rust_sanitize/

secrets.rs

//! Encrypted secrets management.
//!
//! This module provides **in-memory-only** decryption of user-supplied
//! secrets files. Secrets are never written to disk in plaintext form;
//! they are loaded from an AES-256-GCM encrypted `.enc` file, decrypted
//! into memory, parsed, and converted directly into [`ScanPattern`]s
//! for the streaming scanner.
//!
//! # Encryption Format
//!
//! ```text
//! ┌────────────────────────────────┬──────────────┬─────────────────────────────┐
//! │  Salt (32 B)                   │  Nonce (12 B)│  AES-256-GCM Ciphertext     │
//! └────────────────────────────────┴──────────────┴─────────────────────────────┘
//! ```
//!
//! - **Salt** (32 bytes): random, used for PBKDF2-derived key.
//! - **Nonce** (12 bytes): random, for AES-256-GCM.
//! - **Ciphertext**: authenticated encryption of the plaintext secrets
//!   file (JSON / YAML / TOML).
//!
//! The 256-bit AES key is derived from the user password using
//! PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256 with 600 000 iterations, which meets current
//! OWASP recommendations.
//!
//! # Key Derivation
//!
//! ```text
//! key = PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256(password, salt, iterations=600_000, dkLen=32)
//! ```
//!
//! # Secrets File Schema
//!
//! The plaintext secrets file (before encryption) must deserialize to
//! `Vec<SecretEntry>`:
//!
//! ```json
//! [
//!   {
//!     "pattern": "alice@corp\\.com",
//!     "kind": "regex",
//!     "category": "email",
//!     "label": "alice_email"
//!   },
//!   {
//!     "pattern": "sk-proj-abc123secret",
//!     "kind": "literal",
//!     "category": "custom:api_key",
//!     "label": "openai_key"
//!   }
//! ]
//! ```
//!
//! # Thread Safety
//!
//! All public types are `Send + Sync`. Decrypted secrets use
//! [`zeroize::Zeroizing`] to scrub plaintext from memory on drop.
//!
//! # Security Considerations
//!
//! - AES-256-GCM provides both confidentiality and integrity (AEAD).
//! - PBKDF2 with 600 000 iterations resists offline brute-force attacks.
//! - Decrypted plaintext is held in [`Zeroizing<Vec<u8>>`] and zeroed
//!   on drop.
//! - The plaintext secrets file is never written to disk by this crate.
//! - Nonce and salt are generated with OS CSPRNG (`rand`).

use crate::category::Category;
use crate::error::{Result, SanitizeError};
use crate::scanner::ScanPattern;

/// Result of compiling secret entries into patterns.
/// Contains successfully compiled patterns and a list of (index, error) for failures.
pub type PatternCompileResult = (Vec<ScanPattern>, Vec<(usize, SanitizeError)>);

use aes_gcm::aead::{Aead, KeyInit};
use aes_gcm::{Aes256Gcm, Nonce};
use hmac::Hmac;
use rand::RngCore;
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use sha2::Sha256;
use zeroize::{Zeroize, Zeroizing};

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Constants
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Salt length for PBKDF2 key derivation (bytes).
const SALT_LEN: usize = 32;

/// AES-GCM nonce length (bytes). Must be 12 for AES-256-GCM.
const NONCE_LEN: usize = 12;

/// PBKDF2 iteration count — OWASP 2023+ recommendation.
const PBKDF2_ITERATIONS: u32 = 600_000;

/// Minimum ciphertext size: salt + nonce + at least 16-byte AES-GCM tag.
const MIN_ENCRYPTED_LEN: usize = SALT_LEN + NONCE_LEN + 16;

/// Maximum size of a plaintext secrets file accepted by [`parse_secrets`].
/// Prevents OOM from accidentally passing a large binary or log file as secrets.
const MAX_SECRETS_PLAINTEXT_BYTES: usize = 10 * 1024 * 1024; // 10 MiB

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Secrets file schema
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// A single secret entry as stored in the (plaintext) secrets file.
///
/// After decryption the entries are parsed from JSON, YAML, or TOML and
/// converted into [`ScanPattern`]s.
///
/// Implements [`Drop`] via [`Zeroize`] to scrub sensitive pattern data
/// from memory when no longer needed (S-1 fix).
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct SecretEntry {
    /// The pattern string (regex or literal text).
    ///
    /// For `kind: allow` entries this is the single allowlist pattern.
    /// Omit when using [`values`](Self::values) instead.
    #[serde(default)]
    pub pattern: String,

    /// `"regex"`, `"literal"`, `"allow"`, `"entropy"`, or `"field-name"`.
    ///
    /// `"field-name"` entries are not compiled into scanner patterns — they
    /// are extracted separately and injected into structured-processor profiles
    /// as field-name signals.  The `pattern` field is a case-insensitive
    /// regex matched against bare field/key names; `threshold` controls the
    /// entropy gate (defaults to `3.5` bits/char when omitted).
    #[serde(default = "default_kind")]
    pub kind: String,

    /// Category string. Supported values:
    /// `email`, `name`, `phone`, `ipv4`, `ipv6`, `credit_card`, `ssn`,
    /// `hostname`, `mac_address`, `container_id`, `uuid`, `jwt`,
    /// `auth_token`, `file_path`, `windows_sid`, `url`, `aws_arn`,
    /// `azure_resource_id`, or `custom:<tag>`.
    #[serde(default = "default_category")]
    pub category: String,

    /// Human-readable label for stats reporting. Defaults to a truncated
    /// version of `pattern` if omitted.
    #[serde(default)]
    pub label: Option<String>,

