reifydb_core/value/column/transform/

append.rs

// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
// Copyright (c) 2026 ReifyDB

use reifydb_codec::encoded::{row::EncodedRow, shape::RowShape};
use reifydb_value::{
	Result, reifydb_assertions,
	storage::DataBitVec,
	util::bitvec::BitVec,
	value::{
		Value,
		blob::Blob,
		constraint::Constraint,
		date::Date,
		datetime::DateTime,
		decimal::Decimal,
		duration::Duration,
		int::Int,
		row_number::RowNumber,
		time::Time,
		uint::Uint,
		uuid::{Uuid4, Uuid7},
		value_type::ValueType,
	},
};
use uuid::Uuid;

use crate::{
	error::CoreError,
	value::column::{ColumnBuffer, columns::Columns},
};

impl Columns {
	pub fn append_columns(&mut self, other: Columns) -> Result<()> {
		if self.len() != other.len() {
			return Err(CoreError::FrameError {
				message: "mismatched column count".to_string(),
			}
			.into());
		}

		if !other.row_numbers.is_empty() {
			self.row_numbers.make_mut().extend(other.row_numbers.iter().copied());
		}
		if !other.created_at.is_empty() {
			self.created_at.make_mut().extend(other.created_at.iter().copied());
		}
		if !other.updated_at.is_empty() {
			self.updated_at.make_mut().extend(other.updated_at.iter().copied());
		}

		for i in 0..self.columns.len() {
			let self_name = self.names[i].text().to_string();
			let other_name = other.names[i].text().to_string();
			if self_name != other_name {
				return Err(CoreError::FrameError {
					message: format!(
						"column name mismatch at index {}: '{}' vs '{}'",
						i, self_name, other_name,
					),
				}
				.into());
			}
			let other_data = other.columns[i].clone();
			self.columns.make_mut()[i].extend(other_data)?;
		}
		Ok(())
	}
}

impl Columns {
	pub fn append_rows(
		&mut self,
		shape: &RowShape,
		rows: impl IntoIterator<Item = EncodedRow>,
		row_numbers: Vec<RowNumber>,
	) -> Result<()> {
		self.validate_append_shape(shape)?;

		let rows: Vec<EncodedRow> = rows.into_iter().collect();
		Self::validate_row_numbers(&row_numbers, rows.len())?;

		if !row_numbers.is_empty() {
			self.row_numbers.make_mut().extend(row_numbers);
		}

		reifydb_assertions! {
			let columns = self.len();
			let fields = shape.field_count();
			assert!(
				columns == fields,
				"append_rows retypes and dispatches per column by indexing shape.get_field(index); a \
				 column/field count divergence makes get_field(index).unwrap() panic on a valid call or \
				 route a row value into the wrong column (columns={columns}, shape fields={fields})"
			);
		}

		self.push_system_columns(&rows);
		self.retype_all_none_columns(shape);
		self.append_each_row(shape, &rows)
	}

	#[inline]
	fn validate_append_shape(&self, shape: &RowShape) -> Result<()> {
		if self.len() != shape.field_count() {
			return Err(CoreError::FrameError {
				message: format!(
					"mismatched column count: expected {}, got {}",
					self.len(),
					shape.field_count()
				),
			}
			.into());
		}
		Ok(())
	}

	#[inline]
	fn validate_row_numbers(row_numbers: &[RowNumber], rows_len: usize) -> Result<()> {
		if !row_numbers.is_empty() && row_numbers.len() != rows_len {
			return Err(CoreError::FrameError {
				message: format!(
					"row_numbers length {} does not match rows length {}",
					row_numbers.len(),
					rows_len
				),
			}
			.into());
		}
		Ok(())
	}

	#[inline]
	fn push_system_columns(&mut self, rows: &[EncodedRow]) {
		for row in rows {
			self.created_at.make_mut().push(DateTime::from_nanos(row.created_at_nanos()));
			self.updated_at.make_mut().push(DateTime::from_nanos(row.updated_at_nanos()));
		}
	}

	#[inline]
	fn retype_all_none_columns(&mut self, shape: &RowShape) {
		let columns = self.columns.make_mut();
		for (index, column) in columns.iter_mut().enumerate() {
			let field = shape.get_field(index).unwrap();
			let is_all_none = if let ColumnBuffer::Option {
				bitvec,
				..
			} = &*column
			{
				DataBitVec::count_ones(bitvec) == 0
			} else {
				false
			};
			if is_all_none {
				let size = column.len();
				let new_data = match field.constraint.get_type() {
					ValueType::Boolean => ColumnBuffer::bool_with_bitvec(
						vec![false; size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::Float4 => ColumnBuffer::float4_with_bitvec(
						vec![0.0f32; size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::Float8 => ColumnBuffer::float8_with_bitvec(
						vec![0.0f64; size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::Int1 => ColumnBuffer::int1_with_bitvec(
						vec![0i8; size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::Int2 => ColumnBuffer::int2_with_bitvec(
						vec![0i16; size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::Int4 => ColumnBuffer::int4_with_bitvec(
						vec![0i32; size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::Int8 => ColumnBuffer::int8_with_bitvec(
						vec![0i64; size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::Int16 => ColumnBuffer::int16_with_bitvec(
						vec![0i128; size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::Utf8 => ColumnBuffer::utf8_with_bitvec(
						vec![String::new(); size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::Uint1 => ColumnBuffer::uint1_with_bitvec(
						vec![0u8; size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::Uint2 => ColumnBuffer::uint2_with_bitvec(
						vec![0u16; size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::Uint4 => ColumnBuffer::uint4_with_bitvec(
						vec![0u32; size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::Uint8 => ColumnBuffer::uint8_with_bitvec(
						vec![0u64; size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::Uint16 => ColumnBuffer::uint16_with_bitvec(
						vec![0u128; size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::Date => ColumnBuffer::date_with_bitvec(
						vec![Date::default(); size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::DateTime => ColumnBuffer::datetime_with_bitvec(
						vec![DateTime::default(); size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::Time => ColumnBuffer::time_with_bitvec(
						vec![Time::default(); size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::Duration => ColumnBuffer::duration_with_bitvec(
						vec![Duration::default(); size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::Option(_) => column.clone(),
					ValueType::IdentityId => ColumnBuffer::identity_id_with_bitvec(
						vec![Default::default(); size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::Uuid4 => ColumnBuffer::uuid4_with_bitvec(
						vec![Uuid4::from(Uuid::nil()); size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::Uuid7 => ColumnBuffer::uuid7_with_bitvec(
						vec![Uuid7::from(Uuid::nil()); size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::Blob => ColumnBuffer::blob_with_bitvec(
						vec![Blob::new(vec![]); size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::Int => ColumnBuffer::int_with_bitvec(
						vec![Int::default(); size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::Uint => ColumnBuffer::uint_with_bitvec(
						vec![Uint::default(); size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::Decimal => ColumnBuffer::decimal_with_bitvec(
						vec![Decimal::from(0); size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
					ValueType::DictionaryId => {
						let mut col_data = ColumnBuffer::dictionary_id_with_bitvec(
							vec![Default::default(); size],
							BitVec::repeat(size, false),
						);
						if let ColumnBuffer::DictionaryId(container) = &mut col_data
							&& let Some(Constraint::Dictionary(dict_id, _)) =
								field.constraint.constraint()
						{
							container.set_dictionary_id(*dict_id);
						}
						col_data
					}
					ValueType::Any
					| ValueType::List(_)
					| ValueType::Record(_)
					| ValueType::Tuple(_) => ColumnBuffer::any_with_bitvec(
						vec![Box::new(Value::none()); size],
						BitVec::repeat(size, false),
					),
				};

