rust_rocksdb/transactions/

transaction_db.rs

// Copyright 2021 Yiyuan Liu
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
//

use std::{
    collections::BTreeMap,
    ffi::CString,
    fs, iter,
    marker::PhantomData,
    path::{Path, PathBuf},
    ptr,
    sync::{Arc, Mutex},
};

use crate::CStrLike;
use std::ffi::CStr;

use crate::column_family::ColumnFamilyTtl;
use crate::{
    AsColumnFamilyRef, BoundColumnFamily, ColumnFamily, ColumnFamilyDescriptor, DB,
    DBIteratorWithThreadMode, DBPinnableSlice, DBRawIteratorWithThreadMode,
    DEFAULT_COLUMN_FAMILY_NAME, Direction, Error, FlushOptions, IteratorMode, MultiThreaded,
    Options, ReadOptions, SingleThreaded, SnapshotWithThreadMode, ThreadMode, Transaction,
    TransactionDBOptions, TransactionOptions, WriteBatchWithTransaction, WriteOptions,
    column_family::UnboundColumnFamily,
    db::{DBAccess, convert_values},
    db_options::OptionsMustOutliveDB,
    ffi,
    ffi_util::to_cpath,
};
use ffi::rocksdb_transaction_t;
use libc::{c_char, c_int, c_uchar, c_void, size_t};

// Default options are kept per-thread to avoid re-allocating on every call while
// also preventing cross-thread sharing. Some RocksDB option wrappers hold
// pointers into internal buffers and are not safe to share across threads.
// Using thread_local allows cheap reuse in the common "default options" path
// without synchronization overhead. Callers who need non-defaults must pass
// explicit options.
thread_local! { static DEFAULT_READ_OPTS: ReadOptions = ReadOptions::default(); }
thread_local! { static DEFAULT_WRITE_OPTS: WriteOptions = WriteOptions::default(); }
thread_local! { static DEFAULT_FLUSH_OPTS: FlushOptions = FlushOptions::default(); }
// `TransactionOptions::default()` is a C++ `new`/`delete` pair, so building one
// per `transaction()` call put an allocation on the transaction-begin path.
// `rocksdb_transaction_begin` only reads the options, so an immutable
// thread-local instance is safe to share.
thread_local! { static DEFAULT_TXN_OPTS: TransactionOptions = TransactionOptions::default(); }

#[cfg(not(feature = "multi-threaded-cf"))]
type DefaultThreadMode = crate::SingleThreaded;
#[cfg(feature = "multi-threaded-cf")]
type DefaultThreadMode = crate::MultiThreaded;

/// RocksDB TransactionDB.
///
/// Please read the official [guide](https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/wiki/Transactions)
/// to learn more about RocksDB TransactionDB.
///
/// The default thread mode for [`TransactionDB`] is [`SingleThreaded`]
/// if feature `multi-threaded-cf` is not enabled.
///
/// ```
/// use rust_rocksdb::{DB, Options, TransactionDB, SingleThreaded};
/// let tempdir = tempfile::Builder::new()
///     .prefix("_path_for_transaction_db")
///     .tempdir()
///     .expect("Failed to create temporary path for the _path_for_transaction_db");
/// let path = tempdir.path();
/// {
///     let db: TransactionDB = TransactionDB::open_default(path).unwrap();
///     db.put(b"my key", b"my value").unwrap();
///
///     // create transaction
///     let txn = db.transaction();
///     txn.put(b"key2", b"value2");
///     txn.put(b"key3", b"value3");
///     txn.commit().unwrap();
/// }
/// let _ = DB::destroy(&Options::default(), path);
/// ```
///
/// [`SingleThreaded`]: crate::SingleThreaded
///
/// A `Snapshot` must not outlive the `TransactionDB` it was created from:
///
/// ```compile_fail,E0597
/// use rust_rocksdb::{SingleThreaded, TransactionDB};
///
/// let _snapshot = {
///     let db = TransactionDB::<SingleThreaded>::open_default("foo").unwrap();
///     db.snapshot()
/// };
/// ```
pub struct TransactionDB<T: ThreadMode = DefaultThreadMode> {
    pub(crate) inner: *mut ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_t,
    cfs: T,
    path: PathBuf,
    // prepared 2pc transactions.
    prepared: Mutex<Vec<*mut rocksdb_transaction_t>>,
    _outlive: Vec<OptionsMustOutliveDB>,
}

unsafe impl<T: ThreadMode> Send for TransactionDB<T> {}
unsafe impl<T: ThreadMode> Sync for TransactionDB<T> {}

impl<T: ThreadMode> DBAccess for TransactionDB<T> {
    unsafe fn create_snapshot(&self) -> *const ffi::rocksdb_snapshot_t {
        unsafe { ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_create_snapshot(self.inner) }
    }

    unsafe fn release_snapshot(&self, snapshot: *const ffi::rocksdb_snapshot_t) {
        unsafe {
            ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_release_snapshot(self.inner, snapshot);
        }
    }

    unsafe fn create_iterator(&self, readopts: &ReadOptions) -> *mut ffi::rocksdb_iterator_t {
        unsafe { ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_create_iterator(self.inner, readopts.inner) }
    }

    unsafe fn create_iterator_cf(
        &self,
        cf_handle: *mut ffi::rocksdb_column_family_handle_t,
        readopts: &ReadOptions,
    ) -> *mut ffi::rocksdb_iterator_t {
        unsafe {
            ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_create_iterator_cf(self.inner, readopts.inner, cf_handle)
        }
    }