    /// Multiple allowlist patterns for `kind: allow` entries.
    ///
    /// When non-empty, used instead of `pattern`. Allows a single entry to
    /// allowlist many values compactly:
    ///
    /// ```toml
    /// [[secrets]]
    /// kind = "allow"
    /// values = ["localhost", "true", "false", "null", "0.0.0.0"]
    /// ```
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
    pub values: Vec<String>,

    // ── Entropy-detection fields (only used when kind = "entropy") ──────────
    /// Minimum token length to consider (default: 20).
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub min_length: Option<usize>,

    /// Maximum token length to consider (default: 200).
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub max_length: Option<usize>,

    /// Shannon entropy threshold in bits per character (default: 4.5).
    /// Tokens whose entropy is at or above this value are flagged.
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub threshold: Option<f64>,

    /// Character set the token must consist of exclusively.
    /// `"alphanumeric"` (default), `"base64"`, `"hex"`, or `"any"`.
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub charset: Option<String>,
}

impl Drop for SecretEntry {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        self.pattern.zeroize();
        self.kind.zeroize();
        self.category.zeroize();
        if let Some(ref mut l) = self.label {
            l.zeroize();
        }
        for v in &mut self.values {
            v.zeroize();
        }
        if let Some(ref mut s) = self.charset {
            s.zeroize();
        }
    }
}

fn default_kind() -> String {
    "literal".into()
}

fn default_category() -> String {
    "custom:secret".into()
}

/// Supported plaintext file formats for secrets.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum SecretsFormat {
    Json,
    Yaml,
    Toml,
}

impl SecretsFormat {
    /// Detect format from file extension.
    pub fn from_extension(path: &str) -> Option<Self> {
        // Strip .enc suffix first if present.
        let base = path.strip_suffix(".enc").unwrap_or(path);
        let ext = std::path::Path::new(base).extension();
        if ext.is_some_and(|e| e.eq_ignore_ascii_case("json")) {
            Some(Self::Json)
        } else if ext
            .is_some_and(|e| e.eq_ignore_ascii_case("yaml") || e.eq_ignore_ascii_case("yml"))
        {
            Some(Self::Yaml)
        } else if ext.is_some_and(|e| e.eq_ignore_ascii_case("toml")) {
            Some(Self::Toml)
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    /// Try to auto-detect format from content.
    pub fn detect(content: &[u8]) -> Self {
        let s = String::from_utf8_lossy(content);
        // Skip leading comment lines — both YAML and TOML use `#`, so a file
        // that opens with comments must be scanned further to find the first
        // meaningful token.
        let first_meaningful = s
            .lines()
            .map(str::trim)
            .find(|l| !l.is_empty() && !l.starts_with('#'))
            .unwrap_or("");
        if first_meaningful.starts_with('[') || first_meaningful.starts_with('{') {
            // `[` is ambiguous: JSON arrays and TOML table headers both start
            // with it. We pick JSON here because our secrets files are never
            // bare TOML tables, and a wrong guess produces a clear parse error.
            Self::Json
        } else if first_meaningful.starts_with('-') || first_meaningful.starts_with("---") {
            Self::Yaml
        } else {
            // Fallback: assume TOML
            Self::Toml
        }
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// TOML wrapper — serde_toml expects a top-level table
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Wrapper for TOML deserialization: `secrets = [...]`
#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct TomlSecrets {
    secrets: Vec<SecretEntry>,
}

/// Wrapper for TOML serialization.
#[derive(Serialize)]
struct TomlSecretsRef<'a> {
    secrets: &'a [SecretEntry],
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Key derivation
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Derive a 256-bit AES key from a password and salt using PBKDF2.
fn derive_key(password: &[u8], salt: &[u8]) -> Zeroizing<[u8; 32]> {
    let mut key = Zeroizing::new([0u8; 32]);
    pbkdf2::pbkdf2::<Hmac<Sha256>>(password, salt, PBKDF2_ITERATIONS, key.as_mut())
        .expect("PBKDF2 output length is valid");
    key
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Encryption
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Encrypt a plaintext secrets file.
///
/// Returns the encrypted blob: `salt (32) || nonce (12) || ciphertext`.
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// - `plaintext` — raw bytes of the secrets file (JSON / YAML / TOML).
/// - `password` — user-supplied password.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// Returns [`SanitizeError::SecretsEmptyPassword`] if the password is empty, or
/// [`SanitizeError::SecretsCipherError`] if encryption fails.
///
/// # Security
///
/// - Salt and nonce are generated with CSPRNG.
/// - Key is derived with PBKDF2 (600 000 iterations).
/// - AES-256-GCM provides authenticated encryption.
pub fn encrypt_secrets(plaintext: &[u8], password: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
    if password.is_empty() {
        return Err(SanitizeError::SecretsEmptyPassword);
    }

    let mut rng = rand::rng();

    // Generate random salt and nonce.
    let mut salt = [0u8; SALT_LEN];
    rng.fill_bytes(&mut salt);

    let mut nonce_bytes = [0u8; NONCE_LEN];
    rng.fill_bytes(&mut nonce_bytes);
    let nonce = Nonce::from_slice(&nonce_bytes);

    // Derive key.
    let key = derive_key(password.as_bytes(), &salt);
    let cipher = Aes256Gcm::new_from_slice(key.as_ref())
        .map_err(|e| SanitizeError::SecretsCipherError(format!("cipher init: {}", e)))?;

    // Encrypt.
    let ciphertext = cipher
        .encrypt(nonce, plaintext)
        .map_err(|e| SanitizeError::SecretsCipherError(format!("encryption: {}", e)))?;

    // Assemble: salt || nonce || ciphertext
    let mut output = Vec::with_capacity(SALT_LEN + NONCE_LEN + ciphertext.len());
    output.extend_from_slice(&salt);
    output.extend_from_slice(&nonce_bytes);
    output.extend_from_slice(&ciphertext);