				*column = new_data;
			}

			if let ColumnBuffer::DictionaryId(container) = &mut *column
				&& container.dictionary_id().is_none()
				&& let Some(Constraint::Dictionary(dict_id, _)) = field.constraint.constraint()
			{
				container.set_dictionary_id(*dict_id);
			}
		}
	}

	#[inline]
	fn append_each_row(&mut self, shape: &RowShape, rows: &[EncodedRow]) -> Result<()> {
		for row in rows {
			let all_defined = (0..shape.field_count()).all(|i| row.is_defined(i));

			if all_defined {
				self.append_all_defined_from_shape(shape, row)?;
			} else {
				self.append_fallback_from_shape(shape, row)?;
			}
		}

		Ok(())
	}

	fn append_all_defined_from_shape(&mut self, shape: &RowShape, row: &EncodedRow) -> Result<()> {
		let names_snapshot: Vec<String> = self.names.iter().map(|n| n.text().to_string()).collect();
		let columns = self.columns.make_mut();
		for (index, column) in columns.iter_mut().enumerate() {
			let field = shape.get_field(index).unwrap();
			match (&mut *column, field.constraint.get_type()) {
				(
					ColumnBuffer::Option {
						inner,
						bitvec,
					},
					_ty,
				) => {
					let value = shape.get_value(row, index);
					if matches!(value, Value::None { .. }) {
						inner.push_none();
						DataBitVec::push(bitvec, false);
					} else {
						inner.push_value(value);
						DataBitVec::push(bitvec, true);
					}
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Bool(container), ValueType::Boolean) => {
					container.push(shape.get_bool(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Float4(container), ValueType::Float4) => {
					container.push(shape.get_f32(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Float8(container), ValueType::Float8) => {
					container.push(shape.get_f64(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Int1(container), ValueType::Int1) => {
					container.push(shape.get_i8(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Int2(container), ValueType::Int2) => {
					container.push(shape.get_i16(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Int4(container), ValueType::Int4) => {
					container.push(shape.get_i32(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Int8(container), ValueType::Int8) => {
					container.push(shape.get_i64(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Int16(container), ValueType::Int16) => {
					container.push(shape.get_i128(row, index));
				}
				(
					ColumnBuffer::Utf8 {
						container,
						..
					},
					ValueType::Utf8,
				) => {
					container.push(shape.get_utf8(row, index).to_string());
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Uint1(container), ValueType::Uint1) => {
					container.push(shape.get_u8(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Uint2(container), ValueType::Uint2) => {
					container.push(shape.get_u16(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Uint4(container), ValueType::Uint4) => {
					container.push(shape.get_u32(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Uint8(container), ValueType::Uint8) => {
					container.push(shape.get_u64(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Uint16(container), ValueType::Uint16) => {
					container.push(shape.get_u128(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Date(container), ValueType::Date) => {
					container.push(shape.get_date(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::DateTime(container), ValueType::DateTime) => {
					container.push(shape.get_datetime(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Time(container), ValueType::Time) => {
					container.push(shape.get_time(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Duration(container), ValueType::Duration) => {
					container.push(shape.get_duration(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Uuid4(container), ValueType::Uuid4) => {
					container.push(shape.get_uuid4(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Uuid7(container), ValueType::Uuid7) => {
					container.push(shape.get_uuid7(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::IdentityId(container), ValueType::IdentityId) => {
					container.push(shape.get_identity_id(row, index));
				}
				(
					ColumnBuffer::Blob {
						container,
						..
					},
					ValueType::Blob,
				) => {
					container.push(shape.get_blob(row, index));
				}
				(
					ColumnBuffer::Int {
						container,
						..
					},
					ValueType::Int,
				) => {
					container.push(shape.get_int(row, index));
				}
				(
					ColumnBuffer::Uint {
						container,
						..
					},
					ValueType::Uint,
				) => {
					container.push(shape.get_uint(row, index));
				}
				(
					ColumnBuffer::Decimal {
						container,
						..
					},
					ValueType::Decimal,
				) => {
					container.push(shape.get_decimal(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::DictionaryId(container), ValueType::DictionaryId) => {
					match shape.get_value(row, index) {
						Value::DictionaryId(id) => container.push(id),
						_ => container.push_default(),
					}
				}
				(_, v) => {
					return Err(CoreError::FrameError {
						message: format!(
							"type mismatch for column '{}'({}): incompatible with value {}",
							names_snapshot[index],
							column.get_type(),
							v
						),
					}
					.into());
				}
			}
		}
		Ok(())
	}

