );
    }

    /// A 429 asking for longer than a request sleeps through is not retried in place.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_rest_throttle_with_a_long_retry_after_is_not_retried() {
        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        mount_refusal(&server, 429, Some("30"), u64::MAX).await;
        let (rest, tracker) = rest_against(&server);

        let result = fetch_all_open_orders(rest, tracker).await;
        assert_eq!(query_retry_after(&result), Some(Duration::from_secs(30)));
        assert_eq!(server.received_requests().await.unwrap().len(), 1);
    }

    /// A 429 asking for a short wait is retried in place, no sooner than that wait, though it
    /// is longer than the first backoff.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_rest_throttle_with_a_short_retry_after_is_retried_after_it() {
        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        mount_refusal(&server, 429, Some("2"), 1).await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/openOrders"))
            .respond_with(wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(serde_json::json!([])))
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        let (rest, tracker) = rest_against(&server);

        let started = std::time::Instant::now();
        let orders = fetch_all_open_orders(rest, tracker).await.unwrap();

        assert!(orders.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(server.received_requests().await.unwrap().len(), 2);
        assert!(
            started.elapsed() >= Duration::from_secs(2),
            "{:?}",
            started.elapsed()
        );
    }

    /// A WS-API handshake Binance refuses with 429 starts a cooldown, and the cancel that needed
    /// the session fails as a rate-limit rejection.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_handshake_refused_with_429_starts_a_cooldown() {
        use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::http;

        let url = ws_server(|stream| async move {
            // tungstenite's handshake callback fixes the error type to a whole HTTP response.
            #[allow(clippy::result_large_err)]
            let refuse = |_: &http::Request<()>, _| {
                Err(http::Response::builder()
                    .status(http::StatusCode::TOO_MANY_REQUESTS)
                    .body(None)
                    .unwrap())
            };
            let _ = tokio_tungstenite::accept_hdr_async(stream, refuse).await;
        })
        .await;
        let client = client_with_ws_api(url);
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");

        let response = client.cancel_order(cancel_request(&instrument)).await;

        assert!(
            matches!(
                response.state,
                Err(UnindexedOrderError::Rejected(ApiError::RateLimit { .. }))
            ),
            "{:?}",
            response.state
        );
        assert!(client.rate_limiter.is_blocked());
    }

    /// A WS-API handshake Binance refuses with 418, an IP ban, holds requests back for Binance's
    /// shortest ban, and the cancel that needed the session fails with that wait.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_handshake_refused_with_418_starts_the_shortest_ban() {
        use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::http;

        let url = ws_server(|stream| async move {
            // tungstenite's handshake callback fixes the error type to a whole HTTP response.
            #[allow(clippy::result_large_err)]
            let refuse = |_: &http::Request<()>, _| {
                Err(http::Response::builder()
                    .status(http::StatusCode::IM_A_TEAPOT)
                    .body(None)
                    .unwrap())
            };
            let _ = tokio_tungstenite::accept_hdr_async(stream, refuse).await;
        })
        .await;
        let client = client_with_ws_api(url);
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");

        let response = client.cancel_order(cancel_request(&instrument)).await;

        assert_rate_limited_for(&response.state, MIN_IP_BAN);
        assert_cooldown_about(&client, MIN_IP_BAN);
    }

    /// A WS-API cancel response carries the spot pool's weight limit and usage: the limit
    /// replaces the default, and usage at 90% of it pauses queries but not orders.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_ws_api_response_near_the_weight_limit_pauses_queries() {
        use futures::{SinkExt as _, StreamExt as _};
        use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::Message;

        let url = ws_server(|stream| async move {
            let Ok(mut ws) = tokio_tungstenite::accept_async(stream).await else {
                return;
            };
            while let Some(Ok(message)) = ws.next().await {
                let Message::Text(text) = message else {
                    continue;
                };
                let request: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&text).unwrap();
                let response = serde_json::json!({
                    "id": request["id"],
                    "status": 200,
                    "result": {
                        "symbol": "BTCUSDT",
                        "origClientOrderId": "cid",
                        "orderId": 7,
                        "transactTime": 1_700_000_000_000_i64,
                        "executedQty": "0",
                    },
                    "rateLimits": [{
                        "rateLimitType": "REQUEST_WEIGHT",
                        "interval": "MINUTE",
                        "intervalNum": 1,
                        "limit": 1_000,
                        "count": 950,
                    }],
                });
                if ws.send(Message::text(response.to_string())).await.is_err() {
                    return;
                }
            }
        })
        .await;
        let client = client_with_ws_api(url);
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");

        let response = client.cancel_order(cancel_request(&instrument)).await;

        assert!(response.state.is_ok(), "{:?}", response.state);
        assert_eq!(client.rate_limiter.weight_limit(), 1_000);
        assert!(
            tokio::time::timeout(
                Duration::from_millis(50),
                client.rate_limiter.wait_if_blocked(RequestKind::Query),
            )
            .await
            .is_err(),
            "queries pause"
        );
        tokio::time::timeout(
            Duration::from_millis(50),
            client.rate_limiter.wait_if_blocked(RequestKind::Order),
        )
        .await
        .expect("orders never wait on the pause")
        .expect("no cooldown too long to sleep through");
    }

    /// A local WebSocket server that answers every request with `result`, and reports on the
    /// returned channel each connection the client closes with a Close frame.
    async fn ws_server_reporting_close(
        result: serde_json::Value,
    ) -> (String, mpsc::UnboundedReceiver<()>) {
        use futures::{SinkExt as _, StreamExt as _};
        use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::Message;

        let (closed_tx, closed_rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();
        let url = ws_server(move |stream| {
            let result = result.clone();
            let closed_tx = closed_tx.clone();
            async move {
                let Ok(mut ws) = tokio_tungstenite::accept_async(stream).await else {
                    return;
                };
                while let Some(Ok(message)) = ws.next().await {
                    match message {
                        Message::Text(text) => {
                            let request: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&text).unwrap();
                            let response = serde_json::json!({
                                "id": request["id"],
                                "status": 200,
                                "result": result,
                            });
                            if ws.send(Message::text(response.to_string())).await.is_err() {
                                return;
                            }
                        }
                        Message::Close(_) => {
                            let _ = closed_tx.send(());
                            return;
                        }
                        _ => {}
                    }
                }
            }
        })
        .await;
        (url, closed_rx)
    }

    /// Dropping the account stream closes its WebSocket connection. Dropped at once, the manager
    /// has not started and holds the connection as its argument; dropped later, it holds it in its
    /// loop, and its event callback runs. The stream's state is released either way: the callback
    /// holds the client's known-live orders, and is unsubscribed when the stream drops, rather than
    /// whenever binance-sdk frees the connection.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn dropping_the_account_stream_closes_its_connection() {
        for running in [Duration::ZERO, Duration::from_millis(100)] {
            let (url, mut closed) =
                ws_server_reporting_close(serde_json::json!({ "subscriptionId": 0 })).await;
            let client = client_with_ws_api(url);
            let holders = client.known_live.holders();

            let stream = client.account_stream(&[], &[]).await.unwrap();
            tokio::time::sleep(running).await;
            drop(stream);

            tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), closed.recv())
                .await
                .expect("the dropped stream closes its connection")
                .unwrap();
            // An aborted task drops its state on its next turn.
            for _ in 0..10 {
                tokio::task::yield_now().await;
            }
            assert_eq!(
                client.known_live.holders(),
                holders,
                "the stream's state is released"
            );
        }
    }