    Ok(output)
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Decryption
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Decrypt an encrypted secrets blob in memory.
///
/// Returns the plaintext wrapped in [`Zeroizing`] so it is scrubbed on drop.
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// - `encrypted` — `salt (32) || nonce (12) || ciphertext`.
/// - `password` — user-supplied password.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// - [`SanitizeError::SecretsTooShort`] if the blob is too short,
///   [`SanitizeError::SecretsDecryptFailed`] if the password is wrong or the ciphertext has been tampered with.
pub fn decrypt_secrets(encrypted: &[u8], password: &str) -> Result<Zeroizing<Vec<u8>>> {
    if encrypted.len() < MIN_ENCRYPTED_LEN {
        return Err(SanitizeError::SecretsTooShort);
    }

    let salt = &encrypted[..SALT_LEN];
    let nonce_bytes = &encrypted[SALT_LEN..SALT_LEN + NONCE_LEN];
    let ciphertext = &encrypted[SALT_LEN + NONCE_LEN..];

    let nonce = Nonce::from_slice(nonce_bytes);

    let key = derive_key(password.as_bytes(), salt);
    let cipher = Aes256Gcm::new_from_slice(key.as_ref())
        .map_err(|e| SanitizeError::SecretsCipherError(format!("cipher init: {}", e)))?;

    let plaintext = cipher
        .decrypt(nonce, ciphertext)
        .map_err(|_| SanitizeError::SecretsDecryptFailed)?;

    Ok(Zeroizing::new(plaintext))
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Parsing
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Parse a decrypted plaintext into secret entries.
///
/// Supports JSON, YAML, and TOML. Format is auto-detected if `format`
/// is `None`.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// Returns [`SanitizeError::SecretsInvalidUtf8`] if the plaintext is not
/// valid UTF-8, [`SanitizeError::SecretsFormatError`] if it cannot be parsed
/// in the specified format or if the file exceeds the size limit.
pub fn parse_secrets(plaintext: &[u8], format: Option<SecretsFormat>) -> Result<Vec<SecretEntry>> {
    if plaintext.len() > MAX_SECRETS_PLAINTEXT_BYTES {
        return Err(SanitizeError::SecretsFormatError {
            format: "secrets file".into(),
            message: format!(
                "file is {} bytes, exceeding the {} byte limit — \
                 secrets files should be small YAML/JSON/TOML pattern lists",
                plaintext.len(),
                MAX_SECRETS_PLAINTEXT_BYTES,
            ),
        });
    }
    let fmt = format.unwrap_or_else(|| SecretsFormat::detect(plaintext));
    let text = std::str::from_utf8(plaintext)
        .map_err(|e| SanitizeError::SecretsInvalidUtf8(e.to_string()))?;

    match fmt {
        SecretsFormat::Json => {
            serde_json::from_str(text).map_err(|e| SanitizeError::SecretsFormatError {
                format: "JSON".into(),
                message: e.to_string(),
            })
        }
        SecretsFormat::Yaml => {
            serde_yaml_ng::from_str(text).map_err(|e| SanitizeError::SecretsFormatError {
                format: "YAML".into(),
                message: e.to_string(),
            })
        }
        SecretsFormat::Toml => {
            let wrapper: TomlSecrets =
                toml::from_str(text).map_err(|e| SanitizeError::SecretsFormatError {
                    format: "TOML".into(),
                    message: e.to_string(),
                })?;
            Ok(wrapper.secrets)
        }
    }
}

/// Serialize secret entries back into a plaintext format.
///
/// Used by the encryption helper CLI.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// Returns [`SanitizeError::SecretsFormatError`] if serialization fails.
pub fn serialize_secrets(entries: &[SecretEntry], format: SecretsFormat) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
    match format {
        SecretsFormat::Json => {
            serde_json::to_vec_pretty(entries).map_err(|e| SanitizeError::SecretsFormatError {
                format: "JSON-serialize".into(),
                message: e.to_string(),
            })
        }
        SecretsFormat::Yaml => serde_yaml_ng::to_string(entries)
            .map(|s| s.into_bytes())
            .map_err(|e| SanitizeError::SecretsFormatError {
                format: "YAML-serialize".into(),
                message: e.to_string(),
            }),
        SecretsFormat::Toml => {
            let wrapper = TomlSecretsRef { secrets: entries };
            toml::to_string_pretty(&wrapper)
                .map(|s| s.into_bytes())
                .map_err(|e| SanitizeError::SecretsFormatError {
                    format: "TOML-serialize".into(),
                    message: e.to_string(),
                })
        }
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Category parsing
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Parse a category string into a [`Category`].
///
/// Accepted values: `email`, `name`, `phone`, `ipv4`, `ipv6`,
/// `credit_card`, `ssn`, `hostname`, `mac_address`, `container_id`,
/// `uuid`, `jwt`, `auth_token`, `file_path`, `windows_sid`, `url`,
/// `aws_arn`, `azure_resource_id`, or `custom:<tag>`.
pub fn parse_category(s: &str) -> Category {
    match s {
        "email" => Category::Email,
        "name" => Category::Name,
        "phone" => Category::Phone,
        "ipv4" => Category::IpV4,
        "ipv6" => Category::IpV6,
        "credit_card" => Category::CreditCard,
        "ssn" => Category::Ssn,
        "hostname" => Category::Hostname,
        "mac_address" => Category::MacAddress,
        "container_id" => Category::ContainerId,
        "uuid" => Category::Uuid,
        "jwt" => Category::Jwt,
        "auth_token" => Category::AuthToken,
        "file_path" => Category::FilePath,
        "windows_sid" => Category::WindowsSid,
        "url" => Category::Url,
        "aws_arn" => Category::AwsArn,
        "azure_resource_id" => Category::AzureResourceId,
        other => {
            let tag = other.strip_prefix("custom:").unwrap_or(other);
            Category::Custom(tag.into())
        }
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Conversion to ScanPatterns
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Extract allowlist patterns from a set of entries.
///
/// Entries with `kind: allow` are returned as raw pattern strings to be
/// compiled into an [`AllowlistMatcher`](crate::allowlist::AllowlistMatcher). They are skipped by
/// [`entries_to_patterns`].
///
/// Each entry contributes either its `values` list (when non-empty) or its
/// `pattern` field (when `values` is absent), so both forms are supported:
///
/// ```toml
/// # single pattern
/// [[secrets]]
/// kind = "allow"
/// pattern = "localhost"
///
/// # compact multi-value form
/// [[secrets]]
/// kind = "allow"
/// values = ["true", "false", "null", "0.0.0.0"]
/// ```
pub fn extract_allow_patterns(entries: &[SecretEntry]) -> Vec<String> {
    let mut patterns = Vec::new();
    for entry in entries.iter().filter(|e| e.kind == "allow") {
        if !entry.values.is_empty() {
            patterns.extend(entry.values.iter().cloned());
        } else if !entry.pattern.is_empty() {
            patterns.push(entry.pattern.clone());
        }
    }
    patterns
}