	fn append_fallback_from_shape(&mut self, shape: &RowShape, row: &EncodedRow) -> Result<()> {
		let columns = self.columns.make_mut();
		for (index, column) in columns.iter_mut().enumerate() {
			let field = shape.get_field(index).unwrap();

			if !row.is_defined(index) {
				column.push_none();
				continue;
			}

			match (&mut *column, field.constraint.get_type()) {
				(
					ColumnBuffer::Option {
						inner,
						bitvec,
					},
					_ty,
				) => {
					let value = shape.get_value(row, index);
					inner.push_value(value);
					DataBitVec::push(bitvec, true);
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Bool(container), ValueType::Boolean) => {
					container.push(shape.get_bool(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Float4(container), ValueType::Float4) => {
					container.push(shape.get_f32(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Float8(container), ValueType::Float8) => {
					container.push(shape.get_f64(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Int1(container), ValueType::Int1) => {
					container.push(shape.get_i8(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Int2(container), ValueType::Int2) => {
					container.push(shape.get_i16(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Int4(container), ValueType::Int4) => {
					container.push(shape.get_i32(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Int8(container), ValueType::Int8) => {
					container.push(shape.get_i64(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Int16(container), ValueType::Int16) => {
					container.push(shape.get_i128(row, index));
				}
				(
					ColumnBuffer::Utf8 {
						container,
						..
					},
					ValueType::Utf8,
				) => {
					container.push(shape.get_utf8(row, index).to_string());
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Uint1(container), ValueType::Uint1) => {
					container.push(shape.get_u8(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Uint2(container), ValueType::Uint2) => {
					container.push(shape.get_u16(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Uint4(container), ValueType::Uint4) => {
					container.push(shape.get_u32(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Uint8(container), ValueType::Uint8) => {
					container.push(shape.get_u64(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Uint16(container), ValueType::Uint16) => {
					container.push(shape.get_u128(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Date(container), ValueType::Date) => {
					container.push(shape.get_date(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::DateTime(container), ValueType::DateTime) => {
					container.push(shape.get_datetime(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Time(container), ValueType::Time) => {
					container.push(shape.get_time(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Duration(container), ValueType::Duration) => {
					container.push(shape.get_duration(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Uuid4(container), ValueType::Uuid4) => {
					container.push(shape.get_uuid4(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::Uuid7(container), ValueType::Uuid7) => {
					container.push(shape.get_uuid7(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::IdentityId(container), ValueType::IdentityId) => {
					container.push(shape.get_identity_id(row, index));
				}
				(
					ColumnBuffer::Blob {
						container,
						..
					},
					ValueType::Blob,
				) => {
					container.push(shape.get_blob(row, index));
				}
				(
					ColumnBuffer::Int {
						container,
						..
					},
					ValueType::Int,
				) => {
					container.push(shape.get_int(row, index));
				}
				(
					ColumnBuffer::Uint {
						container,
						..
					},
					ValueType::Uint,
				) => {
					container.push(shape.get_uint(row, index));
				}
				(
					ColumnBuffer::Decimal {
						container,
						..
					},
					ValueType::Decimal,
				) => {
					container.push(shape.get_decimal(row, index));
				}
				(ColumnBuffer::DictionaryId(container), ValueType::DictionaryId) => {
					match shape.get_value(row, index) {
						Value::DictionaryId(id) => container.push(id),
						_ => container.push_default(),
					}
				}
				(l, r) => unreachable!("{:#?} {:#?}", l, r),
			}
		}
		Ok(())
	}
}

#[cfg(test)]
pub mod tests {
	mod columns {
		use reifydb_value::value::{
			uuid::{Uuid4, Uuid7},
			value_type::ValueType,
		};
		use uuid::{Timestamp, Uuid};

		use crate::value::column::{ColumnBuffer, ColumnWithName, columns::Columns};

		#[test]
		fn test_boolean() {
			let mut test_instance1 =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::bool_with_bitvec("id", [true], [false])]);

			let test_instance2 =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::bool_with_bitvec("id", [false], [true])]);

			test_instance1.append_columns(test_instance2).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance1[0], ColumnBuffer::bool_with_bitvec([true, false], [false, true]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_float4() {
			let mut test_instance1 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::float4("id", [1.0f32, 2.0])]);

			let test_instance2 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::float4_with_bitvec(
				"id",
				[3.0f32, 4.0],
				[true, false],
			)]);

			test_instance1.append_columns(test_instance2).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance1[0],
				ColumnBuffer::float4_with_bitvec([1.0f32, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0], [true, true, true, false])
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_float8() {
			let mut test_instance1 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::float8("id", [1.0f64, 2.0])]);

			let test_instance2 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::float8_with_bitvec(
				"id",
				[3.0f64, 4.0],
				[true, false],
			)]);

			test_instance1.append_columns(test_instance2).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance1[0],
				ColumnBuffer::float8_with_bitvec([1.0f64, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0], [true, true, true, false])
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_int1() {
			let mut test_instance1 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::int1("id", [1, 2])]);

			let test_instance2 =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::int1_with_bitvec("id", [3, 4], [true, false])]);

			test_instance1.append_columns(test_instance2).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance1[0],
				ColumnBuffer::int1_with_bitvec([1, 2, 3, 4], [true, true, true, false])
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_int2() {
			let mut test_instance1 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::int2("id", [1, 2])]);

			let test_instance2 =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::int2_with_bitvec("id", [3, 4], [true, false])]);

			test_instance1.append_columns(test_instance2).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance1[0],
				ColumnBuffer::int2_with_bitvec([1, 2, 3, 4], [true, true, true, false])
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_int4() {
			let mut test_instance1 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::int4("id", [1, 2])]);

			let test_instance2 =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::int4_with_bitvec("id", [3, 4], [true, false])]);

			test_instance1.append_columns(test_instance2).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance1[0],
				ColumnBuffer::int4_with_bitvec([1, 2, 3, 4], [true, true, true, false])
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_int8() {
			let mut test_instance1 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::int8("id", [1, 2])]);

