Crate rustls

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Rustls - a modern TLS library

Rustls is a TLS library that aims to provide a good level of cryptographic security, requires no configuration to achieve that security, and provides no unsafe features or obsolete cryptography.

Current features

  • TLS1.2 and TLS1.3.
  • ECDSA, Ed25519 or RSA server authentication by clients.
  • ECDSA, Ed25519 or RSA server authentication by servers.
  • Forward secrecy using ECDHE; with curve25519, nistp256 or nistp384 curves.
  • AES128-GCM and AES256-GCM bulk encryption, with safe nonces.
  • ChaCha20-Poly1305 bulk encryption (RFC7905).
  • ALPN support.
  • SNI support.
  • Tunable fragment size to make TLS messages match size of underlying transport.
  • Optional use of vectored IO to minimise system calls.
  • TLS1.2 session resumption.
  • TLS1.2 resumption via tickets (RFC5077).
  • TLS1.3 resumption via tickets or session storage.
  • TLS1.3 0-RTT data for clients.
  • TLS1.3 0-RTT data for servers.
  • Client authentication by clients.
  • Client authentication by servers.
  • Extended master secret support (RFC7627).
  • Exporters (RFC5705).
  • OCSP stapling by servers.

Possible future features

  • PSK support.
  • OCSP verification by clients.
  • Certificate pinning.

Non-features

For reasons explained in the manual, rustls does not and will not support:

  • SSL1, SSL2, SSL3, TLS1 or TLS1.1.
  • RC4.
  • DES or triple DES.
  • EXPORT ciphersuites.
  • MAC-then-encrypt ciphersuites.
  • Ciphersuites without forward secrecy.
  • Renegotiation.
  • Kerberos.
  • Compression.
  • Discrete-log Diffie-Hellman.
  • Automatic protocol version downgrade.
  • Self-signed certificates.

There are plenty of other libraries that provide these features should you need them.

Platform support

While Rustls itself is platform independent, it uses ring for implementing the cryptography in TLS. As a result, rustls only runs on platforms supported by ring. At the time of writing, this means x86, x86-64, armv7, and aarch64. For more information, see the supported ring CI targets.

Rustls requires Rust 1.60 or later.

Design Overview

Rustls does not take care of network IO

It doesn’t make or accept TCP connections, or do DNS, or read or write files.

There’s example client and server code which uses mio to do all needed network IO.

Rustls provides encrypted pipes

These are the ServerConnection and ClientConnection types. You supply raw TLS traffic on the left (via the read_tls() and write_tls() methods) and then read/write the plaintext on the right:

         TLS                                   Plaintext
         ===                                   =========
    read_tls()      +-----------------------+      reader() as io::Read
                    |                       |
          +--------->   ClientConnection    +--------->
                    |          or           |
          <---------+   ServerConnection    <---------+
                    |                       |
    write_tls()     +-----------------------+      writer() as io::Write

Rustls takes care of server certificate verification

You do not need to provide anything other than a set of root certificates to trust. Certificate verification cannot be turned off or disabled in the main API.

Getting started

This is the minimum you need to do to make a TLS client connection.

First we load some root certificates. These are used to authenticate the server. The recommended way is to depend on the webpki_roots crate which contains the Mozilla set of root certificates.

let mut root_store = rustls::RootCertStore::empty();
root_store.add_trust_anchors(
    webpki_roots::TLS_SERVER_ROOTS
        .iter()
        .cloned()
);

Next, we make a ClientConfig. You’re likely to make one of these per process, and use it for all connections made by that process.

let config = rustls::ClientConfig::<rustls::crypto::ring::Ring>::builder()
    .with_safe_defaults()
    .with_root_certificates(root_store)
    .with_no_client_auth();

Now we can make a connection. You need to provide the server’s hostname so we know what to expect to find in the server’s certificate.

let rc_config = Arc::new(config);
let example_com = "example.com".try_into().unwrap();
let mut client = rustls::ClientConnection::new(rc_config, example_com);

Now you should do appropriate IO for the client object. If client.wants_read() yields true, you should call client.read_tls() when the underlying connection has data. Likewise, if client.wants_write() yields true, you should call client.write_tls() when the underlying connection is able to send data. You should continue doing this as long as the connection is valid.