/// Convert parsed [`SecretEntry`]s into compiled [`ScanPattern`]s.
///
/// Entries with `kind: allow` are silently skipped — they are handled by
/// [`extract_allow_patterns`] instead.
///
/// Invalid entries (e.g. bad regex) are collected as errors and
/// returned alongside the successfully compiled patterns.
pub fn entries_to_patterns(entries: &[SecretEntry]) -> PatternCompileResult {
    let mut patterns = Vec::with_capacity(entries.len());
    let mut errors = Vec::new();

    for (i, entry) in entries.iter().enumerate() {
        if entry.kind == "allow"
            || entry.kind == "entropy"
            || entry.kind == "field-name"
            || entry.pattern.is_empty()
        {
            continue;
        }
        let category = parse_category(&entry.category);
        let label = entry
            .label
            .clone()
            .unwrap_or_else(|| truncate_label(&entry.pattern));

        let result = match entry.kind.as_str() {
            "regex" => ScanPattern::from_regex(&entry.pattern, category, label),
            "literal" => ScanPattern::from_literal(&entry.pattern, category, label),
            other => {
                errors.push((
                    i,
                    SanitizeError::InvalidConfig(format!(
                        "unknown kind {:?} — expected \"literal\", \"regex\", \"allow\", \"entropy\", or \"field-name\"",
                        other
                    )),
                ));
                continue;
            }
        };

        match result {
            Ok(pat) => patterns.push(pat),
            Err(e) => errors.push((i, e)),
        }
    }

    (patterns, errors)
}

const MAX_LABEL_CHARS: usize = 32;

/// Truncate to a maximum label length.
fn truncate_label(s: &str) -> String {
    if s.len() <= MAX_LABEL_CHARS {
        s.to_string()
    } else {
        // Find a char boundary just before the limit to avoid panicking on
        // multi-byte UTF-8 characters (e.g. Unicode in user-supplied patterns).
        let cut = s
            .char_indices()
            .nth(MAX_LABEL_CHARS - 1)
            .map_or(s.len(), |(i, _)| i);
        format!("{}…", &s[..cut])
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// High-level: load encrypted secrets → ScanPatterns
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Load, decrypt, parse, and compile an encrypted secrets file into
/// [`ScanPattern`]s ready for the streaming scanner.
///
/// This is the primary entry point for CLI integration.
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// - `encrypted_bytes` — raw bytes of the `.enc` file.
/// - `password` — user-supplied password.
/// - `format` — optional explicit format override.
///
/// # Returns
///
/// `(patterns, warnings)` where `warnings` contains indices and errors
/// for entries that failed to compile.
///
/// # Security
///
/// The decrypted plaintext is held in zeroizing memory and dropped
/// immediately after parsing.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// Returns a secrets-related [`SanitizeError`] if decryption or parsing fails.
pub fn load_encrypted_secrets(
    encrypted_bytes: &[u8],
    password: &str,
    format: Option<SecretsFormat>,
) -> Result<(PatternCompileResult, Vec<String>)> {
    let plaintext = decrypt_secrets(encrypted_bytes, password)?;
    let entries = parse_secrets(&plaintext, format)?;
    let allow = extract_allow_patterns(&entries);
    let result = entries_to_patterns(&entries);
    // SecretEntry implements Drop with explicit zeroize() calls, so dropping
    // the Vec is sufficient to scrub sensitive pattern data from heap memory.
    drop(entries);
    Ok((result, allow))
}

/// Load and parse a plaintext secrets file into [`ScanPattern`]s.
///
/// This function mirrors [`load_encrypted_secrets`] but skips
/// AES decryption and password prompts entirely. It preserves
/// memory hygiene by zeroizing parsed entries after compilation.
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// - `plaintext` — raw bytes of the secrets file (JSON / YAML / TOML).
/// - `format` — optional explicit format override.
///
/// # Security
///
/// Even for unencrypted secrets, entries are zeroized after pattern
/// compilation to minimise the window during which sensitive values
/// reside in memory.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// Returns a secrets-related [`SanitizeError`] if parsing or pattern
/// compilation fails.
pub fn load_plaintext_secrets(
    plaintext: &[u8],
    format: Option<SecretsFormat>,
) -> Result<(PatternCompileResult, Vec<String>)> {
    let entries = parse_secrets(plaintext, format)?;
    let allow = extract_allow_patterns(&entries);
    let result = entries_to_patterns(&entries);
    // SecretEntry implements Drop with explicit zeroize() calls, so dropping
    // the Vec is sufficient to scrub sensitive pattern data from heap memory.
    drop(entries);
    Ok((result, allow))
}

