Crate r3bl_redux

Why R3BL?

R3BL TUI library & suite of apps focused on developer productivity

We are working on building command line apps in Rust which have rich text user interfaces (TUI). We want to lean into the terminal as a place of productivity, and build all kinds of awesome apps for it.

1. 🔮 Instead of just building one app, we are building a library to enable any kind of rich TUI development w/ a twist: taking concepts that work really well for the frontend mobile and web development world and re-imagining them for TUI & Rust.

   • Taking inspiration from things like React, SolidJS, Elm, iced-rs, Jetpack Compose, JSX, CSS, but making everything async (so they can be run in parallel & concurrent via Tokio).
   • Even the thread running the main event loop doesn’t block since it is async.
   • Using proc macros to create DSLs to implement something inspired by CSS & JSX.

2. 🌎 We are building apps to enhance developer productivity & workflows.

   • The idea here is not to rebuild tmux in Rust (separate processes mux’d onto a single terminal window). Rather it is to build a set of integrated “apps” (or “tasks”) that run in the same process that renders to one terminal window.
   • Inside of this terminal window, we can implement things like “app” switching, routing, tiling layout, stacking layout, etc. so that we can manage a lot of TUI apps (which are tightly integrated) that are running in the same process, in the same window. So you can imagine that all these “app“s have shared application state. Each “app” may also have its own local application state.
   • Here are some examples of the types of “app“s we plan to build (for which this infrastructure acts as the open source engine):
     1. Multi user text editors w/ syntax highlighting.
     2. Integrations w/ github issues.
     3. Integrations w/ calendar, email, contacts APIs.

All the crates in the r3bl-open-core repo provide lots of useful functionality to help you build TUI (text user interface) apps, along w/ general niceties & ergonomics that all Rustaceans 🦀 can enjoy 🎉.

Table of contents

• Introduction
• Changelog
• Learn how these crates are built, provide feedback
• Middlewares
• Subscribers
• Reducers
• Summary
• Small example step by step
• Complete example in one go

Introduction

Store is thread safe and asynchronous (using Tokio). You have to implement async traits in order to use it, by defining your own reducer, subscriber, and middleware trait objects. You also have to supply the Tokio runtime, this library will not create its own runtime. However, for best results, it is best to use the multithreaded Tokio runtime.

Once you setup your Redux store w/ your reducer, subscriber, and middleware, you can use it by calling spawn_dispatch_action!( store, action ). This kicks off a parallel Tokio task that will run the middleware functions, reducer functions, and finally the subscriber functions. So this will not block the thread of whatever code you call this from. The spawn_dispatch_action!() macro itself is not async. So you can call it from non async code, however you still have to provide a Tokio executor / runtime, without which you will get a panic when spawn_dispatch_action!() is called.

Here are some interesting links for you to look into further:

1. In depth guide on this Redux implementation.
2. Code example of an address book using Redux.
3. Code example of TUI apps using Redux.

Changelog

Please check out the changelog to see how the library has evolved over time.

Learn how these crates are built, provide feedback

To learn how we built this crate, please take a look at the following resources.

• If you like consuming video content, here’s our YT channel. Please consider subscribing.
• If you like consuming written content, here’s our developer site. Please consider subscribing to our newsletter.
• If you have questions, please join our discord server.

Middlewares

Your middleware (async trait implementations) will be run concurrently or in parallel via Tokio tasks. You get to choose which async trait to implement to do one or the other. And regardless of which kind you implement the Action that is optionally returned will be dispatched to the Redux store at the end of execution of all the middlewares (for that particular spawn_dispatch_action!() call).

1. AsyncMiddlewareSpawns<State, Action> - Your middleware has to use tokio::spawn to run async blocks in a separate thread and return a JoinHandle that contains an Option<Action>. You can use tokio::task::spawn to spawn parallel blocks of code in your async functions. These are added to the store via a call to add_middleware_spawns(...).

2. AsyncMiddleware<State, Action> - They are will all be run together concurrently using futures::join_all(). These are added to the store via a call to add_middleware(...).

