rppal/

i2c.rs

//! Interface for the I2C peripheral.
//!
//! The Broadcom Serial Controller (BSC) peripheral controls a proprietary bus
//! compliant with the I2C bus/interface. RPPAL communicates with the BSC
//! using the `i2cdev` device interface.
//!
//! ## I2C buses
//!
//! The Raspberry Pi 3 B+ and earlier models support three hardware I2C buses,
//! however only the I2C bus on physical pins 3 and 5 should be used to communicate
//! with slave devices. The other two buses are used internally as an HDMI
//! interface, and for HAT identification.
//!
//! On the Raspberry Pi 4 B, 400 and 5, three additional I2C buses are available,
//! depending on your configuration, as explained below.
//!
//! ### I2C0 / I2C1
//!
//! On the Raspberry Pi B Rev 1, physical pins 3 (SDA) and 5 (SCL) are tied to I2C0.
//! On every other Raspberry Pi model, they're connected to I2C1.
//!
//! The I2C bus connected to these pins is disabled by
//! default. You can enable it through `sudo raspi-config`, or by manually
//! adding `dtparam=i2c_arm=on` to `/boot/firmware/config.txt`. Remember to reboot
//! the Raspberry Pi afterwards.
//!
//! * SDA: BCM GPIO 2 (physical pin 3)
//! * SCL: BCM GPIO 3 (physical pin 5)
//!
//! ### I2C3
//!
//! I2C3 can be enabled by adding `dtoverlay=i2c3` to `/boot/firmware/config.txt`.
//!
//! * SDA: BCM GPIO 4 (physical pin 7)
//! * SCL: BCM GPIO 5 (physical pin 29)
//!
//! ### I2C4
//!
//! I2C4 can be enabled by adding `dtoverlay=i2c4` to `/boot/firmware/config.txt`.
//!
//! * SDA: BCM GPIO 8 (physical pin 24)
//! * SCL: BCM GPIO 9 (physical pin 21)
//!
//! ### I2C5
//!
//! I2C5 can be enabled by adding `dtoverlay=i2c5` to `/boot/firmware/config.txt`.
//!
//! * SDA: BCM GPIO 12 (physical pin 32)
//! * SCL: BCM GPIO 13 (physical pin 33)
//!
//! ### I2C6
//!
//! I2C6 can be enabled by adding `dtoverlay=i2c6` to `/boot/firmware/config.txt`.
//!
//! * SDA: BCM GPIO 22 (physical pin 15)
//! * SCL: BCM GPIO 23 (physical pin 16)
//!
//! ### Alternative pins
//!
//! The GPIO pin numbers mentioned above are part of the default configuration.
//! Some of their functionality can be moved to different pins. Read
//! `/boot/overlays/README` for more information.
//!
//! ### Software I2C
//!
//! In addition to the hardware I2C buses, it's possible to configure a
//! bit-banged software I2C bus on any available GPIO pins through the `i2c-gpio`
//! device tree overlay. More details on enabling and configuring `i2c-gpio`
//! can be found in `/boot/overlays/README`.
//!
//! ## Transmission speed
//!
//! The BSC supports I2C data transfer rates up to 400 kbit/s (Fast-mode).
//!
//! By default, the I2C bus clock speed is set to 100 kHz. Transferring
//! 1 bit takes 1 clock cycle. You can change the
//! transfer rate by adding `dtparam=i2c_arm_baudrate=X` to
//! `/boot/firmware/config.txt`, where `X` should be replaced with the
//! clock frequency in hertz (Hz). Remember to reboot
//! the Raspberry Pi afterwards.
//!
//! ## Not supported
//!
//! Some I2C and SMBus features aren't fully supported by the `i2cdev` interface, the underlying driver or
//! the BCM283x SoC: 10-bit slave addresses, SMBus Block Read, SMBus Block Process Call, SMBus Host Notify,
//! SMBus Read/Write 32/64, and the SMBus Address Resolution Protocol.
//!
//! While clock stretching is supported, a bug exists in the implementation on the BCM283x SoC that will result
//! in corrupted data when a slave device uses clock stretching at arbitrary points during the transfer.
//! Clock stretching only works properly during read operations, directly after the ACK phase, when the additional
//! delay is longer than half of a clock period. More information can be found [here](https://elinux.org/BCM2835_datasheet_errata#p35_I2C_clock_stretching).
//!
//! A possible workaround for slave devices that require clock stretching at other points during the transfer is
//! to use a bit-banged software I2C bus by configuring the `i2c-gpio` device tree overlay as described in `/boot/overlays/README`.
//!
//! ## Troubleshooting
//!
//! ### Permission denied
//!
//! If [`new`] or [`with_bus`] returns an `io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied`
//! error, make sure the file permissions for `/dev/i2c-1` or `/dev/i2c-0`
//! are correct, and the current user is a member of the `i2c` group.
//!
//! ### Timed out
//!
//! Transactions return an `io::ErrorKind::TimedOut` error when their duration
//! exceeds the timeout value. You can change the timeout using [`set_timeout`].
//!
//! [`new`]: struct.I2c.html#method.new
//! [`with_bus`]: struct.I2c.html#method.with_bus
//! [`set_timeout`]: struct.I2c.html#method.set_timeout