    /// The order session is shared by every clone of a client, and closed when the last one is
    /// dropped.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn dropping_the_last_client_closes_its_order_session() {
        let (url, mut closed) = ws_server_reporting_close(serde_json::json!({
            "symbol": "BTCUSDT",
            "origClientOrderId": "cid",
            "orderId": 7,
            "transactTime": 1_700_000_000_000_i64,
            "executedQty": "0",
        }))
        .await;
        let client = client_with_ws_api(url);
        let clone = client.clone();
        let instrument = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let response = client.cancel_order(cancel_request(&instrument)).await;
        assert!(response.state.is_ok(), "{:?}", response.state);

        drop(client);
        assert!(
            tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_millis(200), closed.recv())
                .await
                .is_err(),
            "a clone still holds the session"
        );

        drop(clone);
        tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), closed.recv())
            .await
            .expect("the last client's drop closes the session")
            .unwrap();
    }

    /// Fill recovery does not wait for the pause near the weight limit, which could outlast its
    /// budget and lose the fills: with queries paused, it still reads the trades at once.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn fill_recovery_does_not_wait_for_the_weight_pause() {
        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/myTrades"))
            // One trade, so recovery also looks its order up: both reads run under the pause.
            .respond_with(
                wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(serde_json::json!([{
                    "symbol": "BTCUSDT",
                    "id": 1,
                    "orderId": 7,
                    "price": "100",
                    "qty": "1",
                    "commission": "0",
                    "commissionAsset": "USDT",
                    "time": Utc::now().timestamp_millis(),
                    "isBuyer": true,
                    "isMaker": false,
                }])),
            )
            .expect(2)
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        let rest = Arc::new(SpotRestApi::from_config(
            ConfigurationRestApi::builder()
                .api_key("key")
                .api_secret("secret")
                .base_path(server.uri())
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        ));
        let tracker = Arc::new(RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot));
        tracker.throttle(Duration::from_secs(60));
        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();
        let mut unrecovered = UnrecoveredFills::default();
        unrecovered.open(
            &[InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT")],
            Utc::now() - chrono::Duration::minutes(1),
            Utc::now(),
        );

        // Far under the 60 s pause set above, and ample for two local round trips.
        tokio::time::timeout(
            Duration::from_millis(800),
            recover_fills(
                &rest,
                &tracker,
                &mut unrecovered,
                &tx,
                &new_dedup_cache(),
                &KnownLiveOrders::shared(ExchangeId::BinanceSpot),
            ),
        )
        .await
        .expect("recovery does not wait for the pause");
    }

    /// A gap whose every read fails is given up, and reported on the stream with the last read's error.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_gap_whose_every_read_fails_is_reported_when_given_up() {
        let disconnect = Utc::now() - chrono::Duration::minutes(10);
        let reconnect = Utc::now() - chrono::Duration::minutes(5);
        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/myTrades"))
            .respond_with(
                wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(400)
                    .set_body_json(serde_json::json!({"code": -1100, "msg": "rejected"})),
            )
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        let rest = Arc::new(SpotRestApi::from_config(
            ConfigurationRestApi::builder()
                .api_key("key")
                .api_secret("secret")
                .base_path(server.uri())
                .build()
                .expect("valid config"),
        ));
        let tracker = Arc::new(RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot));
        let (tx, mut rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::unbounded_channel();
        let dedup = new_dedup_cache();
        let btc = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let mut unrecovered = UnrecoveredFills::default();
        unrecovered.open(std::slice::from_ref(&btc), disconnect, reconnect);

        for _ in 0..=crate::client::order_recovery::MAX_GAP_RETRIES {
            recover_fills(
                &rest,
                &tracker,
                &mut unrecovered,
                &tx,
                &dedup,
                &KnownLiveOrders::shared(ExchangeId::BinanceSpot),
            )
            .await;
            unrecovered.make_due();
        }

        assert!(unrecovered.is_empty(), "the gap is given up");
        let forwarded: Vec<_> = std::iter::from_fn(|| rx.try_recv().ok()).collect();
        let [event] = forwarded.as_slice() else {
            panic!("only the give-up is sent: {forwarded:?}");
        };
        let AccountEventKind::FillRecoveryGaveUp(gave_up) = &event.kind else {
            panic!("expected FillRecoveryGaveUp, got {event:?}");
        };
        assert_eq!(event.exchange, ExchangeId::BinanceSpot);
        assert_eq!(
            gave_up.scope,
            crate::FillRecoveryScope::Instruments(vec![btc])
        );
        assert_eq!(
            gave_up.start.timestamp_millis(),
            disconnect.timestamp_millis()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            gave_up.attempts,
            crate::client::order_recovery::MAX_GAP_RETRIES + 1
        );
        assert!(
            matches!(&gave_up.reason, FillRecoveryFailure::Request(reason) if reason.contains("rejected")),
            "the last read's error: {:?}",
            gave_up.reason
        );
    }

    /// A recovery that fails keeps its gap, closed at its own start; the retry reads exactly that
    /// span, forwards only the fill inside it (a later one arrived live), and clears it.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_failed_recovery_keeps_its_closed_gap_for_the_retry() {
        let disconnect = Utc::now() - chrono::Duration::minutes(10);
        let reconnect = Utc::now() - chrono::Duration::minutes(5);
        let trade = |id: i64, time: DateTime<Utc>| {
            serde_json::json!({
                "symbol": "BTCUSDT", "id": id, "orderId": id, "price": "100", "qty": "1",
                "commission": "0", "commissionAsset": "USDT", "time": time.timestamp_millis(),
                "isBuyer": true, "isMaker": false, "isBestMatch": true,
            })
        };
        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/myTrades"))
            .respond_with(
                wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(400)
                    .set_body_json(serde_json::json!({"code": -1100, "msg": "rejected"})),
            )
            .up_to_n_times(1)
            .with_priority(1)
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/myTrades"))
            .respond_with(
                wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(serde_json::json!([
                    trade(1, disconnect + chrono::Duration::minutes(1)),
                    trade(2, Utc::now() - chrono::Duration::minutes(1)),
                ])),
            )
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        let rest = Arc::new(SpotRestApi::from_config(
            ConfigurationRestApi::builder()
                .api_key("key")
                .api_secret("secret")
                .base_path(server.uri())
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        ));
        let tracker = Arc::new(RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot));
        let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();
        let dedup = new_dedup_cache();
        let mut unrecovered = UnrecoveredFills::default();
        unrecovered.open(
            &[InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT")],
            disconnect,
            reconnect,
        );