Subscribers

The subscribers will be run asynchronously via Tokio tasks. They are all run together concurrently but not in parallel, using futures::join_all().

Reducers

The reducer functions are also are async functions that are run in the tokio runtime. They’re also run one after another in the order in which they’re added.

⚡ Any functions or blocks that you write which uses the Redux library will have to be marked async as well. And you will have to spawn the Tokio runtime by using the #[tokio::main] macro. If you use the default runtime then Tokio will use multiple threads and its task stealing implementation to give you parallel and concurrent behavior. You can also use the single threaded runtime; its really up to you.

1. To create middleware you have to implement the AsyncMiddleware<S,A> trait or AsyncMiddlewareSpawns<S,A> trait. Please read the AsyncMiddleware docs for examples of both. The run() method is passed two arguments: the State and the Action.

   1. For AsyncMiddlewareSpawns<S,A> in your run() implementation you can use tokio::task::spawn surround your code. And this will return a JoinHandle<Option<A>>.
   2. For AsyncMiddleware<S,A> in your run() implementation you just have to return an Option<A>>.

2. To create reducers you have to implement the AsyncReducer trait.

   • These should be pure functions and simply return a new State object.
   • The run() method will be passed two arguments: a ref to Action and ref to State.

3. To create subscribers you have to implement the AsyncSubscriber trait.

   • The run() method will be passed a State object as an argument.
   • It returns nothing ().

Summary

Here’s the gist of how to make & use one of these:

1. Create a struct. Make it derive Default. Or you can add your own properties / fields to this struct, and construct it yourself, or even provide a constructor function.
   • A default constructor function new() is provided for you by the trait.
   • Just follow how that works for when you need to make your own constructor function for a struct w/ your own properties.
2. Implement the AsyncMiddleware, AsyncMiddlewareSpawns, AsyncReducer, or AsyncSubscriber trait on your struct.
3. Register this struct w/ the store using one of the add_middleware(), add_middleware_spawns(), add_reducer(), or add_subscriber() methods. You can register as many of these as you like.
   • If you have a struct w/ no properties, you can just use the default ::new() method to create an instance and pass that to the add_???() methods.
   • If you have a struct w/ custom properties, you can either implement your own constructor function or use the following as an argument to the add_???() methods: Box::new($YOUR_STRUCT)).

Small example step by step

💡 There are lots of examples in the tests for this library and in this CLI application built using it.

Here’s an example of how to use it. Let’s start w/ the import statements.

/// Imports.
use async_trait::async_trait;
use r3bl_rs_utils::redux::{
  AsyncMiddlewareSpawns, AsyncMiddleware, AsyncReducer,
  AsyncSubscriber, Store, StoreStateMachine,
};
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
use tokio::sync::RwLock;

1. Make sure to have the tokio and async-trait crates installed as well as r3bl_rs_utils in your Cargo.toml file.
2. Here’s an example Cargo.toml.

Let’s say we have the following action enum, and state struct.

/// Action enum.
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
pub enum Action {
  Add(i32, i32),
  AddPop(i32),
  Clear,
  MiddlewareCreateClearAction,
  Noop,
}

impl Default for Action {
  fn default() -> Self {
    Action::Noop
  }
}

/// State.
#[derive(Clone, Default, PartialEq, Debug)]
pub struct State {
  pub stack: Vec<i32>,
}

Here’s an example of the reducer function.

/// Reducer function (pure).
#[derive(Default)]
struct MyReducer;

#[async_trait]
impl AsyncReducer<State, Action> for MyReducer {
  async fn run(
    &self,
    action: &Action,
    state: &mut State,
  ) {
    match action {
      Action::Add(a, b) => {
        let sum = a + b;
        state.stack = vec![sum];
      }
      Action::AddPop(a) => {
        let sum = a + state.stack[0];
        state.stack = vec![sum];
      }
      Action::Clear => State {
        state.stack.clear();
      },
      _ => {}
    }
  }
}

Here’s an example of an async subscriber function (which are run in parallel after an action is dispatched). The following example uses a lambda that captures a shared object. This is a pretty common pattern that you might encounter when creating subscribers that share state in your enclosing block or scope.