    fn get_opt<K: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &self,
        key: K,
        readopts: &ReadOptions,
    ) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>, Error> {
        self.get_opt(key, readopts)
    }

    fn get_cf_opt<K: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &self,
        cf: &impl AsColumnFamilyRef,
        key: K,
        readopts: &ReadOptions,
    ) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>, Error> {
        self.get_cf_opt(cf, key, readopts)
    }

    fn get_pinned_opt<K: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &'_ self,
        key: K,
        readopts: &ReadOptions,
    ) -> Result<Option<DBPinnableSlice<'_>>, Error> {
        self.get_pinned_opt(key, readopts)
    }

    fn get_pinned_cf_opt<K: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &'_ self,
        cf: &impl AsColumnFamilyRef,
        key: K,
        readopts: &ReadOptions,
    ) -> Result<Option<DBPinnableSlice<'_>>, Error> {
        self.get_pinned_cf_opt(cf, key, readopts)
    }

    fn multi_get_opt<K, I>(
        &self,
        keys: I,
        readopts: &ReadOptions,
    ) -> Vec<Result<Option<Vec<u8>>, Error>>
    where
        K: AsRef<[u8]>,
        I: IntoIterator<Item = K>,
    {
        self.multi_get_opt(keys, readopts)
    }

    fn multi_get_cf_opt<'b, K, I, W>(
        &self,
        keys_cf: I,
        readopts: &ReadOptions,
    ) -> Vec<Result<Option<Vec<u8>>, Error>>
    where
        K: AsRef<[u8]>,
        I: IntoIterator<Item = (&'b W, K)>,
        W: AsColumnFamilyRef + 'b,
    {
        self.multi_get_cf_opt(keys_cf, readopts)
    }
}

impl<T: ThreadMode> TransactionDB<T> {
    /// Opens a database with default options.
    pub fn open_default<P: AsRef<Path>>(path: P) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        let mut opts = Options::default();
        opts.create_if_missing(true);
        let txn_db_opts = TransactionDBOptions::default();
        Self::open(&opts, &txn_db_opts, path)
    }

    /// Opens the database with the specified options.
    pub fn open<P: AsRef<Path>>(
        opts: &Options,
        txn_db_opts: &TransactionDBOptions,
        path: P,
    ) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        Self::open_cf(opts, txn_db_opts, path, None::<&str>)
    }

    /// Opens a database with the given database options and column family names.
    ///
    /// Column families opened using this function will be created with default `Options`.
    pub fn open_cf<P, I, N>(
        opts: &Options,
        txn_db_opts: &TransactionDBOptions,
        path: P,
        cfs: I,
    ) -> Result<Self, Error>
    where
        P: AsRef<Path>,
        I: IntoIterator<Item = N>,
        N: AsRef<str>,
    {
        let cfs = cfs
            .into_iter()
            .map(|name| ColumnFamilyDescriptor::new(name.as_ref(), Options::default()));

        Self::open_cf_descriptors_internal(opts, txn_db_opts, path, cfs)
    }

    /// Opens a database with the given database options and column family descriptors.
    pub fn open_cf_descriptors<P, I>(
        opts: &Options,
        txn_db_opts: &TransactionDBOptions,
        path: P,
        cfs: I,
    ) -> Result<Self, Error>
    where
        P: AsRef<Path>,
        I: IntoIterator<Item = ColumnFamilyDescriptor>,
    {
        Self::open_cf_descriptors_internal(opts, txn_db_opts, path, cfs)
    }

    /// Internal implementation for opening RocksDB.
    fn open_cf_descriptors_internal<P, I>(
        opts: &Options,
        txn_db_opts: &TransactionDBOptions,
        path: P,
        cfs: I,
    ) -> Result<Self, Error>
    where
        P: AsRef<Path>,
        I: IntoIterator<Item = ColumnFamilyDescriptor>,
    {
        let cfs: Vec<_> = cfs.into_iter().collect();
        let outlive = iter::once(opts.outlive.clone())
            .chain(cfs.iter().map(|cf| cf.options.outlive.clone()))
            .collect();

        let cpath = to_cpath(&path)?;

        if let Err(e) = fs::create_dir_all(&path) {
            return Err(Error::new(format!(
                "Failed to create RocksDB directory: `{e:?}`."
            )));
        }

        let db: *mut ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_t;
        let mut cf_map = BTreeMap::new();

        if cfs.is_empty() {
            db = Self::open_raw(opts, txn_db_opts, &cpath)?;
        } else {
            let mut cfs_v = cfs;
            // Always open the default column family.
            if !cfs_v.iter().any(|cf| cf.name == DEFAULT_COLUMN_FAMILY_NAME) {
                cfs_v.push(ColumnFamilyDescriptor {
                    name: String::from(DEFAULT_COLUMN_FAMILY_NAME),
                    options: Options::default(),
                    ttl: ColumnFamilyTtl::SameAsDb, // it will have ttl specified in `DBWithThreadMode::open_with_ttl`
                });
            }
            // We need to store our CStrings in an intermediate vector
            // so that their pointers remain valid.
            let c_cfs: Vec<CString> = cfs_v
                .iter()
                .map(|cf| CString::new(cf.name.as_bytes()).unwrap())
                .collect();

            let cfnames: Vec<_> = c_cfs.iter().map(|cf| cf.as_ptr()).collect();