        recover_fills(
            &rest,
            &tracker,
            &mut unrecovered,
            &tx,
            &dedup,
            &KnownLiveOrders::shared(ExchangeId::BinanceSpot),
        )
        .await;
        assert!(!unrecovered.is_empty(), "the failed gap is kept");
        assert!(rx.try_recv().is_err(), "nothing forwarded");
        assert!(
            unrecovered.due(tokio::time::Instant::now()).is_empty(),
            "and waits for its retry"
        );

        unrecovered.make_due();
        recover_fills(
            &rest,
            &tracker,
            &mut unrecovered,
            &tx,
            &dedup,
            &KnownLiveOrders::shared(ExchangeId::BinanceSpot),
        )
        .await;
        assert!(unrecovered.is_empty(), "the retry recovered it");
        let forwarded: Vec<_> = std::iter::from_fn(|| rx.try_recv().ok()).collect();
        assert_eq!(
            forwarded.len(),
            1,
            "only the fill inside the gap: {forwarded:?}"
        );

        let start_times: Vec<String> = server
            .received_requests()
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .iter()
            .filter_map(|request| {
                request
                    .url
                    .query_pairs()
                    .find(|(key, _)| key == "startTime")
                    .map(|(_, value)| value.into_owned())
            })
            .collect();
        let start = disconnect.timestamp_millis().to_string();
        assert_eq!(start_times, [start.clone(), start]);
    }

    /// Recovery reads each recovered fill's order once for the client order id `myTrades` lacks.
    /// An order Binance no longer knows leaves its fill without one, and the fill still goes out.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn recovered_fills_carry_their_orders_client_order_ids() {
        let disconnect = Utc::now() - chrono::Duration::minutes(10);
        let reconnect = Utc::now() - chrono::Duration::minutes(5);
        let trade = |id: i64| {
            serde_json::json!({
                "symbol": "BTCUSDT", "id": id, "orderId": id, "price": "100", "qty": "1",
                "commission": "0", "commissionAsset": "USDT",
                "time": (disconnect + chrono::Duration::minutes(1)).timestamp_millis(),
                "isBuyer": true, "isMaker": false, "isBestMatch": true,
            })
        };
        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        // Each order's own walk returns its one execution; the span read returns both.
        for id in [1, 2] {
            wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
                .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/myTrades"))
                .and(wiremock::matchers::query_param("orderId", id.to_string()))
                .respond_with(
                    wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200)
                        .set_body_json(serde_json::json!([trade(id)])),
                )
                .with_priority(1)
                .mount(&server)
                .await;
        }
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/myTrades"))
            .respond_with(
                wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200)
                    .set_body_json(serde_json::json!([trade(1), trade(2)])),
            )
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/order"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::query_param("orderId", "1"))
            .respond_with(wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(
                serde_json::json!({"symbol": "BTCUSDT", "orderId": 1, "clientOrderId": "sweep-1"}),
            ))
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/order"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::query_param("orderId", "2"))
            .respond_with(
                wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(400).set_body_json(
                    serde_json::json!({"code": -2013, "msg": "Order does not exist."}),
                ),
            )
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        let rest = Arc::new(SpotRestApi::from_config(
            ConfigurationRestApi::builder()
                .api_key("key")
                .api_secret("secret")
                .base_path(server.uri())
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        ));
        let tracker = Arc::new(RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot));
        let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();
        let mut unrecovered = UnrecoveredFills::default();
        unrecovered.open(
            &[InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT")],
            disconnect,
            reconnect,
        );

        recover_fills(
            &rest,
            &tracker,
            &mut unrecovered,
            &tx,
            &new_dedup_cache(),
            &KnownLiveOrders::shared(ExchangeId::BinanceSpot),
        )
        .await;

        let mut cids: Vec<_> = std::iter::from_fn(|| rx.try_recv().ok())
            .filter_map(|event| match event.kind {
                AccountEventKind::Trade(trade) => Some((
                    trade.id.0.to_string(),
                    trade.client_order_id,
                    trade.order_filled_quantity,
                )),
                _ => None,
            })
            .collect();
        cids.sort();
        // The cumulatives from the walks, read first, are untouched by the reads after them.
        assert_eq!(
            cids,
            [
                (
                    "1".to_string(),
                    Some(ClientOrderId::new("sweep-1")),
                    Some(Decimal::ONE)
                ),
                ("2".to_string(), None, Some(Decimal::ONE)),
            ]
        );
        let order_reads = server
            .received_requests()
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .iter()
            .filter(|request| request.url.path() == "/api/v3/order")
            .count();
        assert_eq!(order_reads, 2, "one read per order");
    }

    /// A span walk reads on by id through a full page inside the span, and stops at the page that
    /// reaches past its end, without the executions after it.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_span_walk_pages_by_id_and_stops_past_the_end() {
        let start = Utc::now().timestamp_millis() - 600_000;
        let end = start + 10_000;
        let trade = |id: i64, time: i64| {
            serde_json::json!({
                "symbol": "BTCUSDT", "id": id, "orderId": id, "price": "100", "qty": "1",
                "commission": "0", "commissionAsset": "USDT", "time": time,
                "isBuyer": true, "isMaker": false, "isBestMatch": true,
            })
        };
        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/myTrades"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::query_param("fromId", "1001"))
            // A full page that reaches past the end: only the end, not a short page, stops the walk.
            .respond_with(
                wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(
                    (1_001..=2_000)
                        .map(|id| trade(id, if id == 1_001 { end } else { end + 1 }))
                        .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                ),
            )
            .with_priority(1)
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        let full_page: Vec<_> = (1..=1_000).map(|id| trade(id, start + id)).collect();
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/myTrades"))
            .respond_with(wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(full_page))
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        let rest = Arc::new(SpotRestApi::from_config(
            ConfigurationRestApi::builder()
                .api_key("key")
                .api_secret("secret")
                .base_path(server.uri())
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        ));

        let read = paginate_my_trades(
            &rest,
            &Arc::new(RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot)),
            &InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT"),
            MyTradesFrom::Span { start, end },
            RequestKind::Query,
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        let ids: Vec<_> = read.iter().filter_map(|t| t.id).collect();
        assert_eq!(ids, (1..=1_001).collect::<Vec<_>>());
        assert_eq!(server.received_requests().await.unwrap().len(), 2);
    }

