runmat_plot/

event.rs

use crate::core::{BoundingBox, Vertex};
use crate::plots::{
    AreaPlot, AxesKind, AxesMetadata, BarChart, ColorMap, ContourFillPlot, ContourPlot, ErrorBar,
    Figure, LegendEntry, LegendStyle, Line3Plot, LinePlot, MarkerStyle, MeshDeformation,
    MeshEdgeMode, MeshFieldLocation, MeshPlot, MeshRegion, MeshScalarField, MeshTriangleRange,
    MeshVectorField, PatchEdgeColorMode, PatchFaceColorMode, PatchPlot, PlotElement, PlotType,
    QuiverPlot, ReferenceLine, ReferenceLineOrientation, Scatter3Plot, ScatterPlot, ShadingMode,
    StairsPlot, StemPlot, SurfacePlot, TextStyle,
};
use glam::{Vec3, Vec4};
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use std::{error::Error, fmt};

/// High-level event emitted whenever a figure changes.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
pub struct FigureEvent {
    pub handle: u32,
    pub kind: FigureEventKind,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub fingerprint: Option<String>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub figure: Option<FigureSnapshot>,
}

/// Event kind for figure lifecycle + updates.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
pub enum FigureEventKind {
    Created,
    Updated,
    Cleared,
    Closed,
}

/// Snapshot of the figure state describing layout + plots.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
pub struct FigureSnapshot {
    pub layout: FigureLayout,
    pub metadata: FigureMetadata,
    pub plots: Vec<PlotDescriptor>,
}

/// Full replay scene payload capable of reconstructing a figure.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
pub struct FigureScene {
    pub schema_version: u32,
    pub layout: FigureLayout,
    pub metadata: FigureMetadata,
    pub plots: Vec<ScenePlot>,
}

pub const DEFAULT_FIGURE_SCENE_EXPORT_BUDGET_BYTES: usize = 8 * 1024 * 1024;

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct SceneExportPolicy {
    pub max_scene_bytes: usize,
}

impl Default for SceneExportPolicy {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            max_scene_bytes: DEFAULT_FIGURE_SCENE_EXPORT_BUDGET_BYTES,
        }
    }
}

pub fn resolve_scene_export_policy(max_scene_bytes: Option<usize>) -> SceneExportPolicy {
    SceneExportPolicy {
        max_scene_bytes: max_scene_bytes
            .filter(|bytes| *bytes > 0)
            .unwrap_or(DEFAULT_FIGURE_SCENE_EXPORT_BUDGET_BYTES),
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum SceneExportErrorKind {
    BudgetExceeded,
    UnexportableGpuData,
    Serialization,
    Readback,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct SceneExportError {
    pub kind: SceneExportErrorKind,
    pub message: String,
}

impl SceneExportError {
    fn budget_exceeded(used: usize, added: usize, max: usize) -> Self {
        Self {
            kind: SceneExportErrorKind::BudgetExceeded,
            message: format!(
                "figure scene export exceeds budget: {} + {} bytes > {} bytes",
                used, added, max
            ),
        }
    }

    fn unexportable(message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        Self {
            kind: SceneExportErrorKind::UnexportableGpuData,
            message: message.into(),
        }
    }

    fn serialization(message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        Self {
            kind: SceneExportErrorKind::Serialization,
            message: message.into(),
        }
    }

    fn readback(message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        Self {
            kind: SceneExportErrorKind::Readback,
            message: message.into(),
        }
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for SceneExportError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        f.write_str(&self.message)
    }
}

impl Error for SceneExportError {}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
struct SceneExportBudget {
    max_bytes: usize,
    used_bytes: usize,
}

impl SceneExportBudget {
    fn new(policy: SceneExportPolicy) -> Self {
        Self {
            max_bytes: policy.max_scene_bytes,
            used_bytes: 0,
        }
    }

    fn reserve_plot(&mut self, plot: &ScenePlot) -> Result<(), SceneExportError> {
        let bytes = serde_json::to_vec(plot)
            .map_err(|err| SceneExportError::serialization(err.to_string()))?;
        self.reserve_bytes(bytes.len())
    }

    fn reserve_bytes(&mut self, byte_len: usize) -> Result<(), SceneExportError> {
        let next = self.used_bytes.saturating_add(byte_len);
        if next > self.max_bytes {
            return Err(SceneExportError::budget_exceeded(
                self.used_bytes,
                byte_len,
                self.max_bytes,
            ));
        }
        self.used_bytes = next;
        Ok(())
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "snake_case")]
pub enum ScenePlot {
    Line {
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        x: Vec<f64>,
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        y: Vec<f64>,
        color_rgba: [f32; 4],
        line_width: f32,
        line_style: String,
        axes_index: u32,
        label: Option<String>,
        visible: bool,
    },
    ReferenceLine {
        orientation: String,
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_f64_lossy")]
        value: f64,
        color_rgba: [f32; 4],
        line_width: f32,
        line_style: String,
        label: Option<String>,
        display_name: Option<String>,
        label_orientation: String,
        axes_index: u32,
        visible: bool,
    },
    Scatter {
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        x: Vec<f64>,
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        y: Vec<f64>,
        color_rgba: [f32; 4],
        marker_size: f32,
        marker_style: String,
        axes_index: u32,
        label: Option<String>,
        visible: bool,
    },
    Bar {
        labels: Vec<String>,
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        values: Vec<f64>,
        #[serde(default, deserialize_with = "deserialize_option_vec_f64_lossy")]
        histogram_bin_edges: Option<Vec<f64>>,
        #[serde(default)]
        polar_histogram: bool,
        #[serde(default)]
        polar_histogram_display_style: Option<String>,
        color_rgba: [f32; 4],
        #[serde(default)]
        outline_color_rgba: Option<[f32; 4]>,
        bar_width: f32,
        outline_width: f32,
        orientation: String,
        group_index: u32,
        group_count: u32,
        #[serde(default, deserialize_with = "deserialize_option_vec_f64_lossy")]
        stack_offsets: Option<Vec<f64>>,
        axes_index: u32,
        label: Option<String>,
        visible: bool,
    },
    ErrorBar {
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        x: Vec<f64>,
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        y: Vec<f64>,
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        err_low: Vec<f64>,
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        err_high: Vec<f64>,
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        x_err_low: Vec<f64>,
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        x_err_high: Vec<f64>,
        orientation: String,
        color_rgba: [f32; 4],
        line_width: f32,
        line_style: String,
        cap_width: f32,
        marker_style: Option<String>,
        marker_size: Option<f32>,
        marker_face_color: Option<[f32; 4]>,
        marker_edge_color: Option<[f32; 4]>,
        marker_filled: Option<bool>,
        axes_index: u32,
        label: Option<String>,
        visible: bool,
    },
    Stairs {
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        x: Vec<f64>,
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        y: Vec<f64>,
        color_rgba: [f32; 4],
        line_width: f32,
        axes_index: u32,
        label: Option<String>,
        visible: bool,
    },
    Stem {
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        x: Vec<f64>,
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        y: Vec<f64>,
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_f64_lossy")]
        baseline: f64,
        color_rgba: [f32; 4],
        line_width: f32,
        line_style: String,
        baseline_color_rgba: [f32; 4],
        baseline_visible: bool,
        marker_color_rgba: [f32; 4],
        marker_size: f32,
        marker_filled: bool,
        axes_index: u32,
        label: Option<String>,
        visible: bool,
    },
    Area {
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        x: Vec<f64>,
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        y: Vec<f64>,
        #[serde(default, deserialize_with = "deserialize_option_vec_f64_lossy")]
        lower_y: Option<Vec<f64>>,
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_f64_lossy")]
        baseline: f64,
        color_rgba: [f32; 4],
        axes_index: u32,
        label: Option<String>,
        visible: bool,
    },
    Quiver {
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        x: Vec<f64>,
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        y: Vec<f64>,
        #[serde(default, deserialize_with = "deserialize_option_vec_f64_lossy")]
        z: Option<Vec<f64>>,
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        u: Vec<f64>,
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        v: Vec<f64>,
        #[serde(default, deserialize_with = "deserialize_option_vec_f64_lossy")]
        w: Option<Vec<f64>>,
        color_rgba: [f32; 4],
        line_width: f32,
        scale: f32,
        head_size: f32,
        axes_index: u32,
        label: Option<String>,
        visible: bool,
    },
    Surface {
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        x: Vec<f64>,
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        y: Vec<f64>,
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_matrix_f64_lossy")]
        z: Vec<Vec<f64>>,
        #[serde(default)]
        x_grid: Option<Vec<Vec<f64>>>,
        #[serde(default)]
        y_grid: Option<Vec<Vec<f64>>>,
        colormap: String,
        shading_mode: String,
        wireframe: bool,
        alpha: f32,
        flatten_z: bool,
        #[serde(default)]
        image_mode: bool,
        #[serde(default)]
        color_grid_rgba: Option<Vec<Vec<[f32; 4]>>>,
        #[serde(default, deserialize_with = "deserialize_option_pair_f64_lossy")]
        color_limits: Option<[f64; 2]>,
        axes_index: u32,
        label: Option<String>,
        visible: bool,
    },
    Patch {
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_xyz_f32_lossy")]
        vertices: Vec<[f32; 3]>,
        faces: Vec<Vec<u32>>,
        face_color_rgba: [f32; 4],
        edge_color_rgba: [f32; 4],
        face_color_mode: String,
        edge_color_mode: String,
        face_alpha: f32,
        edge_alpha: f32,
        line_width: f32,
        axes_index: u32,
        label: Option<String>,
        visible: bool,
        #[serde(default)]
        force_3d: bool,
    },
    Mesh {
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_xyz_f32_lossy")]
        vertices: Vec<[f32; 3]>,
        triangles: Vec<[u32; 3]>,
        mesh_id: Option<String>,
        face_color_rgba: [f32; 4],
        edge_color_rgba: [f32; 4],
        face_alpha: f32,
        edge_alpha: f32,
        edge_width: f32,
        #[serde(default)]
        edge_mode: String,
        #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
        feature_edge_groups: Vec<u64>,
        #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
        vertex_colors_rgba: Vec<[f32; 4]>,
        #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
        triangle_colors_rgba: Vec<[f32; 4]>,
        axes_index: u32,
        label: Option<String>,
        #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
        regions: Vec<SerializedMeshRegion>,
        #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
        highlighted_region_id: Option<String>,
        #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
        highlight_color_rgba: Option<[f32; 4]>,
        #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
        scalar_field: Option<Box<SerializedMeshScalarField>>,
        #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
        vector_field: Option<Box<SerializedMeshVectorField>>,
        #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
        deformation: Option<Box<SerializedMeshDeformation>>,
        visible: bool,
    },
    Line3 {
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        x: Vec<f64>,
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        y: Vec<f64>,
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        z: Vec<f64>,
        color_rgba: [f32; 4],
        line_width: f32,
        line_style: String,
        axes_index: u32,
        label: Option<String>,
        visible: bool,
    },
    Scatter3 {
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_xyz_f32_lossy")]
        points: Vec<[f32; 3]>,
        #[serde(default, deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_rgba_f32_lossy")]
        colors_rgba: Vec<[f32; 4]>,
        point_size: f32,
        #[serde(default, deserialize_with = "deserialize_option_vec_f32_lossy")]
        point_sizes: Option<Vec<f32>>,
        axes_index: u32,
        label: Option<String>,
        visible: bool,
    },
    Contour {
        vertices: Vec<SerializedVertex>,
        bounds_min: [f32; 3],
        bounds_max: [f32; 3],
        base_z: f32,
        line_width: f32,
        axes_index: u32,
        label: Option<String>,
        visible: bool,
        #[serde(default)]
        force_3d: bool,
    },
    ContourFill {
        vertices: Vec<SerializedVertex>,
        bounds_min: [f32; 3],
        bounds_max: [f32; 3],
        axes_index: u32,
        label: Option<String>,
        visible: bool,
    },
    Pie {
        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f64_lossy")]
        values: Vec<f64>,
        colors_rgba: Vec<[f32; 4]>,
        slice_labels: Vec<String>,
        label_format: Option<String>,
        explode: Vec<bool>,
        axes_index: u32,
        label: Option<String>,
        visible: bool,
    },
    Unsupported {
        plot_kind: PlotKind,
        axes_index: u32,
        label: Option<String>,
        visible: bool,
    },
}

impl FigureSnapshot {
    /// Capture a snapshot from a [`Figure`] reference.
    pub fn capture(figure: &Figure) -> Self {
        let (rows, cols) = figure.axes_grid();
        let layout = FigureLayout {
            axes_rows: rows as u32,
            axes_cols: cols as u32,
            axes_indices: figure
                .plot_axes_indices()
                .iter()
                .map(|idx| *idx as u32)
                .collect(),
        };

        let metadata = FigureMetadata::from_figure(figure);

        let plots = figure
            .plots()
            .enumerate()
            .map(|(idx, plot)| PlotDescriptor::from_plot(plot, figure_axis_index(figure, idx)))
            .collect();

        Self {
            layout,
            metadata,
            plots,
        }
    }

    pub fn fingerprint(&self) -> String {
        const FNV_OFFSET_BASIS: u64 = 0xcbf29ce484222325;
        const FNV_PRIME: u64 = 0x100000001b3;

        let bytes = serde_json::to_vec(self).unwrap_or_default();
        let mut hash = FNV_OFFSET_BASIS;
        for byte in bytes {
            hash ^= u64::from(byte);
            hash = hash.wrapping_mul(FNV_PRIME);
        }
        format!("fig:{hash:016x}")
    }
}

impl FigureScene {
    pub const SCHEMA_VERSION: u32 = 3;

    pub fn capture(figure: &Figure) -> Self {
        let snapshot = FigureSnapshot::capture(figure);
        let plots = figure
            .plots()
            .enumerate()
            .map(|(idx, plot)| ScenePlot::from_plot(plot, figure_axis_index(figure, idx)))
            .collect();

        Self {
            schema_version: Self::SCHEMA_VERSION,
            layout: snapshot.layout,
            metadata: snapshot.metadata,
            plots,
        }
    }

    pub async fn capture_for_export(
        figure: &Figure,
        policy: SceneExportPolicy,
    ) -> Result<Self, SceneExportError> {
        let snapshot = FigureSnapshot::capture(figure);
        let mut budget = SceneExportBudget::new(policy);
        let mut plots = Vec::new();

        for (idx, plot) in figure.plots().enumerate() {
            let scene_plot =
                ScenePlot::from_plot_for_export(plot, figure_axis_index(figure, idx)).await?;
            budget.reserve_plot(&scene_plot)?;
            plots.push(scene_plot);
        }

        Ok(Self {
            schema_version: Self::SCHEMA_VERSION,
            layout: snapshot.layout,
            metadata: snapshot.metadata,
            plots,
        })
    }

    pub fn from_geometry_scene(scene: &crate::geometry_scene::GeometryScene) -> Self {
        let mut figure = Figure::new()
            .with_grid(scene.show_grid)
            .with_legend(false)
            .with_axis_equal(scene.axis_equal);
        figure.title = scene.title.clone();
        figure.x_label = Some("X".to_string());
        figure.y_label = Some("Y".to_string());
        figure.z_label = Some("Z".to_string());
        figure.set_axes_view(0, -38.0, 24.0);
        let snapshot = FigureSnapshot::capture(&figure);
        let plots = scene
            .chunks
            .iter()
            .filter_map(scene_chunk_to_mesh_plot)
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

        Self {
            schema_version: Self::SCHEMA_VERSION,
            layout: FigureLayout {
                axes_rows: 1,
                axes_cols: 1,
                axes_indices: vec![0; plots.len()],
            },
            metadata: snapshot.metadata,
            plots,
        }
    }

    pub fn into_figure(self) -> Result<Figure, String> {
        self.validate_schema_version()?;

        let mut figure = Figure::new();
        figure.set_subplot_grid(
            self.layout.axes_rows as usize,
            self.layout.axes_cols as usize,
        );
        figure.active_axes_index = self.metadata.active_axes_index as usize;
        if let Some(axes_metadata) = self.metadata.axes_metadata.clone() {
            figure.axes_metadata = axes_metadata.into_iter().map(AxesMetadata::from).collect();
            figure.set_active_axes_index(figure.active_axes_index);
        } else {
            figure.title = self.metadata.title;
            figure.x_label = self.metadata.x_label;
            figure.y_label = self.metadata.y_label;
            figure.legend_enabled = self.metadata.legend_enabled;
            figure.set_axes_data_aspect_ratio(
                figure.active_axes_index,
                self.metadata.data_aspect_ratio,
                self.metadata.data_aspect_ratio_mode.clone(),
            );
            if self.metadata.axis_equal {
                figure.set_axes_axis_equal(figure.active_axes_index, true);
            }
        }
        figure.name = self.metadata.name;
        figure.number_title = self.metadata.number_title;
        figure.visible = self.metadata.visible;
        if let Some(position) = self.metadata.position {
            validate_figure_position(position)?;
            figure.set_position(position);
        }
        figure.sg_title = self.metadata.sg_title;
        figure.sg_title_style = self
            .metadata
            .sg_title_style
            .map(TextStyle::from)
            .unwrap_or_default();
        figure.grid_enabled = self.metadata.grid_enabled;
        figure.minor_grid_enabled = self.metadata.minor_grid_enabled;
        figure.z_limits = self.metadata.z_limits.map(|[lo, hi]| (lo, hi));
        figure.colorbar_enabled = self.metadata.colorbar_enabled;
        figure.axis_equal = self.metadata.axis_equal;
        figure.background_color = rgba_to_vec4(self.metadata.background_rgba);

        for plot in self.plots {
            plot.apply_to_figure(&mut figure)?;
        }