            // These handles will be populated by DB.
            let mut cfhandles: Vec<_> = cfs_v.iter().map(|_| ptr::null_mut()).collect();

            let cfopts: Vec<_> = cfs_v
                .iter()
                .map(|cf| cf.options.inner.cast_const())
                .collect();

            db = Self::open_cf_raw(
                opts,
                txn_db_opts,
                &cpath,
                &cfs_v,
                &cfnames,
                &cfopts,
                &mut cfhandles,
            )?;

            for handle in &cfhandles {
                if handle.is_null() {
                    return Err(Error::new(
                        "Received null column family handle from DB.".to_owned(),
                    ));
                }
            }

            for (cf_desc, inner) in cfs_v.iter().zip(cfhandles) {
                cf_map.insert(cf_desc.name.clone(), inner);
            }
        }

        if db.is_null() {
            return Err(Error::new("Could not initialize database.".to_owned()));
        }

        let prepared = unsafe {
            let mut cnt = 0;
            let ptr = ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_get_prepared_transactions(db, &raw mut cnt);
            let mut vec = vec![std::ptr::null_mut(); cnt];
            if !ptr.is_null() {
                std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(ptr, vec.as_mut_ptr(), cnt);
                ffi::rocksdb_free(ptr as *mut c_void);
            }
            vec
        };

        Ok(TransactionDB {
            inner: db,
            cfs: T::new_cf_map_internal(cf_map),
            path: path.as_ref().to_path_buf(),
            prepared: Mutex::new(prepared),
            _outlive: outlive,
        })
    }

    fn open_raw(
        opts: &Options,
        txn_db_opts: &TransactionDBOptions,
        cpath: &CString,
    ) -> Result<*mut ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_t, Error> {
        unsafe {
            let db = ffi_try!(ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_open(
                opts.inner,
                txn_db_opts.inner,
                cpath.as_ptr()
            ));
            Ok(db)
        }
    }

    fn open_cf_raw(
        opts: &Options,
        txn_db_opts: &TransactionDBOptions,
        cpath: &CString,
        cfs_v: &[ColumnFamilyDescriptor],
        cfnames: &[*const c_char],
        cfopts: &[*const ffi::rocksdb_options_t],
        cfhandles: &mut [*mut ffi::rocksdb_column_family_handle_t],
    ) -> Result<*mut ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_t, Error> {
        unsafe {
            let db = ffi_try!(ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_open_column_families(
                opts.inner,
                txn_db_opts.inner,
                cpath.as_ptr(),
                cfs_v.len() as c_int,
                cfnames.as_ptr(),
                cfopts.as_ptr(),
                cfhandles.as_mut_ptr(),
            ));
            Ok(db)
        }
    }

    fn create_inner_cf_handle(
        &self,
        name: &str,
        opts: &Options,
    ) -> Result<*mut ffi::rocksdb_column_family_handle_t, Error> {
        let cf_name = CString::new(name.as_bytes()).map_err(|_| {
            Error::new("Failed to convert path to CString when creating cf".to_owned())
        })?;

        Ok(unsafe {
            ffi_try!(ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_create_column_family(
                self.inner,
                opts.inner,
                cf_name.as_ptr(),
            ))
        })
    }

    pub fn list_cf<P: AsRef<Path>>(opts: &Options, path: P) -> Result<Vec<String>, Error> {
        DB::list_cf(opts, path)
    }

    pub fn destroy<P: AsRef<Path>>(opts: &Options, path: P) -> Result<(), Error> {
        DB::destroy(opts, path)
    }

    pub fn repair<P: AsRef<Path>>(opts: &Options, path: P) -> Result<(), Error> {
        DB::repair(opts, path)
    }

    pub fn path(&self) -> &Path {
        self.path.as_path()
    }

    /// Flushes the WAL buffer. If `sync` is set to `true`, also syncs
    /// the data to disk.
    pub fn flush_wal(&self, sync: bool) -> Result<(), Error> {
        unsafe {
            ffi_try!(ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_flush_wal(
                self.inner,
                c_uchar::from(sync)
            ));
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Flushes database memtables to SST files on the disk.
    pub fn flush_opt(&self, flushopts: &FlushOptions) -> Result<(), Error> {
        unsafe {
            ffi_try!(ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_flush(
                self.inner,
                flushopts.inner
            ));
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Flushes database memtables to SST files on the disk using default options.
    pub fn flush(&self) -> Result<(), Error> {
        DEFAULT_FLUSH_OPTS.with(|opts| self.flush_opt(opts))
    }

    /// Flushes database memtables to SST files on the disk for a given column family.
    pub fn flush_cf_opt(
        &self,
        cf: &impl AsColumnFamilyRef,
        flushopts: &FlushOptions,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        unsafe {
            ffi_try!(ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_flush_cf(
                self.inner,
                flushopts.inner,
                cf.inner()
            ));
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Flushes multiple column families.
    ///
    /// If atomic flush is not enabled, it is equivalent to calling flush_cf multiple times.
    /// If atomic flush is enabled, it will flush all column families specified in `cfs` up to the latest sequence
    /// number at the time when flush is requested.
    pub fn flush_cfs_opt(
        &self,
        cfs: &[&impl AsColumnFamilyRef],
        opts: &FlushOptions,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        let mut cfs = cfs.iter().map(|cf| cf.inner()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
        unsafe {
            ffi_try!(ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_flush_cfs(
                self.inner,
                opts.inner,
                cfs.as_mut_ptr(),
                cfs.len() as c_int,
            ));
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Flushes database memtables to SST files on the disk for a given column family using default
    /// options.
    pub fn flush_cf(&self, cf: &impl AsColumnFamilyRef) -> Result<(), Error> {
        DEFAULT_FLUSH_OPTS.with(|opts| self.flush_cf_opt(cf, opts))
    }