    /// `fetch_trades` reads its span's milliseconds and returns only the trades inside the span:
    /// not one earlier in `start`'s millisecond, nor one after `end`. An empty span reads nothing.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn fetch_trades_returns_only_the_span() {
        // Half a millisecond in, so a trade at the start of its millisecond is before it.
        let start = DateTime::from_timestamp_millis(
            (Utc::now() - chrono::Duration::minutes(10)).timestamp_millis(),
        )
        .unwrap()
            + chrono::Duration::microseconds(500);
        let end = start + chrono::Duration::seconds(10);
        let (start_ms, end_ms) = (start.timestamp_millis(), end.timestamp_millis());
        let trade = |id: i64, time: i64| {
            serde_json::json!({
                "symbol": "BTCUSDT", "id": id, "orderId": id, "price": "100", "qty": "1",
                "commission": "0", "commissionAsset": "USDT", "time": time,
                "isBuyer": true, "isMaker": false, "isBestMatch": true,
            })
        };
        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/myTrades"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::query_param(
                "startTime",
                start_ms.to_string(),
            ))
            .respond_with(wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(vec![
                trade(1, start_ms),
                trade(2, start_ms + 1),
                trade(3, end_ms),
                trade(4, end_ms + 1),
            ]))
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        let mut client = <BinanceSpot as ExecutionClient>::new(
            BinanceSpotConfig::new("key".into(), "secret".into()).with_server_time_sync(false),
        );
        client.rest = Arc::new(SpotRestApi::from_config(
            ConfigurationRestApi::builder()
                .api_key("key")
                .api_secret("secret")
                .base_path(server.uri())
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        ));
        let btc = [InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT")];

        let read = client.fetch_trades(start, end, &btc).await.unwrap();
        let ids: Vec<_> = read.trades.iter().map(|t| t.id.0.as_str()).collect();
        assert_eq!(ids, ["2", "3"]);
        assert_eq!(read.resume, None, "spot reads a span whole");

        let empty = client.fetch_trades(end, start, &btc).await.unwrap();
        assert!(empty.trades.is_empty() && empty.resume.is_none());
        assert_eq!(server.received_requests().await.unwrap().len(), 1);
    }

    /// A gap whose every read times out is given up, and reported with the recovery's time budget.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_gap_whose_every_read_times_out_is_reported_when_given_up() {
        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/myTrades"))
            .respond_with(
                wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200)
                    .set_body_json(serde_json::json!([]))
                    .set_delay(Duration::from_secs(3_600)),
            )
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        let rest = Arc::new(SpotRestApi::from_config(
            ConfigurationRestApi::builder()
                .api_key("key")
                .api_secret("secret")
                .base_path(server.uri())
                .timeout(3_600_000_u64)
                .retries(0_u32)
                .build()
                .expect("valid config"),
        ));
        let btc = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");
        let mut unrecovered = UnrecoveredFills::default();
        unrecovered.open(
            std::slice::from_ref(&btc),
            Utc::now() - chrono::Duration::minutes(10),
            Utc::now(),
        );
        let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();
        // Paused: once the read is waiting, the clock jumps to the recovery timeout.
        tokio::time::pause();

        for _ in 0..=crate::client::order_recovery::MAX_GAP_RETRIES {
            recover_fills(
                &rest,
                &Arc::new(RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot)),
                &mut unrecovered,
                &tx,
                &new_dedup_cache(),
                &KnownLiveOrders::shared(ExchangeId::BinanceSpot),
            )
            .await;
            unrecovered.make_due();
        }

        assert!(unrecovered.is_empty(), "the gap is given up");
        let Ok(event) = rx.try_recv() else {
            panic!("the given-up gap is reported");
        };
        let AccountEventKind::FillRecoveryGaveUp(gave_up) = &event.kind else {
            panic!("expected FillRecoveryGaveUp, got {event:?}");
        };
        assert_eq!(
            gave_up.scope,
            crate::FillRecoveryScope::Instruments(vec![btc])
        );
        assert_eq!(
            gave_up.reason,
            FillRecoveryFailure::TimedOut {
                timeout_secs: FILL_RECOVERY_TIMEOUT_SECS
            }
        );
        assert!(rx.try_recv().is_err(), "reported once");
    }

    /// When recovery times out, a gap whose read started has failed and waits for its retry, but
    /// one never started (eight are read at a time) is not charged and stays due.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_timed_out_recovery_charges_only_the_gaps_it_started() {
        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/myTrades"))
            .respond_with(
                wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200)
                    .set_body_json(serde_json::json!([]))
                    .set_delay(Duration::from_secs(3_600)),
            )
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        let rest = Arc::new(SpotRestApi::from_config(
            ConfigurationRestApi::builder()
                .api_key("key")
                .api_secret("secret")
                .base_path(server.uri())
                .timeout(3_600_000_u64)
                .retries(0_u32)
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        ));
        let instruments: Vec<_> = (0..9)
            .map(|i| InstrumentNameExchange::new(format!("SYM{i}USDT")))
            .collect();
        let mut unrecovered = UnrecoveredFills::default();
        unrecovered.open(
            &instruments,
            Utc::now() - chrono::Duration::minutes(10),
            Utc::now(),
        );
        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();
        // Paused: once every read is waiting, the clock jumps to the recovery timeout.
        tokio::time::pause();

        recover_fills(
            &rest,
            &Arc::new(RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot)),
            &mut unrecovered,
            &tx,
            &new_dedup_cache(),
            &KnownLiveOrders::shared(ExchangeId::BinanceSpot),
        )
        .await;

        let now = tokio::time::Instant::now();
        assert_eq!(
            unrecovered.due(now).len(),
            1,
            "the gap never started stays due"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            unrecovered
                .due(now + Duration::from_secs(crate::client::order_recovery::GAP_RETRY_BASE_SECS))
                .len(),
            9,
            "the eight started wait for their first retry"
        );
    }

    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    // How orders ended: convert_ended_order, fetch_ended_orders, recover_ended_orders
    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------

    /// An order row for client order id `cid` in `status`: 1 of 2 filled, for 105 quote.
    fn order_row(cid: &str, status: &str) -> serde_json::Value {
        serde_json::json!({
            "symbol": "BTCUSDT", "orderId": 7, "clientOrderId": cid, "price": "100",
            "origQty": "2", "executedQty": "1", "cummulativeQuoteQty": "105", "status": status,
            "timeInForce": "GTC", "type": "LIMIT", "side": "BUY", "time": 1_700_000_000_000_i64,
            "updateTime": 1_700_000_060_000_i64,
        })
    }

    fn get_order_row(row: serde_json::Value) -> binance_sdk::spot::rest_api::GetOrderResponse {
        serde_json::from_value(row).unwrap()
    }

    fn spot_key(instrument: &str, cid: &str) -> UnindexedOrderKey {
        OrderKey::new(
            ExchangeId::BinanceSpot,
            InstrumentNameExchange::new(instrument),
            StrategyId::new("strategy"),
            ClientOrderId::new(cid),
        )
    }

    fn ended_state(
        key: &UnindexedOrderKey,
        row: serde_json::Value,
    ) -> Option<crate::order::state::UnindexedInactiveOrderState> {
        let order = convert_ended_order(&get_order_row(row), ExchangeId::BinanceSpot, key, None)?;
        assert_eq!(&order.key, key, "reported under the key asked");
        assert_eq!(order.quantity, Decimal::TWO);
        Some(order.state)
    }