/// Detect whether raw file bytes look like an AES-256-GCM encrypted
/// secrets blob (binary with salt+nonce header) or a plaintext secrets
/// file (UTF-8 JSON / YAML / TOML).
///
/// Returns `true` if the content appears to be encrypted.
///
/// Heuristic:
/// 1. Files shorter than the minimum encrypted length cannot be valid
///    ciphertext — return `false`.
/// 2. The **entire** content is checked for UTF-8 validity (not just the
///    first few bytes). Only if the whole file is valid UTF-8 and begins
///    with a recognisable plaintext marker (`[`, `{`, `-`, `#`) is it
///    treated as plaintext — return `false`.
/// 3. Binary content (not valid UTF-8) or UTF-8 without a plaintext
///    marker is assumed to be encrypted — return `true`.
///
/// Note: a pathological plaintext file that is valid UTF-8 but lacks a
/// leading plaintext marker (e.g. a TOML file whose first non-whitespace
/// character is a letter) will be misclassified as encrypted and produce
/// a `SecretsDecryptFailed` error. Use `force_plaintext: true` in
/// [`load_secrets_auto`] to bypass the heuristic in that case.
pub fn looks_encrypted(data: &[u8]) -> bool {
    if data.len() < MIN_ENCRYPTED_LEN {
        // Too short for a valid encrypted blob — might be a tiny
        // plaintext file, but definitely not encrypted.
        return false;
    }
    // If the file is valid UTF-8 and starts with a recognisable
    // plaintext marker, treat it as plaintext.
    if let Ok(text) = std::str::from_utf8(data) {
        let trimmed = text.trim_start();
        // Recognisable plaintext markers:
        //   JSON  → '[' (array) or '{' (object)
        //   YAML  → '-' (sequence item) or '---' (document start)
        //   TOML  → '#' (comment) or '[' (table header)
        //   TOML bare-key → any ASCII letter (e.g. `pattern = "foo"`)
        //
        // starts_with('[') already covers "[["; starts_with('-') covers "---".
        // The ASCII-letter check handles TOML files whose first meaningful token
        // is a bare key — without it those files were misclassified as encrypted
        // and produced a confusing "decryption failed" error.
        //
        // A valid AES-256-GCM ciphertext starts with 32 bytes of random salt and
        // 12 bytes of random nonce; the probability that those 44 bytes are entirely
        // valid UTF-8 AND begin with an ASCII letter is negligible (< 2^-6).
        let first_char = trimmed.chars().next();
        let has_marker = trimmed.starts_with('[')
            || trimmed.starts_with('{')
            || trimmed.starts_with('-')
            || trimmed.starts_with('#')
            || first_char.is_some_and(|c| c.is_ascii_alphabetic());
        if has_marker {
            return false;
        }
    }
    // Binary / non-UTF-8 → assume encrypted.
    true
}

/// Unified loader: auto-detect encrypted vs plaintext and load
/// secret patterns accordingly.
///
/// When `force_plaintext` is `true`, decryption is skipped regardless
/// of file content. When `false`, the function uses [`looks_encrypted`]
/// to choose the path automatically.
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// - `data` — raw bytes read from the secrets file.
/// - `password` — password for decryption (ignored when plaintext).
/// - `format` — optional format override.
/// - `force_plaintext` — if `true`, always treat as plaintext.
///
/// # Returns
///
/// `(patterns, warnings, was_encrypted)` — the compiled patterns,
/// any compile warnings, and a flag indicating which path was taken.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// Returns a secrets-related [`SanitizeError`] if decryption or parsing
/// fails, or if a password is required but not provided.
/// Returns `((patterns, warnings, allow_patterns), was_encrypted)`.
///
/// `allow_patterns` are the raw strings from `kind: allow` entries in the
/// secrets file — the caller should combine these with any `--allow` CLI
/// values and pass the merged list to [`AllowlistMatcher::new`](crate::allowlist::AllowlistMatcher::new).
pub fn load_secrets_auto(
    data: &[u8],
    password: Option<&str>,
    format: Option<SecretsFormat>,
    force_plaintext: bool,
) -> Result<((PatternCompileResult, Vec<String>), bool)> {
    if force_plaintext || !looks_encrypted(data) {
        let (result, allow) = load_plaintext_secrets(data, format)?;
        Ok(((result, allow), false))
    } else {
        let pw = password.ok_or(SanitizeError::SecretsPasswordRequired)?;
        let (result, allow) = load_encrypted_secrets(data, pw, format)?;
        Ok(((result, allow), true))
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Unit tests
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    fn sample_json() -> &'static str {
        r#"[
            {
                "pattern": "alice@corp\\.com",
                "kind": "regex",
                "category": "email",
                "label": "alice_email"
            },
            {
                "pattern": "sk-proj-abc123secret",
                "kind": "literal",
                "category": "custom:api_key",
                "label": "openai_key"
            }
        ]"#
    }

    fn sample_yaml() -> &'static str {
        r#"- pattern: "alice@corp\\.com"
  kind: regex
  category: email
  label: alice_email
- pattern: sk-proj-abc123secret
  kind: literal
  category: "custom:api_key"
  label: openai_key
"#
    }

    fn sample_toml() -> &'static str {
        r#"[[secrets]]
pattern = "alice@corp\\.com"
kind = "regex"
category = "email"
label = "alice_email"

[[secrets]]
pattern = "sk-proj-abc123secret"
kind = "literal"
category = "custom:api_key"
label = "openai_key"
"#
    }