    /// Creates a transaction with default options.
    pub fn transaction(&'_ self) -> Transaction<'_, Self> {
        DEFAULT_WRITE_OPTS.with(|write_opts| {
            DEFAULT_TXN_OPTS.with(|txn_opts| self.transaction_opt(write_opts, txn_opts))
        })
    }

    /// Creates a transaction with options.
    pub fn transaction_opt<'a>(
        &'a self,
        write_opts: &WriteOptions,
        txn_opts: &TransactionOptions,
    ) -> Transaction<'a, Self> {
        Transaction {
            inner: unsafe {
                ffi::rocksdb_transaction_begin(
                    self.inner,
                    write_opts.inner,
                    txn_opts.inner,
                    std::ptr::null_mut(),
                )
            },
            _marker: PhantomData,
        }
    }

    /// Get all prepared transactions for recovery.
    ///
    /// This function is expected to call once after open database.
    /// User should commit or rollback all transactions before start other transactions.
    pub fn prepared_transactions(&'_ self) -> Vec<Transaction<'_, Self>> {
        self.prepared
            .lock()
            .unwrap()
            .drain(0..)
            .map(|inner| Transaction {
                inner,
                _marker: PhantomData,
            })
            .collect()
    }

    /// Returns the bytes associated with a key value.
    pub fn get<K: AsRef<[u8]>>(&self, key: K) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>, Error> {
        self.get_pinned(key).map(|x| x.map(|v| v.as_ref().to_vec()))
    }

    /// Returns the bytes associated with a key value and the given column family.
    pub fn get_cf<K: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &self,
        cf: &impl AsColumnFamilyRef,
        key: K,
    ) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>, Error> {
        self.get_pinned_cf(cf, key)
            .map(|x| x.map(|v| v.as_ref().to_vec()))
    }

    /// Returns the bytes associated with a key value with read options.
    pub fn get_opt<K: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &self,
        key: K,
        readopts: &ReadOptions,
    ) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>, Error> {
        self.get_pinned_opt(key, readopts)
            .map(|x| x.map(|v| v.as_ref().to_vec()))
    }

    /// Returns the bytes associated with a key value and the given column family with read options.
    pub fn get_cf_opt<K: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &self,
        cf: &impl AsColumnFamilyRef,
        key: K,
        readopts: &ReadOptions,
    ) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>, Error> {
        self.get_pinned_cf_opt(cf, key, readopts)
            .map(|x| x.map(|v| v.as_ref().to_vec()))
    }

    pub fn get_pinned<K: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &'_ self,
        key: K,
    ) -> Result<Option<DBPinnableSlice<'_>>, Error> {
        DEFAULT_READ_OPTS.with(|opts| self.get_pinned_opt(key, opts))
    }

    /// Returns the bytes associated with a key value and the given column family.
    pub fn get_pinned_cf<K: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &'_ self,
        cf: &impl AsColumnFamilyRef,
        key: K,
    ) -> Result<Option<DBPinnableSlice<'_>>, Error> {
        DEFAULT_READ_OPTS.with(|opts| self.get_pinned_cf_opt(cf, key, opts))
    }

    /// Returns the bytes associated with a key value with read options.
    pub fn get_pinned_opt<K: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &'_ self,
        key: K,
        readopts: &ReadOptions,
    ) -> Result<Option<DBPinnableSlice<'_>>, Error> {
        let key = key.as_ref();
        unsafe {
            let val = ffi_try!(ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_get_pinned(
                self.inner,
                readopts.inner,
                key.as_ptr() as *const c_char,
                key.len() as size_t,
            ));
            if val.is_null() {
                Ok(None)
            } else {
                Ok(Some(DBPinnableSlice::from_c(val)))
            }
        }
    }

    /// Returns the bytes associated with a key value and the given column family with read options.
    pub fn get_pinned_cf_opt<K: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &'_ self,
        cf: &impl AsColumnFamilyRef,
        key: K,
        readopts: &ReadOptions,
    ) -> Result<Option<DBPinnableSlice<'_>>, Error> {
        let key = key.as_ref();
        unsafe {
            let val = ffi_try!(ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_get_pinned_cf(
                self.inner,
                readopts.inner,
                cf.inner(),
                key.as_ptr() as *const c_char,
                key.len() as size_t,
            ));
            if val.is_null() {
                Ok(None)
            } else {
                Ok(Some(DBPinnableSlice::from_c(val)))
            }
        }
    }

    /// Return the values associated with the given keys.
    pub fn multi_get<K, I>(&self, keys: I) -> Vec<Result<Option<Vec<u8>>, Error>>
    where
        K: AsRef<[u8]>,
        I: IntoIterator<Item = K>,
    {
        DEFAULT_READ_OPTS.with(|opts| self.multi_get_opt(keys, opts))
    }