    /// An ended order row that does not say what filled leaves the fill unknown, not zero; a
    /// filled one filled its whole quantity regardless.
    #[test]
    fn an_ended_order_row_without_a_fill_reports_it_unknown() {
        use crate::order::state::{Expired, Filled, InactiveOrderState};
        let key = spot_key("BTCUSDT", "a");
        let ended = Utc.timestamp_millis_opt(1_700_000_060_000).unwrap();
        let id = OrderId::new("7");
        let row = |status: &str, executed_qty: Option<&str>| {
            let mut row = order_row("a", status);
            row["executedQty"] = executed_qty.map_or(serde_json::Value::Null, Into::into);
            row
        };

        for executed_qty in [None, Some("not a number")] {
            assert_eq!(
                ended_state(&key, row("CANCELED", executed_qty)),
                Some(InactiveOrderState::Cancelled(Cancelled::new(
                    id.clone(),
                    ended,
                    None
                ))),
                "{executed_qty:?}"
            );
            assert_eq!(
                ended_state(&key, row("EXPIRED", executed_qty)),
                Some(InactiveOrderState::Expired(Expired::new(
                    id.clone(),
                    ended,
                    None
                ))),
                "{executed_qty:?}"
            );
            assert_eq!(
                ended_state(&key, row("FILLED", executed_qty)),
                Some(InactiveOrderState::FullyFilled(Filled::new(
                    id.clone(),
                    ended,
                    Decimal::TWO,
                    Some(Decimal::new(525, 1)),
                ))),
                "the whole quantity, at the quote over it: {executed_qty:?}"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn an_ended_order_row_says_how_the_order_ended() {
        use crate::order::state::{Expired, Filled, InactiveOrderState};
        let key = spot_key("BTCUSDT", "a");
        let ended = Utc.timestamp_millis_opt(1_700_000_060_000).unwrap();
        let id = OrderId::new("7");

        let mut filled = order_row("a", "FILLED");
        filled["executedQty"] = "2".into();
        filled["cummulativeQuoteQty"] = "210".into();
        assert_eq!(
            ended_state(&key, filled),
            Some(InactiveOrderState::FullyFilled(Filled::new(
                id.clone(),
                ended,
                Decimal::TWO,
                Some(Decimal::from(105)),
            )))
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ended_state(&key, order_row("a", "CANCELED")),
            Some(InactiveOrderState::Cancelled(Cancelled::new(
                id.clone(),
                ended,
                Some(Decimal::ONE)
            )))
        );
        for status in ["EXPIRED", "EXPIRED_IN_MATCH"] {
            assert_eq!(
                ended_state(&key, order_row("a", status)),
                Some(InactiveOrderState::Expired(Expired::new(
                    id.clone(),
                    ended,
                    Some(Decimal::ONE)
                ))),
                "{status}"
            );
        }
        assert!(matches!(
            ended_state(&key, order_row("a", "REJECTED")),
            Some(InactiveOrderState::OpenFailed(OrderError::Rejected(
                ApiError::OrderRejected(_)
            )))
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn a_live_or_unreadable_order_row_is_not_ended() {
        let key = spot_key("BTCUSDT", "a");
        for status in [
            "NEW",
            "PARTIALLY_FILLED",
            "PENDING_NEW",
            "PENDING_CANCEL",
            "SOMETHING_NEW",
        ] {
            assert_eq!(ended_state(&key, order_row("a", status)), None, "{status}");
        }
        let mut no_status = order_row("a", "FILLED");
        no_status["status"] = serde_json::Value::Null;
        assert_eq!(ended_state(&key, no_status), None);
        let mut no_side = order_row("a", "FILLED");
        no_side["side"] = serde_json::Value::Null;
        assert_eq!(ended_state(&key, no_side), None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn an_unknown_order_or_symbol_is_recognised_by_its_code() {
        use binance_sdk::common::errors::ConnectorError;
        let bad = |code| {
            anyhow::Error::new(ConnectorError::BadRequestError {
                msg: "no".into(),
                code: Some(code),
            })
        };
        assert!(is_unknown_order(&bad(-2013)));
        assert!(is_unknown_order(&bad(-1121)));
        assert!(!is_unknown_order(&bad(-1100)));
        assert!(is_unknown_order(&anyhow::Error::new(
            ConnectorError::NotFoundError {
                msg: "no".into(),
                code: Some(-2013),
            }
        )));
        assert!(!is_unknown_order(&anyhow::anyhow!("-2013 in text only")));
    }

    /// `new` keeps the client's signing clock read from Binance's server time, unless
    /// `server_time_sync` is off; `host_clock_lead` reports the reads.
    #[tokio::test(start_paused = true)]
    async fn the_host_clock_lead_is_the_clients_server_time_reads() {
        let config = BinanceSpotConfig::testnet("key".into(), "secret".into());
        assert!(config.server_time_sync);
        assert!(
            BinanceSpot::new(config.clone())
                .rate_limiter
                .signing_clock()
                .is_some()
        );
        let mut client = BinanceSpot::new(config.with_server_time_sync(false));
        assert!(client.rate_limiter.signing_clock().is_none());
        assert_eq!(client.host_clock_lead(), None);

        let host_ms = Utc::now().timestamp_millis();
        let read: crate::client::binance::server_time::ReadServerTime =
            Arc::new(move || Box::pin(async move { Ok(host_ms - 2_000) }));
        client.rate_limiter = Arc::new(
            RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot)
                .with_server_time(Some(ServerTime::new(SigningClock::default(), read))),
        );
        client
            .rate_limiter
            .wait_if_blocked(RequestKind::Query)
            .await
            .unwrap();

        let lead = client.host_clock_lead().unwrap();
        assert!(
            lead >= TimeDelta::seconds(2) && lead < TimeDelta::seconds(3),
            "{lead}"
        );
    }

    fn rest_at(server: &wiremock::MockServer) -> Arc<RestApi> {
        Arc::new(SpotRestApi::from_config(
            ConfigurationRestApi::builder()
                .api_key("key")
                .api_secret("secret")
                .base_path(server.uri())
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        ))
    }

    /// Answer `GET /api/v3/order` for client order id `cid` with `response`.
    async fn mount_order(
        server: &wiremock::MockServer,
        cid: &str,
        response: wiremock::ResponseTemplate,
    ) {
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/order"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::query_param("origClientOrderId", cid))
            .respond_with(response)
            .mount(server)
            .await;
    }

    fn venue_error(code: i64) -> wiremock::ResponseTemplate {
        wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(400)
            .set_body_json(serde_json::json!({"code": code, "msg": "refused"}))
    }

    fn row_response(cid: &str, status: &str) -> wiremock::ResponseTemplate {
        wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(order_row(cid, status))
    }