#![allow(dead_code)]

use std::error;
use std::fmt;
use std::fs::{File, OpenOptions};
use std::io;
use std::io::{Read, Write};
use std::marker::PhantomData;
use std::os::unix::io::AsRawFd;
use std::result;

use libc::c_ulong;

use crate::system;
use crate::system::{DeviceInfo, Model};

#[cfg(any(
    feature = "embedded-hal-0",
    feature = "embedded-hal",
    feature = "embedded-hal-nb"
))]
mod hal;
mod ioctl;

pub use self::ioctl::Capabilities;

/// Errors that can occur when accessing the I2C peripheral.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum Error {
    /// I/O error.
    Io(io::Error),
    /// Invalid slave address.
    ///
    /// I2C supports 7-bit and 10-bit addresses. Several 7-bit addresses
    /// can't be used as slave addresses.
    InvalidSlaveAddress(u16),
    /// I2C/SMBus feature not supported.
    ///
    /// The underlying drivers don't support the selected I2C feature or SMBus protocol.
    FeatureNotSupported,
    /// Unknown model.
    ///
    /// The Raspberry Pi model or SoC can't be identified. Support for
    /// new models is usually added shortly after they are officially
    /// announced and available to the public. Make sure you're using
    /// the latest release of RPPAL.
    ///
    /// You may also encounter this error if your Linux distribution
    /// doesn't provide any of the common user-accessible system files
    /// that are used to identify the model and SoC.
    UnknownModel,
}

impl fmt::Display for Error {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        match *self {
            Error::Io(ref err) => write!(f, "I/O error: {}", err),
            Error::InvalidSlaveAddress(address) => write!(f, "Invalid slave address: {}", address),
            Error::FeatureNotSupported => write!(f, "I2C/SMBus feature not supported"),
            Error::UnknownModel => write!(f, "Unknown Raspberry Pi model"),
        }
    }
}

impl error::Error for Error {}

impl From<io::Error> for Error {
    fn from(err: io::Error) -> Error {
        Error::Io(err)
    }
}

impl From<system::Error> for Error {
    fn from(_err: system::Error) -> Error {
        Error::UnknownModel
    }
}

/// Result type returned from methods that can have `i2c::Error`s.
pub type Result<T> = result::Result<T, Error>;