    /// Return the values associated with the given keys using read options.
    pub fn multi_get_opt<K, I>(
        &self,
        keys: I,
        readopts: &ReadOptions,
    ) -> Vec<Result<Option<Vec<u8>>, Error>>
    where
        K: AsRef<[u8]>,
        I: IntoIterator<Item = K>,
    {
        let owned_keys: Vec<K> = keys.into_iter().collect();
        let (ptr_keys, keys_sizes): (Vec<*const c_char>, Vec<usize>) = owned_keys
            .iter()
            .map(|k| {
                let key = k.as_ref();
                (key.as_ptr() as *const c_char, key.len())
            })
            .unzip();

        let mut values: Vec<*mut c_char> = Vec::with_capacity(ptr_keys.len());
        let mut values_sizes: Vec<usize> = Vec::with_capacity(ptr_keys.len());
        let mut errors: Vec<*mut c_char> = Vec::with_capacity(ptr_keys.len());
        unsafe {
            ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_multi_get(
                self.inner,
                readopts.inner,
                ptr_keys.len(),
                ptr_keys.as_ptr(),
                keys_sizes.as_ptr(),
                values.as_mut_ptr(),
                values_sizes.as_mut_ptr(),
                errors.as_mut_ptr(),
            );
        }

        unsafe {
            values.set_len(ptr_keys.len());
            values_sizes.set_len(ptr_keys.len());
            errors.set_len(ptr_keys.len());
        }

        convert_values(values, values_sizes, errors)
    }

    /// Return the values associated with the given keys and column families.
    pub fn multi_get_cf<'a, 'b: 'a, K, I, W>(
        &'a self,
        keys: I,
    ) -> Vec<Result<Option<Vec<u8>>, Error>>
    where
        K: AsRef<[u8]>,
        I: IntoIterator<Item = (&'b W, K)>,
        W: 'b + AsColumnFamilyRef,
    {
        DEFAULT_READ_OPTS.with(|opts| self.multi_get_cf_opt(keys, opts))
    }

    /// Return the values associated with the given keys and column families using read options.
    pub fn multi_get_cf_opt<'a, 'b: 'a, K, I, W>(
        &'a self,
        keys: I,
        readopts: &ReadOptions,
    ) -> Vec<Result<Option<Vec<u8>>, Error>>
    where
        K: AsRef<[u8]>,
        I: IntoIterator<Item = (&'b W, K)>,
        W: 'b + AsColumnFamilyRef,
    {
        let cfs_and_owned_keys: Vec<(&'b W, K)> = keys.into_iter().collect();
        let (ptr_keys, keys_sizes): (Vec<*const c_char>, Vec<usize>) = cfs_and_owned_keys
            .iter()
            .map(|(_, k)| {
                let key = k.as_ref();
                (key.as_ptr() as *const c_char, key.len())
            })
            .unzip();
        let ptr_cfs: Vec<*const ffi::rocksdb_column_family_handle_t> = cfs_and_owned_keys
            .iter()
            .map(|(c, _)| c.inner().cast_const())
            .collect();
        let mut values: Vec<*mut c_char> = Vec::with_capacity(ptr_keys.len());
        let mut values_sizes: Vec<usize> = Vec::with_capacity(ptr_keys.len());
        let mut errors: Vec<*mut c_char> = Vec::with_capacity(ptr_keys.len());
        unsafe {
            ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_multi_get_cf(
                self.inner,
                readopts.inner,
                ptr_cfs.as_ptr(),
                ptr_keys.len(),
                ptr_keys.as_ptr(),
                keys_sizes.as_ptr(),
                values.as_mut_ptr(),
                values_sizes.as_mut_ptr(),
                errors.as_mut_ptr(),
            );
        }

        unsafe {
            values.set_len(ptr_keys.len());
            values_sizes.set_len(ptr_keys.len());
            errors.set_len(ptr_keys.len());
        }

        convert_values(values, values_sizes, errors)
    }

    pub fn put<K, V>(&self, key: K, value: V) -> Result<(), Error>
    where
        K: AsRef<[u8]>,
        V: AsRef<[u8]>,
    {
        DEFAULT_WRITE_OPTS.with(|opts| self.put_opt(key, value, opts))
    }

    pub fn put_cf<K, V>(&self, cf: &impl AsColumnFamilyRef, key: K, value: V) -> Result<(), Error>
    where
        K: AsRef<[u8]>,
        V: AsRef<[u8]>,
    {
        DEFAULT_WRITE_OPTS.with(|opts| self.put_cf_opt(cf, key, value, opts))
    }

    pub fn put_opt<K, V>(&self, key: K, value: V, writeopts: &WriteOptions) -> Result<(), Error>
    where
        K: AsRef<[u8]>,
        V: AsRef<[u8]>,
    {
        let key = key.as_ref();
        let value = value.as_ref();
        unsafe {
            ffi_try!(ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_put(
                self.inner,
                writeopts.inner,
                key.as_ptr() as *const c_char,
                key.len() as size_t,
                value.as_ptr() as *const c_char,
                value.len() as size_t
            ));
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn put_cf_opt<K, V>(
        &self,
        cf: &impl AsColumnFamilyRef,
        key: K,
        value: V,
        writeopts: &WriteOptions,
    ) -> Result<(), Error>
    where
        K: AsRef<[u8]>,
        V: AsRef<[u8]>,
    {
        let key = key.as_ref();
        let value = value.as_ref();
        unsafe {
            ffi_try!(ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_put_cf(
                self.inner,
                writeopts.inner,
                cf.inner(),
                key.as_ptr() as *const c_char,
                key.len() as size_t,
                value.as_ptr() as *const c_char,
                value.len() as size_t
            ));
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn write(&self, batch: &WriteBatchWithTransaction<true>) -> Result<(), Error> {
        DEFAULT_WRITE_OPTS.with(|opts| self.write_opt(batch, opts))
    }