			let test_instance2 =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::int8_with_bitvec("id", [3, 4], [true, false])]);

			test_instance1.append_columns(test_instance2).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance1[0],
				ColumnBuffer::int8_with_bitvec([1, 2, 3, 4], [true, true, true, false])
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_int16() {
			let mut test_instance1 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::int16("id", [1, 2])]);

			let test_instance2 =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::int16_with_bitvec("id", [3, 4], [true, false])]);

			test_instance1.append_columns(test_instance2).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance1[0],
				ColumnBuffer::int16_with_bitvec([1, 2, 3, 4], [true, true, true, false])
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_string() {
			let mut test_instance1 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::utf8_with_bitvec(
				"id",
				vec!["a".to_string(), "b".to_string()],
				[true, true],
			)]);

			let test_instance2 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::utf8_with_bitvec(
				"id",
				vec!["c".to_string(), "d".to_string()],
				[true, false],
			)]);

			test_instance1.append_columns(test_instance2).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance1[0],
				ColumnBuffer::utf8_with_bitvec(
					vec!["a".to_string(), "b".to_string(), "c".to_string(), "d".to_string()],
					vec![true, true, true, false]
				)
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_uint1() {
			let mut test_instance1 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::uint1("id", [1, 2])]);

			let test_instance2 =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::uint1_with_bitvec("id", [3, 4], [true, false])]);

			test_instance1.append_columns(test_instance2).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance1[0],
				ColumnBuffer::uint1_with_bitvec([1, 2, 3, 4], [true, true, true, false])
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_uint2() {
			let mut test_instance1 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::uint2("id", [1, 2])]);

			let test_instance2 =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::uint2_with_bitvec("id", [3, 4], [true, false])]);

			test_instance1.append_columns(test_instance2).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance1[0],
				ColumnBuffer::uint2_with_bitvec([1, 2, 3, 4], [true, true, true, false])
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_uint4() {
			let mut test_instance1 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::uint4("id", [1, 2])]);

			let test_instance2 =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::uint4_with_bitvec("id", [3, 4], [true, false])]);

			test_instance1.append_columns(test_instance2).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance1[0],
				ColumnBuffer::uint4_with_bitvec([1, 2, 3, 4], [true, true, true, false])
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_uint8() {
			let mut test_instance1 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::uint8("id", [1, 2])]);

			let test_instance2 =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::uint8_with_bitvec("id", [3, 4], [true, false])]);

			test_instance1.append_columns(test_instance2).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance1[0],
				ColumnBuffer::uint8_with_bitvec([1, 2, 3, 4], [true, true, true, false])
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_uint16() {
			let mut test_instance1 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::uint16("id", [1, 2])]);

			let test_instance2 =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::uint16_with_bitvec("id", [3, 4], [true, false])]);

			test_instance1.append_columns(test_instance2).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance1[0],
				ColumnBuffer::uint16_with_bitvec([1, 2, 3, 4], [true, true, true, false])
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_uuid4() {
			let uuid1 = Uuid4::from(Uuid::new_v4());
			let uuid2 = Uuid4::from(Uuid::new_v4());
			let uuid3 = Uuid4::from(Uuid::new_v4());
			let uuid4 = Uuid4::from(Uuid::new_v4());

			let mut test_instance1 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::uuid4("id", [uuid1, uuid2])]);

			let test_instance2 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::uuid4_with_bitvec(
				"id",
				[uuid3, uuid4],
				[true, false],
			)]);

			test_instance1.append_columns(test_instance2).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance1[0],
				ColumnBuffer::uuid4_with_bitvec(
					[uuid1, uuid2, uuid3, uuid4],
					[true, true, true, false]
				)
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_uuid7() {
			let uuid1 = Uuid7::from(Uuid::new_v7(Timestamp::from_gregorian_time(1, 1)));
			let uuid2 = Uuid7::from(Uuid::new_v7(Timestamp::from_gregorian_time(1, 2)));
			let uuid3 = Uuid7::from(Uuid::new_v7(Timestamp::from_gregorian_time(2, 1)));
			let uuid4 = Uuid7::from(Uuid::new_v7(Timestamp::from_gregorian_time(2, 2)));

			let mut test_instance1 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::uuid7("id", [uuid1, uuid2])]);

			let test_instance2 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::uuid7_with_bitvec(
				"id",
				[uuid3, uuid4],
				[true, false],
			)]);

			test_instance1.append_columns(test_instance2).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance1[0],
				ColumnBuffer::uuid7_with_bitvec(
					[uuid1, uuid2, uuid3, uuid4],
					[true, true, true, false]
				)
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_with_undefined_lr_promotes_correctly() {
			let mut test_instance1 =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::int2_with_bitvec("id", [1, 2], [true, false])]);

			let test_instance2 =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::undefined_typed("id", ValueType::Boolean, 2)]);

			test_instance1.append_columns(test_instance2).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance1[0],
				ColumnBuffer::int2_with_bitvec([1, 2, 0, 0], [true, false, false, false])
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_with_undefined_l_promotes_correctly() {
			let mut test_instance1 =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::undefined_typed("score", ValueType::Boolean, 2)]);

			let test_instance2 =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::int2_with_bitvec("score", [10, 20], [true, false])]);

			test_instance1.append_columns(test_instance2).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance1[0],
				ColumnBuffer::int2_with_bitvec([0, 0, 10, 20], [false, false, true, false])
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_fails_on_column_count_mismatch() {
			let mut test_instance1 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::int2("id", [1])]);

			let test_instance2 = Columns::new(vec![
				ColumnWithName::int2("id", [2]),
				ColumnWithName::utf8("name", vec!["Bob".to_string()]),
			]);

			let result = test_instance1.append_columns(test_instance2);
			assert!(result.is_err());
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_fails_on_column_name_mismatch() {
			let mut test_instance1 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::int2("id", [1])]);

			let test_instance2 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::int2("wrong", [2])]);

			let result = test_instance1.append_columns(test_instance2);
			assert!(result.is_err());
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_fails_on_type_mismatch() {
			let mut test_instance1 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::int2("id", [1])]);

			let test_instance2 = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::utf8("id", vec!["A".to_string()])]);

			let result = test_instance1.append_columns(test_instance2);
			assert!(result.is_err());
		}
	}

	mod row {
		use reifydb_codec::encoded::shape::{RowShape, RowShapeField};
		use reifydb_value::{
			fragment::Fragment,
			util::bitvec::BitVec,
			value::{
				Value,
				blob::Blob,
				constraint::TypeConstraint,
				dictionary::{DictionaryEntryId, DictionaryId},
				identity::IdentityId,
				ordered_f32::OrderedF32,
				ordered_f64::OrderedF64,
				value_type::ValueType,
			},
		};

		use crate::value::column::{ColumnBuffer, ColumnWithName, columns::Columns};