The return types of read_tls() and write_tls() only tell you if the IO worked. No parsing or processing of the TLS messages is done. After each read_tls() you should therefore call client.process_new_packets() which parses and processes the messages. Any error returned from process_new_packets is fatal to the connection, and will tell you why. For example, if the server’s certificate is expired process_new_packets will return Err(InvalidCertificate(Expired)). From this point on, process_new_packets will not do any new work and will return that error continually.

You can extract newly received data by calling client.reader() (which implements the io::Read trait). You can send data to the peer by calling client.writer() (which implements io::Write trait). Note that client.writer().write() buffers data you send if the TLS connection is not yet established: this is useful for writing (say) a HTTP request, but this is buffered so avoid large amounts of data.

The following code uses a fictional socket IO API for illustration, and does not handle errors.

use std::io;
use rustls::Connection;

client.writer().write(b"GET / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n").unwrap();
let mut socket = connect("example.com", 443);
loop {
  if client.wants_read() && socket.ready_for_read() {
    client.read_tls(&mut socket).unwrap();
    client.process_new_packets().unwrap();

    let mut plaintext = Vec::new();
    client.reader().read_to_end(&mut plaintext).unwrap();
    io::stdout().write(&plaintext).unwrap();
  }

  if client.wants_write() && socket.ready_for_write() {
    client.write_tls(&mut socket).unwrap();
  }

  socket.wait_for_something_to_happen();
}

Examples

tlsserver and tlsclient are full worked examples. These both use mio.

Crate features

Here’s a list of what features are exposed by the rustls crate and what they mean.

  • logging: this makes the rustls crate depend on the log crate. rustls outputs interesting protocol-level messages at trace! and debug! level, and protocol-level errors at warn! and error! level. The log messages do not contain secret key data, and so are safe to archive without affecting session security. This feature is in the default set.

  • dangerous_configuration: this feature enables a dangerous() method on ClientConfig and ServerConfig that allows setting inadvisable options, such as replacing the certificate verification process. Applications requesting this feature should be reviewed carefully.

  • quic: this feature exposes additional constructors and functions for using rustls as a TLS library for QUIC. See the quic module for details of these. You will only need this if you’re writing a QUIC implementation.

  • tls12: enables support for TLS version 1.2. This feature is in the default set. Note that, due to the additive nature of Cargo features and because it is enabled by default, other crates in your dependency graph could re-enable it for your application. If you want to disable TLS 1.2 for security reasons, consider explicitly enabling TLS 1.3 only in the config builder API.

  • read_buf: When building with Rust Nightly, adds support for the unstable std::io::ReadBuf and related APIs. This reduces costs from initializing buffers. Will do nothing on non-Nightly releases.

Re-exports

Modules

  • cipher_suite
    All defined ciphersuites appear in this module.
  • client
    Items for use in a client.
  • crypto
    Crypto provider interface.
  • internal
    Internal classes which may be useful outside the library. The contents of this section DO NOT form part of the stable interface.
  • manual
    This is the rustls manual.
  • quicquic
    APIs for implementing QUIC TLS
  • server
    Items for use in a server.
  • sign
    Message signing interfaces and implementations.
  • version
    All defined protocol versions appear in this module.