        Ok(figure)
    }

    pub fn into_geometry_scene(
        self,
        scene_id: impl Into<String>,
        revision: u64,
    ) -> Result<crate::GeometryScene, String> {
        self.validate_schema_version()?;
        let scene_id = scene_id.into();
        let mut chunks = Vec::new();
        for (plot_index, plot) in self.plots.into_iter().enumerate() {
            append_geometry_scene_chunks(&scene_id, plot_index, plot, &mut chunks)?;
        }
        if chunks.is_empty() {
            return Err("figure scene does not contain renderable mesh plots".to_string());
        }
        let mut scene = crate::GeometryScene::new(scene_id, revision, chunks).with_title(
            self.metadata
                .title
                .unwrap_or_else(|| "Geometry Preview".to_string()),
        );
        scene.show_grid = self.metadata.grid_enabled;
        scene.axis_equal = self.metadata.axis_equal;
        Ok(scene)
    }

    fn validate_schema_version(&self) -> Result<(), String> {
        if self.schema_version == 0 || self.schema_version > FigureScene::SCHEMA_VERSION {
            return Err(format!(
                "unsupported figure scene schema version {} (supported 1..={})",
                self.schema_version,
                FigureScene::SCHEMA_VERSION
            ));
        }
        if self.schema_version < 2
            && self
                .plots
                .iter()
                .any(|plot| matches!(plot, ScenePlot::Patch { .. }))
        {
            return Err(format!(
                "patch plots require figure scene schema version {}",
                2
            ));
        }
        if self.schema_version < 3
            && self
                .plots
                .iter()
                .any(|plot| matches!(plot, ScenePlot::Mesh { .. }))
        {
            return Err(format!(
                "mesh plots require figure scene schema version {}",
                3
            ));
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

fn validate_figure_position(position: [f64; 4]) -> Result<(), String> {
    if !position.iter().all(|value| value.is_finite()) {
        return Err("figure scene metadata Position values must be finite".to_string());
    }
    if position[2] <= 0.0 || position[3] <= 0.0 {
        return Err("figure scene metadata Position width and height must be positive".to_string());
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn append_geometry_scene_chunks(
    scene_id: &str,
    plot_index: usize,
    plot: ScenePlot,
    chunks: &mut Vec<crate::GeometrySceneChunk>,
) -> Result<(), String> {
    let ScenePlot::Mesh {
        vertices,
        triangles,
        mesh_id,
        face_color_rgba,
        edge_color_rgba,
        face_alpha,
        edge_alpha,
        edge_width,
        edge_mode,
        feature_edge_groups,
        vertex_colors_rgba,
        triangle_colors_rgba,
        axes_index: _,
        label,
        regions,
        highlighted_region_id,
        highlight_color_rgba,
        scalar_field,
        vector_field,
        deformation,
        visible,
    } = plot
    else {
        return Ok(());
    };

    if !visible {
        return Ok(());
    }

    let region_metadata = regions
        .iter()
        .cloned()
        .map(crate::geometry_scene::GeometrySceneRegion::from)
        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
    let mesh_id_for_chunk = mesh_id
        .clone()
        .unwrap_or_else(|| format!("mesh_{}", plot_index + 1));
    let mut mesh = MeshPlot::new(vertices.into_iter().map(xyz_to_vec3).collect(), triangles)?;
    mesh.set_mesh_id(mesh_id.clone());
    mesh.set_face_color(rgba_to_vec4(face_color_rgba));
    mesh.set_edge_color(rgba_to_vec4(edge_color_rgba));
    mesh.set_face_alpha(face_alpha);
    mesh.set_edge_alpha(edge_alpha);
    mesh.set_edge_width(edge_width);
    mesh.set_edge_mode(parse_mesh_edge_mode(&edge_mode));
    if !feature_edge_groups.is_empty() {
        mesh.set_feature_edge_groups(Some(feature_edge_groups))?;
    }
    if !vertex_colors_rgba.is_empty() {
        mesh.set_vertex_colors(Some(
            vertex_colors_rgba.into_iter().map(rgba_to_vec4).collect(),
        ))?;
    }
    if !triangle_colors_rgba.is_empty() {
        mesh.set_triangle_colors(Some(
            triangle_colors_rgba.into_iter().map(rgba_to_vec4).collect(),
        ))?;
    }
    mesh.set_label(label.clone());
    mesh.set_regions(regions.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect());
    mesh.set_highlighted_region_id(highlighted_region_id);
    if let Some(color) = highlight_color_rgba {
        mesh.set_highlight_color(rgba_to_vec4(color));
    }
    if let Some(field) = scalar_field {
        mesh.set_scalar_field(Some((*field).try_into()?))?;
    }
    if let Some(field) = vector_field {
        mesh.set_vector_field(Some((*field).try_into()?))?;
    }
    if let Some(field) = deformation {
        mesh.set_deformation(Some((*field).into()))?;
    }

    let face_render_data = mesh.render_data();
    chunks.push(
        crate::GeometrySceneChunk::from_render_data(
            format!("{scene_id}:{mesh_id_for_chunk}:faces:{plot_index}"),
            face_render_data,
        )
        .with_mesh_id(mesh_id_for_chunk.clone())
        .with_label(label.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| mesh_id_for_chunk.clone()))
        .with_regions(region_metadata),
    );

    if let Some(edge_render_data) = mesh.edge_render_data() {
        chunks.push(
            crate::GeometrySceneChunk::from_render_data(
                format!("{scene_id}:{mesh_id_for_chunk}:edges:{plot_index}"),
                edge_render_data,
            )
            .with_mesh_id(mesh_id_for_chunk.clone())
            .with_label(format!(
                "{} edges",
                label.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| mesh_id_for_chunk.clone())
            )),
        );
    }

    if let Some(vector_render_data) = mesh.vector_render_data() {
        chunks.push(
            crate::GeometrySceneChunk::from_render_data(
                format!("{scene_id}:{mesh_id_for_chunk}:vectors:{plot_index}"),
                vector_render_data,
            )
            .with_mesh_id(mesh_id_for_chunk.clone())
            .with_label(format!(
                "{} vectors",
                label.unwrap_or_else(|| mesh_id_for_chunk.clone())
            )),
        );
    }

    Ok(())
}

fn scene_chunk_to_mesh_plot(
    chunk: &crate::geometry_scene::GeometrySceneChunk,
) -> Option<ScenePlot> {
    if chunk.render_data.pipeline_type != crate::core::PipelineType::Triangles {
        return None;
    }
    let indices = chunk.indices.as_ref()?;
    if indices.len() < 3 {
        return None;
    }
    let triangles = indices
        .chunks_exact(3)
        .map(|item| [item[0], item[1], item[2]])
        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
    if triangles.is_empty() {
        return None;
    }
    let vertices = chunk
        .vertices
        .iter()
        .map(|vertex| vertex.position)
        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
    Some(ScenePlot::Mesh {
        vertices,
        triangles,
        mesh_id: chunk.mesh_id.clone(),
        face_color_rgba: chunk.material.albedo.to_array(),
        edge_color_rgba: [0.08, 0.10, 0.13, 1.0],
        face_alpha: chunk.material.albedo.w,
        edge_alpha: 0.0,
        edge_width: 0.0,
        edge_mode: "none".to_string(),
        feature_edge_groups: Vec::new(),
        vertex_colors_rgba: Vec::new(),
        triangle_colors_rgba: Vec::new(),
        axes_index: 0,
        label: chunk.label.clone(),
        regions: chunk.regions.iter().map(Into::into).collect(),
        highlighted_region_id: None,
        highlight_color_rgba: Some([0.98, 0.78, 0.22, 1.0]),
        scalar_field: None,
        vector_field: None,
        deformation: None,
        visible: chunk.visible,
    })
}

fn figure_axis_index(figure: &Figure, plot_index: usize) -> u32 {
    figure
        .plot_axes_indices()
        .get(plot_index)
        .copied()
        .unwrap_or(0) as u32
}

/// Layout metadata describing subplot arrangement.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
pub struct FigureLayout {
    pub axes_rows: u32,
    pub axes_cols: u32,
    pub axes_indices: Vec<u32>,
}

/// Figure-level metadata (title, labels, theming).
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
pub struct FigureMetadata {
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub name: Option<String>,
    #[serde(default = "default_true", skip_serializing_if = "is_true")]
    pub number_title: bool,
    #[serde(default = "default_true", skip_serializing_if = "is_true")]
    pub visible: bool,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub position: Option<[f64; 4]>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub title: Option<String>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub sg_title: Option<String>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub sg_title_style: Option<SerializedTextStyle>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub x_label: Option<String>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub y_label: Option<String>,
    pub grid_enabled: bool,
    #[serde(default)]
    pub minor_grid_enabled: bool,
    pub legend_enabled: bool,
    pub colorbar_enabled: bool,
    pub axis_equal: bool,
    #[serde(
        default = "default_data_aspect_ratio",
        skip_serializing_if = "is_default_data_aspect_ratio"
    )]
    pub data_aspect_ratio: [f64; 3],
    #[serde(
        default = "default_data_aspect_ratio_mode",
        skip_serializing_if = "is_auto_data_aspect_ratio_mode"
    )]
    pub data_aspect_ratio_mode: String,
    pub background_rgba: [f32; 4],
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub colormap: Option<String>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub color_limits: Option<[f64; 2]>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub z_limits: Option<[f64; 2]>,
    pub legend_entries: Vec<FigureLegendEntry>,
    #[serde(default)]
    pub active_axes_index: u32,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub axes_metadata: Option<Vec<SerializedAxesMetadata>>,
}

impl FigureMetadata {
    fn from_figure(figure: &Figure) -> Self {
        let legend_entries = figure
            .legend_entries()
            .into_iter()
            .map(FigureLegendEntry::from)
            .collect();

        Self {
            name: figure.name.clone(),
            number_title: figure.number_title,
            visible: figure.visible,
            position: Some(figure.position),
            title: figure.title.clone(),
            sg_title: figure.sg_title.clone(),
            sg_title_style: figure
                .sg_title
                .as_ref()
                .map(|_| figure.sg_title_style.clone().into()),
            x_label: figure.x_label.clone(),
            y_label: figure.y_label.clone(),
            grid_enabled: figure.grid_enabled,
            minor_grid_enabled: figure.minor_grid_enabled,
            legend_enabled: figure.legend_enabled,
            colorbar_enabled: figure.colorbar_enabled,
            axis_equal: figure.axis_equal,
            data_aspect_ratio: figure
                .axes_metadata(figure.active_axes_index)
                .map(|meta| meta.data_aspect_ratio)
                .unwrap_or([1.0, 1.0, 1.0]),
            data_aspect_ratio_mode: figure
                .axes_metadata(figure.active_axes_index)
                .map(|meta| meta.data_aspect_ratio_mode.clone())
                .unwrap_or_else(|| "auto".into()),
            background_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(figure.background_color),
            colormap: Some(figure.colormap.to_serialized_token()),
            color_limits: figure.color_limits.map(|(lo, hi)| [lo, hi]),
            z_limits: figure.z_limits.map(|(lo, hi)| [lo, hi]),
            legend_entries,
            active_axes_index: figure.active_axes_index as u32,
            axes_metadata: Some(
                figure
                    .axes_metadata
                    .iter()
                    .cloned()
                    .map(SerializedAxesMetadata::from)
                    .collect(),
            ),
        }
    }
}

fn default_true() -> bool {
    true
}

fn is_true(value: &bool) -> bool {
    *value
}

fn is_false(value: &bool) -> bool {
    !*value
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
pub struct SerializedTextStyle {
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub color_rgba: Option<[f32; 4]>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub font_size: Option<f32>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub font_weight: Option<String>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub font_angle: Option<String>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub interpreter: Option<String>,
    pub visible: bool,
}

impl Default for SerializedTextStyle {
    fn default() -> Self {
        TextStyle::default().into()
    }
}

impl From<TextStyle> for SerializedTextStyle {
    fn from(value: TextStyle) -> Self {
        Self {
            color_rgba: value.color.map(vec4_to_rgba),
            font_size: value.font_size,
            font_weight: value.font_weight,
            font_angle: value.font_angle,
            interpreter: value.interpreter,
            visible: value.visible,
        }
    }
}

impl From<SerializedTextStyle> for TextStyle {
    fn from(value: SerializedTextStyle) -> Self {
        Self {
            color: value.color_rgba.map(rgba_to_vec4),
            font_size: value.font_size,
            font_weight: value.font_weight,
            font_angle: value.font_angle,
            interpreter: value.interpreter,
            visible: value.visible,
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
pub struct SerializedLegendStyle {
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub location: Option<String>,
    pub visible: bool,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub font_size: Option<f32>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub font_weight: Option<String>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub font_angle: Option<String>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub interpreter: Option<String>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub box_visible: Option<bool>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub orientation: Option<String>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub text_color_rgba: Option<[f32; 4]>,
}

impl From<LegendStyle> for SerializedLegendStyle {
    fn from(value: LegendStyle) -> Self {
        Self {
            location: value.location,
            visible: value.visible,
            font_size: value.font_size,
            font_weight: value.font_weight,
            font_angle: value.font_angle,
            interpreter: value.interpreter,
            box_visible: value.box_visible,
            orientation: value.orientation,
            text_color_rgba: value.text_color.map(vec4_to_rgba),
        }
    }
}

impl From<SerializedLegendStyle> for LegendStyle {
    fn from(value: SerializedLegendStyle) -> Self {
        Self {
            location: value.location,
            visible: value.visible,
            font_size: value.font_size,
            font_weight: value.font_weight,
            font_angle: value.font_angle,
            interpreter: value.interpreter,
            box_visible: value.box_visible,
            orientation: value.orientation,
            text_color: value.text_color_rgba.map(rgba_to_vec4),
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
pub struct SerializedAxesMetadata {
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "is_cartesian_axes_kind")]
    pub axes_kind: SerializedAxesKind,
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub overlay_parent: Option<usize>,
    #[serde(
        default = "default_y_axis_location",
        skip_serializing_if = "is_left_axis"
    )]
    pub y_axis_location: String,
    #[serde(
        default = "default_axes_position",
        skip_serializing_if = "is_default_axes_position"
    )]
    pub position: [f64; 4],
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "is_false")]
    pub position_explicit: bool,
    #[serde(
        default = "default_axes_units",
        skip_serializing_if = "is_normalized_units"
    )]
    pub units: String,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub title: Option<String>,
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub subtitle: Option<String>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub x_label: Option<String>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub y_label: Option<String>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub z_label: Option<String>,
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub x_ticks: Option<Vec<f64>>,
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub y_ticks: Option<Vec<f64>>,
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub x_tick_labels: Option<Vec<String>>,
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub y_tick_labels: Option<Vec<String>>,
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub x_tick_format: Option<String>,
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub y_tick_format: Option<String>,
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub x_tick_label_rotation: Option<f64>,
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub y_tick_label_rotation: Option<f64>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub x_limits: Option<[f64; 2]>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub y_limits: Option<[f64; 2]>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub z_limits: Option<[f64; 2]>,
    #[serde(default)]
    pub x_log: bool,
    #[serde(default)]
    pub y_log: bool,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub view_azimuth_deg: Option<f32>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub view_elevation_deg: Option<f32>,
    #[serde(default)]
    pub grid_enabled: bool,
    #[serde(default)]
    pub minor_grid_enabled: bool,
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "is_false")]
    pub minor_grid_explicit: bool,
    #[serde(default = "default_true", skip_serializing_if = "is_true")]
    pub hidden_line_removal: bool,
    #[serde(default)]
    pub box_enabled: bool,
    #[serde(default)]
    pub axis_equal: bool,
    #[serde(
        default = "default_data_aspect_ratio",
        skip_serializing_if = "is_default_data_aspect_ratio"
    )]
    pub data_aspect_ratio: [f64; 3],
    #[serde(
        default = "default_data_aspect_ratio_mode",
        skip_serializing_if = "is_auto_data_aspect_ratio_mode"
    )]
    pub data_aspect_ratio_mode: String,
    pub legend_enabled: bool,
    #[serde(default)]
    pub colorbar_enabled: bool,
    pub colormap: String,
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub color_order: Option<Vec<[f32; 3]>>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub color_limits: Option<[f64; 2]>,
    #[serde(default)]
    pub axes_style: SerializedTextStyle,
    pub title_style: SerializedTextStyle,
    #[serde(default)]
    pub subtitle_style: SerializedTextStyle,
    pub x_label_style: SerializedTextStyle,
    pub y_label_style: SerializedTextStyle,
    pub z_label_style: SerializedTextStyle,
    pub legend_style: SerializedLegendStyle,
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
    pub world_text_annotations: Vec<SerializedTextAnnotation>,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
pub enum SerializedAxesKind {
    #[default]
    Cartesian,
    Polar,
}

fn is_cartesian_axes_kind(value: &SerializedAxesKind) -> bool {
    *value == SerializedAxesKind::Cartesian
}

fn default_y_axis_location() -> String {
    "left".into()
}

fn is_left_axis(value: &str) -> bool {
    value == "left"
}

fn default_axes_position() -> [f64; 4] {
    [0.13, 0.11, 0.775, 0.815]
}

fn is_default_axes_position(value: &[f64; 4]) -> bool {
    *value == default_axes_position()
}

fn default_data_aspect_ratio() -> [f64; 3] {
    [1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
}

fn is_default_data_aspect_ratio(value: &[f64; 3]) -> bool {
    *value == default_data_aspect_ratio()
}

fn default_data_aspect_ratio_mode() -> String {
    "auto".into()
}

fn is_auto_data_aspect_ratio_mode(value: &str) -> bool {
    value == "auto"
}

fn default_axes_units() -> String {
    "normalized".into()
}

fn is_normalized_units(value: &str) -> bool {
    value == "normalized"
}

impl From<AxesKind> for SerializedAxesKind {
    fn from(value: AxesKind) -> Self {
        match value {
            AxesKind::Cartesian => Self::Cartesian,
            AxesKind::Polar => Self::Polar,
        }
    }
}

impl From<SerializedAxesKind> for AxesKind {
    fn from(value: SerializedAxesKind) -> Self {
        match value {
            SerializedAxesKind::Cartesian => Self::Cartesian,
            SerializedAxesKind::Polar => Self::Polar,
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
pub struct SerializedTextAnnotation {
    pub position: [f32; 3],
    pub text: String,
    pub style: SerializedTextStyle,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
pub struct SerializedMeshRegion {
    pub region_id: String,
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub label: Option<String>,
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub tag: Option<String>,
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
    pub triangle_ranges: Vec<SerializedMeshTriangleRange>,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
pub struct SerializedMeshTriangleRange {
    pub start: u32,
    pub count: u32,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
pub struct SerializedMeshScalarField {
    pub field_id: String,
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub label: Option<String>,
    pub location: String,
    #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_f32_lossy")]
    pub values: Vec<f32>,
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub color_limits: Option<[f32; 2]>,
    pub colormap: String,
    pub alpha: f32,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
pub struct SerializedMeshVectorField {
    pub field_id: String,
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub label: Option<String>,
    pub location: String,
    #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_xyz_f32_lossy")]
    pub vectors: Vec<[f32; 3]>,
    pub scale: f32,
    pub stride: usize,
    pub color_rgba: [f32; 4],
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
pub struct SerializedMeshDeformation {
    pub field_id: String,
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub label: Option<String>,
    #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_vec_xyz_f32_lossy")]
    pub displacements: Vec<[f32; 3]>,
    pub scale: f32,
}