/// Provides access to the Raspberry Pi's I2C peripheral.
///
/// Before using `I2c`, make sure your Raspberry Pi has the necessary I2C buses
/// enabled. More information can be found [here].
///
/// Besides basic I2C communication through buffer reads and writes, `I2c` can
/// also be used with devices that require SMBus (System Management Bus) support.
/// SMBus is based on I2C, and defines more structured message transactions
/// through its various protocols. More details can be found in the latest SMBus
/// [specification].
///
/// The `embedded-hal` trait implementations for `I2c` can be enabled by specifying
/// the optional `hal` feature in the dependency declaration for the `rppal` crate.
///
/// [here]: index.html#i2c-buses
/// [specification]: http://smbus.org/specs/SMBus_3_1_20180319.pdf
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct I2c {
    bus: u8,
    funcs: Capabilities,
    i2cdev: File,
    addr_10bit: bool,
    address: u16,
    // The not_sync field is a workaround to force !Sync. I2c isn't safe for
    // Sync because of ioctl() and the underlying drivers. This avoids needing
    // #![feature(optin_builtin_traits)] to manually add impl !Sync for I2c.
    not_sync: PhantomData<*const ()>,
}

impl I2c {
    /// Constructs a new `I2c`.
    ///
    /// `new` attempts to identify which I2C bus is bound to physical pins 3 (SDA)
    /// and 5 (SCL) based on the Raspberry Pi model.
    ///
    /// More information on configuring the I2C buses can be found [here].
    ///
    /// [here]: index.html#i2c-buses
    pub fn new() -> Result<I2c> {
        match DeviceInfo::new()?.model() {
            // Pi B Rev 1 uses I2C0
            Model::RaspberryPiBRev1 => I2c::with_bus(0),
            Model::RaspberryPi4B
            | Model::RaspberryPi400
            | Model::RaspberryPiComputeModule4
            | Model::RaspberryPiComputeModule4S
            | Model::RaspberryPi5
            | Model::RaspberryPi500
            | Model::RaspberryPiComputeModule5
            | Model::RaspberryPiComputeModule5Lite => {
                // Pi 4B/400 could have I2C3 enabled on pins 3 and 5
                I2c::with_bus(1).or_else(|_| I2c::with_bus(3))
            }
            // Everything else should be using I2C1
            _ => I2c::with_bus(1),
        }
    }

    /// Constructs a new `I2c` using the specified bus.
    ///
    /// `bus` indicates the selected I2C bus. You'll typically want to select the
    /// bus that's bound to physical pins 3 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). On the Raspberry
    /// Pi B Rev 1, those pins are tied to bus 0. On every other Raspberry
    /// Pi model, they're connected to bus 1. Additional I2C buses are available
    /// on the Raspberry Pi 4 B, 400 and 5.
    ///
    /// More information on configuring the I2C buses can be found [here].
    ///
    /// [here]: index.html#i2c-buses
    pub fn with_bus(bus: u8) -> Result<I2c> {
        // bus is a u8, because any 8-bit bus ID could potentially
        // be configured for bit banging I2C using i2c-gpio.
        let i2cdev = OpenOptions::new()
            .read(true)
            .write(true)
            .open(format!("/dev/i2c-{}", bus))?;

        let capabilities = ioctl::funcs(i2cdev.as_raw_fd())?;

        // Disable 10-bit addressing if it's supported
        if capabilities.addr_10bit() {
            ioctl::set_addr_10bit(i2cdev.as_raw_fd(), 0)?;
        }

        // Disable PEC if it's supported
        if capabilities.smbus_pec() {
            ioctl::set_pec(i2cdev.as_raw_fd(), 0)?;
        }

        Ok(I2c {
            bus,
            funcs: capabilities,
            i2cdev,
            addr_10bit: false,
            address: 0,
            not_sync: PhantomData,
        })
    }

    /// Returns information on the functionality supported by the underlying drivers.
    ///
    /// The returned [`Capabilities`] instance lists the available
    /// I2C and SMBus features.
    ///
    /// [`Capabilities`]: struct.Capabilities.html
    pub fn capabilities(&self) -> Capabilities {
        self.funcs
    }

    /// Returns the I2C bus ID.
    pub fn bus(&self) -> u8 {
        self.bus
    }

    /// Returns the clock frequency in hertz (Hz).
    pub fn clock_speed(&self) -> Result<u32> {
        let mut buffer = [0u8; 4];

        File::open(format!(
            "/sys/class/i2c-adapter/i2c-{}/of_node/clock-frequency",
            self.bus
        ))?
        .read_exact(&mut buffer)?;