		#[test]
		fn test_before_undefined_bool() {
			let mut test_instance =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::undefined_typed("test_col", ValueType::Boolean, 2)]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Boolean]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row, &[Value::Boolean(true)]);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance[0],
				ColumnBuffer::bool_with_bitvec(
					[false, false, true],
					BitVec::from_slice(&[false, false, true])
				)
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_before_undefined_float4() {
			let mut test_instance =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::undefined_typed("test_col", ValueType::Boolean, 2)]);
			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Float4]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row, &[Value::Float4(OrderedF32::try_from(1.5).unwrap())]);
			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance[0],
				ColumnBuffer::float4_with_bitvec(
					[0.0, 0.0, 1.5],
					BitVec::from_slice(&[false, false, true])
				)
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_before_undefined_float8() {
			let mut test_instance =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::undefined_typed("test_col", ValueType::Boolean, 2)]);
			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Float8]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row, &[Value::Float8(OrderedF64::try_from(2.25).unwrap())]);
			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance[0],
				ColumnBuffer::float8_with_bitvec(
					[0.0, 0.0, 2.25],
					BitVec::from_slice(&[false, false, true])
				)
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_before_undefined_int1() {
			let mut test_instance =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::undefined_typed("test_col", ValueType::Boolean, 2)]);
			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Int1]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row, &[Value::Int1(42)]);
			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance[0],
				ColumnBuffer::int1_with_bitvec([0, 0, 42], BitVec::from_slice(&[false, false, true]))
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_before_undefined_int2() {
			let mut test_instance =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::undefined_typed("test_col", ValueType::Boolean, 2)]);
			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Int2]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row, &[Value::Int2(-1234)]);
			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance[0],
				ColumnBuffer::int2_with_bitvec(
					[0, 0, -1234],
					BitVec::from_slice(&[false, false, true])
				)
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_before_undefined_int4() {
			let mut test_instance =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::undefined_typed("test_col", ValueType::Boolean, 2)]);
			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Int4]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row, &[Value::Int4(56789)]);
			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance[0],
				ColumnBuffer::int4_with_bitvec(
					[0, 0, 56789],
					BitVec::from_slice(&[false, false, true])
				)
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_before_undefined_int8() {
			let mut test_instance =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::undefined_typed("test_col", ValueType::Boolean, 2)]);
			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Int8]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row, &[Value::Int8(-987654321)]);
			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance[0],
				ColumnBuffer::int8_with_bitvec(
					[0, 0, -987654321],
					BitVec::from_slice(&[false, false, true])
				)
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_before_undefined_int16() {
			let mut test_instance =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::undefined_typed("test_col", ValueType::Boolean, 2)]);
			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Int16]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row, &[Value::Int16(123456789012345678901234567890i128)]);
			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance[0],
				ColumnBuffer::int16_with_bitvec(
					[0, 0, 123456789012345678901234567890i128],
					BitVec::from_slice(&[false, false, true])
				)
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_before_undefined_string() {
			let mut test_instance =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::undefined_typed("test_col", ValueType::Boolean, 2)]);
			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Utf8]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row, &[Value::Utf8("reifydb".into())]);
			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance[0],
				ColumnBuffer::utf8_with_bitvec(
					["".to_string(), "".to_string(), "reifydb".to_string()],
					BitVec::from_slice(&[false, false, true])
				)
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_before_undefined_uint1() {
			let mut test_instance =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::undefined_typed("test_col", ValueType::Boolean, 2)]);
			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Uint1]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row, &[Value::Uint1(255)]);
			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance[0],
				ColumnBuffer::uint1_with_bitvec([0, 0, 255], BitVec::from_slice(&[false, false, true]))
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_before_undefined_uint2() {
			let mut test_instance =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::undefined_typed("test_col", ValueType::Boolean, 2)]);
			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Uint2]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row, &[Value::Uint2(65535)]);
			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance[0],
				ColumnBuffer::uint2_with_bitvec(
					[0, 0, 65535],
					BitVec::from_slice(&[false, false, true])
				)
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_before_undefined_uint4() {
			let mut test_instance =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::undefined_typed("test_col", ValueType::Boolean, 2)]);
			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Uint4]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row, &[Value::Uint4(4294967295)]);
			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance[0],
				ColumnBuffer::uint4_with_bitvec(
					[0, 0, 4294967295],
					BitVec::from_slice(&[false, false, true])
				)
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_before_undefined_uint8() {
			let mut test_instance =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::undefined_typed("test_col", ValueType::Boolean, 2)]);
			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Uint8]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row, &[Value::Uint8(18446744073709551615)]);
			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance[0],
				ColumnBuffer::uint8_with_bitvec(
					[0, 0, 18446744073709551615],
					BitVec::from_slice(&[false, false, true])
				)
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_before_undefined_uint16() {
			let mut test_instance =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::undefined_typed("test_col", ValueType::Boolean, 2)]);
			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Uint16]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row, &[Value::Uint16(340282366920938463463374607431768211455u128)]);
			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance[0],
				ColumnBuffer::uint16_with_bitvec(
					[0, 0, 340282366920938463463374607431768211455u128],
					BitVec::from_slice(&[false, false, true])
				)
			);
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_mismatched_columns() {
			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Int2]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row, &[Value::Int2(2)]);

			let err = test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).err().unwrap();
			assert!(err.to_string().contains("mismatched column count: expected 0, got 1"));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_ok() {
			let mut test_instance = test_instance_with_columns();