impl From<AxesMetadata> for SerializedAxesMetadata {
    fn from(value: AxesMetadata) -> Self {
        Self {
            axes_kind: value.axes_kind.into(),
            overlay_parent: value.overlay_parent,
            y_axis_location: value.y_axis_location,
            position: value.position,
            position_explicit: value.position_explicit,
            units: value.units,
            title: value.title,
            subtitle: value.subtitle,
            x_label: value.x_label,
            y_label: value.y_label,
            z_label: value.z_label,
            x_ticks: value.x_ticks,
            y_ticks: value.y_ticks,
            x_tick_labels: value.x_tick_labels,
            y_tick_labels: value.y_tick_labels,
            x_tick_format: value.x_tick_format,
            y_tick_format: value.y_tick_format,
            x_tick_label_rotation: value.x_tick_label_rotation,
            y_tick_label_rotation: value.y_tick_label_rotation,
            x_limits: value.x_limits.map(|(a, b)| [a, b]),
            y_limits: value.y_limits.map(|(a, b)| [a, b]),
            z_limits: value.z_limits.map(|(a, b)| [a, b]),
            x_log: value.x_log,
            y_log: value.y_log,
            view_azimuth_deg: value.view_azimuth_deg,
            view_elevation_deg: value.view_elevation_deg,
            grid_enabled: value.grid_enabled,
            minor_grid_enabled: value.minor_grid_enabled,
            minor_grid_explicit: value.minor_grid_explicit,
            hidden_line_removal: value.hidden_line_removal,
            box_enabled: value.box_enabled,
            axis_equal: value.axis_equal,
            data_aspect_ratio: value.data_aspect_ratio,
            data_aspect_ratio_mode: value.data_aspect_ratio_mode,
            legend_enabled: value.legend_enabled,
            colorbar_enabled: value.colorbar_enabled,
            colormap: value.colormap.to_serialized_token(),
            color_order: value
                .color_order
                .map(|colors| colors.into_iter().map(|c| [c.x, c.y, c.z]).collect()),
            color_limits: value.color_limits.map(|(a, b)| [a, b]),
            axes_style: value.axes_style.into(),
            title_style: value.title_style.into(),
            subtitle_style: value.subtitle_style.into(),
            x_label_style: value.x_label_style.into(),
            y_label_style: value.y_label_style.into(),
            z_label_style: value.z_label_style.into(),
            legend_style: value.legend_style.into(),
            world_text_annotations: value
                .world_text_annotations
                .into_iter()
                .map(Into::into)
                .collect(),
        }
    }
}

impl From<SerializedAxesMetadata> for AxesMetadata {
    fn from(value: SerializedAxesMetadata) -> Self {
        Self {
            axes_kind: value.axes_kind.into(),
            overlay_parent: value.overlay_parent,
            y_axis_location: value.y_axis_location,
            position: value.position,
            position_explicit: value.position_explicit,
            units: value.units,
            title: value.title,
            subtitle: value.subtitle,
            x_label: value.x_label,
            y_label: value.y_label,
            z_label: value.z_label,
            x_ticks: value.x_ticks,
            y_ticks: value.y_ticks,
            x_tick_labels: value.x_tick_labels,
            y_tick_labels: value.y_tick_labels,
            x_tick_format: value.x_tick_format,
            y_tick_format: value.y_tick_format,
            x_tick_label_rotation: value.x_tick_label_rotation,
            y_tick_label_rotation: value.y_tick_label_rotation,
            x_limits: value.x_limits.map(|[a, b]| (a, b)),
            y_limits: value.y_limits.map(|[a, b]| (a, b)),
            z_limits: value.z_limits.map(|[a, b]| (a, b)),
            x_log: value.x_log,
            y_log: value.y_log,
            view_azimuth_deg: value.view_azimuth_deg,
            view_elevation_deg: value.view_elevation_deg,
            view_revision: 0,
            grid_enabled: value.grid_enabled,
            minor_grid_enabled: value.minor_grid_enabled,
            minor_grid_explicit: value.minor_grid_explicit || value.minor_grid_enabled,
            hidden_line_removal: value.hidden_line_removal,
            box_enabled: value.box_enabled,
            axis_equal: value.axis_equal,
            data_aspect_ratio: value.data_aspect_ratio,
            data_aspect_ratio_mode: value.data_aspect_ratio_mode,
            legend_enabled: value.legend_enabled,
            colorbar_enabled: value.colorbar_enabled,
            colormap: parse_colormap_name(&value.colormap),
            color_order: value.color_order.map(|colors| {
                colors
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|[r, g, b]| glam::Vec4::new(r, g, b, 1.0))
                    .collect()
            }),
            color_limits: value.color_limits.map(|[a, b]| (a, b)),
            axes_style: value.axes_style.into(),
            title_style: value.title_style.into(),
            subtitle_style: value.subtitle_style.into(),
            x_label_style: value.x_label_style.into(),
            y_label_style: value.y_label_style.into(),
            z_label_style: value.z_label_style.into(),
            legend_style: value.legend_style.into(),
            world_text_annotations: value
                .world_text_annotations
                .into_iter()
                .map(Into::into)
                .collect(),
        }
    }
}

impl From<crate::plots::figure::TextAnnotation> for SerializedTextAnnotation {
    fn from(value: crate::plots::figure::TextAnnotation) -> Self {
        Self {
            position: value.position.to_array(),
            text: value.text,
            style: value.style.into(),
        }
    }
}

impl From<SerializedTextAnnotation> for crate::plots::figure::TextAnnotation {
    fn from(value: SerializedTextAnnotation) -> Self {
        Self {
            position: glam::Vec3::from_array(value.position),
            text: value.text,
            style: value.style.into(),
        }
    }
}

impl From<&MeshRegion> for SerializedMeshRegion {
    fn from(value: &MeshRegion) -> Self {
        Self {
            region_id: value.region_id.clone(),
            label: value.label.clone(),
            tag: value.tag.clone(),
            triangle_ranges: value
                .triangle_ranges
                .iter()
                .copied()
                .map(Into::into)
                .collect(),
        }
    }
}

impl From<&crate::geometry_scene::GeometrySceneRegion> for SerializedMeshRegion {
    fn from(value: &crate::geometry_scene::GeometrySceneRegion) -> Self {
        Self {
            region_id: value.region_id.clone(),
            label: value.label.clone(),
            tag: value.tag.clone(),
            triangle_ranges: value
                .triangle_ranges
                .iter()
                .copied()
                .map(Into::into)
                .collect(),
        }
    }
}

impl From<SerializedMeshRegion> for MeshRegion {
    fn from(value: SerializedMeshRegion) -> Self {
        MeshRegion {
            region_id: value.region_id,
            label: value.label,
            tag: value.tag,
            triangle_ranges: value.triangle_ranges.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect(),
        }
    }
}

impl From<SerializedMeshRegion> for crate::geometry_scene::GeometrySceneRegion {
    fn from(value: SerializedMeshRegion) -> Self {
        crate::geometry_scene::GeometrySceneRegion::new(
            value.region_id,
            value.label,
            value.tag,
            value.triangle_ranges.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect(),
        )
    }
}

impl From<MeshTriangleRange> for SerializedMeshTriangleRange {
    fn from(value: MeshTriangleRange) -> Self {
        Self {
            start: value.start,
            count: value.count,
        }
    }
}

impl From<crate::geometry_scene::GeometrySceneTriangleRange> for SerializedMeshTriangleRange {
    fn from(value: crate::geometry_scene::GeometrySceneTriangleRange) -> Self {
        Self {
            start: value.start,
            count: value.count,
        }
    }
}

impl From<SerializedMeshTriangleRange> for MeshTriangleRange {
    fn from(value: SerializedMeshTriangleRange) -> Self {
        Self::new(value.start, value.count)
    }
}

impl From<SerializedMeshTriangleRange> for crate::geometry_scene::GeometrySceneTriangleRange {
    fn from(value: SerializedMeshTriangleRange) -> Self {
        Self::new(value.start, value.count)
    }
}

impl From<&MeshScalarField> for SerializedMeshScalarField {
    fn from(value: &MeshScalarField) -> Self {
        Self {
            field_id: value.field_id.clone(),
            label: value.label.clone(),
            location: value.location.as_str().to_string(),
            values: value.values.clone(),
            color_limits: value.color_limits,
            colormap: value.colormap.clone(),
            alpha: value.alpha,
        }
    }
}

impl TryFrom<SerializedMeshScalarField> for MeshScalarField {
    type Error = String;

    fn try_from(value: SerializedMeshScalarField) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        Ok(Self {
            field_id: value.field_id,
            label: value.label,
            location: MeshFieldLocation::parse(&value.location).ok_or_else(|| {
                format!("unknown mesh scalar field location '{}'", value.location)
            })?,
            values: value.values,
            color_limits: value.color_limits,
            colormap: value.colormap,
            alpha: value.alpha,
        })
    }
}

impl From<&MeshVectorField> for SerializedMeshVectorField {
    fn from(value: &MeshVectorField) -> Self {
        Self {
            field_id: value.field_id.clone(),
            label: value.label.clone(),
            location: value.location.as_str().to_string(),
            vectors: value
                .vectors
                .iter()
                .map(|vector| vector.to_array())
                .collect(),
            scale: value.scale,
            stride: value.stride,
            color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(value.color),
        }
    }
}

impl TryFrom<SerializedMeshVectorField> for MeshVectorField {
    type Error = String;

    fn try_from(value: SerializedMeshVectorField) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        Ok(Self {
            field_id: value.field_id,
            label: value.label,
            location: MeshFieldLocation::parse(&value.location).ok_or_else(|| {
                format!("unknown mesh vector field location '{}'", value.location)
            })?,
            vectors: value.vectors.into_iter().map(Vec3::from_array).collect(),
            scale: value.scale,
            stride: value.stride,
            color: rgba_to_vec4(value.color_rgba),
        })
    }
}

impl From<&MeshDeformation> for SerializedMeshDeformation {
    fn from(value: &MeshDeformation) -> Self {
        Self {
            field_id: value.field_id.clone(),
            label: value.label.clone(),
            displacements: value
                .displacements
                .iter()
                .map(|displacement| displacement.to_array())
                .collect(),
            scale: value.scale,
        }
    }
}

impl From<SerializedMeshDeformation> for MeshDeformation {
    fn from(value: SerializedMeshDeformation) -> Self {
        Self {
            field_id: value.field_id,
            label: value.label,
            displacements: value
                .displacements
                .into_iter()
                .map(Vec3::from_array)
                .collect(),
            scale: value.scale,
        }
    }
}

/// Descriptor for a single plot element within the figure.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
pub struct PlotDescriptor {
    pub kind: PlotKind,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub label: Option<String>,
    pub axes_index: u32,
    pub color_rgba: [f32; 4],
    pub visible: bool,
}

impl PlotDescriptor {
    fn from_plot(plot: &PlotElement, axes_index: u32) -> Self {
        Self {
            kind: PlotKind::from(plot.plot_type()),
            label: plot.label(),
            axes_index,
            color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(plot.color()),
            visible: plot.is_visible(),
        }
    }
}

fn validate_required_equal_lengths(
    kind: &str,
    fields: &[(&str, usize)],
) -> Result<(), SceneExportError> {
    let Some((first_name, first_len)) = fields.first().copied() else {
        return Ok(());
    };
    if first_len == 0 {
        return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(format!(
            "{kind} is missing required {first_name} values"
        )));
    }
    for (name, len) in fields.iter().copied().skip(1) {
        if len == 0 {
            return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(format!(
                "{kind} is missing required {name} values"
            )));
        }
        if len != first_len {
            return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(format!(
                "{kind} length mismatch: {name} has {len} values, expected {first_len}"
            )));
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn validate_surface_grid<T>(
    kind: &str,
    x: &[f64],
    y: &[f64],
    grid: &[Vec<T>],
) -> Result<(), SceneExportError> {
    if x.is_empty() {
        return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(format!(
            "{kind} is missing required x values"
        )));
    }
    if y.is_empty() {
        return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(format!(
            "{kind} is missing required y values"
        )));
    }
    if grid.is_empty() {
        return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(format!(
            "{kind} is missing required grid rows"
        )));
    }
    if grid.len() != x.len() {
        return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(format!(
            "{kind} row count ({}) must match x length ({})",
            grid.len(),
            x.len()
        )));
    }
    for (row_idx, row) in grid.iter().enumerate() {
        if row.len() != y.len() {
            return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(format!(
                "{kind} row {row_idx} length ({}) must match y length ({})",
                row.len(),
                y.len()
            )));
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn validate_matching_grid_shape<T, U>(
    kind: &str,
    reference: &[Vec<T>],
    grid: &[Vec<U>],
) -> Result<(), SceneExportError> {
    if grid.len() != reference.len() {
        return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(format!(
            "{kind} row count ({}) must match surface row count ({})",
            grid.len(),
            reference.len()
        )));
    }
    for (row_idx, (reference_row, row)) in reference.iter().zip(grid).enumerate() {
        if row.len() != reference_row.len() {
            return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(format!(
                "{kind} row {row_idx} length ({}) must match surface row length ({})",
                row.len(),
                reference_row.len()
            )));
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn validate_surface_coordinate_grids(
    kind: &str,
    x_grid: &[Vec<f64>],
    y_grid: &[Vec<f64>],
    z_grid: &[Vec<f64>],
) -> Result<(), SceneExportError> {
    if z_grid.is_empty() {
        return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(format!(
            "{kind} is missing required grid rows"
        )));
    }
    validate_matching_grid_shape(kind, z_grid, x_grid)?;
    validate_matching_grid_shape(kind, z_grid, y_grid)?;
    Ok(())
}