        Ok(u32::from(buffer[3])
            | (u32::from(buffer[2]) << 8)
            | (u32::from(buffer[1]) << 16)
            | (u32::from(buffer[0]) << 24))
    }

    /// Sets a 7-bit or 10-bit slave address.
    ///
    /// `slave_address` refers to the slave device you're communicating with.
    /// The specified address shouldn't include the R/W bit.
    ///
    /// By default, 10-bit addressing is disabled, which means
    /// `set_slave_address` only accepts 7-bit addresses. 10-bit addressing
    /// can be enabled with [`set_addr_10bit`]. Note that setting a 7-bit
    /// address when 10-bit addressing is enabled won't correctly target a
    /// slave device that doesn't support 10-bit addresses.
    ///
    /// [`set_addr_10bit`]: #method.set_addr_10bit
    pub fn set_slave_address(&mut self, slave_address: u16) -> Result<()> {
        // Filter out invalid and unsupported addresses
        if (!self.addr_10bit && ((slave_address >> 3) == 0b1111 || slave_address > 0x7F))
            || (self.addr_10bit && slave_address > 0x03FF)
        {
            return Err(Error::InvalidSlaveAddress(slave_address));
        }

        ioctl::set_slave_address(self.i2cdev.as_raw_fd(), c_ulong::from(slave_address))?;

        self.address = slave_address;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Sets the maximum duration of a transaction in milliseconds (ms).
    ///
    /// Transactions that take longer than `timeout` return an
    /// `io::ErrorKind::TimedOut` error.
    ///
    /// `timeout` has a resolution of 10ms.
    pub fn set_timeout(&self, timeout: u32) -> Result<()> {
        // Contrary to the i2cdev documentation, this seems to
        // be used as a timeout for (part of?) the I2C transaction.
        ioctl::set_timeout(self.i2cdev.as_raw_fd(), timeout as c_ulong)?;

        Ok(())
    }

    fn set_retries(&self, retries: u32) -> Result<()> {
        // Set to private. While i2cdev implements retries, the underlying drivers don't.
        ioctl::set_retries(self.i2cdev.as_raw_fd(), retries as c_ulong)?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Enables or disables 10-bit addressing.
    ///
    /// 10-bit addressing currently isn't supported on the Raspberry Pi. `set_addr_10bit` returns
    /// `Err(`[`Error::FeatureNotSupported`]`)` unless underlying driver support is detected.
    ///
    /// By default, `addr_10bit` is set to `false`.
    ///
    /// [`Error::FeatureNotSupported`]: enum.Error.html#variant.FeatureNotSupported
    pub fn set_addr_10bit(&mut self, addr_10bit: bool) -> Result<()> {
        if !self.capabilities().addr_10bit() {
            return Err(Error::FeatureNotSupported);
        }

        ioctl::set_addr_10bit(self.i2cdev.as_raw_fd(), addr_10bit as c_ulong)?;

        self.addr_10bit = addr_10bit;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Receives incoming data from the slave device and writes it to `buffer`.
    ///
    /// `read` reads as many bytes as can fit in `buffer`.
    ///
    /// Sequence: START → Address + Read Bit → Incoming Bytes → STOP
    ///
    /// Returns how many bytes were read.
    pub fn read(&mut self, buffer: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize> {
        Ok(self.i2cdev.read(buffer)?)
    }

    /// Sends the outgoing data contained in `buffer` to the slave device.
    ///
    /// Sequence: START → Address + Write Bit → Outgoing Bytes → STOP
    ///
    /// Returns how many bytes were written.
    pub fn write(&mut self, buffer: &[u8]) -> Result<usize> {
        Ok(self.i2cdev.write(buffer)?)
    }