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Int2, ValueType::Boolean]);
			let mut row_one = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_one, &[Value::Int2(2), Value::Boolean(true)]);
			let mut row_two = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_two, &[Value::Int2(3), Value::Boolean(false)]);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row_one, row_two], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::int2([1, 2, 3]));
			assert_eq!(test_instance[1], ColumnBuffer::bool([true, true, false]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_all_defined_bool() {
			let mut test_instance =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::bool("test_col", Vec::<bool>::new())]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Boolean]);
			let mut row_one = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_bool(&mut row_one, 0, true);
			let mut row_two = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_bool(&mut row_two, 0, false);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row_one, row_two], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::bool([true, false]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_all_defined_float4() {
			let mut test_instance =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::float4("test_col", Vec::<f32>::new())]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Float4]);
			let mut row_one = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_one, &[Value::Float4(OrderedF32::try_from(1.0).unwrap())]);
			let mut row_two = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_two, &[Value::Float4(OrderedF32::try_from(2.0).unwrap())]);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row_one, row_two], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::float4([1.0, 2.0]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_all_defined_float8() {
			let mut test_instance =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::float8("test_col", Vec::<f64>::new())]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Float8]);
			let mut row_one = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_one, &[Value::Float8(OrderedF64::try_from(1.0).unwrap())]);
			let mut row_two = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_two, &[Value::Float8(OrderedF64::try_from(2.0).unwrap())]);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row_one, row_two], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::float8([1.0, 2.0]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_all_defined_int1() {
			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::int1("test_col", Vec::<i8>::new())]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Int1]);
			let mut row_one = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_one, &[Value::Int1(1)]);
			let mut row_two = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_two, &[Value::Int1(2)]);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row_one, row_two], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::int1([1, 2]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_all_defined_int2() {
			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::int2("test_col", Vec::<i16>::new())]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Int2]);
			let mut row_one = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_one, &[Value::Int2(100)]);
			let mut row_two = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_two, &[Value::Int2(200)]);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row_one, row_two], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::int2([100, 200]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_all_defined_int4() {
			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::int4("test_col", Vec::<i32>::new())]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Int4]);
			let mut row_one = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_one, &[Value::Int4(1000)]);
			let mut row_two = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_two, &[Value::Int4(2000)]);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row_one, row_two], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::int4([1000, 2000]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_all_defined_int8() {
			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::int8("test_col", Vec::<i64>::new())]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Int8]);
			let mut row_one = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_one, &[Value::Int8(10000)]);
			let mut row_two = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_two, &[Value::Int8(20000)]);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row_one, row_two], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::int8([10000, 20000]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_all_defined_int16() {
			let mut test_instance =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::int16("test_col", Vec::<i128>::new())]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Int16]);
			let mut row_one = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_one, &[Value::Int16(1000)]);
			let mut row_two = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_two, &[Value::Int16(2000)]);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row_one, row_two], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::int16([1000, 2000]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_all_defined_string() {
			let mut test_instance =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::utf8("test_col", Vec::<String>::new())]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Utf8]);
			let mut row_one = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_one, &[Value::Utf8("a".into())]);
			let mut row_two = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_two, &[Value::Utf8("b".into())]);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row_one, row_two], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::utf8(["a".to_string(), "b".to_string()]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_all_defined_uint1() {
			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::uint1("test_col", Vec::<u8>::new())]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Uint1]);
			let mut row_one = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_one, &[Value::Uint1(1)]);
			let mut row_two = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_two, &[Value::Uint1(2)]);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row_one, row_two], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::uint1([1, 2]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_all_defined_uint2() {
			let mut test_instance =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::uint2("test_col", Vec::<u16>::new())]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Uint2]);
			let mut row_one = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_one, &[Value::Uint2(100)]);
			let mut row_two = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_two, &[Value::Uint2(200)]);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row_one, row_two], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::uint2([100, 200]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_all_defined_uint4() {
			let mut test_instance =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::uint4("test_col", Vec::<u32>::new())]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Uint4]);
			let mut row_one = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_one, &[Value::Uint4(1000)]);
			let mut row_two = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_two, &[Value::Uint4(2000)]);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row_one, row_two], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::uint4([1000, 2000]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_all_defined_uint8() {
			let mut test_instance =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::uint8("test_col", Vec::<u64>::new())]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Uint8]);
			let mut row_one = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_one, &[Value::Uint8(10000)]);
			let mut row_two = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_two, &[Value::Uint8(20000)]);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row_one, row_two], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::uint8([10000, 20000]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_all_defined_uint16() {
			let mut test_instance =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::uint16("test_col", Vec::<u128>::new())]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Uint16]);
			let mut row_one = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_one, &[Value::Uint16(1000)]);
			let mut row_two = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_two, &[Value::Uint16(2000)]);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row_one, row_two], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::uint16([1000, 2000]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_row_with_undefined() {
			let mut test_instance = test_instance_with_columns();

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Int2, ValueType::Boolean]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row, &[Value::none(), Value::Boolean(false)]);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::int2_with_bitvec(vec![1, 0], vec![true, false]));
			assert_eq!(test_instance[1], ColumnBuffer::bool_with_bitvec([true, false], [true, true]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_row_with_type_mismatch_fails() {
			let mut test_instance = test_instance_with_columns();

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Boolean, ValueType::Boolean]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row, &[Value::Boolean(true), Value::Boolean(true)]);

			let result = test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]);
			assert!(result.is_err());
			assert!(result.unwrap_err().to_string().contains("type mismatch"));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_row_wrong_length_fails() {
			let mut test_instance = test_instance_with_columns();