    pub fn write_opt(
        &self,
        batch: &WriteBatchWithTransaction<true>,
        writeopts: &WriteOptions,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        unsafe {
            ffi_try!(ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_write(
                self.inner,
                writeopts.inner,
                batch.inner
            ));
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn merge<K, V>(&self, key: K, value: V) -> Result<(), Error>
    where
        K: AsRef<[u8]>,
        V: AsRef<[u8]>,
    {
        DEFAULT_WRITE_OPTS.with(|opts| self.merge_opt(key, value, opts))
    }

    pub fn merge_cf<K, V>(&self, cf: &impl AsColumnFamilyRef, key: K, value: V) -> Result<(), Error>
    where
        K: AsRef<[u8]>,
        V: AsRef<[u8]>,
    {
        DEFAULT_WRITE_OPTS.with(|opts| self.merge_cf_opt(cf, key, value, opts))
    }

    pub fn merge_opt<K, V>(&self, key: K, value: V, writeopts: &WriteOptions) -> Result<(), Error>
    where
        K: AsRef<[u8]>,
        V: AsRef<[u8]>,
    {
        let key = key.as_ref();
        let value = value.as_ref();
        unsafe {
            ffi_try!(ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_merge(
                self.inner,
                writeopts.inner,
                key.as_ptr() as *const c_char,
                key.len() as size_t,
                value.as_ptr() as *const c_char,
                value.len() as size_t,
            ));
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    pub fn merge_cf_opt<K, V>(
        &self,
        cf: &impl AsColumnFamilyRef,
        key: K,
        value: V,
        writeopts: &WriteOptions,
    ) -> Result<(), Error>
    where
        K: AsRef<[u8]>,
        V: AsRef<[u8]>,
    {
        let key = key.as_ref();
        let value = value.as_ref();
        unsafe {
            ffi_try!(ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_merge_cf(
                self.inner,
                writeopts.inner,
                cf.inner(),
                key.as_ptr() as *const c_char,
                key.len() as size_t,
                value.as_ptr() as *const c_char,
                value.len() as size_t,
            ));
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    pub fn delete<K: AsRef<[u8]>>(&self, key: K) -> Result<(), Error> {
        DEFAULT_WRITE_OPTS.with(|opts| self.delete_opt(key, opts))
    }

    pub fn delete_cf<K: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &self,
        cf: &impl AsColumnFamilyRef,
        key: K,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        DEFAULT_WRITE_OPTS.with(|opts| self.delete_cf_opt(cf, key, opts))
    }

    pub fn delete_opt<K: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &self,
        key: K,
        writeopts: &WriteOptions,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        let key = key.as_ref();
        unsafe {
            ffi_try!(ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_delete(
                self.inner,
                writeopts.inner,
                key.as_ptr() as *const c_char,
                key.len() as size_t,
            ));
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn delete_cf_opt<K: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &self,
        cf: &impl AsColumnFamilyRef,
        key: K,
        writeopts: &WriteOptions,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        let key = key.as_ref();
        unsafe {
            ffi_try!(ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_delete_cf(
                self.inner,
                writeopts.inner,
                cf.inner(),
                key.as_ptr() as *const c_char,
                key.len() as size_t,
            ));
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn iterator<'a: 'b, 'b>(
        &'a self,
        mode: IteratorMode,
    ) -> DBIteratorWithThreadMode<'b, Self> {
        let readopts = ReadOptions::default();
        self.iterator_opt(mode, readopts)
    }

    pub fn iterator_opt<'a: 'b, 'b>(
        &'a self,
        mode: IteratorMode,
        readopts: ReadOptions,
    ) -> DBIteratorWithThreadMode<'b, Self> {
        DBIteratorWithThreadMode::new(self, readopts, mode)
    }

    /// Opens an iterator using the provided ReadOptions.
    /// This is used when you want to iterate over a specific ColumnFamily with a modified ReadOptions
    pub fn iterator_cf_opt<'a: 'b, 'b>(
        &'a self,
        cf_handle: &impl AsColumnFamilyRef,
        readopts: ReadOptions,
        mode: IteratorMode,
    ) -> DBIteratorWithThreadMode<'b, Self> {
        DBIteratorWithThreadMode::new_cf(self, cf_handle.inner(), readopts, mode)
    }