    // ---- Parsing ----

    #[test]
    fn parse_json_entries() {
        let entries = parse_secrets(sample_json().as_bytes(), Some(SecretsFormat::Json)).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(entries[0].kind, "regex");
        assert_eq!(entries[0].category, "email");
        assert_eq!(entries[1].kind, "literal");
    }

    #[test]
    fn parse_yaml_entries() {
        let entries = parse_secrets(sample_yaml().as_bytes(), Some(SecretsFormat::Yaml)).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(entries[0].label, Some("alice_email".into()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn parse_toml_entries() {
        let entries = parse_secrets(sample_toml().as_bytes(), Some(SecretsFormat::Toml)).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(entries[1].pattern, "sk-proj-abc123secret");
    }

    #[test]
    fn parse_auto_detect_json() {
        let entries = parse_secrets(sample_json().as_bytes(), None).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parse_auto_detect_yaml() {
        let entries = parse_secrets(sample_yaml().as_bytes(), None).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 2);
    }

    // ---- Category parsing ----

    #[test]
    fn parse_builtin_categories() {
        assert_eq!(parse_category("email"), Category::Email);
        assert_eq!(parse_category("ipv4"), Category::IpV4);
        assert_eq!(parse_category("ssn"), Category::Ssn);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parse_custom_category() {
        match parse_category("custom:api_key") {
            Category::Custom(tag) => assert_eq!(tag.as_str(), "api_key"),
            other => panic!("expected Custom, got {:?}", other),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn parse_unknown_category_becomes_custom() {
        match parse_category("foobar") {
            Category::Custom(tag) => assert_eq!(tag.as_str(), "foobar"),
            other => panic!("expected Custom, got {:?}", other),
        }
    }

    // ---- Entries to patterns ----

    #[test]
    fn entries_to_patterns_success() {
        let entries = parse_secrets(sample_json().as_bytes(), Some(SecretsFormat::Json)).unwrap();
        let (patterns, errors) = entries_to_patterns(&entries);
        assert_eq!(patterns.len(), 2);
        assert!(errors.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn entries_to_patterns_bad_regex() {
        let json = r#"[{"pattern": "[invalid(", "kind": "regex", "category": "email"}]"#;
        let entries = parse_secrets(json.as_bytes(), Some(SecretsFormat::Json)).unwrap();
        let (patterns, errors) = entries_to_patterns(&entries);
        assert!(patterns.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(errors.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(errors[0].0, 0);
    }

    // ---- Encrypt / Decrypt round-trip ----

    #[test]
    fn encrypt_decrypt_roundtrip() {
        let plaintext = sample_json().as_bytes();
        let password = "test-password-42";

        let encrypted = encrypt_secrets(plaintext, password).unwrap();

        // Encrypted blob must be larger than plaintext (salt + nonce + tag).
        assert!(encrypted.len() > plaintext.len());

        let decrypted = decrypt_secrets(&encrypted, password).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(decrypted.as_slice(), plaintext);
    }

    #[test]
    fn decrypt_wrong_password_fails() {
        let plaintext = b"hello";
        let encrypted = encrypt_secrets(plaintext, "correct").unwrap();
        let result = decrypt_secrets(&encrypted, "wrong");
        assert!(result.is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn decrypt_truncated_blob_fails() {
        let result = decrypt_secrets(&[0u8; 10], "any");
        assert!(result.is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn decrypt_tampered_blob_fails() {
        let plaintext = b"hello world";
        let mut encrypted = encrypt_secrets(plaintext, "pw").unwrap();
        // Flip a byte in the ciphertext portion.
        let last = encrypted.len() - 1;
        encrypted[last] ^= 0xFF;
        let result = decrypt_secrets(&encrypted, "pw");
        assert!(result.is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn encrypt_empty_password_rejected() {
        let result = encrypt_secrets(b"hello", "");
        assert!(result.is_err());
    }

    // ---- Full pipeline: encrypt → decrypt → parse → patterns ----

    #[test]
    fn full_pipeline_json() {
        let plaintext = sample_json().as_bytes();
        let password = "pipeline-test";

        let encrypted = encrypt_secrets(plaintext, password).unwrap();
        let ((patterns, errors), _allow) =
            load_encrypted_secrets(&encrypted, password, Some(SecretsFormat::Json)).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(patterns.len(), 2);
        assert!(errors.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(patterns[0].label(), "alice_email");
        assert_eq!(patterns[1].label(), "openai_key");
    }

    #[test]
    fn full_pipeline_yaml() {
        let plaintext = sample_yaml().as_bytes();
        let password = "yaml-test";

        let encrypted = encrypt_secrets(plaintext, password).unwrap();
        let ((patterns, errors), _allow) =
            load_encrypted_secrets(&encrypted, password, Some(SecretsFormat::Yaml)).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(patterns.len(), 2);
        assert!(errors.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn full_pipeline_toml() {
        let plaintext = sample_toml().as_bytes();
        let password = "toml-test";

        let encrypted = encrypt_secrets(plaintext, password).unwrap();
        let ((patterns, errors), _allow) =
            load_encrypted_secrets(&encrypted, password, Some(SecretsFormat::Toml)).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(patterns.len(), 2);
        assert!(errors.is_empty());
    }

    // ---- Plaintext loader ----

    #[test]
    fn load_plaintext_secrets_works() {
        let ((patterns, errors), _allow) =
            load_plaintext_secrets(sample_json().as_bytes(), Some(SecretsFormat::Json)).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(patterns.len(), 2);
        assert!(errors.is_empty());
    }

    // ---- Serialization round-trip ----

    #[test]
    fn serialize_roundtrip_json() {
        let entries = parse_secrets(sample_json().as_bytes(), Some(SecretsFormat::Json)).unwrap();
        let serialized = serialize_secrets(&entries, SecretsFormat::Json).unwrap();
        let reparsed = parse_secrets(&serialized, Some(SecretsFormat::Json)).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(entries.len(), reparsed.len());
        assert_eq!(entries[0].pattern, reparsed[0].pattern);
    }