    /// The client order ids asked about with `GET /api/v3/order`.
    async fn looked_up(server: &wiremock::MockServer) -> Vec<String> {
        server
            .received_requests()
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .iter()
            .filter(|request| request.url.path() == "/api/v3/order")
            .filter_map(|request| {
                request
                    .url
                    .query_pairs()
                    .find(|(key, _)| key == "origClientOrderId")
                    .map(|(_, value)| value.into_owned())
            })
            .collect()
    }

    /// A balance read is stamped [`REST_BALANCE_LAG`] before the request that read it was sent,
    /// never when the answer arrives: Binance's REST view can trail its stream, and a stream
    /// event the read does not yet show must stay more recent than it. A read refused for a rate
    /// limit and retried is stamped by the retry, the request that read the balances.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_balance_read_is_stamped_the_rest_lag_before_its_request_was_sent() {
        use crate::client::binance::shared::REST_BALANCE_LAG;
        const ANSWER_DELAY: Duration = Duration::from_millis(200);
        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/account"))
            .respond_with(
                wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(429)
                    .insert_header("retry-after", "1")
                    .set_body_json(serde_json::json!({ "code": -1003, "msg": "Too much weight." })),
            )
            .up_to_n_times(1)
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/account"))
            .respond_with(
                wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200)
                    .set_body_json(serde_json::json!({
                        "balances": [{ "asset": "BTC", "free": "1", "locked": "0" }],
                    }))
                    .set_delay(ANSWER_DELAY),
            )
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        let mut client = <BinanceSpot as ExecutionClient>::new(
            BinanceSpotConfig::new("key".into(), "secret".into()).with_server_time_sync(false),
        );
        client.rest = rest_at(&server);

        let before = Utc::now();
        let fetched = client.fetch_balances(&[]).await.unwrap();
        let retried = Utc::now();
        let snapshot = client.account_snapshot(&[], &[]).await.unwrap();
        let after = Utc::now();

        let within = |time, from, to| {
            assert!(
                from <= time + REST_BALANCE_LAG && time + REST_BALANCE_LAG + ANSWER_DELAY <= to,
                "{time} + the lag not within {from} ..= {to} - {ANSWER_DELAY:?}"
            );
        };
        assert_eq!((fetched.len(), snapshot.balances.len()), (1, 1));
        // Sent no sooner than the second after the refusal.
        within(
            fetched[0].time_exchange,
            before + Duration::from_secs(1),
            retried,
        );
        within(snapshot.balances[0].time_exchange, retried, after);
    }

    /// With this host's clock ahead of Binance's, a balance read is stamped the REST lag before
    /// Binance's time when its request was sent, as the client's server-time reads bound it, not
    /// before this host's time: a stamp ahead of Binance's would have the engine drop the stream's
    /// balance events until Binance's clock caught up with it. So is a restatement read.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_balance_read_is_stamped_on_binances_clock_when_the_host_clock_leads() {
        use crate::client::binance::shared::REST_BALANCE_LAG;
        const LEAD: TimeDelta = TimeDelta::seconds(60);
        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/account"))
            .respond_with(wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(
                serde_json::json!({ "balances": [{ "asset": "BTC", "free": "1", "locked": "0" }] }),
            ))
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        let mut client = <BinanceSpot as ExecutionClient>::new(
            BinanceSpotConfig::new("key".into(), "secret".into()).with_server_time_sync(false),
        );
        client.rest = rest_at(&server);
        client.rate_limiter = Arc::new(
            RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot)
                .with_server_time(Some(ServerTime::trailing_host(LEAD))),
        );
        let clock = StreamClock::shared(client.rate_limiter.signing_clock());

        let before = Utc::now();
        let fetched = client.fetch_balances(&[]).await.unwrap();
        let snapshot = client.account_snapshot(&[], &[]).await.unwrap();
        let restated = read_spot_restatement(&client.rest, &client.rate_limiter, &[], &clock, None)
            .await
            .unwrap();
        let after = Utc::now();

        let [restated] = restated.as_slice() else {
            panic!("one balance: {restated:?}");
        };
        let AccountEventKind::BalanceSnapshot(restated) = &restated.kind else {
            panic!("a balance snapshot: {restated:?}");
        };
        assert_eq!((fetched.len(), snapshot.balances.len()), (1, 1));
        for time in [
            fetched[0].time_exchange,
            snapshot.balances[0].time_exchange,
            restated.0.time_exchange,
        ] {
            // Binance's time when the request was sent, by this host's clock. Signed on a server
            // time read, it can be up to `TRAILING_HOST_BEHIND` before `before`.
            let sent = time + REST_BALANCE_LAG + LEAD;
            assert!(
                before - ServerTime::TRAILING_HOST_BEHIND <= sent && sent <= after,
                "{time} + the lag and the lead not within {before} ..= {after}"
            );
        }
    }

    /// A restatement read gets the account and returns each requested balance as a balance
    /// snapshot, stamped the REST lag before the read was sent; a read the venue fails is an error.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_restatement_read_returns_the_requested_balances_as_snapshots() {
        use crate::client::binance::shared::REST_BALANCE_LAG;
        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/account"))
            .respond_with(wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(500))
            .up_to_n_times(1)
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/account"))
            .respond_with(wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(
                serde_json::json!({ "balances": [
                    { "asset": "BTC", "free": "1", "locked": "0.5" },
                    { "asset": "ETH", "free": "2", "locked": "0" },
                ] }),
            ))
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        let (rest, limiter) = (
            rest_at(&server),
            Arc::new(RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot)),
        );
        let clock = SharedStreamClock::default();
        let btc = [AssetNameExchange::new("BTC")];

        let failed = read_spot_restatement(&rest, &limiter, &btc, &clock, None).await;
        assert!(failed.is_err(), "{failed:?}");

        let before = Utc::now();
        let sent = read_spot_restatement(&rest, &limiter, &btc, &clock, None)
            .await
            .unwrap();
        let after = Utc::now();

        let [event] = sent.as_slice() else {
            panic!("one balance: {sent:?}");
        };
        assert_eq!(event.exchange, ExchangeId::BinanceSpot);
        let AccountEventKind::BalanceSnapshot(balance) = &event.kind else {
            panic!("a balance snapshot: {event:?}");
        };
        assert_eq!(balance.0.asset, btc[0]);
        assert_eq!(
            balance.0.balance,
            Balance::new(Decimal::new(15, 1), Decimal::ONE)
        );
        let read = balance.0.time_exchange + REST_BALANCE_LAG;
        assert!(
            before <= read && read <= after,
            "{read} not within {before} ..= {after}"
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn fetch_ended_orders_reports_each_ended_order_under_its_key_and_omits_the_rest() {
        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        mount_order(&server, "filled", row_response("filled", "FILLED")).await;
        mount_order(&server, "cancelled", row_response("cancelled", "CANCELED")).await;
        mount_order(&server, "live", row_response("live", "PARTIALLY_FILLED")).await;
        mount_order(&server, "unknown", venue_error(-2013)).await;
        mount_order(&server, "no-symbol", venue_error(-1121)).await;
        let mut client = <BinanceSpot as ExecutionClient>::new(
            BinanceSpotConfig::new("key".into(), "secret".into()).with_server_time_sync(false),
        );
        client.rest = rest_at(&server);
        let keys = ["filled", "cancelled", "live", "unknown"].map(|cid| spot_key("BTCUSDT", cid));