    /// Opens an iterator with `set_total_order_seek` enabled.
    /// This must be used to iterate across prefixes when `set_memtable_factory` has been called
    /// with a Hash-based implementation.
    pub fn full_iterator<'a: 'b, 'b>(
        &'a self,
        mode: IteratorMode,
    ) -> DBIteratorWithThreadMode<'b, Self> {
        let mut opts = ReadOptions::default();
        opts.set_total_order_seek(true);
        DBIteratorWithThreadMode::new(self, opts, mode)
    }

    pub fn prefix_iterator<'a: 'b, 'b, P: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &'a self,
        prefix: P,
    ) -> DBIteratorWithThreadMode<'b, Self> {
        let mut opts = ReadOptions::default();
        opts.set_prefix_same_as_start(true);
        DBIteratorWithThreadMode::new(
            self,
            opts,
            IteratorMode::From(prefix.as_ref(), Direction::Forward),
        )
    }

    pub fn iterator_cf<'a: 'b, 'b>(
        &'a self,
        cf_handle: &impl AsColumnFamilyRef,
        mode: IteratorMode,
    ) -> DBIteratorWithThreadMode<'b, Self> {
        let opts = ReadOptions::default();
        DBIteratorWithThreadMode::new_cf(self, cf_handle.inner(), opts, mode)
    }

    pub fn full_iterator_cf<'a: 'b, 'b>(
        &'a self,
        cf_handle: &impl AsColumnFamilyRef,
        mode: IteratorMode,
    ) -> DBIteratorWithThreadMode<'b, Self> {
        let mut opts = ReadOptions::default();
        opts.set_total_order_seek(true);
        DBIteratorWithThreadMode::new_cf(self, cf_handle.inner(), opts, mode)
    }

    pub fn prefix_iterator_cf<'a, P: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &'a self,
        cf_handle: &impl AsColumnFamilyRef,
        prefix: P,
    ) -> DBIteratorWithThreadMode<'a, Self> {
        let mut opts = ReadOptions::default();
        opts.set_prefix_same_as_start(true);
        DBIteratorWithThreadMode::<'a, Self>::new_cf(
            self,
            cf_handle.inner(),
            opts,
            IteratorMode::From(prefix.as_ref(), Direction::Forward),
        )
    }

    /// Opens a raw iterator over the database, using the default read options
    pub fn raw_iterator<'a: 'b, 'b>(&'a self) -> DBRawIteratorWithThreadMode<'b, Self> {
        let opts = ReadOptions::default();
        DBRawIteratorWithThreadMode::new(self, opts)
    }

    /// Opens a raw iterator over the given column family, using the default read options
    pub fn raw_iterator_cf<'a: 'b, 'b>(
        &'a self,
        cf_handle: &impl AsColumnFamilyRef,
    ) -> DBRawIteratorWithThreadMode<'b, Self> {
        let opts = ReadOptions::default();
        DBRawIteratorWithThreadMode::new_cf(self, cf_handle.inner(), opts)
    }

    /// Opens a raw iterator over the database, using the given read options
    pub fn raw_iterator_opt<'a: 'b, 'b>(
        &'a self,
        readopts: ReadOptions,
    ) -> DBRawIteratorWithThreadMode<'b, Self> {
        DBRawIteratorWithThreadMode::new(self, readopts)
    }

    /// Opens a raw iterator over the given column family, using the given read options
    pub fn raw_iterator_cf_opt<'a: 'b, 'b>(
        &'a self,
        cf_handle: &impl AsColumnFamilyRef,
        readopts: ReadOptions,
    ) -> DBRawIteratorWithThreadMode<'b, Self> {
        DBRawIteratorWithThreadMode::new_cf(self, cf_handle.inner(), readopts)
    }

    pub fn snapshot(&'_ self) -> SnapshotWithThreadMode<'_, Self> {
        SnapshotWithThreadMode::<Self>::new(self)
    }

    /// Marks the column family as dropped in RocksDB.
    ///
    /// Deliberately does not take ownership of the handle. Callers must take
    /// the handle out of their map first, so that only one caller can ever
    /// *destroy* a given handle, and must put it back if this fails: destroying
    /// it on failure would leave the column family still present in the DB with
    /// no reachable handle.
    ///
    /// Other threads can still be holding a live `BoundColumnFamily` clone for
    /// this handle; the `Arc` refcount keeps it alive until the last one drops.
    fn mark_column_family_dropped(
        &self,
        cf_inner: *mut ffi::rocksdb_column_family_handle_t,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        unsafe {
            ffi_try!(ffi::rocksdb_drop_column_family(
                self.inner as *mut ffi::rocksdb_t,
                cf_inner
            ));
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

impl TransactionDB<SingleThreaded> {
    /// Creates column family with given name and options.
    pub fn create_cf<N: AsRef<str>>(&mut self, name: N, opts: &Options) -> Result<(), Error> {
        let inner = self.create_inner_cf_handle(name.as_ref(), opts)?;
        self.cfs
            .cfs
            .insert(name.as_ref().to_string(), ColumnFamily { inner });
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Returns the underlying column family handle.
    pub fn cf_handle(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&ColumnFamily> {
        self.cfs.cfs.get(name)
    }

    /// Drops the column family with the given name
    pub fn drop_cf(&mut self, name: &str) -> Result<(), Error> {
        let Some(cf) = self.cfs.cfs.remove(name) else {
            return Err(Error::new(format!("Invalid column family: {name}")));
        };
        match self.mark_column_family_dropped(cf.inner) {
            // `cf` is dropped here. In single-threaded mode that destroys the
            // handle; in `MultiThreaded` mode it drops one `Arc` reference and
            // the handle is destroyed once the last `BoundColumnFamily` clone
            // handed out by `cf_handle` is gone.
            Ok(()) => Ok(()),
            Err(e) => {
                // The column family is still there, so put the handle back
                // rather than destroying the only way to reach it.
                self.cfs.cfs.insert(name.to_owned(), cf);
                Err(e)
            }
        }
    }
}

impl TransactionDB<MultiThreaded> {
    /// Creates column family with given name and options.
    pub fn create_cf<N: AsRef<str>>(&self, name: N, opts: &Options) -> Result<(), Error> {
        // Note that we acquire the cfs lock before inserting: otherwise we might race
        // another caller who observed the handle as missing.
        let mut cfs = self.cfs.cfs.write();
        let inner = self.create_inner_cf_handle(name.as_ref(), opts)?;
        cfs.insert(
            name.as_ref().to_string(),
            Arc::new(UnboundColumnFamily { inner }),
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Returns the underlying column family handle.
    pub fn cf_handle(&'_ self, name: &str) -> Option<Arc<BoundColumnFamily<'_>>> {
        self.cfs
            .cfs
            .read()
            .get(name)
            .cloned()
            .map(UnboundColumnFamily::bound_column_family)
    }