/// This shared object is used to collect results from the subscriber
/// function & test it later.
let shared_object = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::<i32>::new()));

#[derive(Default)]
struct MySubscriber {
  pub shared_object_ref: Arc<Mutex<Vec<i32>>>,
}

#[async_trait]
impl AsyncSubscriber<State> for MySubscriber {
  async fn run(
    &self,
    state: State,
  ) {
    let mut stack = self
      .shared_object_ref
      .lock()
      .unwrap();
    if !state.stack.is_empty() {
      stack.push(state.stack[0]);
    }
  }
}

let my_subscriber = MySubscriber {
  shared_object_ref: shared_object_ref.clone(),
};

Here are two types of async middleware functions. One that returns an action (which will get dispatched once this middleware returns), and another that doesn’t return anything (like a logger middleware that just dumps the current action to the console). Note that both these functions share the shared_object reference from above.

/// This shared object is used to collect results from the subscriber
/// function & test it later.
#[derive(Default)]
struct MwExampleNoSpawn {
  pub shared_object_ref: Arc<Mutex<Vec<i32>>>,
}

#[async_trait]
impl AsyncMiddleware<State, Action> for MwExampleNoSpawn {
  async fn run(
    &self,
    action: Action,
    _store_ref: Arc<RwLock<StoreStateMachine<State, Action>>>,
  ) {
    let mut stack = self
      .shared_object_ref
      .lock()
      .unwrap();
    match action {
      Action::MwExampleNoSpawn_Add(_, _) => stack.push(-1),
      Action::MwExampleNoSpawn_AddPop(_) => stack.push(-2),
      Action::MwExampleNoSpawn_Clear => stack.push(-3),
      _ => {}
    }
    None
  }
}

let mw_example_no_spawn = MwExampleNoSpawn {
  shared_object_ref: shared_object_ref.clone(),
};

/// This shared object is used to collect results from the subscriber
/// function & test it later.
#[derive(Default)]
struct MwExampleSpawns {
  pub shared_object_ref: Arc<Mutex<Vec<i32>>>,
}

#[async_trait]
impl AsyncMiddlewareSpawns<State, Action> for MwExampleSpawns {
  async fn run(
    &self,
    action: Action,
    store_ref: Arc<RwLock<StoreStateMachine<State, Action>>>,
  ) -> JoinHandle<Option<Action>> {
    tokio::task::spawn(async move
      {
        let mut stack = self
          .shared_object_ref
          .lock()
          .unwrap();
        match action {
          Action::MwExampleSpawns_ModifySharedObject_ResetState => {
            shared_vec.push(-4);
            return Some(Action::Reset);
          }
          _ => {}
        }
        None
      }
    );
  }
}

let mw_example_spawns = MwExampleSpawns {
  shared_object_ref: shared_object_ref.clone(),
};

Here’s how you can setup a store with the above reducer, middleware, and subscriber functions.

// Setup store.
let mut store = Store::<State, Action>::default();
store
  .add_reducer(MyReducer::new()) // Note the use of `::new()` here.
  .await
  .add_subscriber(Box::new(         // We aren't using `::new()` here
    my_subscriber,                  // because the struct has properties.
  ))
  .await
  .add_middleware_spawns(Box::new(  // We aren't using `::new()` here
    mw_example_spawns,              // because the struct has properties.
  ))
  .await
  .add_middleware(Box::new(         // We aren't using `::new()` here
    mw_example_no_spawn,            // because the struct has properties.
  ))
  .await;

Finally here’s an example of how to dispatch an action in a test. You can dispatch actions in parallel using spawn_dispatch_action!() which is “fire and forget” meaning that the caller won’t block or wait for the spawn_dispatch_action!() to return.