    /// Sends the outgoing data contained in `write_buffer` to the slave device, and
    /// then fills `read_buffer` with incoming data.
    ///
    /// Compared to calling [`write`] and [`read`] separately, `write_read` doesn't
    /// issue a STOP condition in between the write and read operation. A repeated
    /// START is sent instead.
    ///
    /// `write_read` reads as many bytes as can fit in `read_buffer`. The maximum
    /// number of bytes in either `write_buffer` or `read_buffer` can't exceed 8192.
    ///
    /// Sequence: START → Address + Write Bit → Outgoing Bytes → Repeated START →
    /// Address + Read Bit → Incoming Bytes → STOP
    ///
    /// [`write`]: #method.write
    /// [`read`]: #method.read
    pub fn write_read(&self, write_buffer: &[u8], read_buffer: &mut [u8]) -> Result<()> {
        ioctl::i2c_write_read(
            self.i2cdev.as_raw_fd(),
            self.address,
            self.addr_10bit,
            write_buffer,
            read_buffer,
        )?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Sends an 8-bit `command`, and then fills a multi-byte `buffer` with
    /// incoming data.
    ///
    /// `block_read` can read a maximum of 32 bytes.
    ///
    /// Although `block_read` isn't part of the SMBus protocol, it uses the
    /// SMBus functionality to offer this commonly used I2C transaction format.
    /// The difference between `block_read` and [`smbus_block_read`] is that the
    /// latter also expects a byte count from the slave device.
    ///
    /// Sequence: START → Address + Write Bit → Command → Repeated START
    /// → Address + Read Bit → Incoming Bytes → STOP
    ///
    /// [`smbus_block_read`]: #method.smbus_block_read
    pub fn block_read(&self, command: u8, buffer: &mut [u8]) -> Result<()> {
        ioctl::i2c_block_read(self.i2cdev.as_raw_fd(), command, buffer)?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Sends an 8-bit `command` followed by a multi-byte `buffer`.
    ///
    /// `block_write` can write a maximum of 32 bytes. Any additional data contained
    /// in `buffer` is ignored.
    ///
    /// Although `block_write` isn't part of the SMBus protocol, it uses the
    /// SMBus functionality to offer this commonly used I2C transaction format. The
    /// difference between `block_write` and [`smbus_block_write`] is that the latter
    /// also sends a byte count to the slave device.
    ///
    /// Sequence: START → Address + Write Bit → Command → Outgoing Bytes → STOP
    ///
    /// [`smbus_block_write`]: #method.smbus_block_write
    pub fn block_write(&self, command: u8, buffer: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
        ioctl::i2c_block_write(self.i2cdev.as_raw_fd(), command, buffer)?;

        Ok(())
    }

    // Note: smbus_read/write_32/64 could theoretically be emulated using block_read/write
    // provided the PEC value is calculated in software

    /// Sends a 1-bit `command` in place of the R/W bit.
    ///
    /// Sequence: START → Address + Command Bit → STOP
    pub fn smbus_quick_command(&self, command: bool) -> Result<()> {
        ioctl::smbus_quick_command(self.i2cdev.as_raw_fd(), command)?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Receives an 8-bit value.
    ///
    /// Sequence: START → Address + Read Bit → Incoming Byte → STOP
    pub fn smbus_receive_byte(&self) -> Result<u8> {
        Ok(ioctl::smbus_receive_byte(self.i2cdev.as_raw_fd())?)
    }

    /// Sends an 8-bit `value`.
    ///
    /// Sequence: START → Address + Write Bit → Outgoing Byte → STOP
    pub fn smbus_send_byte(&self, value: u8) -> Result<()> {
        ioctl::smbus_send_byte(self.i2cdev.as_raw_fd(), value)?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Sends an 8-bit `command`, and receives an 8-bit value.
    ///
    /// Sequence: START → Address + Write Bit → Command → Repeated START
    /// → Address + Read Bit → Incoming Byte → STOP
    pub fn smbus_read_byte(&self, command: u8) -> Result<u8> {
        Ok(ioctl::smbus_read_byte(self.i2cdev.as_raw_fd(), command)?)
    }