    // ---- Format detection ----

    #[test]
    fn format_from_extension() {
        assert_eq!(
            SecretsFormat::from_extension("secrets.json"),
            Some(SecretsFormat::Json)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            SecretsFormat::from_extension("secrets.json.enc"),
            Some(SecretsFormat::Json)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            SecretsFormat::from_extension("secrets.yaml"),
            Some(SecretsFormat::Yaml)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            SecretsFormat::from_extension("secrets.yml.enc"),
            Some(SecretsFormat::Yaml)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            SecretsFormat::from_extension("secrets.toml"),
            Some(SecretsFormat::Toml)
        );
        assert_eq!(SecretsFormat::from_extension("secrets.txt"), None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn detect_yaml_with_leading_comment_header() {
        // Regression: the auto-provisioned global secrets file opens with '#'
        // comment lines. Before the fix, detect() saw '#' first, fell through
        // to the TOML fallback, and failed to parse valid YAML.
        let content = "# Global sanitize allowlist — add patterns here.\n# Auto-loaded on every plain run.\n\n- pattern: foo\n  kind: allow\n";
        assert_eq!(
            SecretsFormat::detect(content.as_bytes()),
            SecretsFormat::Yaml
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn detect_yaml_comment_header_parses_correctly() {
        // Round-trip: same shape as the auto-provisioned file must load without error.
        let content = "# Global sanitize allowlist — add patterns or kind:regex entries here.\n# Auto-loaded on every plain run. Edit freely; deleted values take effect immediately.\n\n- pattern: ''\n  kind: allow\n  category: ''\n  values:\n  - localhost\n  - 127.0.0.1\n";
        let entries = parse_secrets(content.as_bytes(), None)
            .expect("auto-provisioned secrets file with comment header must parse");
        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(entries[0].kind, "allow");
        assert!(entries[0].values.contains(&"localhost".to_string()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn detect_json_array() {
        assert_eq!(
            SecretsFormat::detect(b"[{\"pattern\": \"foo\"}]"),
            SecretsFormat::Json
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn detect_toml_fallback() {
        // TOML that doesn't open with '[' or '{' — must not be mistaken for YAML.
        assert_eq!(
            SecretsFormat::detect(b"# toml comment\nkey = \"value\""),
            SecretsFormat::Toml
        );
    }

    // ---- Defaults ----

    #[test]
    fn default_kind_is_literal() {
        let json = r#"[{"pattern": "foo"}]"#;
        let entries = parse_secrets(json.as_bytes(), Some(SecretsFormat::Json)).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(entries[0].kind, "literal");
    }

    #[test]
    fn default_category_is_custom_secret() {
        let json = r#"[{"pattern": "foo"}]"#;
        let entries = parse_secrets(json.as_bytes(), Some(SecretsFormat::Json)).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(entries[0].category, "custom:secret");
    }

    #[test]
    fn default_label_from_pattern() {
        let json = r#"[{"pattern": "short"}]"#;
        let entries = parse_secrets(json.as_bytes(), Some(SecretsFormat::Json)).unwrap();
        let (patterns, _) = entries_to_patterns(&entries);
        assert_eq!(patterns[0].label(), "short");
    }

    // ---- looks_encrypted ----

    #[test]
    fn looks_encrypted_json_plaintext() {
        assert!(!looks_encrypted(sample_json().as_bytes()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn looks_encrypted_yaml_plaintext() {
        assert!(!looks_encrypted(sample_yaml().as_bytes()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn looks_encrypted_toml_plaintext() {
        assert!(!looks_encrypted(sample_toml().as_bytes()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn looks_encrypted_actual_encrypted() {
        let encrypted = encrypt_secrets(sample_json().as_bytes(), "pw").unwrap();
        assert!(looks_encrypted(&encrypted));
    }

    #[test]
    fn looks_encrypted_too_short() {
        assert!(!looks_encrypted(&[0u8; 10]));
    }

    // ---- load_secrets_auto ----

    #[test]
    fn auto_load_plaintext_json() {
        let data = sample_json().as_bytes();
        let (((pats, errs), _allow), was_enc) =
            load_secrets_auto(data, None, Some(SecretsFormat::Json), false).unwrap();
        assert!(!was_enc);
        assert_eq!(pats.len(), 2);
        assert!(errs.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn auto_load_encrypted_json() {
        let encrypted = encrypt_secrets(sample_json().as_bytes(), "pw").unwrap();
        let (((pats, errs), _allow), was_enc) =
            load_secrets_auto(&encrypted, Some("pw"), Some(SecretsFormat::Json), false).unwrap();
        assert!(was_enc);
        assert_eq!(pats.len(), 2);
        assert!(errs.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn auto_load_force_plaintext() {
        let data = sample_json().as_bytes();
        let (((pats, _), _allow), was_enc) =
            load_secrets_auto(data, None, Some(SecretsFormat::Json), true).unwrap();
        assert!(!was_enc);
        assert_eq!(pats.len(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn auto_load_encrypted_no_password_fails() {
        let encrypted = encrypt_secrets(sample_json().as_bytes(), "pw").unwrap();
        let result = load_secrets_auto(&encrypted, None, None, false);
        assert!(result.is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn parse_secrets_rejects_oversized_input() {
        // Construct input just over the 10 MiB cap.
        let oversized = vec![b' '; MAX_SECRETS_PLAINTEXT_BYTES + 1];
        let result = parse_secrets(&oversized, None);
        assert!(result.is_err());
        let msg = result.unwrap_err().to_string();
        assert!(
            msg.contains("exceeding") || msg.contains("limit"),
            "unexpected error message: {msg}"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn parse_secrets_accepts_input_at_limit() {
        // Valid JSON just at the cap boundary — should succeed or fail on
        // parse, not on the size check. We use a tiny valid payload here
        // to confirm the size gate does not block small files.
        let tiny = b"[]";
        let result = parse_secrets(tiny, Some(SecretsFormat::Json));
        assert!(
            result.is_ok(),
            "unexpected error: {:?}",
            result.unwrap_err()
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn truncate_label_at_boundary() {
        let short = "a".repeat(32);
        assert_eq!(truncate_label(&short), short);