// Test reducer and subscriber by dispatching `Add`, `AddPop`, `Clear` actions in parallel.
spawn_dispatch_action!( store, Action::Add(1, 2) );
assert_eq!(shared_object.lock().unwrap().pop(), Some(3));

spawn_dispatch_action!( store, Action::AddPop(1) );
assert_eq!(shared_object.lock().unwrap().pop(), Some(4));

spawn_dispatch_action!( store, Action::Clear );
assert_eq!(store.get_state().stack.len(), 0);

Complete example in one go

If you like to learn by example, below is a full example of using this Redux crate.

use std::sync::Arc;

use async_trait::async_trait;
use r3bl_rs_utils::{redux::{AsyncReducer, AsyncSubscriber, Store},
                    SharedStore};
use tokio::sync::RwLock;

#[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
pub enum Action {
  // Reducer actions.
  Add(i32, i32),
  AddPop(i32),
  Reset,
  Clear,
  // Middleware actions for MwExampleNoSpawn.
  MwExampleNoSpawn_Foo(i32, i32),
  MwExampleNoSpawn_Bar(i32),
  MwExampleNoSpawn_Baz,
  // Middleware actions for MwExampleSpawns.
  MwExampleSpawns_ModifySharedObject_ResetState,
  // For Default impl.
  Noop,
}

impl Default for Action {
  fn default() -> Self { Action::Noop }
}

#[derive(Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
pub struct State {
  pub stack: Vec<i32>,
}

#[tokio::test]
async fn test_redux_store_works_for_main_use_cases() {
  // This shared object is used to collect results from the subscriber &
  // middleware & reducer functions & test it later.
  let shared_vec = Arc::new(RwLock::new(Vec::<i32>::new()));

  // Create the store.
  let mut _store = Store::<State, Action>::default();
  let shared_store: SharedStore<State, Action> = Arc::new(RwLock::new(_store));

  run_reducer_and_subscriber(&shared_vec, &shared_store.clone()).await;
}

async fn reset_shared_object(shared_vec: &Arc<RwLock<Vec<i32>>>) {
  shared_vec.write().await.clear();
}

async fn reset_store(shared_store: &SharedStore<State, Action>) {
  shared_store.write().await.clear_reducers().await;
  shared_store.write().await.clear_subscribers().await;
  shared_store.write().await.clear_middlewares().await;
}

async fn run_reducer_and_subscriber(
  shared_vec: &Arc<RwLock<Vec<i32>>>, shared_store: &SharedStore<State, Action>,
) {
  // Setup store w/ only reducer & subscriber (no middlewares).
  let my_subscriber = MySubscriber {
    shared_vec: shared_vec.clone(),
  };
  reset_shared_object(shared_vec).await;
  reset_store(shared_store).await;

  shared_store
    .write()
    .await
    .add_reducer(MyReducer::new())
    .await
    .add_subscriber(Box::new(my_subscriber))
    .await;

  shared_store
    .write()
    .await
    .dispatch_action(Action::Add(1, 2))
    .await;

  assert_eq!(shared_vec.write().await.pop(), Some(3));

  shared_store
    .write()
    .await
    .dispatch_action(Action::AddPop(1))
    .await;

  assert_eq!(shared_vec.write().await.pop(), Some(4));

  // Clean up the store's state.
  shared_store
    .write()
    .await
    .dispatch_action(Action::Clear)
    .await;

  let state = shared_store.read().await.get_state();
  assert_eq!(state.stack.len(), 0);
}

struct MySubscriber {
  pub shared_vec: Arc<RwLock<Vec<i32>>>,
}

#[async_trait]
impl AsyncSubscriber<State> for MySubscriber {
  async fn run(&self, state: State) {
    let mut stack = self.shared_vec.write().await;
    if !state.stack.is_empty() {
      stack.push(state.stack[0]);
    }
  }
}

#[derive(Default)]
struct MyReducer;

#[async_trait]
impl AsyncReducer<State, Action> for MyReducer {
  async fn run(&self, action: &Action, state: &State) -> State {
    match action {
      Action::Add(a, b) => {
        let sum = a + b;
        State { stack: vec![sum] }
      }
      Action::AddPop(a) => {
        let sum = a + state.stack[0];
        State { stack: vec![sum] }
      }
      Action::Clear => State { stack: vec![] },
      Action::Reset => State { stack: vec![-100] },
      _ => state.clone(),
    }
  }
}

Re-exports

• pub use redux::*;

Modules

• redux

Macros

• spawn_dispatch_action