    /// Sends an 8-bit `command` and an 8-bit `value`.
    ///
    /// Sequence: START → Address + Write Bit → Command → Outgoing Byte → STOP
    pub fn smbus_write_byte(&self, command: u8, value: u8) -> Result<()> {
        ioctl::smbus_write_byte(self.i2cdev.as_raw_fd(), command, value)?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Sends an 8-bit `command`, and receives a 16-bit value.
    ///
    /// Based on the SMBus protocol definition, the first byte received is
    /// stored as the low byte of the 16-bit value, and the second byte as
    /// the high byte. Some devices may require you to swap these bytes. In those
    /// cases you can use the convenience method [`smbus_read_word_swapped`] instead.
    ///
    /// Sequence: START → Address + Write Bit → Command → Repeated START
    /// → Address + Read Bit → Incoming Byte Low → Incoming Byte High → STOP
    ///
    /// [`smbus_read_word_swapped`]: #method.smbus_read_word_swapped
    pub fn smbus_read_word(&self, command: u8) -> Result<u16> {
        Ok(ioctl::smbus_read_word(self.i2cdev.as_raw_fd(), command)?)
    }

    /// Sends an 8-bit `command`, and receives a 16-bit `value` in a non-standard swapped byte order.
    ///
    /// `smbus_read_word_swapped` is a convenience method that works similarly to [`smbus_read_word`],
    /// but reverses the byte order of the incoming 16-bit value. The high byte is received first,
    /// and the low byte second.
    ///
    /// Sequence: START → Address + Write Bit → Command → Repeated START
    /// → Address + Read Bit → Incoming Byte High → Incoming Byte Low → STOP
    ///
    /// [`smbus_read_word`]: #method.smbus_read_word
    pub fn smbus_read_word_swapped(&self, command: u8) -> Result<u16> {
        let value = ioctl::smbus_read_word(self.i2cdev.as_raw_fd(), command)?;

        Ok(((value & 0xFF00) >> 8) | ((value & 0xFF) << 8))
    }

    /// Sends an 8-bit `command` and a 16-bit `value`.
    ///
    /// Based on the SMBus protocol definition, the first byte sent is the low byte
    /// of the 16-bit value, and the second byte is the high byte. Some devices may
    /// require you to swap these bytes. In those cases you can use the convenience method
    /// [`smbus_write_word_swapped`] instead.
    ///
    /// Sequence: START → Address + Write Bit → Command → Outgoing Byte Low → Outgoing Byte High → STOP
    ///
    /// [`smbus_write_word_swapped`]: #method.smbus_write_word_swapped
    pub fn smbus_write_word(&self, command: u8, value: u16) -> Result<()> {
        ioctl::smbus_write_word(self.i2cdev.as_raw_fd(), command, value)?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Sends an 8-bit `command` and a 16-bit `value` in a non-standard swapped byte order.
    ///
    /// `smbus_write_word_swapped` is a convenience method that works similarly to [`smbus_write_word`], but reverses the byte
    /// order of the outgoing 16-bit value. The high byte is sent first, and the low byte second.
    ///
    /// Sequence: START → Address + Write Bit → Command → Outgoing Byte High → Outgoing Byte Low → STOP
    ///
    /// [`smbus_write_word`]: #method.smbus_write_word
    pub fn smbus_write_word_swapped(&self, command: u8, value: u16) -> Result<()> {
        ioctl::smbus_write_word(
            self.i2cdev.as_raw_fd(),
            command,
            ((value & 0xFF00) >> 8) | ((value & 0xFF) << 8),
        )?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Sends an 8-bit `command` and a 16-bit `value`, and then receives a 16-bit value in response.
    ///
    /// Based on the SMBus protocol definition, for both the outgoing and incoming 16-bit value,
    /// the first byte transferred is the low byte of the 16-bit value, and the second byte is the
    /// high byte. Some devices may require you to swap these bytes. In those cases you can use the
    /// convenience method [`smbus_process_call_swapped`] instead.
    ///
    /// Sequence: START → Address + Write Bit → Command → Outgoing Byte Low →
    /// Outgoing Byte High → Repeated START → Address + Read Bit → Incoming Byte Low →
    /// Incoming Byte High → STOP
    ///
    /// [`smbus_process_call_swapped`]: #method.smbus_process_call_swapped
    pub fn smbus_process_call(&self, command: u8, value: u16) -> Result<u16> {
        Ok(ioctl::smbus_process_call(
            self.i2cdev.as_raw_fd(),
            command,
            value,
        )?)
    }