impl ScenePlot {
    async fn from_plot_for_export(
        plot: &PlotElement,
        axes_index: u32,
    ) -> Result<Self, SceneExportError> {
        let scene_plot = match plot {
            PlotElement::Line(line) => {
                let (x, y) = line
                    .export_scene_xy_data()
                    .await
                    .map_err(SceneExportError::readback)?;
                if x.is_empty() && y.is_empty() {
                    return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(
                        "line plot has no exportable scene data",
                    ));
                }
                Self::Line {
                    x,
                    y,
                    color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(line.color),
                    line_width: line.line_width,
                    line_style: format!("{:?}", line.line_style),
                    axes_index,
                    label: line.label.clone(),
                    visible: line.visible,
                }
            }
            PlotElement::ReferenceLine(_) => Self::from_plot(plot, axes_index),
            PlotElement::Scatter(scatter) => {
                let (x, y) = scatter
                    .export_scene_xy_data()
                    .await
                    .map_err(SceneExportError::readback)?;
                if x.is_empty() && y.is_empty() {
                    return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(
                        "scatter plot has no exportable scene data",
                    ));
                }
                Self::Scatter {
                    x,
                    y,
                    color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(scatter.color),
                    marker_size: scatter.marker_size,
                    marker_style: format!("{:?}", scatter.marker_style),
                    axes_index,
                    label: scatter.label.clone(),
                    visible: scatter.visible,
                }
            }
            PlotElement::Bar(bar) => {
                let values = bar
                    .export_scene_values()
                    .await
                    .map_err(SceneExportError::readback)?;
                if values.is_empty() {
                    return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(
                        "bar chart has no exportable scene data",
                    ));
                }
                Self::Bar {
                    labels: bar.labels.clone(),
                    values,
                    histogram_bin_edges: bar.histogram_bin_edges().map(|edges| edges.to_vec()),
                    polar_histogram: bar.is_polar_histogram(),
                    polar_histogram_display_style: Some(format!(
                        "{:?}",
                        bar.polar_histogram_display_style()
                    )),
                    color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(bar.color),
                    outline_color_rgba: bar.outline_color.map(vec4_to_rgba),
                    bar_width: bar.bar_width,
                    outline_width: bar.outline_width,
                    orientation: format!("{:?}", bar.orientation),
                    group_index: bar.group_index as u32,
                    group_count: bar.group_count as u32,
                    stack_offsets: bar.stack_offsets().map(|offsets| offsets.to_vec()),
                    axes_index,
                    label: bar.label.clone(),
                    visible: bar.visible,
                }
            }
            PlotElement::ErrorBar(error) => {
                let (x, y, y_neg, y_pos, x_neg, x_pos) = error
                    .export_scene_data()
                    .await
                    .map_err(SceneExportError::readback)?;
                if x.is_empty() && y.is_empty() {
                    return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(
                        "errorbar plot has no exportable scene data",
                    ));
                }
                Self::ErrorBar {
                    x,
                    y,
                    err_low: y_neg,
                    err_high: y_pos,
                    x_err_low: x_neg,
                    x_err_high: x_pos,
                    orientation: format!("{:?}", error.orientation),
                    color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(error.color),
                    line_width: error.line_width,
                    line_style: format!("{:?}", error.line_style),
                    cap_width: error.cap_size,
                    marker_style: error.marker.as_ref().map(|m| format!("{:?}", m.kind)),
                    marker_size: error.marker.as_ref().map(|m| m.size),
                    marker_face_color: error.marker.as_ref().map(|m| vec4_to_rgba(m.face_color)),
                    marker_edge_color: error.marker.as_ref().map(|m| vec4_to_rgba(m.edge_color)),
                    marker_filled: error.marker.as_ref().map(|m| m.filled),
                    axes_index,
                    label: error.label.clone(),
                    visible: error.visible,
                }
            }
            PlotElement::Stairs(stairs) => {
                let (x, y) = stairs
                    .export_scene_xy_data()
                    .await
                    .map_err(SceneExportError::readback)?;
                if x.is_empty() && y.is_empty() {
                    return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(
                        "stairs plot has no exportable scene data",
                    ));
                }
                Self::Stairs {
                    x,
                    y,
                    color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(stairs.color),
                    line_width: stairs.line_width,
                    axes_index,
                    label: stairs.label.clone(),
                    visible: stairs.visible,
                }
            }
            PlotElement::Stem(stem) => {
                let (x, y) = stem
                    .export_scene_xy_data()
                    .await
                    .map_err(SceneExportError::readback)?;
                if x.is_empty() && y.is_empty() {
                    return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(
                        "stem plot has no exportable scene data",
                    ));
                }
                Self::Stem {
                    x,
                    y,
                    baseline: stem.baseline,
                    color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(stem.color),
                    line_width: stem.line_width,
                    line_style: format!("{:?}", stem.line_style),
                    baseline_color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(stem.baseline_color),
                    baseline_visible: stem.baseline_visible,
                    marker_color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(
                        stem.marker
                            .as_ref()
                            .map(|m| m.face_color)
                            .unwrap_or(stem.color),
                    ),
                    marker_size: stem.marker.as_ref().map(|m| m.size).unwrap_or(0.0),
                    marker_filled: stem.marker.as_ref().map(|m| m.filled).unwrap_or(false),
                    axes_index,
                    label: stem.label.clone(),
                    visible: stem.visible,
                }
            }
            PlotElement::Area(area) => {
                let (x, y) = area
                    .export_scene_xy_data()
                    .await
                    .map_err(SceneExportError::readback)?;
                if x.is_empty() && y.is_empty() {
                    return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(
                        "area plot has no exportable scene data",
                    ));
                }
                Self::Area {
                    x,
                    y,
                    lower_y: area.lower_y.clone(),
                    baseline: area.baseline,
                    color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(area.color),
                    axes_index,
                    label: area.label.clone(),
                    visible: area.visible,
                }
            }
            PlotElement::Quiver(quiver) => {
                let (x, y, z, u, v, w) = quiver
                    .export_scene_vector_data()
                    .await
                    .map_err(SceneExportError::readback)?;
                if x.is_empty() && y.is_empty() && u.is_empty() && v.is_empty() {
                    return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(
                        "quiver plot has no exportable scene data",
                    ));
                }
                Self::Quiver {
                    x,
                    y,
                    z,
                    u,
                    v,
                    w,
                    color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(quiver.color),
                    line_width: quiver.line_width,
                    scale: quiver.scale,
                    head_size: quiver.head_size,
                    axes_index,
                    label: quiver.label.clone(),
                    visible: quiver.visible,
                }
            }
            PlotElement::Surface(surface) => {
                let (x, y, z) = surface
                    .export_scene_grid_data()
                    .await
                    .map_err(SceneExportError::readback)?;
                if x.is_empty() && y.is_empty() && z.is_empty() {
                    return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(
                        "surface plot has no exportable scene data",
                    ));
                }
                let color_grid = surface
                    .export_scene_color_grid()
                    .await
                    .map_err(SceneExportError::readback)?;
                Self::Surface {
                    x,
                    y,
                    z,
                    x_grid: surface.x_grid.clone(),
                    y_grid: surface.y_grid.clone(),
                    colormap: surface.colormap.to_serialized_token(),
                    shading_mode: format!("{:?}", surface.shading_mode),
                    wireframe: surface.wireframe,
                    alpha: surface.alpha,
                    flatten_z: surface.flatten_z,
                    image_mode: surface.image_mode,
                    color_grid_rgba: color_grid.as_ref().map(|grid| {
                        grid.iter()
                            .map(|row| row.iter().map(|color| vec4_to_rgba(*color)).collect())
                            .collect()
                    }),
                    color_limits: surface.color_limits.map(|(lo, hi)| [lo, hi]),
                    axes_index,
                    label: surface.label.clone(),
                    visible: surface.visible,
                }
            }
            PlotElement::Patch(_) | PlotElement::Mesh(_) | PlotElement::Pie(_) => {
                Self::from_plot(plot, axes_index)
            }
            PlotElement::Line3(line) => {
                let (x, y, z) = line
                    .export_scene_xyz_data()
                    .await
                    .map_err(SceneExportError::readback)?;
                if x.is_empty() && y.is_empty() && z.is_empty() {
                    return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(
                        "plot3 line has no exportable scene data",
                    ));
                }
                Self::Line3 {
                    x,
                    y,
                    z,
                    color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(line.color),
                    line_width: line.line_width,
                    line_style: format!("{:?}", line.line_style),
                    axes_index,
                    label: line.label.clone(),
                    visible: line.visible,
                }
            }
            PlotElement::Scatter3(scatter3) => {
                let points = scatter3
                    .export_scene_points()
                    .await
                    .map_err(SceneExportError::readback)?;
                if points.is_empty() {
                    return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(
                        "scatter3 plot has no exportable scene data",
                    ));
                }
                let colors = scatter3
                    .export_scene_colors(points.len())
                    .await
                    .map_err(SceneExportError::readback)?;
                Self::Scatter3 {
                    points: points.into_iter().map(vec3_to_xyz).collect(),
                    colors_rgba: colors.into_iter().map(vec4_to_rgba).collect(),
                    point_size: scatter3.point_size,
                    point_sizes: scatter3.point_sizes.clone(),
                    axes_index,
                    label: scatter3.label.clone(),
                    visible: scatter3.visible,
                }
            }
            PlotElement::Contour(contour) => {
                let vertices = contour
                    .export_scene_vertices()
                    .await
                    .map_err(SceneExportError::readback)?;
                if vertices.is_empty() {
                    return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(
                        "contour plot has no exportable scene data",
                    ));
                }
                Self::Contour {
                    vertices: vertices.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect(),
                    bounds_min: vec3_to_xyz(contour.bounds().min),
                    bounds_max: vec3_to_xyz(contour.bounds().max),
                    base_z: contour.base_z,
                    line_width: contour.line_width,
                    axes_index,
                    label: contour.label.clone(),
                    visible: contour.visible,
                    force_3d: contour.force_3d,
                }
            }
            PlotElement::ContourFill(fill) => {
                let vertices = fill
                    .export_scene_vertices()
                    .await
                    .map_err(SceneExportError::readback)?;
                if vertices.is_empty() {
                    return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(
                        "filled contour plot has no exportable scene data",
                    ));
                }
                Self::ContourFill {
                    vertices: vertices.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect(),
                    bounds_min: vec3_to_xyz(fill.bounds().min),
                    bounds_max: vec3_to_xyz(fill.bounds().max),
                    axes_index,
                    label: fill.label.clone(),
                    visible: fill.visible,
                }
            }
        };
        scene_plot.validate_exportable()?;
        Ok(scene_plot)
    }

    fn validate_exportable(&self) -> Result<(), SceneExportError> {
        match self {
            ScenePlot::Line { x, y, .. }
            | ScenePlot::Scatter { x, y, .. }
            | ScenePlot::Stairs { x, y, .. }
            | ScenePlot::Stem { x, y, .. }
            | ScenePlot::Area { x, y, .. } => {
                validate_required_equal_lengths(
                    "plot X/Y scene data",
                    &[("x", x.len()), ("y", y.len())],
                )?;
            }
            ScenePlot::ErrorBar {
                x,
                y,
                err_low,
                err_high,
                x_err_low,
                x_err_high,
                ..
            } => {
                validate_required_equal_lengths(
                    "errorbar scene data",
                    &[
                        ("x", x.len()),
                        ("y", y.len()),
                        ("err_low", err_low.len()),
                        ("err_high", err_high.len()),
                        ("x_err_low", x_err_low.len()),
                        ("x_err_high", x_err_high.len()),
                    ],
                )?;
            }
            ScenePlot::Quiver {
                x, y, z, u, v, w, ..
            } => {
                validate_required_equal_lengths(
                    "quiver vector field scene data",
                    &[
                        ("x", x.len()),
                        ("y", y.len()),
                        ("u", u.len()),
                        ("v", v.len()),
                    ],
                )?;
                if let Some(z) = z {
                    validate_required_equal_lengths(
                        "quiver3 position scene data",
                        &[("x", x.len()), ("z", z.len())],
                    )?;
                }
                if let Some(w) = w {
                    validate_required_equal_lengths(
                        "quiver3 vector scene data",
                        &[("u", u.len()), ("w", w.len())],
                    )?;
                }
                if z.is_some() != w.is_some() {
                    return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(
                        "quiver3 scene data requires both z and w arrays",
                    ));
                }
            }
            ScenePlot::Bar {
                labels,
                values,
                histogram_bin_edges,
                stack_offsets,
                ..
            } => {
                validate_required_equal_lengths(
                    "bar value scene data",
                    &[("labels", labels.len()), ("values", values.len())],
                )?;
                if let Some(edges) = histogram_bin_edges {
                    if edges.len() != values.len() + 1 {
                        return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(format!(
                            "bar histogram bin edge count ({}) must be values length + 1 ({})",
                            edges.len(),
                            values.len() + 1
                        )));
                    }
                }
                if let Some(offsets) = stack_offsets {
                    if offsets.len() != values.len() {
                        return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(format!(
                            "bar stack offset count ({}) must match value count ({})",
                            offsets.len(),
                            values.len()
                        )));
                    }
                }
            }
            ScenePlot::Surface {
                x,
                y,
                z,
                x_grid,
                y_grid,
                color_grid_rgba,
                ..
            } => {
                match (x_grid, y_grid) {
                    (Some(x_grid), Some(y_grid)) => validate_surface_coordinate_grids(
                        "surface coordinate grid scene data",
                        x_grid,
                        y_grid,
                        z,
                    )?,
                    (None, None) => validate_surface_grid("surface grid scene data", x, y, z)?,
                    _ => {
                        return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(
                            "surface coordinate grid scene data must include both xGrid and yGrid",
                        ));
                    }
                }
                if let Some(color_grid) = color_grid_rgba {
                    validate_matching_grid_shape("surface color grid scene data", z, color_grid)?;
                }
            }
            ScenePlot::Patch {
                vertices, faces, ..
            } => {
                if vertices.is_empty() || faces.is_empty() {
                    return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(
                        "patch plot has no exportable mesh scene data",
                    ));
                }
            }
            ScenePlot::Mesh {
                vertices,
                triangles,
                ..
            } => {
                if vertices.is_empty() || triangles.is_empty() {
                    return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(
                        "mesh plot has no exportable mesh scene data",
                    ));
                }
            }
            ScenePlot::Line3 { x, y, z, .. } => {
                validate_required_equal_lengths(
                    "plot3 line scene data",
                    &[("x", x.len()), ("y", y.len()), ("z", z.len())],
                )?;
            }
            ScenePlot::Scatter3 {
                points,
                colors_rgba,
                point_sizes,
                ..
            } => {
                if points.is_empty() {
                    return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(
                        "scatter3 plot has no exportable point scene data",
                    ));
                }
                if !colors_rgba.is_empty() && colors_rgba.len() != points.len() {
                    return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(format!(
                        "scatter3 color count ({}) must match point count ({})",
                        colors_rgba.len(),
                        points.len()
                    )));
                }
                if let Some(sizes) = point_sizes {
                    if sizes.len() != points.len() {
                        return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(format!(
                            "scatter3 point size count ({}) must match point count ({})",
                            sizes.len(),
                            points.len()
                        )));
                    }
                }
            }
            ScenePlot::Contour { vertices, .. } | ScenePlot::ContourFill { vertices, .. } => {
                if vertices.is_empty() {
                    return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(
                        "contour plot has no exportable vertex scene data",
                    ));
                }
            }
            ScenePlot::Pie { values, .. } => {
                if values.is_empty() {
                    return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(
                        "pie plot has no exportable value scene data",
                    ));
                }
            }
            ScenePlot::ReferenceLine { .. } => {}
            ScenePlot::Unsupported { plot_kind, .. } => {
                return Err(SceneExportError::unexportable(format!(
                    "unsupported plot kind cannot be exported: {plot_kind:?}"
                )));
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn from_plot(plot: &PlotElement, axes_index: u32) -> Self {
        match plot {
            PlotElement::Line(line) => Self::Line {
                x: line.x_data.clone(),
                y: line.y_data.clone(),
                color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(line.color),
                line_width: line.line_width,
                line_style: format!("{:?}", line.line_style),
                axes_index,
                label: line.label.clone(),
                visible: line.visible,
            },
            PlotElement::ReferenceLine(line) => Self::ReferenceLine {
                orientation: match line.orientation {
                    ReferenceLineOrientation::Vertical => "vertical",
                    ReferenceLineOrientation::Horizontal => "horizontal",
                }
                .into(),
                value: line.value,
                color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(line.color),
                line_width: line.line_width,
                line_style: format!("{:?}", line.line_style),
                label: line.label.clone(),
                display_name: line.display_name.clone(),
                label_orientation: line.label_orientation.clone(),
                axes_index,
                visible: line.visible,
            },
            PlotElement::Scatter(scatter) => Self::Scatter {
                x: scatter.x_data.clone(),
                y: scatter.y_data.clone(),
                color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(scatter.color),
                marker_size: scatter.marker_size,
                marker_style: format!("{:?}", scatter.marker_style),
                axes_index,
                label: scatter.label.clone(),
                visible: scatter.visible,
            },
            PlotElement::Bar(bar) => Self::Bar {
                labels: bar.labels.clone(),
                values: bar.values().unwrap_or(&[]).to_vec(),
                histogram_bin_edges: bar.histogram_bin_edges().map(|edges| edges.to_vec()),
                color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(bar.color),
                outline_color_rgba: bar.outline_color.map(vec4_to_rgba),
                bar_width: bar.bar_width,
                outline_width: bar.outline_width,
                orientation: format!("{:?}", bar.orientation),
                group_index: bar.group_index as u32,
                group_count: bar.group_count as u32,
                stack_offsets: bar.stack_offsets().map(|offsets| offsets.to_vec()),
                polar_histogram: bar.is_polar_histogram(),
                polar_histogram_display_style: Some(format!(
                    "{:?}",
                    bar.polar_histogram_display_style()
                )),
                axes_index,
                label: bar.label.clone(),
                visible: bar.visible,
            },
            PlotElement::ErrorBar(error) => Self::ErrorBar {
                x: error.x.clone(),
                y: error.y.clone(),
                err_low: error.y_neg.clone(),
                err_high: error.y_pos.clone(),
                x_err_low: error.x_neg.clone(),
                x_err_high: error.x_pos.clone(),
                orientation: format!("{:?}", error.orientation),
                color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(error.color),
                line_width: error.line_width,
                line_style: format!("{:?}", error.line_style),
                cap_width: error.cap_size,
                marker_style: error.marker.as_ref().map(|m| format!("{:?}", m.kind)),
                marker_size: error.marker.as_ref().map(|m| m.size),
                marker_face_color: error.marker.as_ref().map(|m| vec4_to_rgba(m.face_color)),
                marker_edge_color: error.marker.as_ref().map(|m| vec4_to_rgba(m.edge_color)),
                marker_filled: error.marker.as_ref().map(|m| m.filled),
                axes_index,
                label: error.label.clone(),
                visible: error.visible,
            },
            PlotElement::Stairs(stairs) => Self::Stairs {
                x: stairs.x.clone(),
                y: stairs.y.clone(),
                color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(stairs.color),
                line_width: stairs.line_width,
                axes_index,
                label: stairs.label.clone(),
                visible: stairs.visible,
            },
            PlotElement::Stem(stem) => Self::Stem {
                x: stem.x.clone(),
                y: stem.y.clone(),
                baseline: stem.baseline,
                color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(stem.color),
                line_width: stem.line_width,
                line_style: format!("{:?}", stem.line_style),
                baseline_color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(stem.baseline_color),
                baseline_visible: stem.baseline_visible,
                marker_color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(
                    stem.marker
                        .as_ref()
                        .map(|m| m.face_color)
                        .unwrap_or(stem.color),
                ),
                marker_size: stem.marker.as_ref().map(|m| m.size).unwrap_or(0.0),
                marker_filled: stem.marker.as_ref().map(|m| m.filled).unwrap_or(false),
                axes_index,
                label: stem.label.clone(),
                visible: stem.visible,
            },
            PlotElement::Area(area) => Self::Area {
                x: area.x.clone(),
                y: area.y.clone(),
                lower_y: area.lower_y.clone(),
                baseline: area.baseline,
                color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(area.color),
                axes_index,
                label: area.label.clone(),
                visible: area.visible,
            },
            PlotElement::Quiver(quiver) => Self::Quiver {
                x: quiver.x.clone(),
                y: quiver.y.clone(),
                z: quiver.z.clone(),
                u: quiver.u.clone(),
                v: quiver.v.clone(),
                w: quiver.w.clone(),
                color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(quiver.color),
                line_width: quiver.line_width,
                scale: quiver.scale,
                head_size: quiver.head_size,
                axes_index,
                label: quiver.label.clone(),
                visible: quiver.visible,
            },
            PlotElement::Surface(surface) => Self::Surface {
                x: surface.x_data.clone(),
                y: surface.y_data.clone(),
                z: surface.z_data.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
                x_grid: surface.x_grid.clone(),
                y_grid: surface.y_grid.clone(),
                colormap: surface.colormap.to_serialized_token(),
                shading_mode: format!("{:?}", surface.shading_mode),
                wireframe: surface.wireframe,
                alpha: surface.alpha,
                flatten_z: surface.flatten_z,
                image_mode: surface.image_mode,
                color_grid_rgba: surface.color_grid.as_ref().map(|grid| {
                    grid.iter()
                        .map(|row| row.iter().map(|color| vec4_to_rgba(*color)).collect())
                        .collect()
                }),
                color_limits: surface.color_limits.map(|(lo, hi)| [lo, hi]),
                axes_index,
                label: surface.label.clone(),
                visible: surface.visible,
            },
            PlotElement::Patch(patch) => Self::Patch {
                vertices: patch
                    .vertices()
                    .iter()
                    .map(|point| vec3_to_xyz(*point))
                    .collect(),
                faces: patch
                    .faces()
                    .iter()
                    .map(|face| face.iter().map(|idx| *idx as u32).collect())
                    .collect(),
                face_color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(patch.face_color()),
                edge_color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(patch.edge_color()),
                face_color_mode: format!("{:?}", patch.face_color_mode()),
                edge_color_mode: format!("{:?}", patch.edge_color_mode()),
                face_alpha: patch.face_alpha(),
                edge_alpha: patch.edge_alpha(),
                line_width: patch.line_width(),
                axes_index,
                label: patch.label().map(str::to_string),
                visible: patch.is_visible(),
                force_3d: patch.force_3d(),
            },
            PlotElement::Mesh(mesh) => Self::Mesh {
                vertices: mesh
                    .vertices()
                    .iter()
                    .map(|point| vec3_to_xyz(*point))
                    .collect(),
                triangles: mesh.triangles().to_vec(),
                mesh_id: mesh.mesh_id().map(str::to_string),
                face_color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(mesh.face_color()),
                edge_color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(mesh.edge_color()),
                face_alpha: mesh.face_alpha(),
                edge_alpha: mesh.edge_alpha(),
                edge_width: mesh.edge_width(),
                edge_mode: mesh.edge_mode().as_str().to_string(),
                feature_edge_groups: mesh
                    .feature_edge_groups()
                    .map(|groups| groups.to_vec())
                    .unwrap_or_default(),
                vertex_colors_rgba: mesh
                    .vertex_colors()
                    .map(|colors| colors.iter().copied().map(vec4_to_rgba).collect())
                    .unwrap_or_default(),
                triangle_colors_rgba: mesh
                    .triangle_colors()
                    .map(|colors| colors.iter().copied().map(vec4_to_rgba).collect())
                    .unwrap_or_default(),
                axes_index,
                label: mesh.label().map(str::to_string),
                regions: mesh.regions().iter().map(Into::into).collect(),
                highlighted_region_id: mesh.highlighted_region_id().map(str::to_string),
                highlight_color_rgba: Some(vec4_to_rgba(mesh.highlight_color())),
                scalar_field: mesh.scalar_field().map(|field| Box::new(field.into())),
                vector_field: mesh.vector_field().map(|field| Box::new(field.into())),
                deformation: mesh.deformation().map(|field| Box::new(field.into())),
                visible: mesh.is_visible(),
            },
            PlotElement::Line3(line) => Self::Line3 {
                x: line.x_data.clone(),
                y: line.y_data.clone(),
                z: line.z_data.clone(),
                color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(line.color),
                line_width: line.line_width,
                line_style: format!("{:?}", line.line_style),
                axes_index,
                label: line.label.clone(),
                visible: line.visible,
            },
            PlotElement::Scatter3(scatter3) => Self::Scatter3 {
                points: scatter3
                    .points
                    .iter()
                    .map(|point| vec3_to_xyz(*point))
                    .collect(),
                colors_rgba: scatter3
                    .colors
                    .iter()
                    .map(|color| vec4_to_rgba(*color))
                    .collect(),
                point_size: scatter3.point_size,
                point_sizes: scatter3.point_sizes.clone(),
                axes_index,
                label: scatter3.label.clone(),
                visible: scatter3.visible,
            },
            PlotElement::Contour(contour) => Self::Contour {
                vertices: contour
                    .cpu_vertices()
                    .unwrap_or(&[])
                    .iter()
                    .cloned()
                    .map(Into::into)
                    .collect(),
                bounds_min: vec3_to_xyz(contour.bounds().min),
                bounds_max: vec3_to_xyz(contour.bounds().max),
                base_z: contour.base_z,
                line_width: contour.line_width,
                axes_index,
                label: contour.label.clone(),
                visible: contour.visible,
                force_3d: contour.force_3d,
            },
            PlotElement::ContourFill(fill) => Self::ContourFill {
                vertices: fill
                    .cpu_vertices()
                    .unwrap_or(&[])
                    .iter()
                    .cloned()
                    .map(Into::into)
                    .collect(),
                bounds_min: vec3_to_xyz(fill.bounds().min),
                bounds_max: vec3_to_xyz(fill.bounds().max),
                axes_index,
                label: fill.label.clone(),
                visible: fill.visible,
            },
            PlotElement::Pie(pie) => Self::Pie {
                values: pie.values.clone(),
                colors_rgba: pie.colors.iter().map(|c| vec4_to_rgba(*c)).collect(),
                slice_labels: pie.slice_labels.clone(),
                label_format: pie.label_format.clone(),
                explode: pie.explode.clone(),
                axes_index,
                label: pie.label.clone(),
                visible: pie.visible,
            },
        }
    }