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Int2]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row, &[Value::Int2(2)]);

			let result = test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]);
			assert!(result.is_err());
			assert!(result.unwrap_err().to_string().contains("mismatched column count"));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_fallback_bool() {
			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![
				ColumnWithName::bool("test_col", Vec::<bool>::new()),
				ColumnWithName::bool("none", Vec::<bool>::new()),
			]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Boolean, ValueType::Boolean]);
			let mut row_one = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_bool(&mut row_one, 0, true);
			shape.set_none(&mut row_one, 1);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row_one], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::bool_with_bitvec([true], [true]));

			assert_eq!(test_instance[1], ColumnBuffer::bool_with_bitvec([false], [false]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_fallback_float4() {
			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![
				ColumnWithName::float4("test_col", Vec::<f32>::new()),
				ColumnWithName::float4("none", Vec::<f32>::new()),
			]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Float4, ValueType::Float4]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_f32(&mut row, 0, 1.5);
			shape.set_none(&mut row, 1);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::float4_with_bitvec([1.5], [true]));
			assert_eq!(test_instance[1], ColumnBuffer::float4_with_bitvec([0.0], [false]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_fallback_float8() {
			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![
				ColumnWithName::float8("test_col", Vec::<f64>::new()),
				ColumnWithName::float8("none", Vec::<f64>::new()),
			]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Float8, ValueType::Float8]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_f64(&mut row, 0, 2.5);
			shape.set_none(&mut row, 1);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::float8_with_bitvec([2.5], [true]));
			assert_eq!(test_instance[1], ColumnBuffer::float8_with_bitvec([0.0], [false]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_fallback_int1() {
			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![
				ColumnWithName::int1("test_col", Vec::<i8>::new()),
				ColumnWithName::int1("none", Vec::<i8>::new()),
			]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Int1, ValueType::Int1]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_i8(&mut row, 0, 42);
			shape.set_none(&mut row, 1);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::int1_with_bitvec([42], [true]));
			assert_eq!(test_instance[1], ColumnBuffer::int1_with_bitvec([0], [false]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_fallback_int2() {
			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![
				ColumnWithName::int2("test_col", Vec::<i16>::new()),
				ColumnWithName::int2("none", Vec::<i16>::new()),
			]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Int2, ValueType::Int2]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_i16(&mut row, 0, -1234i16);
			shape.set_none(&mut row, 1);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::int2_with_bitvec([-1234], [true]));
			assert_eq!(test_instance[1], ColumnBuffer::int2_with_bitvec([0], [false]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_fallback_int4() {
			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![
				ColumnWithName::int4("test_col", Vec::<i32>::new()),
				ColumnWithName::int4("none", Vec::<i32>::new()),
			]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Int4, ValueType::Int4]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_i32(&mut row, 0, 56789);
			shape.set_none(&mut row, 1);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::int4_with_bitvec([56789], [true]));
			assert_eq!(test_instance[1], ColumnBuffer::int4_with_bitvec([0], [false]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_fallback_int8() {
			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![
				ColumnWithName::int8("test_col", Vec::<i64>::new()),
				ColumnWithName::int8("none", Vec::<i64>::new()),
			]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Int8, ValueType::Int8]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_i64(&mut row, 0, -987654321);
			shape.set_none(&mut row, 1);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::int8_with_bitvec([-987654321], [true]));
			assert_eq!(test_instance[1], ColumnBuffer::int8_with_bitvec([0], [false]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_fallback_int16() {
			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![
				ColumnWithName::int16("test_col", Vec::<i128>::new()),
				ColumnWithName::int16("none", Vec::<i128>::new()),
			]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Int16, ValueType::Int16]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_i128(&mut row, 0, 123456789012345678901234567890i128);
			shape.set_none(&mut row, 1);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance[0],
				ColumnBuffer::int16_with_bitvec([123456789012345678901234567890i128], [true])
			);
			assert_eq!(test_instance[1], ColumnBuffer::int16_with_bitvec([0], [false]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_fallback_string() {
			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![
				ColumnWithName::utf8("test_col", Vec::<String>::new()),
				ColumnWithName::utf8("none", Vec::<String>::new()),
			]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Utf8, ValueType::Utf8]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_utf8(&mut row, 0, "reifydb");
			shape.set_none(&mut row, 1);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::utf8_with_bitvec(["reifydb".to_string()], [true]));
			assert_eq!(test_instance[1], ColumnBuffer::utf8_with_bitvec(["".to_string()], [false]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_fallback_uint1() {
			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![
				ColumnWithName::uint1("test_col", Vec::<u8>::new()),
				ColumnWithName::uint1("none", Vec::<u8>::new()),
			]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Uint1, ValueType::Uint1]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_u8(&mut row, 0, 255);
			shape.set_none(&mut row, 1);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::uint1_with_bitvec([255], [true]));
			assert_eq!(test_instance[1], ColumnBuffer::uint1_with_bitvec([0], [false]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_fallback_uint2() {
			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![
				ColumnWithName::uint2("test_col", Vec::<u16>::new()),
				ColumnWithName::uint2("none", Vec::<u16>::new()),
			]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Uint2, ValueType::Uint2]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_u16(&mut row, 0, 65535u16);
			shape.set_none(&mut row, 1);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::uint2_with_bitvec([65535], [true]));
			assert_eq!(test_instance[1], ColumnBuffer::uint2_with_bitvec([0], [false]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_fallback_uint4() {
			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![
				ColumnWithName::uint4("test_col", Vec::<u32>::new()),
				ColumnWithName::uint4("none", Vec::<u32>::new()),
			]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Uint4, ValueType::Uint4]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_u32(&mut row, 0, 4294967295u32);
			shape.set_none(&mut row, 1);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::uint4_with_bitvec([4294967295], [true]));
			assert_eq!(test_instance[1], ColumnBuffer::uint4_with_bitvec([0], [false]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_fallback_uint8() {
			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![
				ColumnWithName::uint8("test_col", Vec::<u64>::new()),
				ColumnWithName::uint8("none", Vec::<u64>::new()),
			]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Uint8, ValueType::Uint8]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_u64(&mut row, 0, 18446744073709551615u64);
			shape.set_none(&mut row, 1);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0], ColumnBuffer::uint8_with_bitvec([18446744073709551615], [true]));
			assert_eq!(test_instance[1], ColumnBuffer::uint8_with_bitvec([0], [false]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_fallback_uint16() {
			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![
				ColumnWithName::uint16("test_col", Vec::<u128>::new()),
				ColumnWithName::uint16("none", Vec::<u128>::new()),
			]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Uint16, ValueType::Uint16]);
			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_u128(&mut row, 0, 340282366920938463463374607431768211455u128);
			shape.set_none(&mut row, 1);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(
				test_instance[0],
				ColumnBuffer::uint16_with_bitvec([340282366920938463463374607431768211455u128], [true])
			);
			assert_eq!(test_instance[1], ColumnBuffer::uint16_with_bitvec([0], [false]));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_all_defined_dictionary_id() {
			let constraint = TypeConstraint::dictionary(DictionaryId::from(1u64), ValueType::Uint4);
			let shape = RowShape::new(vec![RowShapeField::new("status", constraint)]);