    /// Sends an 8-bit `command` and a 16-bit `value`, and then receives a 16-bit value in response, in
    /// a non-standard byte order.
    ///
    /// `smbus_process_call_swapped` is a convenience method that works similarly to [`smbus_process_call`],
    /// but reverses the byte order of the outgoing and incoming 16-bit value. The high byte is transferred
    /// first, and the low byte second.
    ///
    /// Sequence: START → Address + Write Bit → Command → Outgoing Byte High →
    /// Outgoing Byte Low → Repeated START → Address + Read Bit → Incoming Byte High →
    /// Incoming Byte Low → STOP
    ///
    /// [`smbus_process_call`]: #method.smbus_process_call
    pub fn smbus_process_call_swapped(&self, command: u8, value: u16) -> Result<u16> {
        let response = ioctl::smbus_process_call(
            self.i2cdev.as_raw_fd(),
            command,
            ((value & 0xFF00) >> 8) | ((value & 0xFF) << 8),
        )?;

        Ok(((response & 0xFF00) >> 8) | ((response & 0xFF) << 8))
    }

    /// Sends an 8-bit `command`, and then receives an 8-bit byte count along with a
    /// multi-byte `buffer`.
    ///
    /// `smbus_block_read` currently isn't supported on the Raspberry Pi, and returns
    /// `Err(`[`Error::FeatureNotSupported`]`)` unless underlying driver support is
    /// detected. You might be able to emulate the `smbus_block_read` functionality
    /// with [`write_read`], [`block_read`] or [`read`] provided the length of the
    /// expected incoming data is known beforehand, or the slave device allows the
    /// master to read more data than it needs to send.
    ///
    /// `smbus_block_read` can read a maximum of 32 bytes.
    ///
    /// Sequence: START → Address + Write Bit → Command → Repeated START →
    /// Address + Read Bit → Incoming Byte Count → Incoming Bytes → STOP
    ///
    /// Returns how many bytes were read.
    ///
    /// [`Error::FeatureNotSupported`]: enum.Error.html#variant.FeatureNotSupported
    /// [`write_read`]: #method.write_read
    /// [`block_read`]: #method.block_read
    /// [`read`]: #method.read
    pub fn smbus_block_read(&self, command: u8, buffer: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize> {
        if !self.capabilities().smbus_block_read() {
            return Err(Error::FeatureNotSupported);
        }

        Ok(ioctl::smbus_block_read(
            self.i2cdev.as_raw_fd(),
            command,
            buffer,
        )?)
    }

    /// Sends an 8-bit `command` and an 8-bit byte count along with a multi-byte `buffer`.
    ///
    /// `smbus_block_write` can write a maximum of 32 bytes. Any additional data contained
    /// in `buffer` is ignored.
    ///
    /// Sequence: START → Address + Write Bit → Command → Outgoing Byte Count
    /// → Outgoing Bytes → STOP
    pub fn smbus_block_write(&self, command: u8, buffer: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
        ioctl::smbus_block_write(self.i2cdev.as_raw_fd(), command, buffer)?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Enables or disables SMBus Packet Error Checking.
    ///
    /// Packet Error Checking inserts a CRC-8 Packet Error Code (PEC) byte before each STOP
    /// condition for all SMBus protocols, except Quick Command and Host Notify.
    ///
    /// The PEC is calculated on all message bytes except the START, STOP, ACK and NACK bits.
    ///
    /// By default, `pec` is set to `false`.
    pub fn set_smbus_pec(&self, pec: bool) -> Result<()> {
        ioctl::set_pec(self.i2cdev.as_raw_fd(), pec as c_ulong)?;

        Ok(())
    }
}

// Send is safe for I2c, but we're marked !Send because of the dummy pointer that's
// needed to force !Sync.
unsafe impl Send for I2c {}