    fn apply_to_figure(self, figure: &mut Figure) -> Result<(), String> {
        match self {
            ScenePlot::Line {
                x,
                y,
                color_rgba,
                line_width,
                line_style,
                axes_index,
                label,
                visible,
            } => {
                let mut line = LinePlot::new(x, y)?;
                line.set_color(rgba_to_vec4(color_rgba));
                line.set_line_width(line_width);
                line.set_line_style(parse_line_style(&line_style));
                line.label = label;
                line.set_visible(visible);
                figure.add_line_plot_on_axes(line, axes_index as usize);
            }
            ScenePlot::ReferenceLine {
                orientation,
                value,
                color_rgba,
                line_width,
                line_style,
                label,
                display_name,
                label_orientation,
                axes_index,
                visible,
            } => {
                let orientation = parse_reference_line_orientation(&orientation)?;
                let mut line = ReferenceLine::new(orientation, value)?.with_style(
                    rgba_to_vec4(color_rgba),
                    line_width,
                    parse_line_style(&line_style),
                );
                line.label = label;
                line.display_name = display_name;
                line.label_orientation = label_orientation;
                line.visible = visible;
                figure.add_reference_line_on_axes(line, axes_index as usize);
            }
            ScenePlot::Scatter {
                x,
                y,
                color_rgba,
                marker_size,
                marker_style,
                axes_index,
                label,
                visible,
            } => {
                let mut scatter = ScatterPlot::new(x, y)?;
                scatter.set_color(rgba_to_vec4(color_rgba));
                scatter.set_marker_size(marker_size);
                scatter.set_marker_style(parse_marker_style(&marker_style));
                scatter.label = label;
                scatter.set_visible(visible);
                figure.add_scatter_plot_on_axes(scatter, axes_index as usize);
            }
            ScenePlot::Bar {
                labels,
                values,
                histogram_bin_edges,
                polar_histogram,
                polar_histogram_display_style,
                color_rgba,
                outline_color_rgba,
                bar_width,
                outline_width,
                orientation,
                group_index,
                group_count,
                stack_offsets,
                axes_index,
                label,
                visible,
            } => {
                let mut bar = BarChart::new(labels, values)?
                    .with_style(rgba_to_vec4(color_rgba), bar_width)
                    .with_orientation(parse_bar_orientation(&orientation))
                    .with_group(group_index as usize, group_count as usize);
                if let Some(edges) = histogram_bin_edges {
                    bar.set_histogram_bin_edges(edges);
                }
                if polar_histogram {
                    bar.set_polar_histogram(true);
                    if let Some(style) = polar_histogram_display_style {
                        if style.eq_ignore_ascii_case("stairs") {
                            bar.set_polar_histogram_display_style(
                                crate::plots::PolarHistogramDisplayStyle::Stairs,
                            );
                        }
                    }
                }
                if let Some(offsets) = stack_offsets {
                    bar = bar.with_stack_offsets(offsets);
                }
                if let Some(outline) = outline_color_rgba {
                    bar = bar.with_outline(rgba_to_vec4(outline), outline_width);
                }
                bar.label = label;
                bar.set_visible(visible);
                figure.add_bar_chart_on_axes(bar, axes_index as usize);
            }
            ScenePlot::ErrorBar {
                x,
                y,
                err_low,
                err_high,
                x_err_low,
                x_err_high,
                orientation,
                color_rgba,
                line_width,
                line_style,
                cap_width,
                marker_style,
                marker_size,
                marker_face_color,
                marker_edge_color,
                marker_filled,
                axes_index,
                label,
                visible,
            } => {
                let mut error = if orientation.eq_ignore_ascii_case("Both") {
                    ErrorBar::new_both(x, y, x_err_low, x_err_high, err_low, err_high)?
                } else {
                    ErrorBar::new_vertical(x, y, err_low, err_high)?
                }
                .with_style(
                    rgba_to_vec4(color_rgba),
                    line_width,
                    parse_line_style_name(&line_style),
                    cap_width,
                );
                if let Some(size) = marker_size {
                    error.set_marker(Some(crate::plots::line::LineMarkerAppearance {
                        kind: parse_marker_style(marker_style.as_deref().unwrap_or("Circle")),
                        size,
                        edge_color: marker_edge_color
                            .map(rgba_to_vec4)
                            .unwrap_or(rgba_to_vec4(color_rgba)),
                        face_color: marker_face_color
                            .map(rgba_to_vec4)
                            .unwrap_or(rgba_to_vec4(color_rgba)),
                        filled: marker_filled.unwrap_or(false),
                    }));
                }
                error.label = label;
                error.set_visible(visible);
                figure.add_errorbar_on_axes(error, axes_index as usize);
            }
            ScenePlot::Stairs {
                x,
                y,
                color_rgba,
                line_width,
                axes_index,
                label,
                visible,
            } => {
                let mut stairs = StairsPlot::new(x, y)?;
                stairs.color = rgba_to_vec4(color_rgba);
                stairs.line_width = line_width;
                stairs.label = label;
                stairs.set_visible(visible);
                figure.add_stairs_plot_on_axes(stairs, axes_index as usize);
            }
            ScenePlot::Stem {
                x,
                y,
                baseline,
                color_rgba,
                line_width,
                line_style,
                baseline_color_rgba,
                baseline_visible,
                marker_color_rgba,
                marker_size,
                marker_filled,
                axes_index,
                label,
                visible,
            } => {
                let mut stem = StemPlot::new(x, y)?;
                stem = stem
                    .with_style(
                        rgba_to_vec4(color_rgba),
                        line_width,
                        parse_line_style_name(&line_style),
                        baseline,
                    )
                    .with_baseline_style(rgba_to_vec4(baseline_color_rgba), baseline_visible);
                if marker_size > 0.0 {
                    stem.set_marker(Some(crate::plots::line::LineMarkerAppearance {
                        kind: crate::plots::scatter::MarkerStyle::Circle,
                        size: marker_size,
                        edge_color: rgba_to_vec4(marker_color_rgba),
                        face_color: rgba_to_vec4(marker_color_rgba),
                        filled: marker_filled,
                    }));
                }
                stem.label = label;
                stem.set_visible(visible);
                figure.add_stem_plot_on_axes(stem, axes_index as usize);
            }
            ScenePlot::Area {
                x,
                y,
                lower_y,
                baseline,
                color_rgba,
                axes_index,
                label,
                visible,
            } => {
                let mut area = AreaPlot::new(x, y)?;
                if let Some(lower_y) = lower_y {
                    area = area.with_lower_curve(lower_y);
                }
                area.baseline = baseline;
                area.color = rgba_to_vec4(color_rgba);
                area.label = label;
                area.set_visible(visible);
                figure.add_area_plot_on_axes(area, axes_index as usize);
            }
            ScenePlot::Quiver {
                x,
                y,
                z,
                u,
                v,
                w,
                color_rgba,
                line_width,
                scale,
                head_size,
                axes_index,
                label,
                visible,
            } => {
                let mut quiver = if let (Some(z), Some(w)) = (z, w) {
                    QuiverPlot::new3d(x, y, z, u, v, w)?
                } else {
                    QuiverPlot::new(x, y, u, v)?
                }
                .with_style(rgba_to_vec4(color_rgba), line_width, scale, head_size)
                .with_label(label.unwrap_or_else(|| "Data".to_string()));
                quiver.set_visible(visible);
                figure.add_quiver_plot_on_axes(quiver, axes_index as usize);
            }
            ScenePlot::Surface {
                x,
                y,
                z,
                x_grid,
                y_grid,
                colormap,
                shading_mode,
                wireframe,
                alpha,
                flatten_z,
                image_mode,
                color_grid_rgba,
                color_limits,
                axes_index,
                label,
                visible,
            } => {
                let mut surface = match (x_grid, y_grid) {
                    (Some(x_grid), Some(y_grid)) => {
                        SurfacePlot::from_coordinate_grids(x_grid, y_grid, z)?
                    }
                    (None, None) => SurfacePlot::new(x, y, z)?,
                    _ => {
                        return Err(
                            "surface scene must include both xGrid and yGrid for coordinate grids"
                                .to_string(),
                        );
                    }
                };
                surface.colormap = parse_colormap(&colormap);
                surface.shading_mode = parse_shading_mode(&shading_mode);
                surface.wireframe = wireframe;
                surface.alpha = alpha.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
                surface.flatten_z = flatten_z;
                surface.image_mode = image_mode;
                surface.color_grid = color_grid_rgba.map(|grid| {
                    grid.into_iter()
                        .map(|row| row.into_iter().map(rgba_to_vec4).collect())
                        .collect()
                });
                surface.color_limits = color_limits.map(|[lo, hi]| (lo, hi));
                surface.label = label;
                surface.visible = visible;
                figure.add_surface_plot_on_axes(surface, axes_index as usize);
            }
            ScenePlot::Patch {
                vertices,
                faces,
                face_color_rgba,
                edge_color_rgba,
                face_color_mode,
                edge_color_mode,
                face_alpha,
                edge_alpha,
                line_width,
                axes_index,
                label,
                visible,
                force_3d,
            } => {
                let vertices: Vec<Vec3> = vertices.into_iter().map(xyz_to_vec3).collect();
                let faces: Vec<Vec<usize>> = faces
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|face| face.into_iter().map(|idx| idx as usize).collect())
                    .collect();
                let mut patch = PatchPlot::new(vertices, faces)?;
                patch.set_face_color(rgba_to_vec4(face_color_rgba));
                patch.set_edge_color(rgba_to_vec4(edge_color_rgba));
                patch.set_face_color_mode(parse_patch_face_color_mode(&face_color_mode));
                patch.set_edge_color_mode(parse_patch_edge_color_mode(&edge_color_mode));
                patch.set_face_alpha(face_alpha);
                patch.set_edge_alpha(edge_alpha);
                patch.set_line_width(line_width);
                patch.set_label(label);
                patch.set_visible(visible);
                patch.set_force_3d(force_3d);
                figure.add_patch_plot_on_axes(patch, axes_index as usize);
            }
            ScenePlot::Mesh {
                vertices,
                triangles,
                mesh_id,
                face_color_rgba,
                edge_color_rgba,
                face_alpha,
                edge_alpha,
                edge_width,
                edge_mode,
                feature_edge_groups,
                vertex_colors_rgba,
                triangle_colors_rgba,
                axes_index,
                label,
                regions,
                highlighted_region_id,
                highlight_color_rgba,
                scalar_field,
                vector_field,
                deformation,
                visible,
            } => {
                let vertices: Vec<Vec3> = vertices.into_iter().map(xyz_to_vec3).collect();
                let mut mesh = MeshPlot::new(vertices, triangles)?;
                mesh.set_mesh_id(mesh_id);
                mesh.set_face_color(rgba_to_vec4(face_color_rgba));
                mesh.set_edge_color(rgba_to_vec4(edge_color_rgba));
                mesh.set_face_alpha(face_alpha);
                mesh.set_edge_alpha(edge_alpha);
                mesh.set_edge_width(edge_width);
                mesh.set_edge_mode(parse_mesh_edge_mode(&edge_mode));
                if !feature_edge_groups.is_empty() {
                    mesh.set_feature_edge_groups(Some(feature_edge_groups))?;
                }
                if !vertex_colors_rgba.is_empty() {
                    mesh.set_vertex_colors(Some(
                        vertex_colors_rgba.into_iter().map(rgba_to_vec4).collect(),
                    ))?;
                }
                if !triangle_colors_rgba.is_empty() {
                    mesh.set_triangle_colors(Some(
                        triangle_colors_rgba.into_iter().map(rgba_to_vec4).collect(),
                    ))?;
                }
                mesh.set_label(label);
                mesh.set_regions(regions.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect());
                mesh.set_highlighted_region_id(highlighted_region_id);
                if let Some(color) = highlight_color_rgba {
                    mesh.set_highlight_color(rgba_to_vec4(color));
                }
                if let Some(field) = scalar_field {
                    mesh.set_scalar_field(Some((*field).try_into()?))?;
                }
                if let Some(field) = vector_field {
                    mesh.set_vector_field(Some((*field).try_into()?))?;
                }
                if let Some(field) = deformation {
                    mesh.set_deformation(Some((*field).into()))?;
                }
                mesh.set_visible(visible);
                figure.add_mesh_plot_on_axes(mesh, axes_index as usize);
            }
            ScenePlot::Line3 {
                x,
                y,
                z,
                color_rgba,
                line_width,
                line_style,
                axes_index,
                label,
                visible,
            } => {
                let mut plot = Line3Plot::new(x, y, z)?
                    .with_style(
                        rgba_to_vec4(color_rgba),
                        line_width,
                        parse_line_style_name(&line_style),
                    )
                    .with_label(label.unwrap_or_else(|| "Data".to_string()));
                plot.set_visible(visible);
                figure.add_line3_plot_on_axes(plot, axes_index as usize);
            }
            ScenePlot::Scatter3 {
                points,
                colors_rgba,
                point_size,
                point_sizes,
                axes_index,
                label,
                visible,
            } => {
                let points: Vec<Vec3> = points.into_iter().map(xyz_to_vec3).collect();
                let colors: Vec<Vec4> = colors_rgba.into_iter().map(rgba_to_vec4).collect();
                let mut scatter3 = Scatter3Plot::new(points)?;
                if !colors.is_empty() {
                    scatter3 = scatter3.with_colors(colors)?;
                }
                scatter3.point_size = point_size.max(1.0);
                scatter3.point_sizes = point_sizes;
                scatter3.label = label;
                scatter3.visible = visible;
                figure.add_scatter3_plot_on_axes(scatter3, axes_index as usize);
            }
            ScenePlot::Contour {
                vertices,
                bounds_min,
                bounds_max,
                base_z,
                line_width,
                axes_index,
                label,
                visible,
                force_3d,
            } => {
                let mut contour = ContourPlot::from_vertices(
                    vertices.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect(),
                    base_z,
                    serialized_bounds(bounds_min, bounds_max),
                )
                .with_line_width(line_width)
                .with_force_3d(force_3d);
                contour.label = label;
                contour.set_visible(visible);
                figure.add_contour_plot_on_axes(contour, axes_index as usize);
            }
            ScenePlot::ContourFill {
                vertices,
                bounds_min,
                bounds_max,
                axes_index,
                label,
                visible,
            } => {
                let mut fill = ContourFillPlot::from_vertices(
                    vertices.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect(),
                    serialized_bounds(bounds_min, bounds_max),
                );
                fill.label = label;
                fill.set_visible(visible);
                figure.add_contour_fill_plot_on_axes(fill, axes_index as usize);
            }
            ScenePlot::Pie {
                values,
                colors_rgba,
                slice_labels,
                label_format,
                explode,
                axes_index,
                label,
                visible,
            } => {
                let mut pie = crate::plots::PieChart::new(
                    values,
                    Some(colors_rgba.into_iter().map(rgba_to_vec4).collect()),
                )?
                .with_slice_labels(slice_labels)
                .with_explode(explode);
                if let Some(fmt) = label_format {
                    pie = pie.with_label_format(fmt);
                }
                pie.label = label;
                pie.set_visible(visible);
                figure.add_pie_chart_on_axes(pie, axes_index as usize);
            }
            ScenePlot::Unsupported { .. } => {}
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

fn parse_line_style(value: &str) -> crate::plots::LineStyle {
    match value {
        "None" | "none" => crate::plots::LineStyle::None,
        "Dashed" => crate::plots::LineStyle::Dashed,
        "Dotted" => crate::plots::LineStyle::Dotted,
        "DashDot" => crate::plots::LineStyle::DashDot,
        _ => crate::plots::LineStyle::Solid,
    }
}

fn parse_bar_orientation(value: &str) -> crate::plots::bar::Orientation {
    match value {
        "Horizontal" => crate::plots::bar::Orientation::Horizontal,
        _ => crate::plots::bar::Orientation::Vertical,
    }
}