			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::dictionary_id(
				"status",
				Vec::<DictionaryEntryId>::new(),
			)]);

			let mut row_one = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_one, &[Value::DictionaryId(DictionaryEntryId::U4(10))]);
			let mut row_two = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row_two, &[Value::DictionaryId(DictionaryEntryId::U4(20))]);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row_one, row_two], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0].get_value(0), Value::DictionaryId(DictionaryEntryId::U4(10)));
			assert_eq!(test_instance[0].get_value(1), Value::DictionaryId(DictionaryEntryId::U4(20)));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_fallback_dictionary_id() {
			let dict_constraint = TypeConstraint::dictionary(DictionaryId::from(1u64), ValueType::Uint4);
			let shape = RowShape::new(vec![
				RowShapeField::new("dict_col", dict_constraint),
				RowShapeField::unconstrained("bool_col", ValueType::Boolean),
			]);

			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![
				ColumnWithName::dictionary_id("dict_col", Vec::<DictionaryEntryId>::new()),
				ColumnWithName::bool("bool_col", Vec::<bool>::new()),
			]);

			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row, &[Value::none(), Value::Boolean(true)]);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			// Dictionary column should be undefined
			assert!(!test_instance[0].is_defined(0));
			// Bool column should be defined
			assert_eq!(test_instance[1].get_value(0), Value::Boolean(true));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_before_undefined_dictionary_id() {
			let constraint = TypeConstraint::dictionary(DictionaryId::from(2u64), ValueType::Uint4);
			let shape = RowShape::new(vec![RowShapeField::new("tag", constraint)]);

			let mut test_instance =
				Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::undefined_typed("tag", ValueType::Boolean, 2)]);

			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_values(&mut row, &[Value::DictionaryId(DictionaryEntryId::U4(5))]);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			// First two are undefined (promoted from Undefined column), third is defined
			assert!(!test_instance[0].is_defined(0));
			assert!(!test_instance[0].is_defined(1));
			assert!(test_instance[0].is_defined(2));
			assert_eq!(test_instance[0].get_value(2), Value::DictionaryId(DictionaryEntryId::U4(5)));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_all_defined_identity_id() {
			let id1 = IdentityId::anonymous();
			let id2 = IdentityId::root();

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::IdentityId]);
			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::new(
				Fragment::internal("id_col"),
				ColumnBuffer::identity_id(Vec::<IdentityId>::new()),
			)]);

			let mut row_one = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_identity_id(&mut row_one, 0, id1);
			let mut row_two = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_identity_id(&mut row_two, 0, id2);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row_one, row_two], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0].get_value(0), Value::IdentityId(id1));
			assert_eq!(test_instance[0].get_value(1), Value::IdentityId(id2));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_fallback_identity_id() {
			let id = IdentityId::anonymous();

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::IdentityId, ValueType::Boolean]);
			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![
				ColumnWithName::new(
					Fragment::internal("id_col"),
					ColumnBuffer::identity_id(Vec::<IdentityId>::new()),
				),
				ColumnWithName::bool("bool_col", Vec::<bool>::new()),
			]);

			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_identity_id(&mut row, 0, id);
			shape.set_none(&mut row, 1);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0].get_value(0), Value::IdentityId(id));
			assert!(test_instance[0].is_defined(0));
			assert!(!test_instance[1].is_defined(0));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_all_defined_blob() {
			let blob1 = Blob::new(vec![1, 2, 3]);
			let blob2 = Blob::new(vec![4, 5]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Blob]);
			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![ColumnWithName::new(
				Fragment::internal("blob_col"),
				ColumnBuffer::blob(Vec::<Blob>::new()),
			)]);

			let mut row_one = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_blob(&mut row_one, 0, &blob1);
			let mut row_two = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_blob(&mut row_two, 0, &blob2);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row_one, row_two], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0].get_value(0), Value::Blob(blob1));
			assert_eq!(test_instance[0].get_value(1), Value::Blob(blob2));
		}

		#[test]
		fn test_fallback_blob() {
			let blob = Blob::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);

			let shape = RowShape::testing(&[ValueType::Blob, ValueType::Boolean]);
			let mut test_instance = Columns::new(vec![
				ColumnWithName::new(
					Fragment::internal("blob_col"),
					ColumnBuffer::blob(Vec::<Blob>::new()),
				),
				ColumnWithName::bool("bool_col", Vec::<bool>::new()),
			]);

			let mut row = shape.allocate();
			shape.set_blob(&mut row, 0, &blob);
			shape.set_none(&mut row, 1);

			test_instance.append_rows(&shape, [row], vec![]).unwrap();

			assert_eq!(test_instance[0].get_value(0), Value::Blob(blob));
			assert!(test_instance[0].is_defined(0));
			assert!(!test_instance[1].is_defined(0));
		}

		fn test_instance_with_columns() -> Columns {
			Columns::new(vec![
				ColumnWithName::new(Fragment::internal("int2"), ColumnBuffer::int2(vec![1])),
				ColumnWithName::new(Fragment::internal("bool"), ColumnBuffer::bool(vec![true])),
			])
		}
	}
}