        let long = "a".repeat(33);
        let truncated = truncate_label(&long);
        assert!(truncated.ends_with('…'), "expected ellipsis: {truncated}");
        // Character count (not byte count) must be within the limit.
        // The trailing '…' is 1 char; the rest must be < MAX_LABEL_CHARS.
        assert!(
            truncated.chars().count() <= MAX_LABEL_CHARS,
            "char count {} exceeds limit: {truncated}",
            truncated.chars().count()
        );
    }

    // ---- Multi-value allow entries ----

    #[test]
    fn allow_single_pattern_field() {
        let json = r#"[{"kind":"allow","pattern":"localhost"}]"#;
        let entries = parse_secrets(json.as_bytes(), Some(SecretsFormat::Json)).unwrap();
        let patterns = extract_allow_patterns(&entries);
        assert_eq!(patterns, vec!["localhost"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn allow_values_list_used_instead_of_pattern() {
        let json = r#"[{"kind":"allow","values":["localhost","true","false","null"]}]"#;
        let entries = parse_secrets(json.as_bytes(), Some(SecretsFormat::Json)).unwrap();
        let patterns = extract_allow_patterns(&entries);
        assert_eq!(patterns, vec!["localhost", "true", "false", "null"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn allow_values_list_yaml() {
        let yaml =
            "- kind: allow\n  values:\n    - localhost\n    - \"127.0.0.1\"\n    - \"0.0.0.0\"\n";
        let entries = parse_secrets(yaml.as_bytes(), Some(SecretsFormat::Yaml)).unwrap();
        let patterns = extract_allow_patterns(&entries);
        assert_eq!(patterns, vec!["localhost", "127.0.0.1", "0.0.0.0"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn allow_values_list_toml() {
        let toml = "[[secrets]]\nkind = \"allow\"\nvalues = [\"localhost\", \"true\", \"false\"]\n";
        let entries = parse_secrets(toml.as_bytes(), Some(SecretsFormat::Toml)).unwrap();
        let patterns = extract_allow_patterns(&entries);
        assert_eq!(patterns, vec!["localhost", "true", "false"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn allow_mixed_single_and_multi_value_entries() {
        let json = r#"[
            {"kind":"allow","pattern":"localhost"},
            {"kind":"allow","values":["true","false","null"]},
            {"kind":"allow","pattern":"*.internal"}
        ]"#;
        let entries = parse_secrets(json.as_bytes(), Some(SecretsFormat::Json)).unwrap();
        let patterns = extract_allow_patterns(&entries);
        assert_eq!(
            patterns,
            vec!["localhost", "true", "false", "null", "*.internal"]
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn allow_entries_skipped_by_entries_to_patterns() {
        let json = r#"[
            {"pattern":"secret","kind":"literal"},
            {"kind":"allow","values":["localhost","true"]}
        ]"#;
        let entries = parse_secrets(json.as_bytes(), Some(SecretsFormat::Json)).unwrap();
        let (patterns, errors) = entries_to_patterns(&entries);
        assert_eq!(patterns.len(), 1);
        assert!(errors.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(patterns[0].label(), "secret");
    }

    #[test]
    fn allow_empty_values_falls_back_to_pattern() {
        // An entry with an empty `values` list should still use `pattern`.
        let json = r#"[{"kind":"allow","pattern":"localhost","values":[]}]"#;
        let entries = parse_secrets(json.as_bytes(), Some(SecretsFormat::Json)).unwrap();
        let patterns = extract_allow_patterns(&entries);
        assert_eq!(patterns, vec!["localhost"]);
    }

    // ── kind: field-name ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn field_name_entries_skipped_by_entries_to_patterns() {
        // kind:field-name entries must not produce ScanPatterns — they are
        // handled separately as FieldNameSignals injected into profiles.
        let json = r#"[
            {"pattern":"secret","kind":"literal"},
            {"pattern":"^password$","kind":"field-name","threshold":3.0}
        ]"#;
        let entries = parse_secrets(json.as_bytes(), Some(SecretsFormat::Json)).unwrap();
        let (patterns, errors) = entries_to_patterns(&entries);
        assert_eq!(
            patterns.len(),
            1,
            "only the literal entry should produce a pattern"
        );
        assert!(errors.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(patterns[0].label(), "secret");
    }

    #[test]
    fn field_name_entry_parses_correctly() {
        let yaml = "- kind: field-name\n  pattern: \"^(password|secret)$\"\n  threshold: 3.0\n  label: my-signal\n";
        let entries = parse_secrets(yaml.as_bytes(), Some(SecretsFormat::Yaml)).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(entries[0].kind, "field-name");
        assert_eq!(entries[0].pattern, "^(password|secret)$");
        assert_eq!(entries[0].threshold, Some(3.0));
        assert_eq!(entries[0].label, Some("my-signal".into()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn field_name_entry_not_extracted_as_allow_pattern() {
        // kind:field-name entries must not bleed into the allowlist.
        let json = r#"[{"pattern":"^password$","kind":"field-name"}]"#;
        let entries = parse_secrets(json.as_bytes(), Some(SecretsFormat::Json)).unwrap();
        let allow = extract_allow_patterns(&entries);
        assert!(allow.is_empty());
    }
}