        let mut ended = client
            .fetch_ended_orders(&[keys.to_vec(), vec![spot_key("NOSUCH", "no-symbol")]].concat())
            .await
            .unwrap();

        ended.sort_by(|a, b| a.key.cid.cmp(&b.key.cid));
        let reported: Vec<_> = ended.iter().map(|order| &order.key).collect();
        assert_eq!(
            reported,
            [&keys[1], &keys[0]],
            "the strategy asked survives"
        );
        assert!(matches!(
            ended[0].state,
            crate::order::state::InactiveOrderState::Cancelled(_)
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            ended[1].state,
            crate::order::state::InactiveOrderState::FullyFilled(_)
        ));
        assert!(client.fetch_ended_orders(&[]).await.unwrap().is_empty());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn fetch_ended_orders_fails_when_any_lookup_fails() {
        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        mount_order(&server, "cancelled", row_response("cancelled", "CANCELED")).await;
        mount_order(&server, "refused", venue_error(-1100)).await;
        let mut client = <BinanceSpot as ExecutionClient>::new(
            BinanceSpotConfig::new("key".into(), "secret".into()).with_server_time_sync(false),
        );
        client.rest = rest_at(&server);

        let result = client
            .fetch_ended_orders(&[
                spot_key("BTCUSDT", "cancelled"),
                spot_key("BTCUSDT", "refused"),
            ])
            .await;

        assert!(
            matches!(
                result,
                Err(UnindexedClientError::Api(ApiError::RequestRejected(_)))
            ),
            "{result:?}"
        );
    }

    /// A venue whose BTCUSDT listing shows only `live`, and whose order lookups answer `gone` as
    /// cancelled after `delay` and `unknown` as unknown.
    async fn venue_after_a_disconnect(delay: Duration) -> wiremock::MockServer {
        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/openOrders"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::query_param("symbol", "BTCUSDT"))
            .respond_with(
                wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200)
                    .set_body_json(serde_json::json!([order_row("live", "NEW")])),
            )
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        mount_order(
            &server,
            "gone",
            row_response("gone", "CANCELED").set_delay(delay),
        )
        .await;
        mount_order(&server, "unknown", venue_error(-2013)).await;
        server
    }

    /// `live`, `gone` and `unknown`, all held as live on BTCUSDT.
    fn held_orders() -> SharedKnownLiveOrders {
        let known = KnownLiveOrders::shared(ExchangeId::BinanceSpot);
        for (n, cid) in ["live", "gone", "unknown"].into_iter().enumerate() {
            known.lock().live(
                &spot_key("BTCUSDT", cid),
                Decimal::TWO,
                OrderKind::Limit,
                &Open::new(
                    VenueOrderId::Assigned(OrderId::new(n.to_string())),
                    Utc::now(),
                    Decimal::ZERO,
                ),
            );
        }
        known
    }

    fn btcusdt_unchecked() -> UncheckedOrders {
        let mut unchecked = UncheckedOrders::default();
        unchecked.open([InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT")]);
        unchecked
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_reconnect_reports_how_an_unlisted_order_ended_and_forgets_an_unknown_one() {
        let server = venue_after_a_disconnect(Duration::ZERO).await;
        let known = held_orders();
        let mut unchecked = btcusdt_unchecked();
        let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();

        recover_spot_ended_orders(
            &rest_at(&server),
            &Arc::new(RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot)),
            &known,
            &mut unchecked,
            &UnrecoveredFills::default(),
            &tx,
        )
        .await;

        let sent: Vec<_> = std::iter::from_fn(|| rx.try_recv().ok()).collect();
        let [event] = sent.as_slice() else {
            panic!("one order ended: {sent:?}");
        };
        let AccountEventKind::OrderSnapshot(snapshot) = &event.kind else {
            panic!("an order snapshot: {event:?}");
        };
        assert_eq!(snapshot.0.key.cid, ClientOrderId::new("gone"));
        assert_eq!(snapshot.0.key.strategy, StrategyId::unknown());
        assert!(matches!(
            snapshot.0.state,
            OrderState::Inactive(crate::order::state::InactiveOrderState::Cancelled(_))
        ));
        let mut asked = looked_up(&server).await;
        asked.sort();
        assert_eq!(
            asked,
            ["gone", "unknown"],
            "a listed order is not looked up"
        );
        let known = known.lock();
        assert!(known.contains(&ClientOrderId::new("live")));
        assert!(!known.contains(&ClientOrderId::new("gone")));
        assert!(
            !known.contains(&ClientOrderId::new("unknown")),
            "asking again cannot help"
        );
        assert!(unchecked.is_empty());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn an_order_the_stream_reports_ending_during_the_check_is_not_reported_again() {
        let server = venue_after_a_disconnect(Duration::from_millis(300)).await;
        let known = held_orders();
        let mut unchecked = btcusdt_unchecked();
        let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();
        let (rest, tracker) = (
            rest_at(&server),
            Arc::new(RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot)),
        );
        let unrecovered = UnrecoveredFills::default();

        tokio::join!(
            recover_spot_ended_orders(&rest, &tracker, &known, &mut unchecked, &unrecovered, &tx,),
            async {
                tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
                known.lock().ended(&ClientOrderId::new("gone"));
            }
        );

        assert!(rx.try_recv().is_err(), "the stream already reported it");
        assert!(unchecked.is_empty());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn an_instrument_with_unrecovered_fills_is_not_checked_yet() {
        let server = venue_after_a_disconnect(Duration::ZERO).await;
        let known = held_orders();
        let mut unchecked = btcusdt_unchecked();
        let mut unrecovered = UnrecoveredFills::default();
        unrecovered.open(
            &[InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT")],
            Utc::now() - chrono::Duration::minutes(1),
            Utc::now(),
        );
        let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();

        recover_spot_ended_orders(
            &rest_at(&server),
            &Arc::new(RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot)),
            &known,
            &mut unchecked,
            &unrecovered,
            &tx,
        )
        .await;

        assert!(rx.try_recv().is_err());
        assert!(server.received_requests().await.unwrap().is_empty());
        assert!(!unchecked.is_empty(), "it waits for its fills");
        assert_eq!(unchecked.next_due(&unrecovered), None, "woken by the gap");
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_failed_check_sends_nothing_and_waits_for_its_retry() {
        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/openOrders"))
            .respond_with(venue_error(-1100))
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        let server_rest = rest_at(&server);
        let known = held_orders();
        let mut unchecked = btcusdt_unchecked();
        let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();