fn parse_reference_line_orientation(value: &str) -> Result<ReferenceLineOrientation, String> {
    match value.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str() {
        "horizontal" => Ok(ReferenceLineOrientation::Horizontal),
        "vertical" => Ok(ReferenceLineOrientation::Vertical),
        _ => Err(format!(
            "unknown reference line orientation '{value}'; expected 'horizontal' or 'vertical'"
        )),
    }
}

fn parse_marker_style(value: &str) -> MarkerStyle {
    match value {
        "Square" => MarkerStyle::Square,
        "Triangle" => MarkerStyle::Triangle,
        "Diamond" => MarkerStyle::Diamond,
        "Plus" => MarkerStyle::Plus,
        "Cross" => MarkerStyle::Cross,
        "Star" => MarkerStyle::Star,
        "Hexagon" => MarkerStyle::Hexagon,
        _ => MarkerStyle::Circle,
    }
}

fn parse_colormap(value: &str) -> ColorMap {
    ColorMap::from_serialized_token(value).unwrap_or(ColorMap::Parula)
}

fn parse_shading_mode(value: &str) -> ShadingMode {
    match value {
        "Flat" => ShadingMode::Flat,
        "Smooth" => ShadingMode::Smooth,
        "Faceted" => ShadingMode::Faceted,
        "None" => ShadingMode::None,
        _ => ShadingMode::Smooth,
    }
}

fn parse_patch_face_color_mode(value: &str) -> PatchFaceColorMode {
    match value {
        "None" => PatchFaceColorMode::None,
        "Flat" => PatchFaceColorMode::Flat,
        _ => PatchFaceColorMode::Color,
    }
}

fn parse_patch_edge_color_mode(value: &str) -> PatchEdgeColorMode {
    match value {
        "None" => PatchEdgeColorMode::None,
        _ => PatchEdgeColorMode::Color,
    }
}

fn parse_mesh_edge_mode(value: &str) -> MeshEdgeMode {
    MeshEdgeMode::parse(value).unwrap_or_default()
}

fn xyz_to_vec3(value: [f32; 3]) -> Vec3 {
    Vec3::new(value[0], value[1], value[2])
}

fn serialized_bounds(min: [f32; 3], max: [f32; 3]) -> BoundingBox {
    BoundingBox::new(xyz_to_vec3(min), xyz_to_vec3(max))
}

fn vec3_to_xyz(value: Vec3) -> [f32; 3] {
    [value.x, value.y, value.z]
}

fn rgba_to_vec4(value: [f32; 4]) -> Vec4 {
    Vec4::new(value[0], value[1], value[2], value[3])
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
pub struct SerializedVertex {
    position: [f32; 3],
    color_rgba: [f32; 4],
    normal: [f32; 3],
    tex_coords: [f32; 2],
}

impl From<Vertex> for SerializedVertex {
    fn from(value: Vertex) -> Self {
        Self {
            position: value.position,
            color_rgba: value.color,
            normal: value.normal,
            tex_coords: value.tex_coords,
        }
    }
}

impl From<SerializedVertex> for Vertex {
    fn from(value: SerializedVertex) -> Self {
        Self {
            position: value.position,
            color: value.color_rgba,
            normal: value.normal,
            tex_coords: value.tex_coords,
        }
    }
}

/// Serialized legend entry for frontend rendering.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
pub struct FigureLegendEntry {
    pub label: String,
    pub plot_type: PlotKind,
    pub color_rgba: [f32; 4],
}

impl From<LegendEntry> for FigureLegendEntry {
    fn from(entry: LegendEntry) -> Self {
        Self {
            label: entry.label,
            plot_type: PlotKind::from(entry.plot_type),
            color_rgba: vec4_to_rgba(entry.color),
        }
    }
}

/// Serializable plot kind values consumed by UI + transports.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
pub enum PlotKind {
    Line,
    Line3,
    Scatter,
    Bar,
    ErrorBar,
    Stairs,
    Stem,
    Area,
    Quiver,
    Pie,
    Image,
    Surface,
    Mesh,
    Patch,
    Scatter3,
    Contour,
    ContourFill,
    ReferenceLine,
}

impl From<PlotType> for PlotKind {
    fn from(value: PlotType) -> Self {
        match value {
            PlotType::Line => Self::Line,
            PlotType::Line3 => Self::Line3,
            PlotType::Scatter => Self::Scatter,
            PlotType::Bar => Self::Bar,
            PlotType::ErrorBar => Self::ErrorBar,
            PlotType::Stairs => Self::Stairs,
            PlotType::Stem => Self::Stem,
            PlotType::Area => Self::Area,
            PlotType::Quiver => Self::Quiver,
            PlotType::Pie => Self::Pie,
            PlotType::Surface => Self::Surface,
            PlotType::Mesh => Self::Mesh,
            PlotType::Patch => Self::Patch,
            PlotType::Scatter3 => Self::Scatter3,
            PlotType::Contour => Self::Contour,
            PlotType::ContourFill => Self::ContourFill,
            PlotType::ReferenceLine => Self::ReferenceLine,
        }
    }
}

fn parse_line_style_name(name: &str) -> crate::plots::line::LineStyle {
    match name.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str() {
        "none" => crate::plots::line::LineStyle::None,
        "dashed" => crate::plots::line::LineStyle::Dashed,
        "dotted" => crate::plots::line::LineStyle::Dotted,
        "dashdot" => crate::plots::line::LineStyle::DashDot,
        _ => crate::plots::line::LineStyle::Solid,
    }
}

fn parse_colormap_name(name: &str) -> crate::plots::surface::ColorMap {
    crate::plots::surface::ColorMap::from_serialized_token(name)
        .unwrap_or(crate::plots::surface::ColorMap::Parula)
}

fn vec4_to_rgba(value: Vec4) -> [f32; 4] {
    [value.x, value.y, value.z, value.w]
}

fn deserialize_f64_lossy<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<f64, D::Error>
where
    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
{
    let value = Option::<f64>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
    Ok(value.unwrap_or(f64::NAN))
}

fn deserialize_vec_f64_lossy<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Vec<f64>, D::Error>
where
    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
{
    let values = Vec::<Option<f64>>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
    Ok(values
        .into_iter()
        .map(|value| value.unwrap_or(f64::NAN))
        .collect())
}

fn deserialize_vec_f32_lossy<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Vec<f32>, D::Error>
where
    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
{
    let values = Vec::<Option<f32>>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
    Ok(values
        .into_iter()
        .map(|value| value.unwrap_or(f32::NAN))
        .collect())
}

fn deserialize_option_vec_f64_lossy<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Option<Vec<f64>>, D::Error>
where
    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
{
    let values = Option::<Vec<Option<f64>>>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
    Ok(values.map(|items| {
        items
            .into_iter()
            .map(|value| value.unwrap_or(f64::NAN))
            .collect()
    }))
}

fn deserialize_matrix_f64_lossy<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Vec<Vec<f64>>, D::Error>
where
    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
{
    let rows = Vec::<Vec<Option<f64>>>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
    Ok(rows
        .into_iter()
        .map(|row| {
            row.into_iter()
                .map(|value| value.unwrap_or(f64::NAN))
                .collect()
        })
        .collect())
}

fn deserialize_option_pair_f64_lossy<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Option<[f64; 2]>, D::Error>
where
    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
{
    let value = Option::<[Option<f64>; 2]>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
    Ok(value.map(|pair| [pair[0].unwrap_or(f64::NAN), pair[1].unwrap_or(f64::NAN)]))
}

fn deserialize_option_vec_f32_lossy<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Option<Vec<f32>>, D::Error>
where
    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
{
    let values = Option::<Vec<Option<f32>>>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
    Ok(values.map(|items| {
        items
            .into_iter()
            .map(|value| value.unwrap_or(f32::NAN))
            .collect()
    }))
}

fn deserialize_vec_xyz_f32_lossy<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Vec<[f32; 3]>, D::Error>
where
    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
{
    let values = Vec::<[Option<f32>; 3]>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
    Ok(values
        .into_iter()
        .map(|xyz| {
            [
                xyz[0].unwrap_or(f32::NAN),
                xyz[1].unwrap_or(f32::NAN),
                xyz[2].unwrap_or(f32::NAN),
            ]
        })
        .collect())
}

fn deserialize_vec_rgba_f32_lossy<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Vec<[f32; 4]>, D::Error>
where
    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
{
    let values = Vec::<[Option<f32>; 4]>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
    Ok(values
        .into_iter()
        .map(|rgba| {
            [
                rgba[0].unwrap_or(f32::NAN),
                rgba[1].unwrap_or(f32::NAN),
                rgba[2].unwrap_or(f32::NAN),
                rgba[3].unwrap_or(f32::NAN),
            ]
        })
        .collect())
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::plots::{
        AreaPlot, BarChart, ContourFillPlot, ContourPlot, ErrorBar, Figure, Line3Plot, LinePlot,
        MeshPlot, PatchPlot, PieChart, PolarHistogramDisplayStyle, QuiverPlot, ReferenceLine,
        ReferenceLineOrientation, Scatter3Plot, ScatterPlot, StairsPlot, StemPlot, SurfacePlot,
    };
    use glam::{Vec3, Vec4};

    #[test]
    fn async_scene_export_covers_every_plot_element_variant() {
        let bounds = BoundingBox::new(Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0), Vec3::new(1.0, 1.0, 1.0));
        let cases: Vec<(&str, PlotElement)> = vec![
            (
                "line",
                PlotElement::Line(LinePlot::new(vec![0.0, 1.0], vec![1.0, 2.0]).unwrap()),
            ),
            (
                "scatter",
                PlotElement::Scatter(ScatterPlot::new(vec![0.0, 1.0], vec![2.0, 3.0]).unwrap()),
            ),
            (
                "bar",
                PlotElement::Bar(
                    BarChart::new(vec!["A".into(), "B".into()], vec![1.0, 2.0]).unwrap(),
                ),
            ),
            (
                "errorbar",
                PlotElement::ErrorBar(Box::new(
                    ErrorBar::new_vertical(
                        vec![0.0, 1.0],
                        vec![1.0, 2.0],
                        vec![0.1, 0.2],
                        vec![0.3, 0.4],
                    )
                    .unwrap(),
                )),
            ),
            (
                "stairs",
                PlotElement::Stairs(StairsPlot::new(vec![0.0, 1.0], vec![1.0, 2.0]).unwrap()),
            ),
            (
                "stem",
                PlotElement::Stem(StemPlot::new(vec![0.0, 1.0], vec![1.0, 2.0]).unwrap()),
            ),
            (
                "area",
                PlotElement::Area(AreaPlot::new(vec![0.0, 1.0], vec![1.0, 2.0]).unwrap()),
            ),
            (
                "quiver",
                PlotElement::Quiver(
                    QuiverPlot::new(vec![0.0], vec![0.0], vec![1.0], vec![1.0]).unwrap(),
                ),
            ),
            (
                "pie",
                PlotElement::Pie(PieChart::new(vec![1.0, 2.0], None).unwrap()),
            ),
            (
                "surface",
                PlotElement::Surface(
                    SurfacePlot::new(
                        vec![0.0, 1.0],
                        vec![0.0, 1.0],
                        vec![vec![0.0, 1.0], vec![1.0, 2.0]],
                    )
                    .unwrap(),
                ),
            ),
            (
                "mesh",
                PlotElement::Mesh(Box::new(
                    MeshPlot::new(
                        vec![
                            Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
                            Vec3::new(1.0, 0.0, 0.0),
                            Vec3::new(0.0, 1.0, 0.0),
                        ],
                        vec![[0, 1, 2]],
                    )
                    .unwrap(),
                )),
            ),
            (
                "patch",
                PlotElement::Patch(
                    PatchPlot::new(
                        vec![
                            Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
                            Vec3::new(1.0, 0.0, 0.0),
                            Vec3::new(0.0, 1.0, 0.0),
                        ],
                        vec![vec![0, 1, 2]],
                    )
                    .unwrap(),
                ),
            ),
            (
                "line3",
                PlotElement::Line3(
                    Line3Plot::new(vec![0.0, 1.0], vec![1.0, 2.0], vec![2.0, 3.0]).unwrap(),
                ),
            ),
            (
                "scatter3",
                PlotElement::Scatter3(Scatter3Plot::new(vec![Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)]).unwrap()),
            ),
            (
                "contour",
                PlotElement::Contour(ContourPlot::from_vertices(
                    vec![
                        Vertex::new(Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0), Vec4::ONE),
                        Vertex::new(Vec3::new(1.0, 1.0, 0.0), Vec4::ONE),
                    ],
                    0.0,
                    bounds,
                )),
            ),
            (
                "contour_fill",
                PlotElement::ContourFill(ContourFillPlot::from_vertices(
                    vec![
                        Vertex::new(Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0), Vec4::ONE),
                        Vertex::new(Vec3::new(1.0, 0.0, 0.0), Vec4::ONE),
                        Vertex::new(Vec3::new(0.0, 1.0, 0.0), Vec4::ONE),
                    ],
                    bounds,
                )),
            ),
            (
                "reference_line",
                PlotElement::ReferenceLine(
                    ReferenceLine::new(ReferenceLineOrientation::Vertical, 0.5).unwrap(),
                ),
            ),
        ];

        for (name, plot) in cases {
            let scene_plot = futures::executor::block_on(ScenePlot::from_plot_for_export(&plot, 0))
                .unwrap_or_else(|err| panic!("{name} export failed: {err}"));
            scene_plot
                .validate_exportable()
                .unwrap_or_else(|err| panic!("{name} validation failed: {err}"));
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn capture_snapshot_reflects_layout_and_metadata() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new()
            .with_title("Demo")
            .with_sg_title("Overview")
            .with_labels("X", "Y")
            .with_grid(false)
            .with_subplot_grid(1, 2);
        figure.set_name("Window Name");
        figure.set_number_title(false);
        figure.set_visible(false);
        figure.set_background_color(Vec4::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0));
        let line = LinePlot::new(vec![0.0, 1.0], vec![0.0, 1.0]).unwrap();
        figure.add_line_plot_on_axes(line, 1);

        let snapshot = FigureSnapshot::capture(&figure);
        assert_eq!(snapshot.layout.axes_rows, 1);
        assert_eq!(snapshot.layout.axes_cols, 2);
        assert_eq!(snapshot.metadata.title.as_deref(), Some("Demo"));
        assert_eq!(snapshot.metadata.name.as_deref(), Some("Window Name"));
        assert!(!snapshot.metadata.number_title);
        assert!(!snapshot.metadata.visible);
        assert_eq!(snapshot.metadata.sg_title.as_deref(), Some("Overview"));
        assert_eq!(snapshot.metadata.background_rgba, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
        assert_eq!(snapshot.metadata.legend_entries.len(), 0);
        assert_eq!(snapshot.plots.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(snapshot.plots[0].axes_index, 1);
        assert!(!snapshot.metadata.grid_enabled);
    }

    #[test]
    fn surface_scene_validation_uses_surface_plot_orientation() {
        let scene_plot = ScenePlot::Surface {
            x: vec![0.0, 1.0, 2.0],
            y: vec![10.0, 20.0],
            z: vec![vec![1.0, 2.0], vec![3.0, 4.0], vec![5.0, 6.0]],
            x_grid: None,
            y_grid: None,
            colormap: "Parula".to_string(),
            shading_mode: "Smooth".to_string(),
            wireframe: false,
            alpha: 1.0,
            flatten_z: false,
            image_mode: false,
            color_grid_rgba: Some(vec![
                vec![[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], [0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0]],
                vec![[0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0], [1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0]],
                vec![[1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0], [0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]],
            ]),
            color_limits: None,
            axes_index: 0,
            label: None,
            visible: true,
        };
        scene_plot.validate_exportable().unwrap();

        let transposed = ScenePlot::Surface {
            x: vec![0.0, 1.0, 2.0],
            y: vec![10.0, 20.0],
            z: vec![vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0], vec![4.0, 5.0, 6.0]],
            x_grid: None,
            y_grid: None,
            colormap: "Parula".to_string(),
            shading_mode: "Smooth".to_string(),
            wireframe: false,
            alpha: 1.0,
            flatten_z: false,
            image_mode: false,
            color_grid_rgba: None,
            color_limits: None,
            axes_index: 0,
            label: None,
            visible: true,
        };
        let err = transposed.validate_exportable().unwrap_err();
        assert!(err
            .to_string()
            .contains("row count (2) must match x length (3)"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn image_mode_surface_scene_roundtrip_preserves_color_grid() {
        let snapshot = FigureSnapshot::capture(&Figure::new());
        let scene = FigureScene {
            schema_version: FigureScene::SCHEMA_VERSION,
            layout: snapshot.layout,
            metadata: snapshot.metadata,
            plots: vec![ScenePlot::Surface {
                x: vec![0.0, 1.0],
                y: vec![10.0, 20.0, 30.0],
                z: vec![vec![0.0, 0.0, 0.0], vec![0.0, 0.0, 0.0]],
                x_grid: None,
                y_grid: None,
                colormap: "Parula".to_string(),
                shading_mode: "None".to_string(),
                wireframe: false,
                alpha: 1.0,
                flatten_z: true,
                image_mode: true,
                color_grid_rgba: Some(vec![
                    vec![
                        [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0],
                        [0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0],
                        [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0],
                    ],
                    vec![
                        [1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0],
                        [1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0],
                        [0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0],
                    ],
                ]),
                color_limits: None,
                axes_index: 0,
                label: None,
                visible: true,
            }],
        };

        let rebuilt = scene.into_figure().expect("image surface scene restores");
        let Some(PlotElement::Surface(surface)) = rebuilt.plots().next() else {
            panic!("expected surface plot");
        };
        assert!(surface.image_mode);
        assert!(surface.flatten_z);
        let grid = surface.color_grid.as_ref().expect("color grid");
        assert_eq!(grid.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(grid[0].len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(grid[1][2], Vec4::new(0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0));
    }