Structs

  • CommonState
    Connection state common to both client and server connections.
  • ConfigBuilder
    A builder for ServerConfig or ClientConfig values.
  • ConnectionCommon
    Interface shared by client and server connections.
  • DigitallySignedStruct
    This type combines a SignatureScheme and a signature payload produced with that scheme.
  • DistinguishedName
    A DistinguishedName is a Vec<u8> wrapped in internal types.
  • ExtractedSecretssecret_extraction
    Secrets for transmitting/receiving data over a TLS session.
  • IoState
    Values of this structure are returned from Connection::process_new_packets and tell the caller the current I/O state of the TLS connection.
  • KeyLogFile
    KeyLog implementation that opens a file whose name is given by the SSLKEYLOGFILE environment variable, and writes keys into it.
  • NoKeyLog
    KeyLog that does exactly nothing.
  • Reader
    A structure that implements std::io::Read for reading plaintext.
  • RootCertStore
    A container for root certificates able to provide a root-of-trust for connection authentication.
  • Stream
    This type implements io::Read and io::Write, encapsulating a Connection C and an underlying transport T, such as a socket.
  • StreamOwned
    This type implements io::Read and io::Write, encapsulating and owning a Connection C and an underlying blocking transport T, such as a socket.
  • SupportedProtocolVersion
    A TLS protocol version supported by rustls.
  • TicketSwitcher
    A ticketer that has a ‘current’ sub-ticketer and a single ‘previous’ ticketer. It creates a new ticketer every so often, demoting the current ticketer.
  • Tls12CipherSuitetls12
    A TLS 1.2 cipher suite supported by rustls.
  • Tls13CipherSuite
    A TLS 1.3 cipher suite supported by rustls.
  • TrustAnchorWithDn
    A trust anchor, commonly known as a “Root Certificate.”
  • WantsCipherSuites
    Config builder state where the caller must supply cipher suites.
  • WantsKxGroups
    Config builder state where the caller must supply key exchange groups.
  • WantsVerifier
    Config builder state where the caller must supply a verifier.
  • WantsVersions
    Config builder state where the caller must supply TLS protocol versions.
  • Writer
    A structure that implements std::io::Write for writing plaintext.

Enums

  • AlertDescription
    The AlertDescription TLS protocol enum. Values in this enum are taken from the various RFCs covering TLS, and are listed by IANA. The Unknown item is used when processing unrecognised ordinals.
  • CertRevocationListError
    The ways in which a certificate revocation list (CRL) can be invalid.
  • CertificateError
    The ways in which certificate validators can express errors.
  • CipherSuite
    The CipherSuite TLS protocol enum. Values in this enum are taken from the various RFCs covering TLS, and are listed by IANA. The Unknown item is used when processing unrecognised ordinals.
  • Connection
    A client or server connection.
  • ConnectionTrafficSecretssecret_extraction
    Secrets used to encrypt/decrypt data in a TLS session.
  • ContentType
    The ContentType TLS protocol enum. Values in this enum are taken from the various RFCs covering TLS, and are listed by IANA. The Unknown item is used when processing unrecognised ordinals.
  • Error
    rustls reports protocol errors using this type.
  • HandshakeType
    The HandshakeType TLS protocol enum. Values in this enum are taken from the various RFCs covering TLS, and are listed by IANA. The Unknown item is used when processing unrecognised ordinals.
  • InvalidMessage
    A corrupt TLS message payload that resulted in an error.
  • NamedGroup
    The NamedGroup TLS protocol enum. Values in this enum are taken from the various RFCs covering TLS, and are listed by IANA. The Unknown item is used when processing unrecognised ordinals.
  • PeerIncompatible
    The set of cases where we failed to make a connection because a peer doesn’t support a TLS version/feature we require.
  • PeerMisbehaved
    The set of cases where we failed to make a connection because we thought the peer was misbehaving.
  • ProtocolVersion
    The ProtocolVersion TLS protocol enum. Values in this enum are taken from the various RFCs covering TLS, and are listed by IANA. The Unknown item is used when processing unrecognised ordinals.
  • Side
    Side of the connection.
  • SignatureAlgorithm
    The SignatureAlgorithm TLS protocol enum. Values in this enum are taken from the various RFCs covering TLS, and are listed by IANA. The Unknown item is used when processing unrecognised ordinals.
  • SignatureScheme
    The SignatureScheme TLS protocol enum. Values in this enum are taken from the various RFCs covering TLS, and are listed by IANA. The Unknown item is used when processing unrecognised ordinals.
  • SupportedCipherSuite
    A cipher suite supported by rustls.

Statics

  • ALL_VERSIONS
    A list of all the protocol versions supported by rustls.
  • DEFAULT_VERSIONS
    The version configuration that an application should use by default.

Traits