        recover_spot_ended_orders(
            &server_rest,
            &Arc::new(RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot)),
            &known,
            &mut unchecked,
            &UnrecoveredFills::default(),
            &tx,
        )
        .await;

        assert!(rx.try_recv().is_err());
        assert!(!unchecked.is_empty());
        assert!(
            unchecked
                .next_due(&UnrecoveredFills::default())
                .is_some_and(|due| due > tokio::time::Instant::now()),
            "retried after a backoff"
        );
        assert!(
            known.lock().contains(&ClientOrderId::new("gone")),
            "still held"
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn an_unlisted_order_the_lookup_finds_live_stays_held() {
        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/openOrders"))
            .respond_with(wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(serde_json::json!([])))
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        for (cid, status) in [
            ("live", "NEW"),
            ("gone", "PENDING_CANCEL"),
            ("unknown", "WHAT"),
        ] {
            mount_order(&server, cid, row_response(cid, status)).await;
        }
        let known = held_orders();
        let mut unchecked = btcusdt_unchecked();
        let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();

        recover_spot_ended_orders(
            &rest_at(&server),
            &Arc::new(RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot)),
            &known,
            &mut unchecked,
            &UnrecoveredFills::default(),
            &tx,
        )
        .await;

        assert!(rx.try_recv().is_err(), "none has ended");
        let known = known.lock();
        for cid in ["live", "gone", "unknown"] {
            assert!(
                known.contains(&ClientOrderId::new(cid)),
                "{cid}: only an order Binance does not know is dropped"
            );
        }
        assert!(unchecked.is_empty());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn one_instrument_failing_does_not_hold_up_another() {
        let server = venue_after_a_disconnect(Duration::ZERO).await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/openOrders"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::query_param("symbol", "ETHUSDT"))
            .respond_with(venue_error(-1100))
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        let known = held_orders();
        let eth = spot_key("ETHUSDT", "eth");
        known.lock().live(
            &eth,
            Decimal::TWO,
            OrderKind::Limit,
            &Open::new(
                VenueOrderId::Assigned(OrderId::new("9")),
                Utc::now(),
                Decimal::ZERO,
            ),
        );
        let mut unchecked = btcusdt_unchecked();
        unchecked.open([eth.instrument.clone()]);
        let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();

        recover_spot_ended_orders(
            &rest_at(&server),
            &Arc::new(RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot)),
            &known,
            &mut unchecked,
            &UnrecoveredFills::default(),
            &tx,
        )
        .await;

        let sent: Vec<_> = std::iter::from_fn(|| rx.try_recv().ok()).collect();
        assert_eq!(sent.len(), 1, "BTCUSDT's ended order: {sent:?}");
        assert!(!unchecked.contains(&InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT")));
        assert!(
            unchecked.contains(&eth.instrument),
            "ETHUSDT waits for its retry"
        );
        assert!(known.lock().contains(&eth.cid));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn a_check_dropped_part_way_changes_nothing() {
        let server = venue_after_a_disconnect(Duration::from_millis(500)).await;
        let known = held_orders();
        let mut unchecked = btcusdt_unchecked();
        let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();

        let dropped = tokio::time::timeout(
            Duration::from_millis(100),
            recover_spot_ended_orders(
                &rest_at(&server),
                &Arc::new(RateLimitTracker::new(WeightPool::Spot)),
                &known,
                &mut unchecked,
                &UnrecoveredFills::default(),
                &tx,
            ),
        )
        .await;

        assert!(dropped.is_err(), "the lookup of `gone` was still waiting");
        assert!(rx.try_recv().is_err());
        assert!(known.lock().contains(&ClientOrderId::new("gone")));
        assert!(unchecked.contains(&InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT")));
        assert!(
            unchecked
                .next_due(&UnrecoveredFills::default())
                .is_some_and(|due| due <= tokio::time::Instant::now()),
            "still due, not charged a failure"
        );
    }

    /// Binance's documented `account/commission` answer for `symbol`, with distinct rates.
    fn commission_answer(symbol: &str) -> serde_json::Value {
        let part = |maker: &str, taker: &str, buyer: &str, seller: &str| serde_json::json!({"maker": maker, "taker": taker, "buyer": buyer, "seller": seller});
        serde_json::json!({
            "symbol": symbol,
            "standardCommission": part("0.00000010", "0.00000020", "0.00000030", "0.00000040"),
            "specialCommission": part("0.01000000", "0.02000000", "0.03000000", "0.04000000"),
            "taxCommission": part("0.00000112", "0.00000114", "0.00000118", "0.00000116"),
            "discount": {
                "enabledForAccount": true,
                "enabledForSymbol": true,
                "discountAsset": "BNB",
                "discount": "0.75000000"
            }
        })
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn spot_commission_rates_are_read_signed_for_the_symbol() {
        use crate::client::binance::{CommissionDiscount, CommissionPart};
        use rust_decimal_macros::dec;
        use rustrade_instrument::asset::name::AssetNameExchange;
        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/account/commission"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::query_param("symbol", "BTCUSDT"))
            .and(wiremock::matchers::header("X-MBX-APIKEY", "key"))
            .respond_with(
                wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(commission_answer("BTCUSDT")),
            )
            .expect(1)
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        let mut client = <BinanceSpot as ExecutionClient>::new(
            BinanceSpotConfig::new("key".into(), "secret".into()).with_server_time_sync(false),
        );
        client.rest = rest_at(&server);
        let btcusdt = InstrumentNameExchange::new("BTCUSDT");

        let rates = client.fetch_commission_rates(&btcusdt).await.unwrap();
        let requests = server.received_requests().await.unwrap();
        assert!(
            requests[0]
                .url
                .query_pairs()
                .any(|(key, _)| key == "signature"),
            "signed: {}",
            requests[0].url
        );
        assert_eq!(rates.instrument, btcusdt);
        assert_eq!(
            rates.special,
            CommissionPart::new(dec!(0.01), dec!(0.02), dec!(0.03), dec!(0.04))
        );
        assert_eq!(
            rates.discount,
            Some(CommissionDiscount::new(
                true,
                true,
                Some(AssetNameExchange::new("BNB")),
                dec!(0.75)
            ))
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn spot_commission_rates_of_an_unlisted_symbol_name_it() {
        let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
        wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::path("/api/v3/account/commission"))
            .respond_with(
                wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(400)
                    .set_body_json(serde_json::json!({"code": -1121, "msg": "Invalid symbol."})),
            )
            .mount(&server)
            .await;
        let mut client = <BinanceSpot as ExecutionClient>::new(
            BinanceSpotConfig::new("key".into(), "secret".into()).with_server_time_sync(false),
        );
        client.rest = rest_at(&server);
        let nope = InstrumentNameExchange::new("NOPEUSDT");
        match client.fetch_commission_rates(&nope).await {
            Err(UnindexedClientError::Api(ApiError::InstrumentInvalid(instrument, _))) => {
                assert_eq!(instrument, nope);
            }
            other => panic!("{other:?}"),
        }
    }
}