    #[test]
    fn sg_title_style_omitted_when_sg_title_absent() {
        let figure = Figure::new().with_title("Only regular title");
        let snapshot = FigureSnapshot::capture(&figure);
        assert!(snapshot.metadata.sg_title.is_none());
        assert!(
            snapshot.metadata.sg_title_style.is_none(),
            "sgTitleStyle must be None when sgTitle is absent"
        );
        let json = serde_json::to_string(&snapshot.metadata).unwrap();
        assert!(
            !json.contains("sgTitleStyle"),
            "sgTitleStyle must not appear in serialized JSON when sgTitle is absent"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_roundtrip_reconstructs_supported_plots() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new().with_title("Replay").with_subplot_grid(1, 2);
        figure.set_name("Roundtrip");
        figure.set_number_title(false);
        figure.set_visible(false);
        figure.set_position([100.0, 100.0, 1000.0, 700.0]);
        let mut line = LinePlot::new(vec![0.0, 1.0], vec![1.0, 2.0]).unwrap();
        line.label = Some("line".to_string());
        figure.add_line_plot_on_axes(line, 0);
        let mut scatter = ScatterPlot::new(vec![0.0, 1.0, 2.0], vec![2.0, 3.0, 4.0]).unwrap();
        scatter.label = Some("scatter".to_string());
        figure.add_scatter_plot_on_axes(scatter, 1);

        let scene = FigureScene::capture(&figure);
        let rebuilt = scene.into_figure().expect("scene restore should succeed");
        assert_eq!(rebuilt.axes_grid(), (1, 2));
        assert_eq!(rebuilt.plots().count(), 2);
        assert_eq!(rebuilt.title.as_deref(), Some("Replay"));
        assert_eq!(rebuilt.name.as_deref(), Some("Roundtrip"));
        assert!(!rebuilt.number_title);
        assert!(!rebuilt.visible);
        assert_eq!(rebuilt.position, [100.0, 100.0, 1000.0, 700.0]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_roundtrip_reconstructs_patch() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new();
        let mut patch = PatchPlot::new(
            vec![
                Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
                Vec3::new(1.0, 0.0, 0.0),
                Vec3::new(0.0, 1.0, 0.0),
            ],
            vec![vec![0, 1, 2]],
        )
        .unwrap();
        patch.set_label(Some("tri".into()));
        patch.set_force_3d(true);
        figure.add_patch_plot(patch);

        let scene = FigureScene::capture(&figure);
        assert_eq!(scene.schema_version, FigureScene::SCHEMA_VERSION);
        assert!(matches!(scene.plots.first(), Some(ScenePlot::Patch { .. })));
        let rebuilt = scene.into_figure().expect("patch scene restore");
        let Some(PlotElement::Patch(patch)) = rebuilt.plots().next() else {
            panic!("expected patch plot");
        };
        assert_eq!(patch.faces(), &[vec![0, 1, 2]]);
        assert_eq!(patch.label(), Some("tri"));
        assert!(patch.force_3d());
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_rejects_invalid_schema_versions() {
        let mut scene = FigureScene::capture(&Figure::new());
        scene.schema_version = 0;
        let err = scene.clone().into_figure().expect_err("schema 0 must fail");
        assert!(err.contains("unsupported figure scene schema version 0"));

        scene.schema_version = FigureScene::SCHEMA_VERSION + 1;
        let err = scene.into_figure().expect_err("future schema must fail");
        assert!(err.contains(&format!(
            "unsupported figure scene schema version {}",
            FigureScene::SCHEMA_VERSION + 1
        )));
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_rejects_invalid_position_metadata() {
        let mut scene = FigureScene::capture(&Figure::new());
        scene.metadata.position = Some([0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 400.0]);
        let err = scene
            .clone()
            .into_figure()
            .expect_err("zero-width position must fail");
        assert!(err.contains("Position width and height must be positive"));

        scene.metadata.position = Some([0.0, f64::NAN, 300.0, 400.0]);
        let err = scene
            .into_figure()
            .expect_err("non-finite position must fail");
        assert!(err.contains("Position values must be finite"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_rejects_patch_in_older_schema() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new();
        figure.add_patch_plot(
            PatchPlot::new(
                vec![
                    Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
                    Vec3::new(1.0, 0.0, 0.0),
                    Vec3::new(0.0, 1.0, 0.0),
                ],
                vec![vec![0, 1, 2]],
            )
            .unwrap(),
        );

        let mut scene = FigureScene::capture(&figure);
        assert!(matches!(scene.plots.first(), Some(ScenePlot::Patch { .. })));
        scene.schema_version = 1;

        let err = scene
            .into_figure()
            .expect_err("older patch schema must fail");
        assert!(err.contains("patch plots require figure scene schema version 2"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_roundtrip_preserves_mesh_plot() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new();
        let mut mesh = MeshPlot::new(
            vec![
                Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
                Vec3::new(1.0, 0.0, 0.0),
                Vec3::new(0.0, 1.0, 0.0),
            ],
            vec![[0, 1, 2]],
        )
        .unwrap();
        mesh.set_mesh_id(Some("mesh_1".to_string()));
        mesh.set_label(Some("mesh tri".to_string()));
        mesh.set_face_alpha(0.7);
        mesh.set_edge_width(0.25);
        mesh.set_edge_mode(MeshEdgeMode::Feature);
        mesh.set_feature_edge_groups(Some(vec![3]))
            .expect("feature group should be accepted");
        mesh.set_vertex_colors(Some(vec![
            Vec4::new(0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0),
            Vec4::new(0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0),
            Vec4::new(0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0),
        ]))
        .expect("vertex colors should be accepted");
        mesh.set_triangle_colors(Some(vec![Vec4::new(0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0)]))
            .expect("triangle color should be accepted");
        mesh.set_regions(vec![MeshRegion::new(
            "region_default",
            Some("Default Region".to_string()),
            Some("mesh_default".to_string()),
            vec![MeshTriangleRange::new(0, 1)],
        )]);
        mesh.set_highlighted_region_id(Some("region_default".to_string()));
        figure.add_mesh_plot(mesh);

        let scene = FigureScene::capture(&figure);
        assert_eq!(scene.schema_version, FigureScene::SCHEMA_VERSION);
        assert!(matches!(scene.plots.first(), Some(ScenePlot::Mesh { .. })));
        let rebuilt = scene.into_figure().expect("mesh scene restore");
        let Some(PlotElement::Mesh(mesh)) = rebuilt.plots().next() else {
            panic!("expected mesh plot");
        };
        assert_eq!(mesh.mesh_id(), Some("mesh_1"));
        assert_eq!(mesh.triangles(), &[[0, 1, 2]]);
        assert_eq!(mesh.label(), Some("mesh tri"));
        assert!((mesh.face_alpha() - 0.7).abs() < f32::EPSILON);
        assert!((mesh.edge_width() - 0.25).abs() < f32::EPSILON);
        assert_eq!(mesh.edge_mode(), MeshEdgeMode::Feature);
        assert_eq!(mesh.feature_edge_groups().unwrap(), &[3]);
        assert_eq!(
            mesh.vertex_colors()
                .and_then(|colors| colors.first().copied()),
            Some(Vec4::new(0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0))
        );
        assert_eq!(
            mesh.triangle_colors()
                .and_then(|colors| colors.first().copied()),
            Some(Vec4::new(0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0))
        );
        assert_eq!(mesh.regions().len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(mesh.regions()[0].region_id, "region_default");
        assert_eq!(mesh.highlighted_region_id(), Some("region_default"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_roundtrip_preserves_mesh_fea_overlays() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new();
        let mut mesh = MeshPlot::new(
            vec![
                Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
                Vec3::new(1.0, 0.0, 0.0),
                Vec3::new(0.0, 1.0, 0.0),
            ],
            vec![[0, 1, 2]],
        )
        .unwrap();
        mesh.set_scalar_field(Some(MeshScalarField {
            field_id: "fea.structural.von_mises".to_string(),
            label: Some("Von Mises".to_string()),
            location: MeshFieldLocation::Vertex,
            values: vec![0.0, 0.5, 1.0],
            color_limits: Some([0.0, 1.0]),
            colormap: "viridis".to_string(),
            alpha: 0.8,
        }))
        .unwrap();
        mesh.set_vector_field(Some(MeshVectorField {
            field_id: "fea.em.flux_density".to_string(),
            label: Some("Flux density".to_string()),
            location: MeshFieldLocation::Triangle,
            vectors: vec![Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 1.0)],
            scale: 0.25,
            stride: 1,
            color: Vec4::new(0.9, 0.7, 0.2, 1.0),
        }))
        .unwrap();
        mesh.set_deformation(Some(MeshDeformation {
            field_id: "fea.structural.displacement".to_string(),
            label: Some("Displacement".to_string()),
            displacements: vec![Vec3::ZERO, Vec3::Z, Vec3::ZERO],
            scale: 0.5,
        }))
        .unwrap();
        figure.add_mesh_plot(mesh);

        let rebuilt = FigureScene::capture(&figure)
            .into_figure()
            .expect("mesh scene restore");
        let Some(PlotElement::Mesh(mesh)) = rebuilt.plots().next() else {
            panic!("expected mesh plot");
        };
        assert_eq!(
            mesh.scalar_field().map(|field| field.field_id.as_str()),
            Some("fea.structural.von_mises")
        );
        assert_eq!(
            mesh.vector_field().map(|field| field.field_id.as_str()),
            Some("fea.em.flux_density")
        );
        assert_eq!(
            mesh.deformation().map(|field| field.field_id.as_str()),
            Some("fea.structural.displacement")
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_rejects_mesh_in_older_schema() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new();
        figure.add_mesh_plot(
            MeshPlot::new(
                vec![
                    Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
                    Vec3::new(1.0, 0.0, 0.0),
                    Vec3::new(0.0, 1.0, 0.0),
                ],
                vec![[0, 1, 2]],
            )
            .unwrap(),
        );

        let mut scene = FigureScene::capture(&figure);
        assert!(matches!(scene.plots.first(), Some(ScenePlot::Mesh { .. })));
        scene.schema_version = 2;

        let err = scene
            .into_figure()
            .expect_err("older mesh schema must fail");
        assert!(err.contains("mesh plots require figure scene schema version 3"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_rejects_unknown_reference_line_orientation() {
        let mut scene = FigureScene::capture(&Figure::new());
        scene.plots.push(ScenePlot::ReferenceLine {
            orientation: "VERTICAL".into(),
            value: 2.0,
            color_rgba: [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 1.0],
            line_width: 1.0,
            line_style: "Solid".into(),
            label: None,
            display_name: None,
            label_orientation: "horizontal".into(),
            axes_index: 0,
            visible: true,
        });

        let rebuilt = scene.clone().into_figure().expect("valid orientation");
        let PlotElement::ReferenceLine(line) = rebuilt.plots().next().unwrap() else {
            panic!("expected reference line")
        };
        assert!(matches!(
            line.orientation,
            ReferenceLineOrientation::Vertical
        ));

        let ScenePlot::ReferenceLine { orientation, .. } = &mut scene.plots[0] else {
            panic!("expected reference line scene plot")
        };
        *orientation = "diagonal".into();

        let err = scene
            .into_figure()
            .expect_err("unknown orientation must fail");
        assert!(err.contains("unknown reference line orientation 'diagonal'"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_roundtrip_reconstructs_surface_and_scatter3() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new().with_title("Replay3D").with_subplot_grid(1, 2);
        let mut surface = SurfacePlot::new(
            vec![0.0, 1.0],
            vec![0.0, 1.0],
            vec![vec![0.0, 1.0], vec![1.0, 2.0]],
        )
        .expect("surface data should be valid");
        surface.label = Some("surface".to_string());
        figure.add_surface_plot_on_axes(surface, 0);

        let mut scatter3 = Scatter3Plot::new(vec![
            Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
            Vec3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0),
            Vec3::new(2.0, 3.0, 4.0),
        ])
        .expect("scatter3 data should be valid");
        scatter3.label = Some("scatter3".to_string());
        figure.add_scatter3_plot_on_axes(scatter3, 1);

        let scene = FigureScene::capture(&figure);
        let rebuilt = scene.into_figure().expect("scene restore should succeed");
        assert_eq!(rebuilt.axes_grid(), (1, 2));
        assert_eq!(rebuilt.plots().count(), 2);
        assert_eq!(rebuilt.title.as_deref(), Some("Replay3D"));
        assert!(matches!(
            rebuilt.plots().next(),
            Some(PlotElement::Surface(_))
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            rebuilt.plots().nth(1),
            Some(PlotElement::Scatter3(_))
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_roundtrip_preserves_line3_plot() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new();
        let line3 = Line3Plot::new(vec![0.0, 1.0], vec![1.0, 2.0], vec![2.0, 3.0])
            .unwrap()
            .with_label("Trajectory");
        figure.add_line3_plot(line3);

        let rebuilt = FigureScene::capture(&figure)
            .into_figure()
            .expect("scene restore should succeed");

        let PlotElement::Line3(line3) = rebuilt.plots().next().unwrap() else {
            panic!("expected line3")
        };
        assert_eq!(line3.x_data, vec![0.0, 1.0]);
        assert_eq!(line3.z_data, vec![2.0, 3.0]);
        assert_eq!(line3.label.as_deref(), Some("Trajectory"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_roundtrip_preserves_contour_and_fill_plots() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new();
        let bounds = BoundingBox::new(Vec3::new(-1.0, -2.0, 0.0), Vec3::new(3.0, 4.0, 0.0));
        let vertices = vec![Vertex {
            position: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
            color: [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0],
            normal: [0.0, 0.0, 1.0],
            tex_coords: [0.0, 0.0],
        }];
        let fill = ContourFillPlot::from_vertices(vertices.clone(), bounds).with_label("fill");
        let contour = ContourPlot::from_vertices(vertices, 0.0, bounds)
            .with_label("lines")
            .with_line_width(2.0);
        figure.add_contour_fill_plot(fill);
        figure.add_contour_plot(contour);

        let rebuilt = FigureScene::capture(&figure)
            .into_figure()
            .expect("scene restore should succeed");
        assert!(matches!(
            rebuilt.plots().next(),
            Some(PlotElement::ContourFill(_))
        ));
        let Some(PlotElement::Contour(contour)) = rebuilt.plots().nth(1) else {
            panic!("expected contour")
        };
        assert_eq!(contour.line_width, 2.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_roundtrip_preserves_stem_style_surface() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new();
        let mut stem = StemPlot::new(vec![0.0, 1.0], vec![1.0, 2.0])
            .unwrap()
            .with_style(
                Vec4::new(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0),
                2.0,
                crate::plots::line::LineStyle::Dashed,
                -1.0,
            )
            .with_baseline_style(Vec4::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0), false)
            .with_label("Impulse");
        stem.set_marker(Some(crate::plots::line::LineMarkerAppearance {
            kind: crate::plots::scatter::MarkerStyle::Square,
            size: 8.0,
            edge_color: Vec4::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0),
            face_color: Vec4::new(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0),
            filled: true,
        }));
        figure.add_stem_plot(stem);

        let rebuilt = FigureScene::capture(&figure)
            .into_figure()
            .expect("scene restore should succeed");
        let PlotElement::Stem(stem) = rebuilt.plots().next().unwrap() else {
            panic!("expected stem")
        };
        assert_eq!(stem.baseline, -1.0);
        assert_eq!(stem.line_width, 2.0);
        assert_eq!(stem.label.as_deref(), Some("Impulse"));
        assert!(!stem.baseline_visible);
        assert!(stem.marker.as_ref().map(|m| m.filled).unwrap_or(false));
        assert_eq!(stem.marker.as_ref().map(|m| m.size), Some(8.0));
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_roundtrip_preserves_bar_plot() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new();
        let bar = BarChart::new(vec!["A".into(), "B".into()], vec![2.0, 3.5])
            .unwrap()
            .with_style(Vec4::new(0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.0), 0.95)
            .with_outline(Vec4::new(0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 1.0), 1.5)
            .with_label("Histogram")
            .with_stack_offsets(vec![1.0, 0.5]);
        figure.add_bar_chart(bar);

        let rebuilt = FigureScene::capture(&figure)
            .into_figure()
            .expect("scene restore should succeed");
        let PlotElement::Bar(bar) = rebuilt.plots().next().unwrap() else {
            panic!("expected bar")
        };
        assert_eq!(bar.labels, vec!["A", "B"]);
        assert_eq!(bar.values().unwrap_or(&[]), &[2.0, 3.5]);
        assert_eq!(bar.bar_width, 0.95);
        assert_eq!(bar.outline_width, 1.5);
        assert_eq!(bar.label.as_deref(), Some("Histogram"));
        assert_eq!(bar.stack_offsets().unwrap_or(&[]), &[1.0, 0.5]);
        assert!(bar.histogram_bin_edges().is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_roundtrip_preserves_histogram_bin_edges() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new();
        let mut bar = BarChart::new(vec!["bin1".into(), "bin2".into()], vec![4.0, 5.0]).unwrap();
        bar.set_histogram_bin_edges(vec![0.0, 0.5, 1.0]);
        figure.add_bar_chart(bar);

        let rebuilt = FigureScene::capture(&figure)
            .into_figure()
            .expect("scene restore should succeed");
        let PlotElement::Bar(bar) = rebuilt.plots().next().unwrap() else {
            panic!("expected bar")
        };
        assert_eq!(bar.histogram_bin_edges().unwrap_or(&[]), &[0.0, 0.5, 1.0]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_roundtrip_preserves_polar_histogram_state() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new();
        let mut bar = BarChart::new(vec!["bin1".into(), "bin2".into()], vec![4.0, 5.0]).unwrap();
        bar.set_histogram_bin_edges(vec![0.0, std::f64::consts::PI, std::f64::consts::TAU]);
        bar.set_polar_histogram(true);
        bar.set_polar_histogram_display_style(PolarHistogramDisplayStyle::Stairs);
        figure.add_bar_chart(bar);

        let rebuilt = FigureScene::capture(&figure)
            .into_figure()
            .expect("scene restore should succeed");
        let PlotElement::Bar(bar) = rebuilt.plots().next().unwrap() else {
            panic!("expected bar")
        };
        assert!(bar.is_polar_histogram());
        assert_eq!(
            bar.polar_histogram_display_style(),
            PolarHistogramDisplayStyle::Stairs
        );
        assert_eq!(
            bar.histogram_bin_edges().unwrap_or(&[]),
            &[0.0, std::f64::consts::PI, std::f64::consts::TAU]
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_roundtrip_preserves_errorbar_style_surface() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new();
        let mut error = ErrorBar::new_vertical(
            vec![0.0, 1.0],
            vec![1.0, 2.0],
            vec![0.1, 0.2],
            vec![0.2, 0.3],
        )
        .unwrap()
        .with_style(
            Vec4::new(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0),
            2.0,
            crate::plots::line::LineStyle::Dashed,
            10.0,
        )
        .with_label("Err");
        error.set_marker(Some(crate::plots::line::LineMarkerAppearance {
            kind: crate::plots::scatter::MarkerStyle::Triangle,
            size: 8.0,
            edge_color: Vec4::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0),
            face_color: Vec4::new(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0),
            filled: true,
        }));
        figure.add_errorbar(error);