    /// Drops the column family with the given name by internally locking the inner column
    /// family map. This avoids needing `&mut self` reference
    pub fn drop_cf(&self, name: &str) -> Result<(), Error> {
        // Take the handle out under the write lock before touching RocksDB.
        // Looking it up under a read lock and removing it afterwards would let
        // two concurrent callers observe the same handle: the first would drop
        // and destroy it, and the second would then hand a freed pointer to
        // `rocksdb_drop_column_family`.
        let Some(cf) = self.cfs.cfs.write().remove(name) else {
            return Err(Error::new(format!("Invalid column family: {name}")));
        };
        match self.mark_column_family_dropped(cf.inner) {
            // `cf` is dropped here. In single-threaded mode that destroys the
            // handle; in `MultiThreaded` mode it drops one `Arc` reference and
            // the handle is destroyed once the last `BoundColumnFamily` clone
            // handed out by `cf_handle` is gone.
            Ok(()) => Ok(()),
            Err(e) => {
                // The column family is still there, so put the handle back
                // rather than destroying the only way to reach it.
                self.cfs.cfs.write().insert(name.to_owned(), cf);
                Err(e)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Implementation for property_value et al methods.
    ///
    /// `name` is the name of the property.  It will be converted into a CString
    /// and passed to `get_property` as argument.  `get_property` reads the
    /// specified property and either returns NULL or a pointer to a C allocated
    /// string; this method takes ownership of that string and will free it at
    /// the end. That string is parsed using `parse` callback which produces
    /// the returned result.
    fn property_value_impl<R>(
        name: impl CStrLike,
        get_property: impl FnOnce(*const c_char) -> *mut c_char,
        parse: impl FnOnce(&str) -> Result<R, Error>,
    ) -> Result<Option<R>, Error> {
        let value = match name.bake() {
            Ok(prop_name) => get_property(prop_name.as_ptr()),
            Err(e) => {
                return Err(Error::new(format!(
                    "Failed to convert property name to CString: {e}"
                )));
            }
        };
        if value.is_null() {
            return Ok(None);
        }
        let result = match unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(value) }.to_str() {
            Ok(s) => parse(s).map(|value| Some(value)),
            Err(e) => Err(Error::new(format!(
                "Failed to convert property value to string: {e}"
            ))),
        };
        unsafe {
            ffi::rocksdb_free(value as *mut c_void);
        }
        result
    }

    /// Retrieves a RocksDB property by name.
    ///
    /// Full list of properties could be find
    /// [here](https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/blob/08809f5e6cd9cc4bc3958dd4d59457ae78c76660/include/rocksdb/db.h#L428-L634).
    pub fn property_value(&self, name: impl CStrLike) -> Result<Option<String>, Error> {
        Self::property_value_impl(
            name,
            |prop_name| unsafe { ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_property_value(self.inner, prop_name) },
            |str_value| Ok(str_value.to_owned()),
        )
    }

    fn property_int_value_impl(
        name: impl CStrLike,
        get_property: impl FnOnce(*const c_char, *mut u64) -> c_int,
        get_string_property: impl FnOnce(*const c_char) -> *mut c_char,
    ) -> Result<Option<u64>, Error> {
        let prop_name = name.bake().map_err(|err| {
            Error::new(format!("Failed to convert property name to CString: {err}"))
        })?;
        let mut value = 0;
        if get_property(prop_name.as_ptr(), &raw mut value) == 0 {
            return Ok(Some(value));
        }

        Self::property_value_impl(
            prop_name.as_ref(),
            get_string_property,
            Self::parse_property_int_value,
        )
    }

    fn parse_property_int_value(value: &str) -> Result<u64, Error> {
        value.parse::<u64>().map_err(|err| {
            Error::new(format!(
                "Failed to convert property value {value} to int: {err}"
            ))
        })
    }

    /// Retrieves a RocksDB property and casts it to an integer.
    ///
    /// Full list of properties that return int values could be find
    /// [here](https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/blob/08809f5e6cd9cc4bc3958dd4d59457ae78c76660/include/rocksdb/db.h#L654-L689).
    pub fn property_int_value(&self, name: impl CStrLike) -> Result<Option<u64>, Error> {
        Self::property_int_value_impl(
            name,
            |prop_name, value| unsafe {
                ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_property_int(self.inner, prop_name, value)
            },
            |prop_name| unsafe { ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_property_value(self.inner, prop_name) },
        )
    }
}

impl<T: ThreadMode> Drop for TransactionDB<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        unsafe {
            self.prepared_transactions().clear();
            self.cfs.drop_all_cfs_internal();
            ffi::rocksdb_transactiondb_close(self.inner);
        }
    }
}