        let rebuilt = FigureScene::capture(&figure)
            .into_figure()
            .expect("scene restore should succeed");
        let PlotElement::ErrorBar(error) = rebuilt.plots().next().unwrap() else {
            panic!("expected errorbar")
        };
        assert_eq!(error.line_width, 2.0);
        assert_eq!(error.cap_size, 10.0);
        assert_eq!(error.label.as_deref(), Some("Err"));
        assert_eq!(error.line_style, crate::plots::line::LineStyle::Dashed);
        assert!(error.marker.as_ref().map(|m| m.filled).unwrap_or(false));
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_roundtrip_preserves_errorbar_both_direction() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new();
        let error = ErrorBar::new_both(
            vec![1.0, 2.0],
            vec![3.0, 4.0],
            vec![0.1, 0.2],
            vec![0.2, 0.3],
            vec![0.3, 0.4],
            vec![0.4, 0.5],
        )
        .unwrap();
        figure.add_errorbar(error);
        let rebuilt = FigureScene::capture(&figure)
            .into_figure()
            .expect("scene restore should succeed");
        let PlotElement::ErrorBar(error) = rebuilt.plots().next().unwrap() else {
            panic!("expected errorbar")
        };
        assert_eq!(
            error.orientation,
            crate::plots::errorbar::ErrorBarOrientation::Both
        );
        assert_eq!(error.x_neg, vec![0.1, 0.2]);
        assert_eq!(error.x_pos, vec![0.2, 0.3]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_roundtrip_preserves_quiver_plot() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new();
        let quiver = QuiverPlot::new(
            vec![0.0, 1.0],
            vec![1.0, 2.0],
            vec![0.5, -0.5],
            vec![1.0, 0.25],
        )
        .unwrap()
        .with_style(Vec4::new(0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 1.0), 2.0, 1.5, 0.2)
        .with_label("Field");
        figure.add_quiver_plot(quiver);

        let rebuilt = FigureScene::capture(&figure)
            .into_figure()
            .expect("scene restore should succeed");
        let PlotElement::Quiver(quiver) = rebuilt.plots().next().unwrap() else {
            panic!("expected quiver")
        };
        assert_eq!(quiver.u, vec![0.5, -0.5]);
        assert_eq!(quiver.v, vec![1.0, 0.25]);
        assert_eq!(quiver.line_width, 2.0);
        assert_eq!(quiver.scale, 1.5);
        assert_eq!(quiver.head_size, 0.2);
        assert_eq!(quiver.label.as_deref(), Some("Field"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_roundtrip_preserves_quiver3_plot() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new();
        let quiver = QuiverPlot::new3d(
            vec![0.0, 1.0],
            vec![1.0, 2.0],
            vec![3.0, 4.0],
            vec![0.5, -0.5],
            vec![1.0, 0.25],
            vec![2.0, -1.0],
        )
        .unwrap()
        .with_style(Vec4::new(0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 1.0), 2.0, 1.5, 0.2)
        .with_label("Field3");
        figure.add_quiver_plot(quiver);

        let rebuilt = FigureScene::capture(&figure)
            .into_figure()
            .expect("scene restore should succeed");
        let PlotElement::Quiver(quiver) = rebuilt.plots().next().unwrap() else {
            panic!("expected quiver")
        };
        assert_eq!(quiver.z.as_ref().unwrap(), &vec![3.0, 4.0]);
        assert_eq!(quiver.w.as_ref().unwrap(), &vec![2.0, -1.0]);
        assert_eq!(quiver.label.as_deref(), Some("Field3"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_roundtrip_preserves_image_surface_mode_and_color_grid() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new();
        let surface = SurfacePlot::new(
            vec![0.0, 1.0],
            vec![0.0, 1.0],
            vec![vec![0.0, 0.0], vec![0.0, 0.0]],
        )
        .unwrap()
        .with_flatten_z(true)
        .with_image_mode(true)
        .with_color_grid(vec![
            vec![Vec4::new(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0), Vec4::new(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0)],
            vec![Vec4::new(0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0), Vec4::new(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0)],
        ]);
        figure.add_surface_plot(surface);

        let rebuilt = FigureScene::capture(&figure)
            .into_figure()
            .expect("scene restore should succeed");
        let PlotElement::Surface(surface) = rebuilt.plots().next().unwrap() else {
            panic!("expected surface")
        };
        assert!(surface.flatten_z);
        assert!(surface.image_mode);
        assert!(surface.color_grid.is_some());
        assert_eq!(
            surface.color_grid.as_ref().unwrap()[0][0],
            Vec4::new(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_roundtrip_preserves_parametric_surface_coordinate_grids() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new();
        let surface = SurfacePlot::from_coordinate_grids(
            vec![vec![0.0, 0.5], vec![0.2, 0.8]],
            vec![vec![0.0, 0.1], vec![0.7, 1.0]],
            vec![vec![1.0, 2.0], vec![3.0, 4.0]],
        )
        .unwrap();
        figure.add_surface_plot(surface);

        let scene = FigureScene::capture(&figure);
        let ScenePlot::Surface {
            x_grid: Some(scene_x_grid),
            y_grid: Some(scene_y_grid),
            ..
        } = &scene.plots[0]
        else {
            panic!("expected exported coordinate grids");
        };
        assert_eq!(scene_x_grid[1][0], 0.2);
        assert_eq!(scene_y_grid[0][1], 0.1);

        let rebuilt = scene.into_figure().expect("scene restore should succeed");
        let PlotElement::Surface(surface) = rebuilt.plots().next().unwrap() else {
            panic!("expected surface")
        };
        assert_eq!(surface.x_grid.as_ref().unwrap()[1][1], 0.8);
        assert_eq!(surface.y_grid.as_ref().unwrap()[1][0], 0.7);
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_roundtrip_preserves_area_lower_curve() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new();
        let area = AreaPlot::new(vec![1.0, 2.0], vec![2.0, 3.0])
            .unwrap()
            .with_lower_curve(vec![0.5, 1.0])
            .with_label("Stacked");
        figure.add_area_plot(area);

        let rebuilt = FigureScene::capture(&figure)
            .into_figure()
            .expect("scene restore should succeed");
        let PlotElement::Area(area) = rebuilt.plots().next().unwrap() else {
            panic!("expected area")
        };
        assert_eq!(area.lower_y, Some(vec![0.5, 1.0]));
        assert_eq!(area.label.as_deref(), Some("Stacked"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_roundtrip_preserves_axes_local_limits_and_colormap_state() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new().with_subplot_grid(1, 2);
        figure.set_axes_limits(1, Some((1.0, 2.0)), Some((3.0, 4.0)));
        figure.set_axes_z_limits(1, Some((5.0, 6.0)));
        figure.set_axes_grid_enabled(1, false);
        figure.set_axes_minor_grid_enabled(1, true);
        figure.set_axes_hidden_line_removal(1, false);
        figure.set_axes_box_enabled(1, false);
        figure.set_axes_axis_equal(1, true);
        figure.set_axes_data_aspect_ratio(1, [1.0, 2.0, 3.0], "manual");
        figure.set_axes_kind(1, AxesKind::Polar);
        figure.set_axes_colorbar_enabled(1, true);
        figure.set_axes_colormap(1, ColorMap::Hot);
        figure.set_axes_color_limits(1, Some((0.0, 10.0)));
        figure.set_axes_tick_label_rotations(1, Some(30.0), Some(-45.0));
        figure.set_axes_style(
            1,
            TextStyle {
                font_size: Some(14.0),
                ..Default::default()
            },
        );
        figure.set_active_axes_index(1);

        let rebuilt = FigureScene::capture(&figure)
            .into_figure()
            .expect("scene restore should succeed");
        let meta = rebuilt.axes_metadata(1).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(meta.x_limits, Some((1.0, 2.0)));
        assert_eq!(meta.y_limits, Some((3.0, 4.0)));
        assert_eq!(meta.z_limits, Some((5.0, 6.0)));
        assert!(!meta.grid_enabled);
        assert!(meta.minor_grid_enabled);
        assert!(meta.minor_grid_explicit);
        assert!(!meta.hidden_line_removal);
        assert!(!meta.box_enabled);
        assert!(!meta.axis_equal);
        assert_eq!(meta.data_aspect_ratio, [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]);
        assert_eq!(meta.data_aspect_ratio_mode, "manual");
        assert_eq!(meta.axes_kind, AxesKind::Polar);
        assert!(meta.colorbar_enabled);
        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", meta.colormap), "Hot");
        assert_eq!(meta.color_limits, Some((0.0, 10.0)));
        assert_eq!(meta.x_tick_label_rotation, Some(30.0));
        assert_eq!(meta.y_tick_label_rotation, Some(-45.0));
        assert_eq!(meta.axes_style.font_size, Some(14.0));
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_roundtrip_preserves_listed_colormap_rows() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new();
        let listed =
            ColorMap::from_rgb_rows(vec![[0.0, 0.25, 1.0], [1.0, 0.5, 0.0], [0.2, 0.3, 0.4]])
                .expect("listed colormap");
        figure.set_axes_colormap(0, listed);

        let scene = FigureScene::capture(&figure);
        let token = scene.metadata.colormap.as_deref().expect("colormap token");
        assert!(token.starts_with("listed:"));

        let rebuilt = scene.into_figure().expect("scene restore should succeed");
        let meta = rebuilt.axes_metadata(0).expect("axes metadata");
        let ColorMap::Listed(colors) = &meta.colormap else {
            panic!("expected listed colormap");
        };
        assert_eq!(
            colors.as_ref(),
            &[[0.0, 0.25, 1.0], [1.0, 0.5, 0.0], [0.2, 0.3, 0.4]]
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn axes_metadata_deserializes_without_axes_style() {
        let json = r#"{
            "legendEnabled": true,
            "colormap": "Parula",
            "titleStyle": {"visible": true},
            "xLabelStyle": {"visible": true},
            "yLabelStyle": {"visible": true},
            "zLabelStyle": {"visible": true},
            "legendStyle": {"visible": true}
        }"#;
        let serialized: SerializedAxesMetadata = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
        let metadata = AxesMetadata::from(serialized);
        assert!(metadata.axes_style.color.is_none());
        assert!(metadata.axes_style.font_size.is_none());
        assert!(metadata.axes_style.font_weight.is_none());
        assert!(metadata.axes_style.font_angle.is_none());
        assert!(metadata.axes_style.interpreter.is_none());
        assert!(metadata.axes_style.visible);
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_roundtrip_preserves_axes_local_annotation_metadata() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new().with_subplot_grid(1, 2);
        figure.set_sg_title("All Panels");
        figure.set_sg_title_style(TextStyle {
            font_weight: Some("bold".into()),
            font_size: Some(20.0),
            ..Default::default()
        });
        figure.set_active_axes_index(0);
        figure.set_axes_title(0, "Left");
        figure.set_axes_subtitle(0, "Left details");
        figure.set_axes_xlabel(0, "LX");
        figure.set_axes_ylabel(0, "LY");
        figure.set_axes_legend_enabled(0, false);
        figure.set_axes_title(1, "Right");
        figure.set_axes_xlabel(1, "RX");
        figure.set_axes_ylabel(1, "RY");
        figure.set_axes_legend_enabled(1, true);
        figure.set_axes_legend_style(
            1,
            LegendStyle {
                location: Some("northeast".into()),
                font_weight: Some("bold".into()),
                orientation: Some("horizontal".into()),
                ..Default::default()
            },
        );
        if let Some(meta) = figure.axes_metadata.get_mut(0) {
            meta.title_style.font_weight = Some("bold".into());
            meta.title_style.font_angle = Some("italic".into());
            meta.subtitle_style.font_size = Some(12.0);
            meta.subtitle_style.font_weight = Some("normal".into());
        }
        figure.set_active_axes_index(1);

        let rebuilt = FigureScene::capture(&figure)
            .into_figure()
            .expect("scene restore should succeed");

        assert_eq!(rebuilt.active_axes_index, 1);
        assert_eq!(rebuilt.sg_title.as_deref(), Some("All Panels"));
        assert_eq!(rebuilt.sg_title_style.font_weight.as_deref(), Some("bold"));
        assert_eq!(rebuilt.sg_title_style.font_size, Some(20.0));
        assert_eq!(
            rebuilt.axes_metadata(0).and_then(|m| m.title.as_deref()),
            Some("Left")
        );
        assert_eq!(
            rebuilt.axes_metadata(0).and_then(|m| m.subtitle.as_deref()),
            Some("Left details")
        );
        assert_eq!(
            rebuilt.axes_metadata(0).and_then(|m| m.x_label.as_deref()),
            Some("LX")
        );
        assert_eq!(
            rebuilt.axes_metadata(0).and_then(|m| m.y_label.as_deref()),
            Some("LY")
        );
        assert!(!rebuilt.axes_metadata(0).unwrap().legend_enabled);
        assert_eq!(
            rebuilt
                .axes_metadata(0)
                .unwrap()
                .title_style
                .font_weight
                .as_deref(),
            Some("bold")
        );
        assert_eq!(
            rebuilt
                .axes_metadata(0)
                .unwrap()
                .title_style
                .font_angle
                .as_deref(),
            Some("italic")
        );
        assert_eq!(
            rebuilt.axes_metadata(0).unwrap().subtitle_style.font_size,
            Some(12.0)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            rebuilt
                .axes_metadata(0)
                .unwrap()
                .subtitle_style
                .font_weight
                .as_deref(),
            Some("normal")
        );
        assert_eq!(
            rebuilt.axes_metadata(1).and_then(|m| m.title.as_deref()),
            Some("Right")
        );
        assert_eq!(
            rebuilt.axes_metadata(1).and_then(|m| m.x_label.as_deref()),
            Some("RX")
        );
        assert_eq!(
            rebuilt.axes_metadata(1).and_then(|m| m.y_label.as_deref()),
            Some("RY")
        );
        assert_eq!(
            rebuilt
                .axes_metadata(1)
                .unwrap()
                .legend_style
                .location
                .as_deref(),
            Some("northeast")
        );
        assert_eq!(
            rebuilt
                .axes_metadata(1)
                .unwrap()
                .legend_style
                .font_weight
                .as_deref(),
            Some("bold")
        );
        assert_eq!(
            rebuilt
                .axes_metadata(1)
                .unwrap()
                .legend_style
                .orientation
                .as_deref(),
            Some("horizontal")
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_roundtrip_preserves_axes_local_log_modes() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new().with_subplot_grid(1, 2);
        figure.set_axes_log_modes(0, true, false);
        figure.set_axes_log_modes(1, false, true);
        figure.set_active_axes_index(1);

        let rebuilt = FigureScene::capture(&figure)
            .into_figure()
            .expect("scene restore should succeed");

        assert!(rebuilt.axes_metadata(0).unwrap().x_log);
        assert!(!rebuilt.axes_metadata(0).unwrap().y_log);
        assert!(!rebuilt.axes_metadata(1).unwrap().x_log);
        assert!(rebuilt.axes_metadata(1).unwrap().y_log);
        assert!(!rebuilt.x_log);
        assert!(rebuilt.y_log);
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_roundtrip_preserves_zlabel_and_view_state() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new().with_subplot_grid(1, 2);
        figure.set_axes_zlabel(1, "Height");
        figure.set_axes_view(1, 45.0, 20.0);
        figure.set_active_axes_index(1);

        let rebuilt = FigureScene::capture(&figure)
            .into_figure()
            .expect("scene restore should succeed");

        assert_eq!(
            rebuilt.axes_metadata(1).unwrap().z_label.as_deref(),
            Some("Height")
        );
        assert_eq!(
            rebuilt.axes_metadata(1).unwrap().view_azimuth_deg,
            Some(45.0)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            rebuilt.axes_metadata(1).unwrap().view_elevation_deg,
            Some(20.0)
        );
        assert_eq!(rebuilt.z_label.as_deref(), Some("Height"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn figure_scene_roundtrip_preserves_pie_metadata() {
        let mut figure = Figure::new();
        let pie = crate::plots::PieChart::new(vec![1.0, 2.0], None)
            .unwrap()
            .with_slice_labels(vec!["A".into(), "B".into()])
            .with_explode(vec![false, true]);
        figure.add_pie_chart(pie);

        let rebuilt = FigureScene::capture(&figure)
            .into_figure()
            .expect("scene restore should succeed");
        let crate::plots::figure::PlotElement::Pie(pie) = rebuilt.plots().next().unwrap() else {
            panic!("expected pie")
        };
        assert_eq!(pie.slice_labels, vec!["A", "B"]);
        assert_eq!(pie.explode, vec![false, true]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn scene_plot_deserialize_maps_null_numeric_values_to_nan() {
        let json = r#"{
          "schemaVersion": 1,
          "layout": { "axesRows": 1, "axesCols": 1, "axesIndices": [0] },
          "metadata": {
            "gridEnabled": true,
            "legendEnabled": false,
            "colorbarEnabled": false,
            "axisEqual": false,
            "backgroundRgba": [1,1,1,1],
            "legendEntries": []
          },
          "plots": [
            {
              "kind": "surface",
              "x": [0.0, null],
              "y": [0.0, 1.0],
              "z": [[0.0, null], [1.0, 2.0]],
              "colormap": "Parula",
              "shading_mode": "Smooth",
              "wireframe": false,
              "alpha": 1.0,
              "flatten_z": false,
              "color_limits": null,
              "axes_index": 0,
              "label": null,
              "visible": true
            }
          ]
        }"#;
        let scene: FigureScene = serde_json::from_str(json).expect("scene should deserialize");
        let ScenePlot::Surface { x, z, .. } = &scene.plots[0] else {
            panic!("expected surface plot");
        };
        assert!(x[1].is_nan());
        assert!(z[0][1].is_nan());
    }

    #[test]
    fn scene_plot_deserialize_maps_null_scatter3_components_to_nan() {
        let json = r#"{
          "schemaVersion": 1,
          "layout": { "axesRows": 1, "axesCols": 1, "axesIndices": [0] },
          "metadata": {
            "gridEnabled": true,
            "legendEnabled": false,
            "colorbarEnabled": false,
            "axisEqual": false,
            "backgroundRgba": [1,1,1,1],
            "legendEntries": []
          },
          "plots": [
            {
              "kind": "scatter3",
              "points": [[0.0, 1.0, null], [1.0, null, 2.0]],
              "colors_rgba": [[0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0], [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 1.0]],
              "point_size": 6.0,
              "point_sizes": [3.0, null],
              "axes_index": 0,
              "label": null,
              "visible": true
            }
          ]
        }"#;
        let scene: FigureScene = serde_json::from_str(json).expect("scene should deserialize");
        let ScenePlot::Scatter3 {
            points,
            point_sizes,
            ..
        } = &scene.plots[0]
        else {
            panic!("expected scatter3 plot");
        };
        assert!(points[0][2].is_nan());
        assert!(points[1][1].is_nan());
        assert!(point_sizes.as_ref().unwrap()[1].is_nan());
    }
}